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Vietnam War: Airmobile Field Artillery Handbook
A June 1968 handbook published by the U.S. Army Artillery and Missile School,
Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

This handbook was intended to provide guidance for commanders, staff officers,
battery officers, and other Airmobile personnel in planning and executing
airmobile artillery operations. The techniques were meant to be applicable to all
artillery units that can be transported tactically by helicopters; however, the
examples used were limited to l05-mm and l55-mm towed units.
 . ...
" ,'. .,,
AIRMOBILE AR TILLER Y HANDBOOK

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. AIRMOBILE OPERATIONS

USAAMS
.0'1';
LIBRARY
1.1,,<;t j~U"~7t.
Paragraph Page

Purpose

Definitions 2

Cone ept of employment 3

Characteristic s of airmobile operations 4

Capabilities of airmobile forces 5 2

Missions of airmobile forces 6 2

Communications 7 3

Logistic s 8 3

Type airmobile force 9 3

CHAPTER 2. AIRMOBILE CANNON AR TILLER Y

Section I. . General

Principles of employment 10 6

Organization for combat 11 6

Tactical missions 12 6

II. Control

General 13 6

Control 14 7

III. Movement

Echelonment 15 7

Phases of artillery movement 16 7

Planning phase 17 7

Marshaling phase 18 10

Movement phase 19 11

Occupation phase 20 11

TF.n'~""A' "'-"'ADy
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fO~T SIll, OKLAHOMA
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Paragraph
IV. Defense of the position

Security fore e
21 12
Definition
22 12
Organization
23 12
Employment of weapons
24 13
V. Operations

Fire direction
25 13
Communica tions
26 14
Survey
27 15
Ta rget acquis ition
28 16
Logistics and administration
29 16
VI. The forward observer

General
30 17
Adjustment

Army aerial
of artillery

fire
fire
31

32
17

18
e
Forward air guide
33 18
Naval gunfire
34 18
Illumination
35 19
CHAPTER 3. FIRE SUPPOR T COORDINATION

Fire support coordinator

36 20
Fire support planning
37 20
Execution and control
38 21
The airmobile assault
39 22
CHAPTER 4. FIELD AR TILLER Y BATTALION AERIAL ARTILLER Y

Or ga nization
40 23
Mission
41 23
Assignment
42 23

ii
II
USAAMS LIBRARY Paragraph Page

Ij () Capabilities and limitations 43 23

~
Planning 44 24

Concepts of employment 45 26

Targets 46 26

Communications 47 27

APPENDIX I. REFERENCES 28

II. AIRCRAFT LOADING DATA 30

III. RIGGING AR TILLER Y EQUIPMENT FOR EXTERNAL

MOVEMENT 41

IV. AIRCRAFT CONTROL 49

V. SAFETY 59

VI. COMMUNICATION NETS AND EQUIPMENT 62

VII. CALL FOR FIRE FOR ARMY AERIAL FIRE SUPPORT 66

VIII. ARMY HELICOPTERS AND ARMAMENT SUBSYSTEMS 69

Q
,,"- "
IX. GLOSSARY 79

Hi
 USAAMS LIBRARY
CHAPTER 1

o AIRMOBILE OPERATIONS

1. PURPOSE

This handbook provides guidance for commanders, staff officers, battery officers, and
other personnel in planning and executing airmobile artillery operations. The techniques are
applicable to all artillery units that can be transported tactically by helicopters; however, the
examples used herein are limited to l05-mm and l55-mm towed units.

2. DEFINITIONS

a. Aerial artillery--An artillery unit organized and employed to accomplish the artillery
mission utilizing its organic aerial carriage and affixed weapon systems.

b .. Airmobile artillery--An artillery unit that is transported by helicopters in a tactical

configuration to accomplish the artillery mission without utilizing the aerial prime mover as a
firing platform.

c. Airmobile operation--An operation in which combat forces and their equipment move
about the battlefield in aircraft under the control of a ground force commander to engage in
ground combat.

~. Airmobile force- -A force composed of ground combat elements combined with Army
aviation elements to conduct airmobile operations.

3. CONCEPT OF EMPLOYMENT

Airmobile forces are employed to further the ground combat effort. The fundamental con-
cept of Army airmobile operations provides for use of aircraft to compensate for, and seek a
better balance among, the five functions of land combat- - intelligence; mobility; firepower;
corrunand, control, and communications; and service support.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRMOBILE OPERATIONS

Airmobile operations can be offensive, defensive, or retrograde in nature. The substan-

tial mobility differential of an airmobile force over a dismounted or mechanized ground force
enables the airmobile force commander to achieve surprise and deception and to conduct oper-
ations to a greater'depth within his area of operations. The characteristics of airmobile oper-
ations are listed in ~ through.!! below.

~. Airmobile operations are executed in lightly defended areas or after a preas sault
preparation and have the advantage of initial tactical surprise .

.£. Forces can land directly on or adjacent to their objective.

~. Forces are particularly vulnerable during takeoff, landing, and assembly.

~. The types and amounts of heavy equipment that can initially be taken into the objective
area by aircraft are limited.

!,. Forces are particularly vulnerable to enemy armor because of their limited ground
mobility and firepower in the objective area.
 { - .-1" • • ... .'

, l i,r: ;,';: . I '

grou;dr. The operations~equire

fire. air' superio;.e.Y'in:.~he' objecti;'e area and suppression of enemy

opera~.tions.
Adverse weather restricts airmobile operations more than it restricts ground mobile

h. Airmobile units have the ability to move long distances in a short time regardless of
the type of terrain between the pickup Zone (PZ) and landing zone (LZ).

5. CAPABILITIES OF AIRMOBILE FORCES

The combat effectiveness of ground units is increas ed through the large- scale use of heli-
copters in airmobile operations. Their use permits the ground commander to take advantage
of the speed and flexibility of aircraft in accomplishing a variety of tasks. The capability of
conducting airmobile operations enables the commander to--

a. Pose a constant threat to areas in rear of the enemy which may cause the enemy to
divert combat forces to maintain a strong posture in those areas to protect vital installations
and hold key terrain. .

b. Overcome distances qUickly, overfly barriers, and bypass enemy defenses .

.£. Extend radically the area of operations Over which he can exert his influence.

!!. Deploy
dispersed areas. his reserve forces more eCCectively by holding highly mobile reaction forces in

!.. Gain a favorable tactical mobility diCCerential over enemy ground forces.

6. MISSIONS OF AIRMODILE FORCES

The missions of airmobile forces may include __

.!. Economy-of-force missions .

~. Raids.

Antiairborne and counterguerrilla operations.

d.
Exploitation of the effects of nUclear weapons and conventional airstrikes.

..£. Seizure and retention of key terrain .

Feints and demonstrations.

Covering force operations.

!!. Counterattack of enemy penetrations.

Ship- to- shore operations.

1.: Envelopment.

~. Serving as a highly mobile reserve.

1 Long- range patrols.

2
 07. COMMUNICATIONS
USAAMS LIBRARY
3:. In airmobile operations, the primary means of tactical communication is radio. Wire,
as an internal means of communication, is normally restricted to installations within a landing
zone or base of operations. Radio/wire integration (RWI) may be established as a link to
higher headquarters by units above battery level. Communications are necessary to provide
precise timing and execution of airmobile operations (para 26). During the planning phase,
provisions should be made to insure positive communications between command and control
personnel and the following:

(1) Loading area.

(2) Objective area.

(3) Army aviation unit.

(4) Aircraft in flight.

(5) Fire support coordinator.

(6) Air liaison officer.

(7) Airborne command post.

(8) Logistical support area.

£. For detailed information on field artillery communications, see FM 6-10.

() 8. LOGISTICS

Forward logistical points are established in the area of operations (AO) so that temporary
breaks in the air supply line will not halt operations. A forward logistical element is responsi-
ble for the operation of these points. Resupply of elements in the task force normally is by
aerial means according to the unit distribution system. The quantity and types of supplies and
equipment maintained at the forward logistical point are dictated by--

3:. The initial combat requirements for prestocked fuel, amrnunition, and other items.

b. The availability and capacity of aircraft.

c. The projected time of landing, linkup, or withdrawal or the time that resupply can be
effected.

!!. The anticipated weather.

!:. Enemy capabilities.

i.,; The distance between pickup zones and landing zones .

.,g. The type of unit and the mis s ion.

9. TYPE AIRMOBILE FORCE

~. The composition of an airmobile force is dictated by specific mission requirements.

Normally, an airmobile brigade task force is the major maneuver element in an airmobile
operation. A type brigade task force could consist of the assault elements of an engineer

3
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company, a medical company.' a forward'.area 'support element, a direct support artillery bat-
talion, an air cavalry troop, an assault helicopter battalion (UH-ID), an assault support heli- ('
copter company (CH-47), and three infantry battalions and Army aerial fire support (fig I).

b. Planning for an airmobile operation fOllows an inverse planning sequence. This

sequ;nce
and stagingincludes
plan. the ground tactical plan, landing plan, air movement plan, loading plan,

(I) The ground tactical plan describes how the maneuver elements will close with and
destroy the enemy to include assaults to seize objectives, plans of defense,
linkup or Withdrawals, and subsequent offensive Operations and displacements.

(2) The landing plan is based on the ground tactical plan. As a minimum, it includes
the sequence, the time, and the place of arrival of troops, equipment, and sup-
plies in the objective area.

(3) The air movement plan, prepared by the ground unit commander, is based 'on the
landing plan and supports the ground tactical plan. The air movement plan
includes a flight route diagram and an air movement table.

(4) The loading and staging plans are based On the air movement plan must be COn-
sistent with the requirements of the supported and supporting units.

,")

4
 SAAMS LIBRARY g.
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5
 CHAPTER 2

AIRMOBILE CANNON AR TILLER Y

(
Section 1. GENERAL
10. PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYMENT

Employment of airmobile artillery is characterized by detailed planning and coordination,

aggressive execution, speed of displacement, and an operation with minimum personnel and
equipment for periods of short duration. The air movement of airmobile artillery has applica-
tion during all types of operations and is utilized to rapidly launch artillery units into battle in
support of the maneuver force, to overcome natural and enemy obstacles in occupation of posi-
tion, to fa c il itate rapid di s plac emen t of the artill e ry firing units over te r r ai n inac c e s sible to
wheeled
operations. and tracked vehicles, to bypass enemy troop concentrations, and to facilitate future

11. ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT

Airmobile artillery is organized and eqUipped for combat to insure that the highly mobile
maneuver elements and the force as a whOle are provided required artillery fire Support.
The airmobile force artillery commander aCcomplishes this by placing each artillery unit in a
tactical organization and assigning to each a tactical mission which provides the best possible
support for the scheme of maneuver. The depth of the objective and the mission of the sup-
po rted forc ear e major fac to r sin d et e rm in ing s uita ble tactic al mis s ions for the a rtill cry.
12. TACTICAL MISSIONS

a. An artillery battalion in an airmobile operation may be assigned one of four standard {i.
tacti;;'al mlssions--direct support (051, reinforcing (reinf), general support (GS), or general \
s uppo rt- rei nf or cing (GS- re i nf). A tac tic al mi s s ion of direct s uppo rt, which im pli e s Ie s s
centralized control, permits the direct support artillery commander wider latitude in the
employment of artillery. The responsiveness of the artillery when assigned a mission of
direct support is more sharply focused on the specific fire support requirements of the
maneuver elements than when assigned other tactical missions.

b. An artillery howitzer battalion is normally placed in direct support of a brigade task

forc; and will be employed to Cover the entire area of operations of the brigade. Additional
fire support to weight the attack can be provided by Positioning additional artillery units so that
they can fire into the critical area a~d by assigning to such units tactical missions of general
support- reinforcing or reinforcing the appropriate direct Support batta,1ion.

Section II. CONTROL

13. GENERAL

Once the supported force is airborne, the speed of movement and the requirement for pre-
cision timing and for an exact sequence of other factors introduce many variables that are not
encountered in ground operations. Skillful execution of operations under these conditions
necessitates both extensive reliance on standing operating procedures and coordination by the
artillery.

6
 "'\ 14. CONTROL
\
~. The direct support artillery battalion operations center will be located where it can
best coordinate all fire support means available to the task force and where it can insure that
fires are planned and delivered in accordance with the plans and needs of the force. Norn1ally,
it will be collocated with the brigade forward tactical operations center or with one of the
howitzer batteries supporting the force .

.£. The howitzer batteries of the airmobile artillery battalion should be positioned so that
each committed infantry battalion will be supported by the fires of at least one battery.
Massed fires of all batteries of the airmobile artillery battalion are desirable; however,
independent battery operations frequently occur in an airmobile environment.

Section III. MOVEMENT

15, ECHELONMENT

Movement of an airn10bile ~rtillery battalion is normally by echelon. These echelons are

designated the assault echelon, resupply/followup echelon, and rear echelon. Normally, bat-
teries within the battalion will move as a unit.

1 G, PHASES OF AR TILLER Y MOVEMENT

The airmobile artillery movement is conducted in four phases--planning, n1arshaling,

n10vement, and occupation of position. The planning phase encon1passes coordination with sup-
ported and supporting units, fire planning, reconnaissance' and selection of positions, prepara-
tion and issuance of orders, and rehearsals, when the situation permits. The n1arshaling
/' '. phase consists of ground movement to appropriate pickup areas as required; preparation of the
l. ,I

\ helicopter loading areas within the position area; preparation of troops, equipme'nt, and sup-
plies for airmobile operations; and loading of helicopters preparatory to actual air 1110ven1ent.
The movement phase consists of the actual move from the loading area to the landing site; this
phase commences with takeoff of the first helicopter and ceases with arrival of the' last heli-
copter load at the landing site. The occupation phase of the airmobile movement consists of
the organization of the helicopter landing site by an advanced elen1cnt, unloading of personnel
and equipment, and occupation of the position.

17, PLANNING PHASE

The plans for an airn10bile movement are as detailed as time pern1its. The n10ve111ent is
facilitated by rehearsals of standing operating procedures (SOP) and by frequent briefings.
nriefings should include the status of present and future operations, current sortie require-
Inents, weather and terrain, and a review of possible landing zones in the area of operations,
The planning phase begins immediately upon receipt of the warning order and continues through
con1mcncement of the airn10bile movement phase. In addition to the concept of operation,
major considerations in planning are command and coordination; organization of the' unit con-
sistent with the mission; reconnaissance and selection of ground and air routes, loading areas,
la nding site s, and pos ition area (s); preparation of mar shaling and helicopter loading and move-
ment plans based on organization of the unit; rehearsals of helicopter loading and unloading;
resupply requirements; and preparation and issuance of unit operation orders.

~, Command and Control. Airmobile operations do not alter the relationship of artillery
unit comlnanders to supported unit comn1anders. The artillery con11nander whose unit is
engaged in airmobile operations continues to support the ground- gaining force l)y fire' and adds
depth to combat in accordance with his assigned tactical mission. The relationship bdween
, ....
, artillery commanders and support helicopter commanders is determined by the rnission status
wh ich the directing headquarter s has as signed the aviation unit.

7
 (1)
Normally, th'e direct support artillery unit, as a part of the task force,' will
request support helicopters through the task force commander on a mission basis. OJ
In such cases, the relationship between the two commanders (artillery and avia- ~.,
tion) is based on coordination.

(2)
When an aviation unit or an element of an aviation unit i's attached to or placed
under operational control of an artillery unit for a mission or task, the com-
mander of the aviation element or unit is under the command of the artillery
commander.

b. Organization for Movement. Organization for movement is considered an integral part

in planning the air movement table. Artillery movement normally is done by echelon. The
organization
aircraft. for movement will depend On the type of extraction employed and the available

(I ) Ext ra c tions. Ext r ac tions are gene r all y clas s ifi ed into two ca te gori e s __ extr action
to assault. which is movement in support of a maneuvering force to continue the
current operation, and extraction from contact, which is movement from the area
of operations
an operation. to a base and which normally terminates an operation or a phase of

(~) The extraction to assault is characterized by movement from a relatively

secure area to an area of operations. Organization for this type of move-
ment should be such that priority is given to placing the fire direction and
firing elements in the landing zone (LZ) as soon as possible for the conduct
of fire missions. The artillery commander and fire direction elements
precede the howitzers into the position area or arrive very early in the move-
ment, usually with the advance party. During shuttle movement, firing ele-
ments in the pickup zone (PZ) will retain the capability of processing and (; \
firing missions as long as Possible. The executive officer (XO) will have the '
necessary maps and equipment (Ml? plotting board and graphical firing tables)
to conduct fire missions from his position in the pickup zone.

(~) In an extraction from contact, the unit fire direCtion and firing elements are
normally the last artillery components to depart the pickup zone. The execu_
tive officer leads the movement. The commander remains in the pickup zone
until it is cleared of artillerymen and equipment. In essence, an extraction
from contact is an extraction to assault in reverse.

(.£) All combat support troop .• should be extracted before the last combat troops
are removed from that area of operations. Normally, a platoon-size secu-
rity force is the last element extracted. This force remains in its various
defensive positions until its Own extraction aircraft are in position. All
extractions should be supported by some fire support means. The extraction
site should be plotted and recorded as a target with firing data prepared for
possible use after the last friendly troops have departed.

(2) Aircraft sortie reguirements. An estimate of the number of sorties required

may determine the number of aircraft allocated to move the artillery. The num-
ber of support helicopters allocated must be known to determine the time it will
take to close the unit in its new location. Methods of determining sortie require-
ments are discussed in appendix II.

8
•
o .£. Reconnaissance

(l) Reconnaissance.
and Selection

In airmobile
position areas will be made,
of Position.

operations,
if possible,
a physical reconnaissance
during the planning phase.
of artillery
However,
this type of reconnaissance is often prohibited because of nonavailability of air-
craft, the speed of the operation, or requirements to maintain surprise and secu-
rity. The commander must be prepared to move his unit relying only on limited
information. Physical reconnaissance, when feasible, is conducted in accord-
ance with established principles, utilizing air rather than ground transport. The
reconnaissance will provide needed information on the new battery location to
include alternate landing zones, terrain, routes of communication, enemy situa-
tion, location of friendly troops, and flight routes. It m;;l.y be necessary for the
battery commander to perform this reconnaissance as he assaults with elements
of the supported force. - Aerial reconnaissance may be performed in anyone of
the aircraft available to the force.

(2) Selection of artillery positions. The essential requirement in the selection of

artillery position areas is that the positions selected permit the unit to accom-
plish its mission. The versatility of airmobile techniques makes possible the
emplacement of the artillery in positions previously considered inaccessible.'
Batteries can be placed on top of a ridge, scattered among tree stumps, lined up
along river banks, or in any other position where there is room for the howitzers
and sufficient clearance for helicopter rotor blades. Additional area is required
for landing cargo helicopters transporting internal loads. Battery formations
are often dictated by the terrain. Individual piece corrections may be necessary
to obtain the desired effect in the target area. Other factors affecting the selec-
tion are weather and the tactical situation. Desirable characteristics of an
airmobile howitzer battery position are as follows:

(~) Dry, well-drained ground.

(!?) Terrain which is suitable for defense and located within the infantry perimeter
(when such location will not interfere with the mission of either unit).

(.£) All-round (6, 400-mil) firing capability that provides a uniform sheath on the
ground.

(~) Selected positions should be in or in close proximity to the landing zone to

, support the la,nding of cargo helicopters, when required (see (3) below).

(!:) Maximum defilade consistent with the accomplishment of the assigned mission.

(f) Proximity to natural obstacles.

(3) Selection of helicopter landing zone. In the selection of a helicopter landing zone
within or adjacent to artillery positions from maps, air photographs, and physi-
cal reconnaissance, the following factors should be considered.

(~) Size of the landing zone. The specific area dimensions for landing and
maneuvering helicopters will vary with the helicopter size, lift formation,
position altitude, and tactical situation. One CH-47 helicopter will req~ire
an area approximately 50 meters square.

(£) Surface conditions. To expedite loading and unloading of internal cargo, sur-
face conditions should be such that the helicopter does not bog down upon
landing. Loose debris that may cause damage co the engine or rotor blades
should be removed. .

9
 (~) Ground slope. Ground slope
satisfy a landing reqUirement
in the landing zone should
of a medium helicopter.
not exceed 10 0
to O.1
(.!!) Id entiCic a tion. The landing z One should be eas il y id entifia ble from th e air, or
plans should be made to insure that navigational aids, 'such as panels, smoke,
grenades,
location. radio, and radars, are available to vector aircraft to the desired

d. ResuePIX. Airmobile operations may take place in terrain which is inaccessible to

grou';;d vehicles. In this case, airmobile units engaged in tactical Operations are resupplied by
air.' In planning resupply, artillery units must consider the initial combat requirements, com-
bat readiness of organic equipment, availability and capacity of supporting aircraft, projected
time of the airmobile operation, anticipated weather, and enemy capabilities. A further dis-
cussion of logistical procedures is included in paragraph 29.

e. Preearation and Issuance of Unit Orders. Normally, operations are conducted in

accc';:dance with the unit SOP. Specific instructions and changes to the SOP are provided by
fragmentary orders and prearranged messages. Plans are developed in an inverse sequence-_
ground tactical plan, landing plan, air movement plan, and marshaling plan. These plans are
closely related and are developed concurrently. When written Operation orders are issued,
the plans listed above are included as annexes.

18. MARSHALING PHASE

Marshaling may commence during the planning phase and continue through the movement
phas e. It i ncl ud e s the pr epa ration of in di vidua I and or gani za tional equipment, p r epa ration of
the pickup zone, and control of incoming aircraft. With no prior preparation, initial marshal-
ing should begin at least 2 hours before the arrival of the first aircraft. The battery should (.\)
retain the capability of firing until the last hOWitzer has departed the Position area.

a. Preearation of Pickue Zone. The preparation of the pickup zone inclUdes rigging loads
(app Ill), positioning marking devices, and Positioning eqUipment for rapid pickup. Loads are
inspected for completeness and compactness.

(1 )
Slings necessary for lifting external loads are provided by the artillery battery.
Cargo straps to tie down internal loads are organic to the lift company and are
carried aboard the aircraft. Passengers may assist in the tiedown of internal
loads; however, the aircraft crew chief is responsible for performing this function,
(2)
Ma r king means incl ud e c 010 r. cod ed howi tz e r s, ai r / ground r ec ogn ition panel s
and/or vests, smoke grenades, and terrain features. A means of identification
should be provided when guiding aircraft to the location and directing it to the
specific load for pickup.

(3)
Positioning loads according to a standard plan reduces air-to_ ground communica-
tion, personnel briefings, and coordination between the artillery departure air-
field control officer (DAFCO) and the aviation liaison officer. Loads should be
positioned to reduce flight Over the battery as much as Possible. All equipment
should be positioned so that the aircraft can approach against the Wind.
(4)
When march order is given, the howitzer (with its ammunition) is positioned with
the tube into the Wind. Additional ammunition is packed at a central location,
normally the resupply point, and will be picked up from there.

10
 (5) The DAFCO and his control vehicle are positioned where he can best observe the

o aircraft, loads, and/or

about the pickup
ground markers.
zone.
It may be. necessary for him to move

E. Control of Aircraft.

(l) Pathfinder elements and equipment are organic to aviation units and may be used
to assist in controlling aircraft during landing and air delivery. Close coordina-
tion must exist between the DAFCO and the pathfinder elements.

(2) Prior coordination with the aviation unit will have established the number of air-
craft, arrival interval, and allowable cargo load. In the absence of pathfinder or
aviation personnel, the DAFCO controls the incoming aircraft and the pickup zone.
When controlling aircraft, he furnishes the flight with information concerning the
enemy situation, wind direction and velocity, surface conditions, and landing
direction and clearance. He may also furnish the landing site azimuth, field
elevation, landing formation, and any other information as required.

(3) Procedures for marking loads and for aircraft control are contained in appendix
IV. Safety is discussed in appendix V.

19. MOVEMENT PHASE

~. Final coordination and briefings should be completed before liftoff of the first aircraft.
This coordination includes the flight leader's briefing. The flight leader must know the loca-
tion of the landing zone, the radio frequency used for the move, the location of artillery firing
along the flight route, the call sign of the control party in the landing zone, the order of march,
and the number of sorties. Liftoff of the advance party helicopter signals the beginning of the
n
'_.-.1
movement phase.

E.The arrival and departure interval of other helicopters will depend on the plan of
maneuver, conditions in the landing zone, and the number of aircraft the landing zone will
accommodate .. The advance party helicopter may be followed in as short a time as 5 minutes
by the remainder of the battery, or the battery may wait for the battery commander's order to
move forward. Correct timing is essential for keeping orbit and helicopter ground times to a
minimum .

.£. Passengers should observe the approach to the landing zone through ports in the heli-
copter to orient themselves. Mounting into and dismounting from the helicopter should be as
rapid as possible to reduce helicopter ground time.

20. OCCUPATION PHASE

~. Preparation of the Landing Zone.

(1) During the planning phase, the battery commander tentatively selects locations of
key installations, organizes the prospective landing zone, and coordinates proce-
dures for control of airc raft during the occupation.

(2) Before departing the pickup zone, the battery commander briefs the advance
party on the new landing zone, the order of march, and the howitzer formation to
be used.

(3) Upon arrival in the landing zone, the battery commander locates the battery
center and confirms the howitzer formation to be used. A guide from each how-
itzer section will clear the immediate area around his position of any loose

11
 debris and obstacles and prepare the position to receive the equipment. Each
guide will display a marking device which corresponds to his section's color code.

(4) Location of the T marker will depend on established SOP.

b. Occupation.

(l) If pathfinder or aviation personnel are not present, the battery commander is
responsible for controlling aircraft during the occupation. As the helicopter
approaches the landing zone. the battery commander or his representative. as
the LACO (landing zone aircraft control Officer), informs the pilot which color to
guide on and provides landing instructions as discussed in paragraph 18.!:>.(2).

(2) Sling loads may be placed anywhere the aircraft can hover for release. Ammuni-
tion should be placed close to the howitzer during occupation. Prepare for action
follows standard artillery procedures.

(3) Any tentage within 50 to 75 meters of the landing site and/or along the approach
path should be lowered and secured.

(4) Once pilots become familiar with the landing zone. the only elements necessary
for directing the aircraft to the desired location are approach instructions, artil-
. lery firing information, and a guide.

Section IV. DEFENSE OF THE POSITION

21. SECURITY FORCE

Normally, the perimeter security of the howitzer battery will be provided by some outside () 1
sou rc e. Howeve r. the batte ry ha s ava ila ble the t rem endous fir epowe r of it s organic wea pons
(howitzers.
of the position.antitank weapons. and machlneguns). which should be integrated into the defense

22. INNER DEFENSE

The term "inner defense" refers to those actions taken at the howitzer locations to defend
the position. This is not the first line of defense. The battery may be required to augment the
outer perimeter with personnel and crew.served weapons. Preparations for the defense of the
outer perimeter are in addition to the actions taken by the battery for inner defense. However.
the defense of both areas must be well coordinated.

23. ORGANIZATION

~' Foxholes and/or parapets are dug around the outer edge of the firing battery. All
tentage should be placed inside the inner perimeter line when Possible (fig 2).

b. A reaction squad will constitute the battery reserve, This squad will be employed on
orde; of the position security officer.

c, Prearranged pyrotechnic signals should be used for WithdraWing the outer perimeter to
the i~ner perimeter and for firing the beehive ammunition.

d. Maximum firearms discipline should be employed.

12
o

o Note: Center howitzer reinforces and maintains its capability of self-illumination.

Figure 2. Inner defense.

!:.. Direct harassing and interdiction (H&I) fires should be employed during daylight and
darknes s on any significant hill mas s or tree line from which the enemy can observe or snipe.
This data is recorded at each howitzer.

L Defensive targets around the position area, to be fired by mutually supporting artil-
lery, should be planned and fired. The adjusted data is recorded by the unit firing.

24. EMPLOYMENT OF WEAPONS

The emplaced howitzers of the battery are the nucleus of the inner defense. The employ-
ment of these and other weapons of the unit are established by unit SOP. General guidance is
contained in chapter 6, sections V and VI, of FM 6-140.

Section V. OPERATIONS

25. FIRE DIRECTION

Fire direction procedures in airmobile operations follow the principles and techniques
established in FM 6-40. Unit personnel must be sufficiently cross trained in fire direction
procedures for at least two shifts to be available for 24-hour operation. Standard equipment
organic to the fire direction section is used, and emphasis is placed on weight reduction. The
requirement for a 6, 400-mil fire capability is paramount in airmobile operations. Therefore,
it may be necessary to use a large horizontal control chart to cover the zone of fire. The bat-
tery should be plotted near the center of the firing chart to permit all-round coverage on the
chart.

13
26. COMMUNICATIONS

a. General.

(l) In an airmobile artillery operation, the primary means of tactical communication

is radio. Wire as an internal means of communication is restricted to installa-
tions within landing zones and base camps. Figure 3 shows a type battery wire
net (dotted line denotes alternate communication means). In separate operations,
the battalion FDC and command wire nets may not be established. Radio/wire
integration (R WI) may be established as a link to higher headquarters by units
above battery level.

(2) In order to facilitate rapid movement and reduce weight, some artillery vehicle-
mounted radios are removed and mounted on lightweight racks (pallets). These
radios are powered by generators through vehicle-type wet- cell batteries. During
movement, this equipment is secured on a modified I /4-ton trailer, along with
any remaining equipment from the section. This modification effectively releases
the vehicles for other uses. The palletized radios are placed in the operating
complex, and the power source is remoted. Communication nets and equipment
for a direct support artillery battalion (airmobile or infantry division) and for an
aerial artillery battery (reinf) are illustrated in appendix VI. .

~. Communications Requirements.

(l) For effective fire control and coordination of ground operations, communications
must be established as rapidly as possible in the position area. Sufficient com-
munications personnel and equipment are transported in the leading helicopters to
insure early installation of command and fire control communications systems.

(2) The communications

mander's requirements.
system is developed by successive
The fOllOWing communications
steps to meet the com-
are considered es sential
0'1
in airmobile operations:

Internal communications normally consist of four nets--the command/fire

direction net and fire direction nets 1, 2, and 3. One fire direction net is
assigned to each maneuver battalion liaison officer. The maneuver battalion
liaison officer, forward observers with the maneuver battalion, and any
agency providing fire support to the maneuver battalion Operate in that net.
The command/fire direction net is used as an additional means of coordinating
fire and executing command.

External nets provide a means of communicating with supported units, sup-

porting units, and higher headquarters. These nets are tailored to meet the
situation. Normally, external nets include __

1. Division artillery operations/fire direction net, FM.

~. Division artillery command/fire direction net, AM, ssn, RATT.

3. Aircraft warning net, FM .

.:!. nrigadc command net, FM.

2,. Host country liaison net, Flvt.

.£:. Logistical net, FM.

14
o

AIMING ." RECORDER

CIRCLE " (ACCe».1PANIES THE XO WHO
MOVES AS REQUIRED (RQR)
....
0 TO BEST CONTROL THE FIRING
/" CMPTR BATTERY)

I ADMIN
RTO
BTRY

OUTPOSTS AND
BN FDC OTHER LOCALS
OR LO
BN
COMO

Figure 3, Type wire net, FA battery, IOS-mm, airmobile division,

27. SURVEY
o ~. Survey
ment of survey
through
control
jungle growth is time
is usually feasible.
consuming and difficult. However, the establish-

E. Though control points may be few, survey control can usually be supplied to individual
FO and battery positions. However, target area survey is usually restricted or impossible.

c. Since line of sight is required for triangulation, resection, and trilateration and is
usually not available, traverse is generally the method of survey used.

d. In cases where the tactical situation precludes the use of standard survey techniques
(trav~rse, triangulation, astronomic observation, or use of gyro azimuth surveying instru-
ments), survey control may be extended by using one or a combination of the following: radars,
helicopters, aerial photographs, and photomaps (FM 6-2),

(1) Frequently it is neces sary to establish initial horizontal control by map spotting.
Directional control is achieved through astronomic observation or use of gyro
azimuth surveying instruments. .

(2) Use of countermortar radars to determine horizontal control and simultaneous

observation to extend directional control are usually luore accurate than nlap
spotting,

(3) Helicopters may be employed to nlove survey teams about the battle area. The
limiting factor is security for the teanlS and helicopters.

15
 28. TARGET ACQUISITION

a. The primary mis sion of target acquisition elements remain unchanged in an airmobile
envi;onment, However. in the initial phase of an airmobile operation. it may be necessary to
rely extensively upon air observers and airborne sensors for target acquisition. Timely and
rapid displacement of target acquisition elements is necessary in order to provide continuous
support.

b. Once displaced, ground surveillance radars are used in their designated role and pro ..
vide ~n additional defense capability, Countermortar and counterbattery radars may also be
used for survey, registration, and adjustment of friendly artillery. For details, see FM 6-160
and FM 6-161.

29. LOGISTICS AND ADMINISTRATION

a, During airmobile operations, the artillery may receive supplies and administrative
s upp;; rt throu gh the a rtille ry ba tlalion ba s e of ope ra tions. br igad e ba s e of ope r a lion s, di vis ion
base of operations, and corps support brigade base. The battalion base of operation is nor-
mally collocated with the brigade base of operations. The combat service support elements of
the battalion base of operations, under the control of the S4, function to insure that adequate
logistical and administrative support is provided the assault echelon of the battalion to the
extent required. They also perform liaison between the forward area support team (in the
brigade base) and the artillery assault echelon. The combat service support elements also
assist in the preparation of palletized artillery loads, The battalion headquarters (minus),
under the control of the Sl, operates in the division base of operations and supports the for-
ward elements of the battalion by processing routine administrative matters.

b. There must be a continual buildup of battalion supplies in the brigade base until suffi-
cient reserves are on hand to offset temporary breaks in air supply lines, Conversely, artil-
lery units, in order to displace rapidly in a minimum number of sorties, carry only essential (1 )1/

items. Collecting points for debris and reusable containers (brass, Wire, cans, etc.) should
be established in each position and coordination made for pickup by resupply helicopters.
Artillery units select and report the locations of lOw-level extraction (LOLEX) areas for
resupply by fixed-Wing aircraft.

c. Logistical requests for battalion units, inclUding attached units, are consolidated at
the b~tta1ion base of operations and forwarded to the forward area support team (FAST).
Figure 4 shows request and resupply channels, Asterisks (>:c) denote that these bases of opera-
tions are designated trains areas in all divisions except ,airmobile.

MAXIMUM USE OF THROUGH PUT

.. - - - - REQUEST
--~.'SSUE

Figure 4, Type resupply,

16
 Section VI. . THE FORWARD OESER VER

o 30. GENERAL

Observers provide most of the artillery's target location information. All personnel of
the division can serve as observers and may have occasion to adjust fire. They should be
trained in forward observer techniques and procedures. The functions and responsibilities of
organic artillery forward observer sections are outlined in FM 6-140. The mission of a for-
ward observer section is to plan, coordinate, request, and adjust, if necessary, fires for the
supported unit. Though assigned to the artillery batteries, forward observer sections are
normally with the supported force. The use of fire support by the supported force may depend
on the knowledge of the forward observer sections. In operating with an airmobile force, for-
ward observers should be prepared to adjust all available fire support.

31. ADJUSTMENT OF AR TILLER Y FIRE

Accurate ground observation of artillery fire is frequently hampered by dense vegetation

and mountainous terrain. These limitations can be overcome by the use of air observers,
radars, and ranging devices to supplement the forward observer in the adjustment of artillery
fire. The employment of WP (white phosphorus) or a high airburst with smoke on the first
round will often assist the observer in bringing the rounds rapidly on target. The ground'
observer and the air observer can often be employed effectively as a team. The ground
observer marks his position with smoke and gives directions to the air observer, who then
adjusts the fire.

~. Defensive t:argets should be planned and reported. If possible, they should be adjusted
on, and the adjusted data should be recorded. Adjusted data should be updated by the fire

n
~
direction center, using current
center platoon of the howitzer
smoke has been fired.
meteorological data or periodic
battery will be used in the adjustment,
If the observer requests
registration. Normally,
after a marking
the
round of
the battery in fire for effect, he should con-
sider dispersion and distribution of fire before announcing the data for fire for effect .

.£. Reconnais sance by fire is a technique that can be used to locate the _enemy and spoil
likely ambushes in areas suspected to be occupied by enemy forces. For safety reasons,
these are normally "at my command" missions .

.£. Marking rounds of artillery and mortars may be used by the forward observer as a
navigational aid.

(l) A forward observer may request a round of smoke or white phosphorus to orient
himself or to assist maneuver elements in navigation. The height of burst of the
smoke round may be adjusted by shortening the time on the fuze.

(2) Another technique uses the countermortar or counterbattery radar. A round is

fired from an organic infantry mortar from the proximity of the observer, and
the radar locates the point of emanation. This point is then reported to the for-
ward observer.

!!,. The adjustment of artillery with the observer employing sound adjustment techniques
should be undertaken only when no other technique is feasible. If adjustment by sound becomes
necessary, the forward observer should make every effort to insure the safety of friendly
troops. The following suggestions may aid the forward observer:

(l) Doublecheck friendly locations to insure that they are where they are reported to
be.

)
17
 (2) Know the location of the gun-target (GT) line and avoid firing directly Over
friendly troops when possible (use high-angle fire in mountainous terrain).

(3) Request high streamer smoke on the first round during daylight operations and
white phosphorus during night operations. The flash and smoke associated with
white phosphorus can be used as an aid during night firing. Repeat with high
explosives (HE) when a positive spotting is made.

~' The employment of surface target acquisition devices is generally restrictt'd by tree
canopy, the lack of survey control, poor trails for moving heavy equipment, and ill(' neccs sHy
for cleared fields of scan for the radar sets. When they can be installed, sound and flash
ranging bases and radars can be operated efficiently though the effective range of the rada rs
may be reduced.

32, ARMY AERIAL FIRE

The call for fire for Army aerial fire support is contained in appendix VII. The call for
Army aerial fire conforms as near as possible to the existing call for fire used with cannon
artillery. During subsequent corrections, the observer-target or the aircraft':target line may
be used as a reference point for adjustment. Directions to the aircraft commander should be
given in degrees or inner cardinal bearings (app IX) rather than in mils. '

33. FORWARD AIR GUIDE

The adjustment of tactical airstrikes normally is performed by a forward air controller

(FAC), However, when a forward air controller is not available, a forward air guide (FAG) is
used. The artillery forward observer may act as a forward air guide, The fundamental differ-
ences between FAC procedures and FAG procedures is that a forward air controller directs
strike aircraft and a forward air guide provides assistance as required by the strike aircraft {II
flight commander. The flight commander makes the decision to strike and is the final authority
in control of the airstrike.

a. In order to help the attack pilot plan his delivery, the follOWing information should be
included in the target identification data and given to the strike commander by the forward air
guide before the aircraft depart the orbit point: target desc'ription, target location, location
of friendly forces, direction of strike, ordnance desired or ordnance which is unacceptable (as
applicable), and other tactical information.

b. As a rule, no two strikes are conducted in the same manner, Generally, the guidance
tech~ques and adjustment procedures outlined in the call for aerial fire support apply to tacti-
,cal airstrikes. The forward observer should be familiar with reference note, Forward Air
Guide.

34, NAVAL GUNFIRE

When naval gunfire is planned in support of an airmobile operation, naval gunfire person-
nel are normally provided. These personnel assist in planning, provide information regarding
fire support and fire capabilities, coordinate with other supporting arms, and supervise the
execution of naval gunfire support, A naval gunfire officer serves as a member of the fire
support coordination center /fire support coordination element (FSCC/FSCE).

a. Calls for naval gunfire by forward observers and air observers are processed through
the fire support coordinator (FSCOORD) at maneuver battalion.

b. Naval gunfire spotter teams usually adjust gunfire, However, other Observers may be
used as necessary. Observers follow the naval gunfire procedures outlined in FM 6-40,

18
o
35. ILLUMINATION

The use of illumination should be coordinated to limit its assistance to the enemy. In
addition to the organic illumination capabilities of the maneuver elements and close support
artillery, battlefield illumination may be provided by searchlight units and Army and Air Force
aircraft. Forward observers should be familiar with the capabilities of the systems used.
Army and Air Force aircraft use airborne systems, which include parachute flare drops and
searchlights. Ground-based searchlight units use 23-inch xenon lights.

~. Requests for illumination by searchlights are normally processed through artillery

channels in the same manner as fire missions.

b. The adjustment of a searchlight is made with reference to the searchlight-target line.

The type of illumination may be direct or indirect. An adjustment is made using either the
searchlight beam or meters as a unit of measure. The observer commands LEFT (RIGHT)
(so many) BEAM WIDTHS OR METERS and DOWN (UP) (so many) BEAM WIDTHS OR METERS.

)
19
 "01,1 • '\ .

CHAPTER 3

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION

36. FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATOR

a. In a brigade task force, the direct support artillery commander or his representative
is th; fire support coordinator (FSCOORD). As FSCOORD. he is responsible for the coordina-
tion of all fires delivered on surface targets within the area of operations (AO). These fires
may include the fires of the air force, the aerial fire support means, and the direct support
artillery. The direct support artillery commander positions himself where he can best con-
trol and influence the supporting fires during critical phases of the action. Because of the
speed of airmobile operations and the extreme distances normally involved, the artillery com-
mander relies heavily on artillery liaison officers (LO) to represent him at brigade and
maneuver battalion levels. Planning follows the inverse sequence outlined in paragraph 9E,
and most of the detailed fire support coordination is performed at the airmobile infantry bat-
talion by the artillery battalion liaison officer.

b. The basic functions of the fire support coordinator in an airmobile force are the same
as in-any other force. The direct support battalion may not be able to mass its supporting
fires because of the extended range at which operations may be conducted. The lack of massed
fires requires a greater reliance on timel} and accurate fire support by all fire support agen-
cies. Emphasis is placed on lifting and/or shifting preplanned fires. Close control and timing
is required for lifting fires. If fires are lifted before the initiation of the assault phase, the
enemy force may have time to recover from the effects of preparation fires and counter the
airmobile landing. The increased diversity of fire support agencies available to the liaison
officer at maneuver battalion level requires constant coordination.

37. FIRE SUPPOR T PLANNING

a. The fire support annex is prepared by the FSCOORD at the brigade Imaneuver battalion
levelas directed by the supported commander in order to insure complete Coordination between
the plan of maneuver and the plan of fire support. The fire Support annex amplifies the fire
support portion of the commander's concept of operation by providing Specific information and
instructions for fire support. The planning of fires to support the assault must be accom-
plished in many instances, based on suspect target locations rather than on known target loca-
tions. All intelligence-gathering agencies should be exploited in order to acquire the best tar-
get intelligence possible. Close-in defensive fires must be planned to protect the force
organizing for the objective. The bulk of the fire planned for the defense of the landing sites
in the objective areas will be on-call fires.

b. Fire planning within the artillery is continuous and concurrent with the planning of the
scheme of maneuver. Fire planning takes place at all levels beginning with the forward
observers up through the various echelons, Because of the reduced amount of organic artil-
lery available to the airmobile force, close coordination between artillerymen and supported
commanders at all levels is extremely necessary to insure full coverage of the zone of interest.

c. Fire planning for a specific operation is initiated upon receipt of the force command-
er's ~oncept of operation, which includes the plan oC maneuver and plan oC fire support and
which outlines the overall picture of the intended operation. The artillery forward observer
and heavy mortar platoon leader at the maneuver company are briefed on the Operation. Using
this information, they plan fires to support the company operation. The artillery liaison offi-
cer at the maneuver battalion will consolidate the company target lists, resolve duplication,
integrate the company targets with those being planned at the battalion level, and prepare the
maneuver battalion fire support an.nex. J,.T~.\4i-9on officer may assign target numbers himself,
or he may allocate portions' of his "blo'ck of numbers to his forward observers. Requests for

20
 , ....... , ..... _j' """ ... "Ig ...",,_ J

USAAMS SNOW HAll

PORT StU .. OKLAHOMA
preplanned tactical air support will be submitted through Army channels. Immediate air
requests are submitted by the tactical air control party (TACP) directly to the direct air sup-
port center and are monitored at every intermediate maneuver headquarters. Requests for
Army aerial weapons support should be processed through fire support channels. After the
target list and fire support requirements have been approved by the maneuver battalion com-
mander, they are submitted to the artillery battalion fire direction center for inclusion in the
brigade fire support annex. Distribution of this annex follows established procedures.

!!. The various fire plans from the liaison officers are consolidated at the artillery bat-
talion fire direction center by the 53 in the same manner as described in c above. The 53 will
plan the use of the available artillery, immediately responsive artillery, -;nd Army aerial
weapons which have been made available to the artillery force commander by the directing
headquarters. .

38. EXECUTION AND CONTROL

a. When the artillery liaison officer receives the final fire support annex from the artil-
lery battalion, he must contact various fire support agencies to coordinate the as sault. He
will first contaCt the forward air controller (FAC) to insure that he is familiar with the target
area, the time frame, and the fire direction net. Although the forward air controller controls
the fighters during their strike, he must check in with, have his fires cleared by, and report
damage and ordnance expended to the liaison officer .

.£. The artillery liaison officer, together with the infantry battalion 53 air and the heli-
copter lift company liaison officer, determines a flight route, picks out likely targets for
counterflak fires, and designates various checkpoints along the flight route. A time based on
II-hour, furnished by the aviation liaison officer, is assigned each checkpoint. The liaison
officer insures that the aviation element, including the escort gunships, has the frequency of

D his fire direction

of these checkpoints.
net and that the flight leader will inform him when the column reaches
Based on the progress of the lift column, the liaison officer controls
each

the preparation fires on the landing zone .

.£. The liaison officer makes a final check with his artillery battalion fire direction center.
This coordination is accomplished by the use of a prearranged message. Any changes to the
fire support plan or to the scheme of maneuver are discussed at this time. The liaison officer
insures that the aerial artillery is available and that the frequencies, time fraIne, direction of
attack, length of preparation fires, and orbit area have been furnished to the aerial artillery
unit.

d. The numerous fire support agencies with which the liaison officer must coordinate
duri;g an airmobile assault are illustrated in figure 5.

...-..- ........... -- ---

----;-,"?
" ,'"
LO ..... -.
...... ,
"
"":::::- :::- - - ---
...... -....,
--- ...... ---- -- h
LJ-
..... IIIIC:;;....._--, ./ ",
" 1- ~:'~PTER LIFT
NAVAL GUNFIRE CANNON ARTILLERY AERIAL ARTILLERY fLIGHT LEADER
L- ,r----...l
!

ESCORT GUNSHIPS

Figure 5. Liaison officer control and coordination.

:',ORl\IS .::-u~
1:C! {f'r::,":,.~:..iO~ftrY :OF U. S. ARMY'.
US,.\:"'i"',:~ ";:. \,: i lr\l.l
fORT 5::.t, ()!~u\. i3:;O]
21
 e. The liaison officer must have firm control over all the fire support agencies concerned
with the operation. He is the one individual who has the resources available for insuring that
the airmobile task force safely reaches a softened landing zone.

39. THE AIRMOBILE ASSAULT

a. During the airmobile operation, the liaison officer 'accompanies the infantry battalion
com~ander and other members of the battalion control group in the command helicopter. With
proper and complete coordination, the sequence of events is as follows:

(1) The forward air controller checks into the fire direction net, obtains clearance
for the aircraft to begin their strike, and reports the end of the mission at the
proper time.

(2) The liaison officer informs the cannon artillery to begin firing.

(3) Escort gunships provide security to transport helicopters dUring the loading and
movement phases. They are employed when the threat of an attack by a hostile,
slow-flying aircraft is present, when air-to- ground suppres sive fires are
required, or when a combination of air and ground protection is essential to the
airmobile operation.

(4) The aerial artillery flight leader checks into the fire direCtion net and reports
that he is ready to join the transport helicopter column at the designated point or
is ready to proceed to the landing zone and provide preparation fires.

(5) The transport helicopter flight leader reports his arrival at the air control check-
points in sequence and reports when he has made radio contact with the aerial
artillery ships. (Ii
(6) When the transport helicopter flight leader reports his arrival at the release
point, the liaison officer stops the artillery preparation fires and clears the
aerial artillery into the landing zone for their fires.

(7) The aerial artillery flight leader reports that the firing run is completed and that
his aircraft are proceeding to the predesignated orbit point. At this time, the
liaison officer clears the escort gunships to fire final suppressive fires. These
fires are provided from the time the flight approaches the landing zone until the
flight departs.

2. The sequence of events outlined in.! above is only a guide to how an airmobile opera-
tion can be controlled. The key word in controlling an airmobile operation is flexibility. With
the great number of aircraft involved, a rigid time frame cannot always be followed. The
liaison officer must be flexible enough to alter the schedule of fires While en route to the
objective area. An example of the need to alter the schedule of fires is When the flight leader
reports his arrival at a checkpoint at a time that is different from the one originally planned.
The liaison officer, to compensate for this difference, will normally alter the schedule of
fires of the cannon artillery .

.£.. The liaison officer has the responsibility of clearing ~ fires against ground targets
within his zone. He must know the locations of friendly elements at all times. When a unit is
moving, the liaison officer should make frequent checks with his forward Observers to ascertain
their locations. Before an operation, the liaison officer will brief the forward observer con-
cerned regarding the fire support available and the scheme of maneuver. The forward observer
must know all facets of the airmobile operation because at times the liaison officer will be
unable to remain airborne durihg the entire operation. When this occurs, the liaison officer ( I),

will turn over control of the fire support agencies to the forward observer on the ground.

22
o CHAPTER 4

FIELD ARTILLERY BATTALION AERIAL ARTILLERY

40. ORGANIZATION

~' The field artillery battalion aerial artillery is unique to the airmobile division. The
battalion aircraft (UH-l) are armed with the XM3 rocket launcher system, which employs
forty-eight 2. 75-inch folding-fin aerial rockets (FF AR) per aircraft. Aircraft armed with
other armament subsystems (app VIII) may be used to augment, or may be used in lieu of, the
aerial artillery. The UH-l aircraft mounted with the XM3 armament subsystem will eventually
be replaced with the Huey Cobra mounted with four rocket pods capable of launching seventy-
six 2. 75-inch aerial rockets.

£. The organization of the field artillery battalion aerial artillery is shown in figure 6.

FA BN
AERIAL
ARTY

t
I I
FA BTRY -
HO, HO a svc AERIAL
BTRY ARTY
I
I

Figure 6. Field artillery battalion, aerial artillery,

airmobile division.

41. MISSION

The mission of the field artillery battalion, aerial artillery, is to provide direct fire sup-
~)ort to the assault units of the airmobile division by use of aerially mounted rockets.

42. ASSIGNMENT

The battalion (battery) may be assigned a tactical mission of direct support (OS), rein-
forcing (reinf), general support (GS), or general support reinforcing (GS-reinf), or it may be
assigned a modified mission. Due to its present inherent configuration, the unit is not
normally employed in the direct support role.

43. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

~' Fire Capabilities.

(1) With the XM3 rocket launcher system, the pilot or copilot.can fire rockets in
pairs (one rocket from each pod) or in ripples of 1,2,3,4,6, or 24 pairs.
Additional rounds may be carried inside the aircraft, provided a corresponding
weight reduction is made. No in-flight ,reloading capability presently exists.
Warheads available are HE, WP, marking smoke (red or yellow), and inert
practice. Fuses are limited to point detonating and proximity.

)
23
 (2) The maximum engagement range is 2, 500 meters. Normal engagement range is
from 1, 800 meters to the minimum arming range, which is 100 meters for the
point-detonating fus'e and 300 meters for the proximity fuse. The accuracy of
the weapon is directly proportional to the range to the target and the skill of the
pilot.

(3) The rate of fire per day is limited only by the availability of ammunition.

b. Tactical Capabilities. The aerial artillery battalion (battery) in the fire support role
is capable of--

(1) Providing immediately responsive and highly mobile direct fires for close and
continuous support of maneuver elements.

(2) Providing command, control, staff planning and supervision. and administrative
and logistical support to subordinate and attached units.

(3) Being employed as a battalion_, battery_, platoon-. or section-size fire unit.

(4) Providing aerial escort for air columns and providing emergency helicopter lifts.
The use of these capabilities detracts from the unit's fire support capability.

(5) Loading and transporting all battalion (battery) equipment in Air Force cargo
aircraft.

(6) Providing an aerially mounted antitank capability.

(7) Providing first-round fire for effect when positive target and friendly element Ii
locations are known. ~'i!

(8) Engaging targets at ranges exceeding that of the artillery. This capability is
limited only by the aircraft fuel range.

~. Limitations. The limitations of the aerial artillery battalion (battery) are as follows:

'1) The unit's support of ground operations is restricted to direct fire.

(2) Operations are hampered by adverse weather and periods of reduced visibility.

(3) The weapons have no in-flight reload capability and thus have a limited sustained
fire capability (depends on the time required to reload the launchers).

(4) The unit is vulnerable to all types of air defense fires to include small arms.

(5) The unit has a limited capability for defense against hostile ground attack.

(6) The unit is dependent on higher headquarters for combat service support,
particularly during sustained operations.

44. PLANNING

a. General. Planning for aerial artillery prearranged (scheduled) fire missions in sup-
port ~f airmobile landings should be developed in reverse sequence (FM 57-35). Such plans
are based on the specific times the fire support is required and the time of flight along the
route specified in the air movement plan. Aerial artillery may be required to support the

24
I
o landing plan with on-call defensive
aircraft
assembly
fires. All maintenance, fueling armament loading,
warmup and takeoff times must be planned to insure that the unit meets aerial
and initial point (IP) times (marshaling plan) in the proper sequence.
and

(1) Direct fires. Aerial artillery units deliver direct fires from aerial platforms,
employing speed, agility, and responsiveness to achieve surprise and effect
destruction of area targets.

(2) Airmobile preparation fires. The employment of aerial artillery for airmobile
preparation fires requires precise timing because of the speed of the air vehicles,
the short duration of time on target, and the problems inherent in coordinating the
flight of numerous vehicles over a small area.

(3) Preplanned and on-call fires. Aerial artillery units delivering preplanned and on-
call fires may occasionally provide the only fire support available in the operation.
Normally, however, the aerial artillery fires will supplement and be coordinated
with other fire support.

£. The Ground Tactical Plan.

(1) The planning required for support of the air assault is n10re complex than that
required for ground assault operations. Aerial artillery units must know exact
target locations en route to and around the objective, the direction fron1 which
fires are to be delivered, and the actions to be taken after the fires are delivered.
Detailed coordination is required with supported/reinforced units. In planning
for aerial fire delivery, the unit's limited flight endurance and resupply capabil-
ity must be taken into account.

(2) Appropriate flight formations must be selected and the elapsed time between
attacking clements of aerial artillery must be minimized to achieve maximun1
surprise. The fire delivered by the aerial artillery must be continuous and must
be timed so that the enemy will not have time to recover from the aerial fires be-
fore the friendly troops land.

(3) Tactical plans may require the aerial artillery to remain in the vicinity or land
and organize a position area in the secured landing zone. Aerial artillery can
provide mutual security in position defense .

.£. The Landing Plan. If the entire aerial artillery unit is required to land, the landing
zone (LZ) should be checked for tripwires, booby traps, obstacles, and concealed enemy
personnel. Aerial artillery units should not land, except in case of emergency, in an area
that is not secure.

~. The Air Movement Plan.

(l) Planning for aerial movement to the target area includes requirements for flight
route diagrams, control measures, and, when rear elements of aerial artillery
units are to displace, the air movement table.

(2) Techniques of air movement are greatly influenced by enemy air defense capabil-
ities. Nap-of-the-earth techniques are employed, as appropriate, during the
approach to target areas in order to achieve maximum surprise and to reduce
vulnerability to hostile ground fires.

-. (3) During air movements, the officer in command positions himself in an organic
)
helicopter where control can best be exercised.

25
 1
I
j
!,. The Marshaling Plan. Normally, the aerial artillery will marshal with the supported ~
forces in the air en route to the landing zone. Three plans for marshaling may be used. In ,
plan A, the aerial artillery accompanies the assault helicopter formation along the entire
flight route. In plan B, the aerial artillery proceeds independently to intercept and join the
assault helicopter formation before it reaches the release point. In plan C, the aerial
artillery proceeds independently to an orbit area in the Vicinity of the landing zone. Mter
reaching the objective, preparation fires are delivered as planned.

45. CONCEPTS OF EMPLOYMENT

a. General. Aerial artillery is employed throughout the spectrum of land warfare, with
prim~ry emphasis on support of airmobile operations. It is especially useful in meeting
artillery support requirements in all terrain and in any tactical situation which precludes
effective and economical use of ground weapons.

£. Organization for Combat.

(1) The principles of organization for combat as described in FM 6- 20-1 apply to

aerial artillery units.

(2) Centralized control of the aerial artillery battalion normally is retained at

division artillery, with the battalion assigned the tactical mission of general
support of the division. Batteries of the battalion may further be assigned mis-
sions of general support-reinforcing or reinforcing the fires of direct support
artillery battalions, or they could be attached to brigades with the mis sion of
direct support.

(3) The use of the entire battalion in support of the initial assault is not likely, since
such an action commits the entire aerial artillery fire support capability of the ~
force. Although an entire aerial artillery battery may be-committed in a single
mission, aerial artillery is normally committed by platoon or section. The
smallest aerial artillery unit employed against a target is a section (two aircraft).
46. TARGETS

Aerial artillery attacks ground area targets with the primary objective of creating the
greatest amount of destruction and disorganization in the shortest Possible time. Detailed
techniques relative to target engagement are contained in TC 1-25 and FM 6-102.

~. Target Categories. EnenlY targets engaged by aerial artillery may be either pre-
planned targets or targets of opportunity. HE, WP, and HEAT (high-explosive, antitank) war-
heads are effective against personnel, light fortifications, and light materiel.

£. Engagement. When placing fire on the target, the pilot uses the direct fire sight to
help him estimate ranges and rapidly maneuver his helicopter to adjust fire on the target. To
insure bringing fire to bear on the target with a minimum expenditure of rounds, he fires all
rounds directly at the target and adjusts as necessary. Fire is maintained on the target for
as long as necessary.

c. Disengagement. The range at which the target should be disengaged is as important

as th~ range at which the target should be engaged. Since accuracy increases with a decrease
in range, some targets may be fired on at close ranges to insure destruction. The disengage-
ment of targets should occur at the maximum range pos sible. Target overflight should be
avoided.

26
b ~. Adjustment.
as quickly as possible,
fires may not' require
and designation
artillery pilots.
Aerial artillery

of targets
consistent

of opportunity
It is preferable
must respond to c~lls for fire on targets
with coordination
the timing normally associated
requirements.
with preparatory
may come from various
for the forward observers
The coordination

sources
fires.
of opportunity
of these
The acquisition
to include aerial
of direct support artillery units to
provide mis sion control of aerial artillery units delivering fires on targets of opportunity.
The standard call for fire for cannon artillery is applicable to aerial artillery with minor
modifications (app VII).

47. COMMUNICATIONS

2:. Wire System. Normally, wire communications are established for internal communi-
cations only.

b. Internal Radio Nets. To meet internal communications requirements, the aerial

artillery battalion operates FM (frequency modulated) nets and AM (amplitude modulated) nets.

(1) Battalion command/fire direction net, FM. The battalion command/fire direction
net, FM, is used primarily for command and control, for receipt and transmis-
sion of fire mis sions, and for the exchange of informatioJi and intelligence.

(2) Battery airtraffic control net, ATC, AM (UHF). The battery airtraffic control
net, ATe, AM (UHF), is used principally for tactical and administrative control
of battery aircraft. See appendix VI.

(3) Battery command/fire direction net, FM. The three battery command/fire
direction nets, FM, are used to provide a battery command/fire direction net
within the three batteries. These nets are used for fire direction and command
and control.

£. External Radio Nets. To meet external requirements to communicate with higher,

adjacent, and supported or reinforced units, the aerial artillery battalion operates in the
normal division artillery nets. Depending on the tactical missions assigned, the batteries
battalion may have to operate in the net of the supported or reinforced unit.

27
 APPENDIX I

REFERENCES

1. FIELD MANUALS

FM 1-105, Army Aviation Techniques and Procedures

FM 6-2, Artillery Survey

FM 6-20-1, Field Artillery Tactics

FM 6-20-2, Field Artillery Techniques

FM 6-40, Field Artillery Cannon Gunnery

2
FM 6 -10 • Fi eld Artillery D attalion. Aerial Artillery. Ai rmobile Divis ion, (final dr aft)

FM 6-121, Field Artillery Target Acquisition

FM 6-140, Field Artillery Cannon Battalions and Batteries.

FM 6-160, Radar Set, AN/MPQ-I0A

FM 6-161, Radar Set, AN/MPQ-4A

FM 57-1, US Army/US Air Force Doctrine for Airborne Operations

FM 57-35, Airmobile Operations

FM 57-38, Pathfinder Operations

FM 100-5, Field Service Regulations: Operations

FM 100-27, US Army/US Air Force Doctrine for Tactical Airlift Operations

2. TECHNICAL MANUALS

™ 55-405-9, Army Aviation Maintenance Engineering Manual: Weight and Balance

™ 55-450-8, Air Transport of Supplies and EqUipment: External Transport Procedures

105-mm
™ 55-1015-203-10_1,
Howitzer MIOIAI
Air Transportability
by CH-47 Helicopter
Procedures: External Transport of the

155-mm
™ 55-1025-200-10_1,
Howitzer
Air Transportability
M114 by CH-47 Helicopter
Procedures: External Transport of the

™
55-2320-218-10-1, Air Transportability Procedures: External Transport of the M151
1/4- Ton Truck with the M416 1/4- Ton Trailer by CH-47 Helicopter

™ 57 ..210, Air Movement of Troops and EqUipment

! ..

28
 3. TRAINING CIRCULARS

TC 1-25, Rotary Wing Aircraft Gunnery

TC 6-1, Field Artillery Observation

4, TRAINING TEXTS

TT 61-100-1, The Division (Airmobile Supplement)

29
 APPENDIX II

AIRCRAFT LOADING DATA

1. GENERAL

In order to efficiently load and transport an airmobile artillery unit by helicopter, com-
manders and staffs must be familiar with the composition of the airmobile unit, the type and
es sential requirements.
characteristics of aircraft available for the operation, and the method of computing
aircraft

2. AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS

7 0
a. ™ 5 - 21 provid es detailed char acteri stic s and technic al data of Army equipment and
should be used for specific guidance in computing aircraft requirements and for examples of
detailed air loading and movement.

b. The useful payload, or al10wable cargo load (ACL), of an aircraft is as stated In cur-
rent publications; however, it is correspondingly reduced as the density altitude increases.
For example, the al10wable cargo loads for the CH-47 and CH-54 helicopters operating under
military standard day conditions (MSD) (sea level, temperature 59. F, pressu~e 29. 92" hg)
and typical conditions (95. F /4, 000 pressure altitude) in Southeast Asia (SEA) are listed
below.

Aircraft model
ACL (MSD)
ACL (SEA)
CH-47A
la, 000 (pounds)
7, 500 (pounds)
CH-47B
15, 000 (pounds)
10, 000 (pounds)
CH-54A
20, 000 (pounds)
14, 000 (pounds)
Artil1ery units must be prepared to adjust their load configurations to the al10wable cargo load
for a particular type of aircraft and area of operations.

c. Artillery units should coordinate with the liaison officer of the support heHcopter
company during the planning stage to verify the allowable cargo load and to agree on the load
Hst. Planned loads may exceed the al10wable cargo load with the concurrence of the support
helicopter company liaison officer. However, the operating range is decreased accordingly.
Aircraft fuel must be reduced in order to aCcommodate the increased weight.

d. This appendix bases its load configurations on the CH-47 A allowable cargo load (SEA)
of 7,500 pounds (except the MlI4Al).

3. METHODS OF COMPUTING AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS

a. Weight Method.

(1) The weight method is used when the total weight to be transported is the deter-
mining factor. However, this method is not accurate enough to compute require-
ments for units that
tactical integrity.
n: ust transport major items of equipment and also maintain
I
j
j
~
30

J
 (2) Aircraft requirements are determined by dividing the allowable cargo load of each
aircraft into the total weight of the unit to be transported.

~. Spac e Method.

(1) A space is defined as the weight of a fully combat-equipped soldier and is used as
a denominator for converting the weight of major items of equipment and accom-
panying supplies into a common factor. A space is considered to be 240 pounds.

(2) Major items of equipment, such as vehicles, trailers, or heavy weapons, are
converted into spaces by dividing the weight of each item by 240.

(3) The number of spaces that each aircraft can provide is determined by dividing
the allowable cargo load by 240.

£. Type of Load Method.

(1) The type of load method is based on the allowable cargo load of the aircraft and
the requirements for moving personnel and/or equipment in a particular con-
figuration. The type of load method is the most desirable method of determining
aircraft requirements for lifting airmobile artillery units. It permits a unit to
transport major items of equipment while maintaining tactical integrity. The
weights and dimensions used in airmobile movement planning are shown in tables
Ia. and lb.

(2) A load under this plan is an arrangement of personnel, vehicles, equipment, and
supplies within the allowable cargo load of a particular aircraft;

(3) The preparation of varied-type loads will provide flexibility in planning, in

loading, and in supporting an operation.

4. TYPES OF ARTILLERY LOADS

.!.. The following loads may be common to headquarters and service batteries and to
howitzer batteries: •

Weight (lb) Total (lb)

Cargo

(1) 7 personnel 1,680

5, 700 7,380
3 mech mules

(2) 3 personnel 720

1 1/4-ton truck and trailer 3,988

2,673 7,381
1 1/4-ton truck

(3) 3 personnel 720

6,700 7,420
] 3/4-ton truck

(4) 2 personnel 480

3,000
...... 1 1/4-ton truck w AM radio
:J 1 1/4-ton truck and trailer
3,988 7,468

31
 Cargo
Weight (lb) Total (lb)
(5) 8 personnel
1,920
1 1/4-ton truck and trailer
3,988
1 1/4-ton trailer
1,315 7,223
(6) 23 personnel
5,520
1 A-22 container
2,000 7, 520
(7) 6 personnel
1,440
1 1/4-ton truck and trailer
3,988
1 mech mule
1,900 7,328
(8) 31 personnel
7,440 7,440
(9) 14 personnel
3,360
1 1/4-ton truck
3,988 7,348
(10) 5 personnel
1,200
1 1/4-ton truck and trailer (light load)
Water bag 3,588
2, 500 7,288
(11) 16 personnel
3,840
1 1/4-ton trailer
1 mech mule I, 315
1,900 7,055
(12) 1 1/4-ton truck and trailer (light load) 3,588
1 R TO-driver
240
ammunition (external)
3~600 7,428
(13) 1 MI0IAI how w sec equip
4.680
60 rounds ammo (piggyback)
2. 700 7,380
(14) 6 personnel
1.440
1 MI0IAI how w sec equip
4,680
30 rounds ammo
1,350 7,470
(IS) 1 MI02 how w sec equip
3, 140
75 rounds ammo
3.375 6.515
(16) 5 personnel
1,200
1 MI02 how w sec equip
3,140
70 rounds ammo
3. 150 7,490
(17) 160 rounds 105-mm ammo 7,200 7,200
(I8) 67 rounds 155-mm ammunition 7,370 7,370
(19) 1 M114Al how w sec equip 13,000 13.000
(20) 120 rounds of 155-mm ammo 13.200 13,200

32
--.. ~. Listed in (1) through (3) below are type artillery battalion command post loads used
U during the initial phase of an airmobile operation and a recommended method of transporting
them by CH-4 7' s. As aircraft become available and as the tactical situation permits, this
echelon may be enlarged

(1) Vehicles.

2 1/4-ton trucks

1 I/4-ton truck w AM radio

3 I/4-ton trailers

1 1/2-ton mechanized mule

(2) Personnel.

1 S2

1 S3

17 operations and FDC personnel

2 medical personnel

6 communications personnel

7 survey personnel

(3) Loads.

Cargo Weight (lb)

Truck, utility, I/4-ton, and trailer, 1/4-ton 3,988

Truck",,:utility, I/2-ton, mech mule 1,900
1,440
Personnel, 6 at 240 lb each
7,328

Truck, utility, I/4-ton, and trailer, I/4-ton 3,988

Personnel, 14 at 240 lb each 3, 360
7,348

Truck, utility, I/4-ton, w MRC-95 and trailer 4,000

Personnel, 14 at 240 lb each 3, 360
7, 360

.£. Below is a type loading plan for a howitzer battery displacing with the following equip-
ment and personnel:

33
 Weight (lb)
(1) Equipment.

6 howitzers MIOIAI w see equip

2 1/4-ton trucks
2 I/4-ton trailers
1 3/4-ton truck (FDC)
900 rounds I05-mm ammunition

(2) Personnel

75 personnel

(3) Loads.

(~) Load 1 (advance party).

1 1/4-ton truck and trailer

14 personnel 3,988
Battery commander
Chief of firing battery
6 guides
3 FDC personnel
1 R TO-driver
1 recorder
3,360
7,348
(~) Load 2 (FDC).

1 3/4-ton truck
3 FDC per sonnel 6,700
~

7,420
(£) Loads 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 (howitzer sections).

1 howitzer MI0IAI w see equip

30 rounds ammunition (piggyback) 4,680
*6 section personnel 1,350
1,440
7:470
(~) Loads 9, 10, 11, and 12 (ammo).

160 rounds 105-mm ammunition (external)

7,200
(!:.) Load 13.

1 1/4-ton truck and trailer (light load)

1 R TO-driver 3,588
40 rounds ammunition (external) 240
3,600
7:428
*Personnel may be deleted from these loads and additional ammunition placed in each ammuni-
tion container. Sortie number 3 would then be 30 personnel, and other sortie numbers would
be adjusted accordingly. Six personnel would be added to the 14th sortie.

34

1
,-, (.!) Load 14 (hookup),
iJ
5,040
21 personnel

~, Below is a type loading plan for a battery displacing with the following equipment
and personnel:

Weight (lh)
Cargo

(l) Equipment,

6 howitzers Ml02 w see equip

1 1/2-ton mech mule
1 1 /4-ton truck
2 1/ 4-ton trailer s
900 rounds 105-mm ammunition

(2) PersonneL

60 personnel

(3) Loads,

(~) Load 1 (advance party),

3,988
1 1/4-ton truck and trailer
14 personnel
Battery commander
Chief of firing battery
6 guides
3 FDC personnel
1 ammo personnel
1 RTO 3, 360
1 recorder 7,348

(~) Loads 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 (firing sections),

3,140
1 MI02 howitzer w see equip 3, 150
70 rounds ammunition (piggyback)
1,200
*5 personnel 7,490

(~) Loads 8, 9, and 10,

7,200.
160 rounds I05-mm ammunition (sling)

(~) Load 11 (hookup),

1,900
1 1 /2-ton mech mule 1, 315
1 1 /4-ton trailer 3,840
16 personnel 7,055

~ *Personnel may be deleted from these loads. An additional sortie would he required to trans-
I port the personneL This sortie should follow the advance party in sortie sequence.

35
 e. The assault echelon of a 155-mm howitzer battery may be displaced by CH-54 and
CH-47 aircraft. A type loading plan is listed in (3) below.

Weight (lb)
(1) Equipment.

6 howitzer M114 w section equipment

2 1/4-ton trucks
1 1/4-ton tractor
1 3/4-ton truck

(2) Personnel.

60 personnel

(3) Loads.

(~) Load 1 (advance party).

1 1/4-ton truck and tractor

14 personnel 3,983
Battery commander
Chief of firing battery
6 guides
3 FDC personnel
3 comm personnel
~

7,348
(~) Load 2.

1 3/4-ton truck
5 personnel 6,200
.L2QQ.
7,400
(.£) Load 3.

31 personnel
7,400
(~) Loads 4 and 5*.

67 rounds 155-mm ammunition

7, 370
(~) Loads 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 (CH- 54).

1 howitzer Ml14Al w see equip

13,000
(fl Loads 12, 13, 14, IS, 16, 17, and 18*.

67 rounds 155-mm ammunition

7,370

36
 Weight (lb)
Cargo

(g) Load 19.

2,673
1 1/4-ton truck
4,800
20 personnel
7,473

>:CIf CH-54' s are used to transport ammunition, 600 rounds of 155-mm ammunition may be
moved in five sorties.

'\
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37
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40
 APPENDIX III

RIGGING ARTILLERY EQUIPMENT FOR EXTERNAL MOVEMENT

1. GENERAL

~. Helicopters (CH-47 and CH-S4) are used as the primary means of transporting air-
mobile artillery in airmohile operations ..

E,. The aircraft payload, or allowable cargo load (ACL), is discussed in appendix II .

.£. Artillery units should coordinate with the liaison officer of the support helicopter
unit dUring the planning phase to verify the allowable cargo load and to' agree on the load list.

2. RIGGING EQUIPMENT

. ~. Many items of equipment needed for rigging artillery equipment for airmobile opera-
tIons are not currently shown as separate TOE line items, nor are they furnished by aviation
units. Units must procure these items through special tables of allowances. Tables II and
III contain a list of items that may be used in rigging.

E,. Care and handling procedures are as follows:

(1) When not in use, nylon slings should be rolled and stored in a dry place which is
out of direct sunlight. Tests have proved that sun rays produce a deteriorating

effect on nylon.

(2) Areas of slings likely to make contact with metal parts must be wrapped with
tape, canvas, or like material to prevent nylon burning as a result of friction.

(3) Each sling should be twisted one full turn per 3 feet of sling length to prevent
in-flight vibration and nylon burning.

(4) Sharp edges on equipment where slings make contact must be padded.

(5) Metal rigging equipment should be clean and free of rust.

3. RIGGING PROCEDURES

~. General.

(1) The procedures described in!!. through!. below are provided as a guide. The
use of substitute items and/or procedures which are equal or superior to those
described below is encouraged.

(2) Doctrine covering external transport procedures for the aerial delivery cargo
slings (nylon) has not been published. However, a new manual, TM 55-450-11,
will be published in calendar year 1968 and will establish these procedures.

(3) This appendiX discusses procedures for rigging the 10S-mm howitzer MlOlAl
and Ml02 and the l5S-mm howitzer Ml14Al.

Caution: The lift capacity of each sling leg must be equal to or exceed the total weight of
the load. The present recommended lift cap,acity of the two-loop sling is 6,500 pounds; of

")
41
 Table II. Rigging Eguipment.
~

Nomenclature
1. 1670-360-0304
Clevis, small, suspension
2. 1670-678-8562
Clevis, medium, suspension
3. 1670-090-5354
Clevis, large, suspension
4. 1670-242-9169
Bag, cargo, aerial delivery, A-22
5. 4020-240-2146
Cord, nylon, natural, type III,
550-lb cap
6. 8110-900-8328
Drum, collapsible, water, 250-ga1
cap
7. 1670-783-5988
Link assembly (type IV), si.ngle,
quick-release
8. 1670-753-3789
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
13,500-lb cap, 2-loop, 8 ft
9. 1670-753-3790
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
13,500-lb cap, 2-loop, 9 it
10. 1670-753-3791
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
13,500-lb cap, 2-loop, 11 it
11. 1670-753-3792
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
13,500-lb cap, 2-loop, 12 it
12. 1670-753-3793
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
13,500-lb cap, 2-loop, 16 it
13. 1670-753-3794
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
13,500-lb cap, 2-loop, 20 it
14. 1670-753-3788
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
20,000 -lb cap, 3-1oop, 3 it
15. 1670-753-3631
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
20,000-lb cap, 3-1oop, 9 ft
16. 1670-823-5040
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
20,000-lb cap, 3-loop, 11 ft
17. 1670-823-5041
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
20,000-lb cap, 3-1oop, 12 ft
18. 1670-823-5042
Sling, cargo, aerial delivery,
20,000-lb cap, 3-loop, 16 it

42
 Table II. Rigging Eguipment--Cont'd.

Nomenclahn~
FSN
Sling, cargo, aerial delivcl'y,
19. 1670-823-5043 20,000-lb cap, 3-loop, 20 ft

Sling, cargo, 4-leg, adjustable,

20. 1670-823 -5044 lO,OOO-lb cap

Sling, cargo, paulin, ctn duck,

21. 3940-298-3985 12 by 12 ft

Sling, cargo, net, nylon, 12 by 12 it

22. 3940-892-4375
Strap, airc raft, quick- relea se
23. 1670-725-1437
Tape, 2 -inch, pres sure - sensiti ve
24. 8135-266-5016

Note: Aerial delivery sling capacities Lave been revised by Technical Message General
Number 5-68 (AMSAV-EG3-1360). The capacity of sling, cargo, 2-loop, is now 6,500 pounds;
of sling, cargo, 3-1oop, 10,000 pounds.

Table III. Rigging Eguipment Required for Individual Loads.

RIGGING ~ ,
EQUIPMF:NT
- SlinQ's
Type Load Clevises
Link
3' 8' 9' 11' 12' 16' 20' A-22 Remarks
Med Large assy
Small

80 rounds
MIOIAI how, 4 2 of ammo &
1 1 1 2
piggyback 2 fuzes
i-

80 rounds.
MI02 how, 1 2 1 2 of ammo &
1 1 1
piggyback 2
fuzes
-
CH-47-l
Ml14Al (155-mm) 4 2
CH-54-~ 2 2
h2..w
1 1 4
i-ton truck 4

1 1 3
Li-ton traile r or 4-leg
1 3 2 2 ad f slinlZ
~ 4 -ton truck

Notes: (1) Cargo nets, paulins, and quick-release tiedowns may also be used in rigging

loads.

(2) Substitute items may be used. They should always be equal to or better than the
items recommended above.

")
43
the three -loop sling. 10, 000 pound s. One s ling should ~ be doubled to me et a req ui reme nt
for a lift capacity greater than that of the sling.

E. Rigging the 105-mm Howitzer MIOIAI (Figure 8t.

(1) The sling loading of this howitzer includes ammunition as part of the load.
Equipment required to rig this load inclUdes one 3-foot sling, two 8-foot slings,
four II-foot slings, two A-22 cargo bags, one link assembly (type IV), and
medium clevises. Three -loop slings are recommended for this load. However,
two-loop slings may be used if the total weight of the load does not exceed
6,500 pounds.

(2) Use the following procedures to rig this load:

(~) Pad and tape points A and B, as shown in figure 8.

(!>.) Choker hitch one II-foot sling to each trail immediately behind the traveling
lock bracket.

(.£> ChOker hitch one 8-foot sling around the tube and recuperator (point C).

(~) Secure the three slings in c(b) and (c) below into a clevis along with an addi-
tional 8-foot sling. To the-f;ee loop end of this 8-foot sling, secure a 3-
foot sling joined with a link assembly. The 3-foot sling is the lifting point
of the load.

(~.> To rig the ammunition, choker hitch one II-foot sling to each trail imme-
diately forward of the traveling lock bracket. Secure the free loop ends of
both slings to the medium clevises which are attached to the apex of the
A-22 harnesses .

..£. Rigging the I05-mm Howitzer MI02 (Figure 9).

(1) The sling loading of this howitzer includes ammunition as part of the load.
However, since the ammunition is suspended independent of the howitzer (does
not add weight to the howitzer), the two-loop sling may be used in rigging the
entire load except that a three-loop sling Inust be used as the lifting point.
Eq ui pment requi red to rig this load includes one 3 _foot sling, one 9 _foot sling,
one II-foot sling, two 12-foot slings, one 20-foot sling, two A-22 cargo bags,
one link assembly (type IV), and two medium clevises. Three-loop slings are
recommended for this load. However. two-loop slings may be used if the total
weight does not exceed 6,500 pounds.

(2) Use the following procedures to rig this load:

(~) Attach one II-foot sling to the tube lifting shackle at point A, as shown in
figure 9.

(E) Attach one 12-foot sling to each lifting bracket on the box trails at points
Band C.

(.£) To the free loop ends of the slings in (~) and (!>.) above, secure a 3-foot sling
joined with a link assembly. The 3-foot sling is the lifting point for the
howitzer.

44
 ATTACH CLEVIS
THIS WAYFOR CH-54

DONUT MADE WITH 3-FT SLING CHOKER HITCH

SLING/CLEVIS RIG FOR MIOI
AND LINK ASSEMBLY
Figure 7. Sling/Clevis Arrangement.

-3-FOOT SLING

LARGE CLEVIS

INTERLOCKED
/"MEDIUM CLEVISES

Figure 8. MIOIAI Howitzer Sling Load.

(9.) To rig the ammunition, run the 9-foot sling through the loop ends of the
slings secured in the lifting brackets (points B and C), letting the two free
ends hang in the middle of the box trails. (Secure the movable keepe rs on
the sling with heavy cord. Nylon cord of 550-pound capacity is recommend-
ed.) Now run one end of the 20-foot sling under one side of the box.trails
and up through both free ends of the 9-foot sling and attach to the 3-foot
sling joined with the link assembly. Attach the other end of the 20-foot sling
to one of the medium clevises at the apex of both A-22 harnesses •.

!!-. Rigging the 155-mm Howitzer Ml14AI (Figures 10 and II).

(1) Since the weight of the M1l4Al (approx 12,700 lb) exceeds the lift capacity of the
3-loop sling, two 3-loop slings are required for each sling leg. (Two 3-loop
slings raise the lift capacity of each sling leg to 17,500 pounds. Only 750/0 of the
lift capacity of the second sling is used.) Equipment required to rig this load

45
 includes two 3-foot slings, two 20-foot slings, four II-foot slings, two link
assemblies (type IV), and six large clevises. When CH-54 helicopters are used,
an additional large clevis is required as the lifting point.

SLING

CARGO HOOK

SECTION
CHEST

-20-FOOT PIGGYBACK SLING

Figure 9. MI02 howitzer sling load.

(2) Use the following procedures to rig this load:

(~) Attach two 20-foot slings to the howitzer lunette with two large clevises.

(£) Attach two II-foot slings to each of the two axle lifting brackets with two
large clevises that are interlocked (see figure 10).

(£) Secure the free loop ends of the six slings in (~) and (.2,) above onto two 3-foot
slings joined with two link assemblies. The 3-foot slings are the load lifting
point when the load is transported by a CH-47 helicopter. When the load is
transported by a CH-54 helicopter, one large clevis is attached to the 3 -foot
slings, and the clevis is the load lifting point.

(~) Attach a tag line (12 to 15 feet of rope or like material) to the howitzer
lunette and secure the line to the trail. During emplacement and while the
helicopter is hovering with the howitzer a few feet above the ground, the tag
line is used to orient the tube in the general direction of fire.
~. Ri in
with Ammunition Fi ures 12 and 13 .

(1) Piggyback loads permit the ammunition and the howitzer to be moved by one
helicopter. This technique is used only with the MIDI and MI02. The procedures
for attaching the ammunition load to the howitzer load has been discussed in.2"
.£' and£ above. The recommended weight capacity of the A-22 is 2,000 pounds, ).
which corresponds to the weight of 40 rounds of 10S-mm ammunition in fiber .

1yj
46
 containers, plus fuzes. Since 80 rounds of ammunition should be moved with each
weapon, two A-22 bags are required to make up the piggyback load.

LARGE CLEVIS TWO 3-FT SLINGS WITH

LINK ASSEMBLY

SLINGS

Figure 10. Ml14Al howitzer (front view~

___ METAL. CLEVIS

3-FT SLINGS

METAL
CLEVIS

UFTING
BRACKET
Figure 11. M l14A 1 howitze r sling load.

(2) Use the following procedures to rig this load:

(~ To prepare the A-22, lay the harness on the ground so that all ends aM
straps are clear (to include 2-foot extension straps), as shown in figure 12.
Place the canvas and board over the harness.

47
 (Q) Pyramid five rows of ammunition (fiber containers) to 40 rounds. starting
with a base row of 10 rounds. Place the fuzes in boxes on top of the
ammunition.

(.£) Close the cargo bag, secure all harness straps, and attach a medium clevis
to the D-rings and the ammunition sling.

(~ When two or more A-22 containers are transported, the cargo bags must
tt
be secured together by interlocking the metal clevises at the apex of the
harnesses.

_____ E_XTr_N_S~1OO STRAP

SNAPS ON TO
HARNESS
---

CANVAS'

HARNE

BOARD

Figure 12. A-22 bag, laid out.

@ SlOE VIEW

TWO BAGS

Figure 13. Ammunition in A-22.

48

J."''lliJll!I!~""IJIII¥'';.JM''.' !I),.~JII!Ill••• ~lIIjJ!J!!IA.EIl.•• ~

 APPENDIX IV

AIRCRAFT CONTROL

1. GENERAL

~. Pathfinder elements and equipment, organic to specific aviation units, may be used
to aid in the terminal navigation and control of aircraft supporting artillery movement.
TOE-authorized pathfinders are trained and equipped to establish and operate electronic and
visual navigational aids to assist helicopters in locating a designated facility within a landing
area; to furnish ground-to-air voice radio communications to aircraft for the purpose of
providing information, guidance, and control; to reconnoiter for and recommend suitable drop
or landing zones; and to assist in the assembly of airlanded forces.

,Q. In many cases, TOE-authorized pathfinders are not available. Terminal guidance
is furnished by artillery personnel of the moving unit, using equipment which is available or
improvised. A departure airfield control officer (DAFCO) operates from the pickup zone
(PZ), and a landing zone aircraft control officer (LACO) operates from the landing zone (LZ).
These artillery personnel organize their respective areas and maintain contact with the
SUpporting aircraft.

(l) The positioning of loads according to a standard plan reduces the number of air-
to-ground transmissions, personnel briefings, and coordination. Loads should
be positioned to reduce flight over the battery. All equipment should be posi-
tioned so that the aircraft can approach against the wind .. Wind direction takes
precedence over battery overflight. Figure 14 shows a landing or pickup zone.

(2) The DAFCO or LACO, when providing instructions and information to helicopter
pilots in flight, should be in a position where he can observe the aircraft, the
loads, and/or ground markers. Marking means available to the artillery units
are air / ground recognition panels and vests, color -coded howitze rs, smoke
grenades, and terrain features. An easily identifiable point of reference (e. g. ,
marking T) should be established as a reference point to vector the aircraft to
a specific point in the pickup zone and/or landing zone •

.£. Normally, a representative from the helicopter unit will assist in the technical aspects
of planning and executing the helicopter movement. Sortie requirements, load configurations.
and the distribution of equipment for movement should be agreed on by the artillery commandeJ
and helicopter liaison officer. When he is available, the helicopter liaison officer briefs the
pilots. In his absence, the artillery DAFCO performs this function.

2. LOAD IDENTIFICA TION

~. Helicopters may be directed to a specific load or location by radio transmission.

However, this method is slow and requires excessive radio transmissions. Another method
Uses a color code system. Each load is assigned a color, which is conspicuously displayed,
and the guide in the landing zone wears an air/ground recognition vest or uses an air/ground
recognition panel of the same color as the load color. The pilot is told the color of his load
prior to reaching the pickup zone. En route to the landing zone, he notifies the LACO of his
load color. Upon reaching the landing zone, he proceeds direct to the marked site or is
guided to the position by the appropriate guide.

,Q. Two methods are used to guide a helicopter to its load pickup or release point. One
method uses a signalman on the ground; the other method uses the helicopter crew chief as the

49
 signalman. The results are the same in either method: only the manner in which the pilot is
informed is different. The method to be used should be established before the move starts.

(I) When a ground signalman is used, he instructs the pilot by using hand and arm
signals (fig 15). During daylight opera tions, he wea r s a colored vest; at night.
he uses color-coded lights or illuminated batons. The reference pOint used to
guide the helicopter is the load or panel marker.

(2) When the crew chief is used as a signalman, he observes the load or panel
marker through the hook hatch and directs the pilot by aircraft intercom to the
load pickup or release point. During daylight operations, a panel or color-coded
load may be used as a load or drop point marking device. At night, colored
landing lights mark the load pickup or release point.

3. DUTIES OF PERSONNEL

i!.. Duties of the Hookup Men. The hookup men perform the same duties regardless of
who is the signalman. Normally, each hookup team is composed of two members. One man
handles the static electricity discharge probe and the cargo hook, and the second man places
the load lifting point on the hook. The hookup process must be accomplished rapidly and
accurately to minimize helicopter hovering time and to reduce the exposure time of the hook-
up men under the helicopter.

(1) Before the arrival of the helicopter, the hookup men direct the spotting of the
sling load for hookup and inspect the load to insure that the slings are not fouled
or frayed, that the brakes are released in the case of howitzer and vehicle loads,
and that the load is ready for hookup.

(2) As the helicopter approaches the hookup site, the hookup men (in protective
equipment) maintain their positions at or on the load.

(3) As the helicopter begins to hover over the load, the hookup men station themselves
so that the hookup process can be accomplished quickly and easily and so that
the signalman has a clear view of the operation at all times.

(4) After the signalman has guided the helicopter into position over the load, the
hookup man handling the static electricity discharge probe grounds the cargo
hook by contacting it with the probe.

~:
helicopter. The probe is used to discharge the static electricity generated by the

(5) The hookup man handling the sling/clevis engages the lifting point on the cargo
hook. He insures that the hook is properly closed (and locked, if required) after
the sling and hook are coupled.

(6) path.
After hooking up the load, both men move quickly from the helicopter takeoff

!:i2k: If the cargo sling legs are fouled or if the load is improperly suspended from the
cargo hook and must be released, the hookup procedures are repeated.

50
 ,,
'~10-30 METERST-30 t.4ETERS-.,I,.

30-7~ METERS

I BATTERY I,I
~ /CENTE"

30-7~ METERS --..1".111" 30-75 METE"S_

f
30-75 METERS

!
,1,

RESUPPLY PAD

Notes: 1. Howitzers and piggyback loads are picked up and

disposited directly on their firing positions with the
wi th the piggyback load to the right front of each .
howitzer.
2. Star formations may vary in size, but the proportions
of thei r layouts should remain constant.

3. The resupply pad should be at least 50 meters in

diameter if possible.

Figure 14. Typical firing battery landing zone/pickup zone organization.

51
 HOVER
ARMS EXTENDED HORIZONTALLY SIDEWAYS,
PALMS DOWNWARD.

I
"MOVE UPWARD
ARMS EXTENDED HORIZONTALLY SIDEWAYS, BECKONING UPWARDS,
WITH PALMS U~ SPEED OF MOVEMENT INDICATES RATE OF ASCENT.

- C\

J ",,--
MOVE DOWNWARD
ARMS EXTENDED HORIZONTALLY SIDEWAYS, BECKONING DOWNWARDS,
WITH PALMS TURNED DOWN. SPEED OF MOVEMENT INDICATES RATE
OF DESCENT.

,
~ MOVE TO RIGHT
LEFT ARM EXTENDED HORIZONTALLY SIDEWAYS IN DIRECTION OF MOVE-
MENT 8. OTHER ARM SWUNG IN FRONT OF BODY IN SAME DIRECTION. IN
A REPEATING MOVEMENT.

Figure 15. Hand signals for directing helicopters (day/night).

52
-

MOVE FORWARD
ARMS A LITTLE ASIDE. PALMS FACING BACKWARDS 6 REPEATEDLY
MOVED UPWARD-BACKWARD FROM SHOULDER HEIGHT.

LAND '., I,"

ARMS CROSSED AND EXTENDED DOWNWARDS IN fRONT Of
THE 10DY.

STOP
ARMS REPEATEDLY CROSSED ABOVE HEAD (THE RAPIDITY Of THE
ARM MOVEMENT SHOULD BE RELATED 10 THE URGENCY Of THE
STOP ••• E•• THE fASTER THE MOVEMENT. THE QUICKER THE

STOP).

Figure 15. Hand si

53
 RELEASE SUNG LOAD
LEFT ARM EXTENDED FORWARD HORIZONTALLY, FIST CLENCHED,
RIGHT HAND MAKING HORIZONTAL SLICING MOVEMENT BELOW
THE LEFT FIST, PALM DOWNWARD.

TAKEOFF
MAKE CIRCULAR MOTION WITH RIGHT HAND OVERHEAD. ENDING IN
A THROWING MOTION IN THE DIRECTION OF TAKE OFF.

MOVE HOOI< DOWN OR UP

HOLD RIGHT FIST ABOVE HEAD; EXTEND LEFT
ARM HORIZONTALLY, 'ACE PALM OUTWARD,
THEN SWEEP DOWN OR UP TO IN DICATE
DIRECTION OF HOOK MOVEMENT •

CUT ENGI N £(5)

EITHER ARM AND HAND LEVEL WITH
••
SHOULDER, HAND MOVING ACROSS
THROAT, PALM DOWNWARD. I "~

Fi ure 15. Hand signals for directing helico ters (day /night) __ Continued.

54
 MOVE REARWARD
ARMS BY SiDES, PALMS fACING fORWARD,- -
ARMS SWEPT FORWARD AND UPWARD RE- '.,
PEATEDLY TO SHOULDER HEIGHT.

HOOKUP COMPLETED
RAISE HANDS ALTERNATELY ABOVE THE HEAD IN A -ROP£
CLIMBING- MOTION.

AffiRMATIVE SIGNAL
HaND RAIIID, THU". UP.

NEGATIVE SIGNAL
HaND RAilED, THU". DOWN.

,
)
Figure 1S. Hand si nals for directing helicopters (da /ni ht)--Continued.

S5
 £. Duties of the Signalman During Hookup. As stated in paragraph 2£, the pilot may
receive his instructions from a ground signalman or from the aircraft crew chief. When the
ground signalman is used, he dons protective equipment and takes a position sufficiently
beyond and upwind of the load, with his arms raised above his head, so that he is within sight
of the pilot at all times (fig 16). He conveys his instructions to the pilot by using hand and
arm signals. When the crew chief is used as a signalman, he lie s on the helicopter floor and
observes through the hatch. As a safety measure, a rope or harness should be fastened to
the crew chief and anchored within the helicopter. After the helicopter is brought to a hover,
the signalman uses the appropriate signals, either visual or voice, to guide the pilot in
alining the cargo hook directly over the load.

(1) The signalman Observes the cargo hook and the lifting point at all times. When
the hookup men have accomplished the hookup, he signals the pilot as required to
maintain the helicopter directly over the load until the hookup men are clear of
the helicopter.

(2) When the hookup men are clear of the helicopter, the signalman gives the pilot
the "move upward" signal. At this signal the pilot causes the helicopter to rise
slOWly, taking up slack in the cargo sling. The signalman is alert to,insure
that the sling legs are not fouled and that the load is properly attached to the
cargo hook. If the sling legs are fouled or if the load is improperly suspended,
the signalman gives the "move downward" signal and directs the release of the
load. After corrective action is taken by the hookup men, the hookup procedure
is repeated.

(3) After the signalman insures that the load is correctly suspended, he gives the
pilot the "takeoff" signal.

Note: At this point, the helicopter pilot might elect to perform a power
check with the load. This procedure is customary when there is doubt about
cargo weight limitations or helicopter readiness. It consists of having the heli-
copter lift the load to a high hover (one-half of the load length) so that the pilot
may read the pertinent engine instruments and determine whether there is
adequate power available for takeoff. If adequate power for takeoff is not avail-
able, the load should be immediately lowered and lightened. If all readings are
favorable, normal takeoff procedures are initiated.

£. Duties of the Signalman During the Landing of Equipment. Using appropriate signals,
the signalman guides the pilot in maneuvering the helicopter until the sling load is positioned
a few feet above the cargo release point. He then directs a gentle hovering of the helicopter
until the load rests firmly on the ground. When the crew chief acts as signalman, it is
difficult for him to tell when the load is on the ground, since he is directly above the load.
For this reason, he watches the sling legs rather than the cargo. The helicopter is lowered
until the crew chief observes slack on all sling legs. After the cargo load is safely landed,
the signalman gives the pilot the "release sling load" signal.

(1) The signalman insures that the load is properly grounded and that the lifting
point is released entirely from the cargo hook.

Caution: If the lifting point does not release from the hook, the signalman
gives the pilot the "hover" signal. He the~ instructs the cargo release men to
manually release the load from the hook.

(2) When the load is free of the hook (and the car'go release men are out from under
the helicopte r), the signalman gives the pilot the "take off" signal.

56
 DURING ~~~~~::~~: ft IXJ:~~G~~~~SE

WIND
/
..,0..-1

CAIGO tt~:~~~~
DURING APPROACH
e.HOOKUP
DURING TAKEOFF
r. RELEASE
(AND RELEASE IF REQUIRED)

LANDING AREA

EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY
GROUND PERSONNEL MOVE RIGHT ~
~ HELICOPTER MOVES

Fi ure 16. Position dia ram for hooku and release of helico ter s1in loads.

£. Duties of the Cargo Release Men. The cargo release men are in a standby status
and are errlployed only if the sling load cannot be released from the cargo hook by the heli-
copter crew. They act under the direction of the signalman. Normally, one man handles the
static electricity discharge probe and a second man disengages the lifting point from the

\ hook. If required, both men work to release the sling.

J

57
 (1) As the helicopter approaches the cargo release site, the cargo release men (in
protective equipment) move to their positions about 20 to 30 feet from the cargo
release point. The cargo release men remain in this position unless directed by
the signalman to move under the helicopter and manually release the sling load
from a fouled or jammed cargo hook ~ the load is on the ground.

(2) If directed to do so by the signalman, both men move in under the helicopter.

(3) The man handling the static electricity discharge probe grounds the cargo hook
by contacting it with the probe; he then grasps the hook.

(4) The second cargo release man manually operates the cargo hook release or dis-
engages the fouled sling from the hook. If required, both men work to release
the cargo.

(5) When the sling load is released from the hook, the cargo release men move
quickly out of the helicopter takeoff path.

4. PIGGYBACK TECHNIQUE

Piggyback loads permit the ammunition and the howitzer to be moved by one helicopter.
The ammunition may be suspended directly from the aircraft in the case of heavy ammunition
loads or suspended from the howitzer in the case of relatively lighter loads.

~. For pickup, the loads are positioned side by side, approximately 4 feet apart. If the
ammunition load is suspended from the howitzer, hookup procedures are the same as. those
described in paragraph 3. If the ammunition load has its own lifting point, this lifting point
is placed on the aircraft cargo hook at the same time the howitzer lifting point is inserted, ~
After hookup, the signalman directs the pilot so that during liftoff the upper load (howitzer)
is moved directly over the lower load before the lower sling becomes taut: This maneuver
prevents dragging the ammunition.

h. During landing, the aircraft should be maneuvered to prevent dragging the load and/
or placing the howitzer on top of the ammunition load. The pilot can tell when the weight of
the ammunition is no longer on the aircraft. He should be given directions by the signalman
to place the howitzer to the rear or on either side of the. ammunition load and not to the front.

d
58
 APPENDIX V

SAFETY

1. GROUND CREW PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND MEASURES

~. Ground crew personnel working under a hovering helicopter are exposed to hazards
resulting from the rotor downblast and the noise created by helicopter operation. To protect
themselves against these hazards, ground crew personnel must wear, as a minimum, the
following protective equipment when performing hookup/release operations:

(1) Steel helmet. A steel helmet provides protection against head injuries caused
by flying debris and other objects.

(2) Protective facial equipment. Protective facial equipment, such as a protective

mask or a pair of goggles with a respirator, provides protection against the entry
of sand, dust, or insects into the eyes, nose, and mouth of a ground crewmember.
In extremely dusty or sandy areas, the protective mask provides the better pro-

tection.

(3) Earplugs. Earplugs provide a twofold proteetion--protection against noise and

protection against the entry of sand, dust, or other foreign matter into the ears .

.£. In addition to using the equipment discussed in ~ above, ground crew personnel must--

(1) Wear long- sleeved shirts or jackets with the sleeves rolled down and buttoned and
the shirt collar or jacket collars buttoned.

(2) Tuck shirttails or jacket bottoms into trouser waist.

(3) Tuck trouser cuffs into boot tops or pull socks up over the trouser cuffs.

Warning: To reduce the possibility of an injury to ground crew personnel

from flying debris or of an accident resulting from debris being drawn up into
the helicopter rotor blades, ground crewmen must police the operational area
thoroughly before performing hookup/release operations.

2. GROUND CREW SAFETY_PRECAUTIONS

Ground crew personnel must be careful and alert the entire time they are working under a
hovering helicopter. They must exercise sound judgment and common sense in stationing them-
selves at, or on, a sling load so that" if the load is accidentally dragged along the, ground by the
hovering helicopter or is prematurely lifted from the ground, they can move clear immediately
to avoid injury. When engaged in the hookup or manual release of oversized or odd-shaped
sling loads, ground crew personnel must be particularly careful because thes'e types of loads
pose additional safety hazards. Some of the hazards that may be encountered by ground crew-
men during hookup/release operations are listed in (1) through (4) below, along with the general
safety precautions to be observed under these conditions.

~. Cargo Extensions and/or Projections. Cargo extensions and/or projections include gun
tubes or trails, trailer drawbars or landing gear, missile launcher or loader rails, and other
similar extensions protruding from a sling load. These extensions might trip or strike per-
sonnel if the sling load is accidentally dragged during hookup/release operations and might
cause personal injury. Ground crewmen should stand clear of such extensions or should station
\ themselves so that they can IT10Ve clear immediately to avoid injury .
.J

59
 ~' Shar Pro'ections, Hooks, and Protrudin Handles or Levers. Included in this cate-
gory are tarpaulin tiedown hooks, door handles, spare tire racks, and fuel can brackets on ~
vehicles; hooked or jagged edges on pierced planking or girder materials; elevation wheels .
and handles on gun and missile components; and other similar projections on cargo items.
They may strike or trip a ground crewman; hook his arm, leg, or clothing and drag him along
the ground; or lift him into the air with the sling load. Ground crewmen should stand clear of
such hazards and be prepared to move immediately to avoid injury.

Note: Wearing the proper clothing correctly (para lb) also offers some protection against
having loose clothing caught or snagged on hooks and proTections.

£' Topheavy or Narrow- based Sling Loads. The configuration of a topheavy or narrow-
based sling load, Whether formed by a single cargo item or by the entire load, can cause it to
tip over when struck by the downblast of a hovering helicopter or when landed on an uneven or
sloping surface, Loads arranged in this manner can tip over onto ground crew personnel,
causing injury, If possible, such a load should be laid on its side for hookup or guided onto its
side during release, If this positioning of the load is not feasible, ground crew personnel
should station themselves at the end of the load or at the side toward which it is least likely to
tip, The men should also be prepared to move clear immediately in order to avoid injury.

~. High Loads. During hookup and manual release operations, the heights of'some loads
require ground crew personnel to climb onto, stand upon, and jump from the loads, Since a
high load may have a flat, sloping, rounded, or honeycombed surface on which the men must
work, maneuvering on top of the load in the rotor downblast and leaving the load after hookup
can be dangerous. The crewmen should work either in a crouched position or on their hands
and knees. They must be assured of solid footing and/or secure handholds and must be able to
jump from or move clear of the load immediately in order to avoid injury. The crewmen must
be particularly careful when working on and leaving a load that is over 6 feet high. If possible,
a vehicle should be backed up to the load to provide a working platform during hookup, thus ~
facilitating the operation and reducing safety hazards. Before the helicopter begins to lift the "
sling load, the vehicle platform must be moved from the proximity of the load.

3. GROUND CREW EMERGENCY CONDUCT

.!. When an emergency OCcurs during helicopter external-load operations, standing op-
erating procedures (SOP) dictate that the helicopter and the ground crew personnel move in
opposite directions to clear the hookup/release point and each other. The helicopter moves to
its.!!.f! while ground crew personnel move to the right of the helicopter (fig 16). These direc-
tions are established with respect to the normal position of the helicopter during cargo hook-
up/release; that is, headed into the wind and hovering over the sling load.

~. During routine hookup/release operations, the ground crew signalman faces the heli-
copter from a position in front of it and slightly to the pilot's side. In an emergency, he moves.
to his.!!.f! (to the helicopter's right) to clear the helicopter's takeoff path.

£. The hookup/release men working under the helicopter are required to move about in
accomplishing their duties and, therefore, do not face in the same direction at all times. In
an emergency, they exit to the right from beneath the helicopter to clear the helicopter's take-
off path; the pilot will move the helicopter to the left. Hookup/release personnel should station
themselves and make every effort to work at the right side of the sling load (with respect to the
position of the helicopter hovering Over the load). In an emergency they can therefore clear
from under the helicopter wi thout climbing over or moving around the load. I
1

I
I
~ 4. EMERGENCY CARGO RELEASE

Since unit SOP's or other directives may require that pilots act other than as herein
d~rected in the event of a jammed/fouled cargo hook (e. g., have the crew chief dismount and
dlsas semble the hook; return to the base with the load), this matter should be coordinated be-
tWeen the transporting and transported unit commanders before actual operations are begun.
The emergency measures cited here should be taken by ground crew personnel only in the
~bsence of other instructions.

~. Emer enc :M.easures for Release of Universal Car 0 Slin s. In an emergency a

Universal cargo sling is released simply by cutting the sling load free of the hook. To ac-
complish this, ground crew personnel can use a pocket knife, sheath knife, bayonet, or any
othe r sharp- edged cutting tool. The sling legs attached to the lifting point, ~ the lifting
point itself, are cut loose as close to the 10-inch sling as possible. Cutting the sling legs
close to the 10- inch sling eliminates the danger of any dangling sling ends becoming snagged
during helicopte r takeoff and landing and the dange r of the ends whipping up to become en-
tangled in the helicopter blades or controls.

E. Emergency Measures for Release of the Cargo Net Sling. In an emergency the cargo
net sling is released by unsnapping four cargo net snap fasteners and cutting one draw cable.
To accomplish this, ground crew personnel can use a cable cutter, a wire cutter, a pair of
heavy-duty lineman's pliers or diagonal cutters, or a similar cutting device. The four snap
fasteners which attach the draw cables to the 6-inch ring are released from the ring. The
single draw cable which remains pe rmanently attached to the 6- inch ring is then cut loose to
the small retainer ring.

LOADING
~ 5.
Personnel engaged in aircraft operations will observe the following safety precautions.

~. Wear steel helmets (with straps fastened) and goggles or a protective mask.

E. Carry individual weapons in hand when entering or leaving aircraft .

.£. Do not smoke within 50 feet of aircraft.

!!. Obey all pilot and crew instructions.

!:.. Remove radio antennas before approaching or entering aircraft.

\
.J

61
 APPENDIX VI

COMMUNICA TION NETS AND EQUIPMENT

1. GENERAL

A communications system is the result of a communication plan designed to fulfill the

requirements of a specific mission. It is based on the assigned mission of the unit, the table
of organization and equipment (TOE) of the unit, the available communication means, and the
principles of communication. A prearranged communication plan should be incorporated in
the standing operating procedure (SOP) of any artillery unit and must be kept current. The
communications system of a unit is designed to meet the internal and external requirements
of the unit.

2. TYPE NETS AND EQUIPMENT

Type communication nets and equipment for the artillery battalions in the infantry and
airmobile divisions, for an artillery battalion in an airmobile operation, and for an aerial
artillery battery are illustrated in figures 17 through 20. respectively.

eOE CMOR ~ CF ~ CF

CO RETRANS
AS RQR
S4/HQ BC/MAINT OFF
DIV ARTY~RC< < TN CMDR
CF 47 ""
i'.
',- /.,

XO RC«« 47 «

;»

BDE 01 AS RQR
BC
~
52/S3 CF FI

RETRANS AS RQR~

BDE LO AS RQR
SPT COCMDR
OR F2
CORPS ARTY
MET
CF
DIV ARTY
FDC FO's
CF
FDC FI

OIVWNG~ F3
5 46 46 •'. • < < «

BDE CMDR . . .
FDC
F2

FI

CORPS ARTY S~RV

SURV---_~

DIV ARTY CF SURV SEe

CF

RAD S~C RADAR OFF RADAR SEC

T pe radio nets, FA battalion (DS), infantry division.
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65
 APPENDIX VII

CALL FOR FIRE FOR ARMY AERIAL FIRE SUPPORT (

1. GENERAL

The call for fire stated herein is applicable to aerial artillery and armed helicopters used
in the direct fire mode. The call for fire conforms as nearly as pos sible to the existing artil-
lery call for fire as stated in' Department of the Army Training Circular 6-1, dated 1 September
1966.

2. CALL FOR FIRE

The call for aerial artillery or armed helicopter fire is normally processed through
artillery or fire support channels. The ultimate decision as to the type of fire support to be
provided rests with the fire support coordinator acting under the guidance of the force com-
mander. The elements of the call for fire are shown in the prescribed sequence in ~ through
£ below •

.!. Observer Identification. There is no change from TC 6-1.

~. Warning Order. The standard term "fire mission" is used, but the warning order may
be modified to include a specific request for armed helicopters or aerial artillery; e. g., FIRE
MISSION, ARMED HELICOPTERS. The final decision rests with the fire support coordinator.

~. Location of Target. There is no change from TC 6-1; however, regardless of the

method used by the observer to initially locate the target, the helicopter commander requires
a positive reference, such as coordinates or prominent terrain features, to locate the target
area. It may be necessary for an intermediate agency to provide grid coordinates.

~. Description of Target. There is no change from TC 6-1; however, adverse weather

conditions and other hazards to flight which affect the mission should be noted to include per-
tinent enemy information.

~. Method of Engagement. There is no change from TC 6- 1 except when friendly troops

are within 200 meters of the target, in which case the observer will include the warning
DANGER VERY CLOSE, the inner cardinal bearing, and the distance in meters from the target
to the friendly troops; e. g., DANGER VERY CLOSE, SOUTHEAST 180 METERS.

£. Method of Fire and Control.

(1) Method of fire. The safety of the friendly troops is the responsibility of the
ground commander. Therefore, the direction of attack by the aircraft must be
acceptable to him.

(2) Method of control. There is no change from TC 6-1.

3. ADDITIONAL INFORMA TION

.!. When the aircraft arrives in the target area, contact must be established between the
aircraft and the observer. Additional information is given directly to the aircraft, as neces-
sary, by the observer.

(1) Location of friendly ground forces. The location of friendly ground forces can be
indicated by many means; e. g., smoke, panels, 'tape,
Regardless
fined.
of the means used, the periphery
radio transmission, etc.
of the ground forces should be de- n
66
 (2) Target location identification. Specific target location information is usually
necessary and may be given with reference to the location of friendly ground
forces. It should be noted that when directions are given to the aircraft or when
recommendations are made for an aircraft attack heading, degrees or inner
cardinal bearings rather than mils must be used.

(3) Subsequent corrections.

During subsequent corrections, either the observer-target line or the

aircraft-target line may be used as a reference point for adjustment. How-
ever, the method used must be announced to the aircraft ..

Because of the speed at which aerial fire mIssions are' executed, particularly
with a flight of two or more aircraft, the term "shot" normally can be elim-
inated. (The fact that the aircraft is firing is obvious to the observer and
pilot. )

The readback procedures, as specified in TC 6-1, are acceptable. However,

because of the normal clearness of transmissions and the speed of actions
in aerial fire missions, readback should be reduced to the minimum amount
required.

E. The commander of the helicopter element performs tactical fire direction by making
decisions regarding the amount of ammunition to expend, the method of fire (the number of
pairs in each ripple and the number of ripples or the percentage of the ordnance load to be ex-
pended), the direction or directions of attack, the number of firing passes at the target, the
direction of departure or break when disengaging the target, and a rendezvous point of reas-
sembly for the aircraft after the attack. He should identify to the ground unit the markers
used to designate the friendly position location, announce the attack heading to be used by the
helicopter, and state whether or not he observes the target. This corresponds to the message
to observer.

4. SAMPLE MISSION

A friendly ground unit has discovered an enemy machinegun 180 meters from its position
on a magnetic azimuth of 5,334 mils (300°). A company of armed helicopters, call sign
DRAGON FLY, is currently reinforcing the fires of the direct support artillery battalion, call
sign BAR BELL.

~. A call for fire is being transmitted through fire support channels by BAR BELL 30, an
observer with the ground unit.

Observer: BAR BELL 8, THIS IS BAR BELL 30, FIRE MISSION, DRAGON FLY (armed heli-
copters), OYER.

FDC: BAR BELL 30, THIS IS BAR BELL 8, FIRE MISSION, DRAGON FLY, OUT.

Observer: GRID 692312, MACHINEGUN FIRING FROM TREE LINE, DANGER YERY CL'OSE,
SOUTHEAST 180 METERS, OYER.

FDC: Reads back the message, terminates with OUT, and, following the issuance of the
fire order to the armed helicopters, transmits to the observer: DRAGON FLY,
ONE PLATOON, TARGET AF7405, OYER.

Observer: Reads back the message and terminates with OUT.

67
 ~ The FDC has indicated that a platoon of armed helicopters has been assigned to BAR
BELL 30's mission. As indicated in paragraph 3~, the commander of the helicopter element
will decide how many aircraft will attack the target. The target number, AF7405, is the fifth
target number from a block of numbers that the direct support battalion has reserved for
identifying targets of opportunity assigned to armed helicopters. Fire support coordinators
provide information concerning adjacent friendly forces who may be endangered. By his
silence, the battalion liaison office r concurs in this mis sion.

b. When the reinforcing 'armed helicopters are operating on a net other than that of the
requ;sting observer, the information may be relayed as follows:

FDC: DRAGON FLY 23, THIS IS BAR BELL 8, FIRE MISSION, OYER.

Helicopter: BAR BELL 8, THIS IS DRAGON FLY 23, FIRE MISSION, OUT.

FDC: GRID 692312, MACHINEGUN FIRING FROM TREE LINE, DANGER VERY CLOSE.
SOUTHEAST 180 METERS, OYER.

Helicopter: Reads back message and adds: DRAGON FLY 21, ONE PLATOON, OUT.

FDC: ROGER, TARGET AF7405, CONTACT BAR BELL 30, CHANNEL 43, OYER.
Helicopter: ROGER, OUT.

c. When the helicopters arrive at the target area, contact is made with the observer over
the d-;signated radio frequency.

Helicopter: BAR BELL 30, TIllS IS DRAGON FLY 21, AF740S, MARK YOUR POSITION.
OYER.

Observer: DRAGON FLY 21, TInS IS BAR BELL 30, WILCO, OUT.

Helicopter: RED SMOKE, OYER.

Observer: FROM RED SMOKE, DIRECTION 295 DEGREES, DISTANCE 200 METERS,
:MACHINEGUN IN TREE LINE, OYER.

Helicopter: TARGET IDENTIFIED, OUT.

Observer: PANELS MARK MY FLANKS, ADJUST FIRE, OT LINE, OYER.

Helicopter: ROGER, FRIENDLY POSITION IDENTIFIED, ATTACK HEADING 045 DEGREES,

OBSERYE MARKING ROUND (one pair), OYER.

Observer: RIGHT 50, ADD 100, OYER.

Helicopter: ROGER, OUT. (The number 2 aircraft fires the adjustment. )

Observer: TARGET, FIRE FOR EFFECT, OYER.

Helicopter: ROGER, OUT. (Helicopter platoon commander commits a section against the
target. )

Observer: END OF MISSION, MACHINEGUN DESTROYED, OYER.

Helicopter: Reads back message and terminates with OUT.

68
 APPEl DIX VIII

ARMY HELICOPTERS Al°J) ARMAME T SU nSYSTEMS

Figures 21 through 30 illustrate Army helicopters and arrnall1cnl sybsyskll1s. Tabll's IV

through VII present armanicnt sUbSyStl'1l1 lharalknsli( s.

q
Figun' 2.). AII-l(~ escort, S('lHlt and aerial arti1l0ry (Tlul'y 'obra).

Figurt' 2.-1. II-"luA t's(or ((~h(')('nn,')'

70
J1 < ( hi 11 " ''::..11 __' '_u_b_s s t" III .

71
Fig U r<' 26. X M 16 d U a 1 a r III a men l sub s Ystem
(M6 subsyslem w.ilhoul rockel pad).

Figure 27. 2\ arrnal11{'n sllbsyslt'121

(XM27 subsyslt'1l1 wllhoul ro(k{'l pad).

7/
 Figure l8. M5 40-rnln gr<"'nade launch('r.

Figure 29. X\1 d (. rid I r ()l k ( t sub s Y s It' rn (~- J I~~}:l.

(pn'sl'nt at'ri..il o!2l.

73
 /.'

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Figure 30. M22 antitank guided missile' subSyslt'tT1.

74
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76
 Table VII. Armame~t Subsystem Angular Coverage. 1

I I Angular limits (degrees)

M5 M6/XM16 M2 XM21

Outboard (right and left) 60 70 None 70

Inboard NA 12 None 12

Elevation 15 15 9 10

Depression 35 60 None 85

I The XM3 subsystem fires from fixed positions; the XM16 subsystem combines fixed
firing of 2. 75- inch rockets with flexible firing of the M6; and the M22 subsystem is
wi re guide d.

77
 APPENDIX IX

GLOSSARY

1. Air corridors--Restricted air routes of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft and
established for the purpose of preventing friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly
forces.

2. Air control point (ACP)--An easily identifiable point on the terrain or a point marked with
an electronic navigational aid to provide necessary control during air movement.

3. Airmobile extraction--The lifting of combat troops by helicopters from terrain in which the
enemy has the capability to resist.

4. Airmobile raid--A combat assault for the purpose of quickly seizing and/or destroying
limited objectives and killing or capturing the enemy, followed by an extraction; an airmobile
operation of short duration.

5. Airmobile task force (AMTF)--The airlift and ground ~aneuver elements required to con-
duct an airmobile operation.

6. Airmobile task force commander--The commander who exercises control of all elements
of an airmobile task force. He is usually the ground force commander.

7. Airmobility--The tactical mobility afforded a ground maneuver force by helicopters; the

capability of a ground force to tactically deploy through the air. Airmobility implies tactical
integrity in loading.

8. Allowable cargo load (ACL)-- The amount of cargo, determined by weight, cubic displace-
ment, and distance to be flown, which may be transported by specified aircraft.

9. Allowable gross weight (maximum)-_ The maximum allowable total weight of the aircraft
for takeoff; the operating weight of the aircraft plus the weight of the pas senger s / car go (max-
imum) and usable fuel. This weight is limited by structure, power available, or landing load
of the aircraft.

10. Armed helicopter (gunship)--A helicopter equipped with an attached weapon system which
is fired by the pilot or copilot.

11. Attachment- - The placement of units or personnel in an organization where such placement
is relatively temporary. Subject to limitations imposed by the attachment order, the com-
mander of the formation, unit, or organization receiving the attachment will exercise the same
degree of command and control thereover as he does over units and persons organic to his
command. However, the responsibility for transfer and promotion of personnel will normally
be retained by the parent formation, unit, or organization.

12. Close air support (CAS)--Air action against hostile targets which are in close proximity
to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and
movement of those forces.

13. Close support-- That action of the supporting force against targets or objectives which are
sufficiently near the supported force as to require detailed integration or coordination of the
supporting action with the fire, movement, or other actions of the supported force.

14. Column cover--Cover of a ground column by aircraft in radio contact therewith, providing
for its protection by reconnaissance and/or attack of targets which threaten the column.

78
 15. Command chopper (CC)--A helicopter which is used as an airborne command post and
which has facilities for command and control of subordinate and supporting elements; also
called the aerial tactical operations center.

16. Control- -Authority, which may be less than full command, exercised by a command over
part of the activities of subordinate or other organizations.

1 7. Eagle flight- -Heliborne infantry troops on air or ground alert to perform immediate reac-
tion mis sions for a ground commander.

18. Escort aircraft--An aircraft which accompanies another for the purpose of providing weap-
ons support and/or pickup of crew and passengers in the event the escorted aircraft is forced
down.

19. H- hour- _ That planned time on D-day at which the first element of a particular combat
force will land in the landing zone. This time, although preplanned, must remain flexible.

20. Inner cardinal bearings-- The eight points of a nautical compass. Cardinal bearings are
the primary points of the compass; i. e., north, east, south, and west. Inner cardinal bear-
ings include the primary points and those points which are halfway between the primary points;
i. e., north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west, and northwest.

21. Laage r- -A perimeter-type defense for local security of aircraft on the ground established
by aircraft crews in conjunction with friendly troops in the area. Laager implies a forward
area from which aircraft are launched to provide support.

22. Landing zone (LZ)--A specified area for landing aircraft to debark troops and/or cargo in
or in support of an airmobile as sault, which has been jointly agreed upon by the ground and
aviation commander.

23. Lifting point- -A point on the external load which is placed in the aircraft' s cargo hook and
from which the load is suspended (i. e., cargo strap, clevis, shackle, etc.).

24. Operating weight- - The basic weight ~~ the air~raft plus the weight of the crew and baggage,
oil, trapped fuel, and emergency and auxlhary equipment. Pas sengers /cargo and usable fuel
~ included.

25. Operational control-- The authority granted to a commander to direct forces assigned so
that the commander may accomplish spe.cific missions or tasks which are usually limited by
function, time, or location; to deploy units concerned; and to retain or assign tactical control
of those units. It does not include authority to assign separate employment of components of
the units concerned. Neither does it, of itself, include administrative or logistic control.

26. Orbit point--A geographically or electronically defined location over land or water used in
stationing airborne aircraft.

27. Panel--A marker, usually made of cloth, used as a ground-to-air signal or to designate a
touchdown point.

28. Pickup zone (PZ)--A tactical landing site used to pick up troops and/or cargo, jointly
agreed upon by the ground commander and aviation commander.

29. Sortie--A takeoff and landing by one aircraft in the performance of the mission. Hovering
for the purpose of hookup or release is considered takeoff or landing.

79
 0
3 , Suppr e s s i ve fi res - - Fire s plac ed upon known or su spec ted locations of enemy troops,
weapons, or likely enemy positions which, because of their proximity to the flight path, r
present an immediate or potential threat to Army aircraft movements, Suppressive fires may '-
also be employed during a helicopterborne assault of an enemy position in order to greatly
reduce effective enemy small-arms
landings. and automatic weapon fires directed against the assault

(T

L 770 Army- Ft. Sill, Okla.

80