JOURNAL OF THE AME RIC AN AN T H RO PO LO GIC AL ASSO C IAT IO N

American Anthropologist American Anthropologist

American Anthropologist
Vo 122 Vo 122
No 3 No 3
SEPTEMBER SEPTEMBER
2020 2020

Special Features in This Issue

From the Editor
The Problem of Future-Thinking

Research Articles
Myths of Meritocracy, Friendship, and Fun Work: Class and Gender in North American
Academic Communities
Elephants, Hunters, and Others: Integrating Biological Anthropology and Multispecies

Vo 122
Ethnography in a Conservation Zone
New Directions in Maritime and Fisheries Anthropology

No 3
Code Work: Thinking with the System in México

SEPTEMBER
The Spiral of Sovereignty: Enacting and Entangling the State from Haiti’s Streets
Unarmed Militancy: Tactical Victories, Subjectivity, and Legitimacy in Bolivian Street
Protest

2020
Hinglaj Devi: “Solidifying” Hindu Identity at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan
Between Will and Thought: Individualism and Social Responsiveness in Amazonian Child-
Rearing

Distinguished Lecture
Imperialism, Internationalism, and Archaeology in the Un/Making of the Middle East

Interview
Translations of the Self: Moving between Objects, Memories, and Words: A Dialogue with
Ruth Behar

Special Section
Cultural Expertise

Vital Topics Forum

Chronic Disaster: Reimagining Noncommunicable Chronic Disease

www.americananthropologist.org

AMAN_122_3_cover_LR 1 19/08/20 10:14 AM

 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST (ISSN 0002-7294) is published quarterly on behalf of the American Anthropological
Association by Wiley Periodicals LLC, 111 River St., Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA.
Mailing: Periodical postage paid at Hoboken, NJ, and additional offices. Mailing to rest of world by IMEX (International Mail
Express). Canadian mail is sent by Canadian publications mail agreement number 40573520. POSTMASTER: Send all address
changes to American Anthropologist, Wiley Periodicals LLC, C/O The Sheridan Press, PO Box 465, Hanover, PA 17331 USA.
Publisher: American Anthropologist is published by Wiley Periodicals LLC, 101 Station Landing, Suite 300, Medford, MA 02155;
Telephone: +1 (781) 388-8200; Fax: +1 (781) 388-8210. Wiley Periodicals LLC is now part of John Wiley & Sons.
Information for Subscribers: American Anthropologist is published in four issues per year. Institutional subscription prices
for 2020 are as follows: Print & Online: US$894 (US), US$875 (Rest of World), €566 (Europe), £451 (UK). Prices are exclu-sive
of tax. Asia-Pacific GST, Canadian GST, and European VAT will be applied at the appropriate rates. For more informa-tion on
current tax rates, please go to https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/library-info/products/price-lists/payment. The price includes
online access to the current and all online back files to January 1, 2015, where available. For other pricing options, including
access information and terms and conditions, please visit https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/library-info/products/price-lists
Terms of use can be found here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions.
Delivery Terms and Legal Title: Where the subscription price includes print issues and delivery is to the recipient’s address,
delivery terms are Delivered at Place (DAP); the recipient is responsible for paying any import duty or taxes. Title to all issues
transfers FOB our shipping point, freight prepaid. We will endeavour to fulfill claims for missing or damaged copies within six
months of publication, within our reasonable discretion and subject to availability.
Copyright and Copying (in any format): © 2020 American Anthropological Association. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from
the copyright holder. Authorization to photocopy items for internal and personal use is granted by the copyright holder for
libraries and other users registered with their local Reproduction Rights Organization (RRO)—e.g., Copyright Clearance Center
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA (www.copyright.com)—provided the appropriate fee is paid directly to the
RRO. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promo-
tional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Special requests should be addressed to permissions@wiley.com.
Back Issues: Single issues from current and recent volumes are available at the current single issue price from
cs-journals@wiley.com. Earlier issues may be obtained from Periodicals Service Company, 351 Fairview Avenue – Ste 300,
Hudson, NY 12534, USA. Tel: +1 (518) 822-9300, Fax: +1 (518) 822-9305, E-mail: psc@periodicals.com.
Journal Customer Services: For ordering information, claims, and any inquiries concerning your journal subscription, please
go to https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/onlinelibrary or contact your nearest office.
Americas: E-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +1 (781) 388-8598 or +1 (800) 835-6770 (toll free in the USA & Canada).
Europe, Middle East, and Africa: E-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +44 (0) 1865 778315.
Asia Pacific: E-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +65 6511 8000.
Japan: For Japanese-speaking support, E-mail: cs-japan@wiley.com.
Visit Our Online Customer Help: available in seven languages at https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/onlinelibrary.
Assistant Editor: Clare Kim, E-mail: ckim@wiley.com
Production Editor: Stephanie Hill, E-mail: aman@wiley.com
Advertising: Kristin McCarthy, E-mail: kmccarthy@wiley.com
Print Information: Printed in the USA by The Sheridan Group.
Online Information: This journal is available online at Wiley Online Library. Visit http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/ to search
the articles and register for table of contents e-mail alerts. View this journal online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aman.
American Anthropologist accepts articles for Open Access publication. Please visit https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-
resources/Journal-Authors/open-access/onlineopen.html for further information about OnlineOpen.
Access to this journal is available free online within institutions in the developing world through the AGORA initiative with the
FAO, the HINARI initiative with the WHO, and the OARE initiative with UNEP. For information, visit www.aginternetwork.org,
www.healthinternetwork.org, and www.oarescience.org.
Aims and Scope: American Anthropologist is the flagship journal of the American Anthropological Association, reaching well over
12,000 readers with each issue. The journal advances the association’s mission by publishing articles that add to, integrate,
synthesize, and interpret anthropological knowledge; commentaries and essays on issues of importance to the discipline; and
reviews of books, films, sound recordings, exhibits, and websites.
Author Guidelines: For submission instructions, subscription, and all other information, visit: www.wileyonlinelibrary.
com/journal/aman.
Abstracting and Indexing Services: For abstracting and indexing services, visit: www.wileyonlinelibrary.com.
Wiley’s Corporate Citizenship initiative seeks to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges that are
faced in our business and that are important to our diverse stakeholder groups. Since launching the initiative, we have
focused on sharing our content with those in need, enhancing community philanthropy, reducing our carbon impact,
creating global guidelines and best practices for paper use, establishing a vendor code of ethics, and engaging our colleagues
and other stakeholders in our efforts. Follow our progress at www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Wiley is a founding member of the UN-backed HINARI, AGORA, and OARE initiatives. They are now collectively known as
Research4Life, making online scientific content available free or at nominal cost to researchers in developing countries.
Please visit Wiley’s Content Access – Corporate Citizenship site: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-390082.html.
Disclaimer: The publisher, American Anthropological Association, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or conse-
quences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily
reflect those of the publisher, American Anthropological Association, and editors, neither does the publication of advertisements
constitute any endorsement by the publisher, American Anthropological Association, and editors of the products advertised.
ISSN 0002-7294 (Print)
ISSN 1548-1433 (Online)
Copyright © 2020 by the American Anthropological Association All rights reserved
AMAN_122_3_cover_LR 2
Submit to American Anthropologist
NOTE: Submissions must be via the American Anthropologist online submissions website, http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/aman.
American Anthropologist is the flagship journal of the American Anthropological Association and is published on a quarterly basis. American Anthropologist follows the mission statement
and goals of the American Anthropological Association by advancing anthropology as a discipline that studies humankind in all its aspects, involving archaeological, biological,
ethnological, and linguistic research. It also attempts to further the professional interests of anthropologists by disseminating anthropological knowledge and illuminating its
relevance to human problems. The editor of the journal seeks to further the association's mission by publishing articles that add to, integrate, synthesize, and interpret anthro-
pological knowledge; essays on issues of importance to the discipline; research reports; obituaries; and reviews of books, films, videos, and exhibits.
The AA welcomes both manuscripts that originate within a single discipline and those that cross subdisciplines. In choosing articles for publication, the editors' principal
consideration is to give preference to those submissions that present material that is important and new in the discipline theoretically, methodologically, and empirically. All
other things being equal, the editors will also give preference to articles that demonstrate how anthropological research improves our understanding of issues of cultural sig-
nificance and practical importance in both the present and past. To the extent possible, the main ideas of articles should be comprehensible to nonspecialists. The editors
encourage clear writing and straightforward organization and discourage the overuse of jargon intelligible to only to those with particular theoretical perspectives.
Contributions from all subdisciplines in both their basic and applied dimensions are welcomed, as are those focusing on broad, cross-cutting problems, themes, and theories.
Collaborative work is encouraged, and contributions from international colleagues are welcomed. The journal does not charge authors for submission nor charge any publication fees.
Submission Process
Submissions must be via the American Anthropologist online submissions website, http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/aman. Figures or photographs should be submitted as
TIF files with resolution of 300 dpi or greater. Authors of accepted manuscripts may be required to submit high-resolution hard copies of all figures during production, as not
all digital art files are usable. Be sure to also provide a list of captions and be prepared to provide or obtain permission from the copyright holder for figure use.
American Anthropologist follows Chicago style. Submitted manuscripts that do not conform to American Anthropological Association style and format will be returned to
authors. For the American Anthropological Association style guide, see http://www.aaanet.org/publications/style_guide.pdf.
Research Articles
Research articles may be anywhere from 2,500 to 8,000 words in length. Initial submissions exceeding 8,000 words (including all figures, tables, references, and notes) will not
be considered. If accepted for publication, research articles may be extended up to 10,000 words at the discretion of the associate editors and the editor-in-chief.
American Anthropologist conducts “double-blind” review, which means that reviewers do not know the name of the author whose manuscript they are evaluating. When upload-
ing your manscript, you will need to upload a manuscript file with no identifying author information (designate this as “Main Document”) and a separate title page (designate as “Title
Page”) with author details. In your manuscript, references to your own work should be anonymized. For instance, if you are Susan Smith, a citation reading “(Smith 2003:13)”
should appear as “(Author 2003:13).” However, there should be NO reference to “Author 2003” in the bibliography at all: citations to your own work should be completely omitted
from the bibliography at this stage.
If you used any revision or editorial tracking tools in your word-processing program, be sure the final version of your manuscript does not contain tracked changes.
Research Reports
The journal publishes research reports of up to 2,500 words. These are shorter than major articles and are restricted to straightforward presentations of research results. One con-
sideration in judging submissions is the extent to which reviewers and the editor-in-chief think they will be of interest to readers. Research reports are submitted in same way as
research articles, although authors should indicate via the drop-down menu whether their work is intended as a report or article.
Proposals for Group Submissions
American Anthropologist welcomes group submissions around any theme or topic, including those organized by a guest editor or editors. It is not necessary to contact the editor-
in-chief for permission or feedback before a group of manuscripts is submitted. Such manuscripts should be submitted individually by their authors: it is not necessary to submit
them all at once. Introductions or overviews by the group editor(s) should not be submitted at the outset. The manuscripts will undergo the exact same review process as any
other manuscript. If more than one of the manuscripts is accepted for publication, it is the responsibility of the authors (or guest editor[s]) to notify the editor-in-chief that the
accepted manuscripts are meant to be grouped together. At that point, at the discretion of the associate editors and the editor-in-chief, the guest editor(s) may be invited to submit an
introduction or overview to the group submission.
Commentaries
Short commentaries of no more than 1,500 words that further substantive discussion of significant topics that have appeared in American Anthropologist in the previous year may
be published at the editor-in-chief’s discretion.
For information on submitting book or multimodal anthropologies reviews, public anthropologies and world anthropologies pieces, and obituaries, see
http://www.aaanet.org/publications/reviewsobitscommentaries.cfm.
Author Responsibilities
Authors, not the American Anthropological Association, are responsible for the content of their articles, for the accuracy of quotations and their correct attribution, for the legal
rights to publish any material submitted (incl. supplementary materials such as figures or tables), and for submitting their manuscripts in proper form for publication.
Manuscripts submitted to American Anthropologist should not be under simultaneous consideration by any other journal or have been published elsewhere in any form.
Evaluation
Manuscripts are generally evaluated by the editor-in-chief, by one or more members of the editorial board, and/or by referees. Associate editors of the journal may also
participate in the review process as needed. Authors are invited to suggest potential reviewers; however, the editor-in-chief will not be bound by these suggestions. Due to
the large number of submissions, many manuscripts cannot be accepted for publication.
Early View
American Anthropologist is covered by Wiley’s Early View publishing service. Early View articles are complete full-text articles published online in advance of their publication
in a printed issue. Articles are therefore available as soon as they are ready, rather than having to wait for the next scheduled print issue. Early View articles are complete
and final. They have been fully reviewed, revised, and edited for publication, and the authors’ final corrections have been incorporated. Because they are in final form, no
changes can be made after online publication. The nature of Early View articles means that they do not yet have volume, issue, or page numbers, so Early View articles
cannot be cited in the traditional way. They are therefore given a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), which allows the article to be cited and tracked before it is allocated
to an issue. After print publication, the DOI remains valid and can continue to be used to cite and access the article.
Editorial Office Contact Information
All submissions: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/aman
E-mail address: Deborah.Thomas@sas.upenn.edu
Mailing address for correspondence:
Deborah A. Thomas, Editor-in-Chief, American Anthropologist, University of Pennsylvania, Penn Museum 335, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398
Review Editors Contact Information
New books for review and related correspondence
Megan Tracy and Joshua Linder, Book Reviews Editors American Anthropologist
Sheldon Hall, MSC 7501, 71 Alumnae Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22807; tracy2me@jmu.edu; linderjm@jmu.edu
New public anthropologies pieces and related correspondence
Yarimar Bonilla and Adia Benton, Public Anthropologies Editors, American Anthropologist
Department of Anthropology, 131 George Street New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-1414, yarimar.bonilla@rutgers.edu
Department of Anthropology 1810 Hinman Avenue Evanston, IL 60208, adia.benton@northwestern.edu
New multimodal anthropologies reviews and related correspondence
Matt Durington, Harjant Gill, and Sam Collins, Multimodal Anthropologies Editors, American Anthropologist
3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; visualanthropologyeditorsaa@gmail.com
New world anthropologies pieces and related correspondence
Virginia Dominguez, World Anthropologies Editor, American Anthropologist
dominguezvr@gmail.com
New obituary information and related correspondence
Ira Bashkow, Obituaries Editor, American Anthropologist
ib6n@virginia.edu
19/08/20 10:14 AM
 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST (ISSN 0002-7294) is published quarterly on behalf of the American Anthropological
Association by Wiley Periodicals LLC, 111 River St., Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA.
Mailing: Periodical postage paid at Hoboken, NJ, and additional offices. Mailing to rest of world by IMEX (International Mail
Express). Canadian mail is sent by Canadian publications mail agreement number 40573520. POSTMASTER: Send all address
changes to American Anthropologist, Wiley Periodicals LLC, C/O The Sheridan Press, PO Box 465, Hanover, PA 17331 USA.
Publisher: American Anthropologist is published by Wiley Periodicals LLC, 101 Station Landing, Suite 300, Medford, MA 02155;
Telephone: +1 (781) 388-8200; Fax: +1 (781) 388-8210. Wiley Periodicals LLC is now part of John Wiley & Sons.
Information for Subscribers: American Anthropologist is published in four issues per year. Institutional subscription prices
for 2020 are as follows: Print & Online: US$894 (US), US$875 (Rest of World), €566 (Europe), £451 (UK). Prices are exclu-sive
of tax. Asia-Pacific GST, Canadian GST, and European VAT will be applied at the appropriate rates. For more informa-tion on
current tax rates, please go to https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/library-info/products/price-lists/payment. The price includes
online access to the current and all online back files to January 1, 2015, where available. For other pricing options, including
access information and terms and conditions, please visit https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/library-info/products/price-lists
Terms of use can be found here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions.
Delivery Terms and Legal Title: Where the subscription price includes print issues and delivery is to the recipient’s address,
delivery terms are Delivered at Place (DAP); the recipient is responsible for paying any import duty or taxes. Title to all issues
transfers FOB our shipping point, freight prepaid. We will endeavour to fulfill claims for missing or damaged copies within six
months of publication, within our reasonable discretion and subject to availability.
Copyright and Copying (in any format): © 2020 American Anthropological Association. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from
the copyright holder. Authorization to photocopy items for internal and personal use is granted by the copyright holder for
libraries and other users registered with their local Reproduction Rights Organization (RRO)—e.g., Copyright Clearance Center
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA (www.copyright.com)—provided the appropriate fee is paid directly to the
RRO. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promo-
tional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Special requests should be addressed to permissions@wiley.com.
Back Issues: Single issues from current and recent volumes are available at the current single issue price from
cs-journals@wiley.com. Earlier issues may be obtained from Periodicals Service Company, 351 Fairview Avenue – Ste 300,
Hudson, NY 12534, USA. Tel: +1 (518) 822-9300, Fax: +1 (518) 822-9305, E-mail: psc@periodicals.com.
Journal Customer Services: For ordering information, claims, and any inquiries concerning your journal subscription, please
go to https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/onlinelibrary or contact your nearest office.
Americas: E-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +1 (781) 388-8598 or +1 (800) 835-6770 (toll free in the USA & Canada).
Europe, Middle East, and Africa: E-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +44 (0) 1865 778315.
Asia Pacific: E-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Tel: +65 6511 8000.
Japan: For Japanese-speaking support, E-mail: cs-japan@wiley.com.
Visit Our Online Customer Help: available in seven languages at https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/onlinelibrary.
Assistant Editor: Clare Kim, E-mail: ckim@wiley.com
Production Editor: Stephanie Hill, E-mail: aman@wiley.com
Advertising: Kristin McCarthy, E-mail: kmccarthy@wiley.com
Print Information: Printed in the USA by The Sheridan Group.
Online Information: This journal is available online at Wiley Online Library. Visit http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/ to search
the articles and register for table of contents e-mail alerts. View this journal online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aman.
American Anthropologist accepts articles for Open Access publication. Please visit https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-
resources/Journal-Authors/open-access/onlineopen.html for further information about OnlineOpen.
Access to this journal is available free online within institutions in the developing world through the AGORA initiative with the
FAO, the HINARI initiative with the WHO, and the OARE initiative with UNEP. For information, visit www.aginternetwork.org,
www.healthinternetwork.org, and www.oarescience.org.
Aims and Scope: American Anthropologist is the flagship journal of the American Anthropological Association, reaching well over
12,000 readers with each issue. The journal advances the association’s mission by publishing articles that add to, integrate,
synthesize, and interpret anthropological knowledge; commentaries and essays on issues of importance to the discipline; and
reviews of books, films, sound recordings, exhibits, and websites.
Author Guidelines: For submission instructions, subscription, and all other information, visit: www.wileyonlinelibrary.
com/journal/aman.
Abstracting and Indexing Services: For abstracting and indexing services, visit: www.wileyonlinelibrary.com.
Wiley’s Corporate Citizenship initiative seeks to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges that are
faced in our business and that are important to our diverse stakeholder groups. Since launching the initiative, we have
focused on sharing our content with those in need, enhancing community philanthropy, reducing our carbon impact,
creating global guidelines and best practices for paper use, establishing a vendor code of ethics, and engaging our colleagues
and other stakeholders in our efforts. Follow our progress at www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Wiley is a founding member of the UN-backed HINARI, AGORA, and OARE initiatives. They are now collectively known as
Research4Life, making online scientific content available free or at nominal cost to researchers in developing countries.
Please visit Wiley’s Content Access – Corporate Citizenship site: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-390082.html.
Disclaimer: The publisher, American Anthropological Association, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or conse-
quences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily
reflect those of the publisher, American Anthropological Association, and editors, neither does the publication of advertisements
constitute any endorsement by the publisher, American Anthropological Association, and editors of the products advertised.
ISSN 0002-7294 (Print)
ISSN 1548-1433 (Online)
Copyright © 2020 by the American Anthropological Association All rights reserved
AMAN_122_3_cover_LR 2
Submit to American Anthropologist
NOTE: Submissions must be via the American Anthropologist online submissions website, http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/aman.
American Anthropologist is the flagship journal of the American Anthropological Association and is published on a quarterly basis. American Anthropologist follows the mission statement
and goals of the American Anthropological Association by advancing anthropology as a discipline that studies humankind in all its aspects, involving archaeological, biological,
ethnological, and linguistic research. It also attempts to further the professional interests of anthropologists by disseminating anthropological knowledge and illuminating its
relevance to human problems. The editor of the journal seeks to further the association's mission by publishing articles that add to, integrate, synthesize, and interpret anthro-
pological knowledge; essays on issues of importance to the discipline; research reports; obituaries; and reviews of books, films, videos, and exhibits.
The AA welcomes both manuscripts that originate within a single discipline and those that cross subdisciplines. In choosing articles for publication, the editors' principal
consideration is to give preference to those submissions that present material that is important and new in the discipline theoretically, methodologically, and empirically. All
other things being equal, the editors will also give preference to articles that demonstrate how anthropological research improves our understanding of issues of cultural sig-
nificance and practical importance in both the present and past. To the extent possible, the main ideas of articles should be comprehensible to nonspecialists. The editors
encourage clear writing and straightforward organization and discourage the overuse of jargon intelligible to only to those with particular theoretical perspectives.
Contributions from all subdisciplines in both their basic and applied dimensions are welcomed, as are those focusing on broad, cross-cutting problems, themes, and theories.
Collaborative work is encouraged, and contributions from international colleagues are welcomed. The journal does not charge authors for submission nor charge any publication fees.
Submission Process
Submissions must be via the American Anthropologist online submissions website, http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/aman. Figures or photographs should be submitted as
TIF files with resolution of 300 dpi or greater. Authors of accepted manuscripts may be required to submit high-resolution hard copies of all figures during production, as not
all digital art files are usable. Be sure to also provide a list of captions and be prepared to provide or obtain permission from the copyright holder for figure use.
American Anthropologist follows Chicago style. Submitted manuscripts that do not conform to American Anthropological Association style and format will be returned to
authors. For the American Anthropological Association style guide, see http://www.aaanet.org/publications/style_guide.pdf.
Research Articles
Research articles may be anywhere from 2,500 to 8,000 words in length. Initial submissions exceeding 8,000 words (including all figures, tables, references, and notes) will not
be considered. If accepted for publication, research articles may be extended up to 10,000 words at the discretion of the associate editors and the editor-in-chief.
American Anthropologist conducts “double-blind” review, which means that reviewers do not know the name of the author whose manuscript they are evaluating. When upload-
ing your manscript, you will need to upload a manuscript file with no identifying author information (designate this as “Main Document”) and a separate title page (designate as “Title
Page”) with author details. In your manuscript, references to your own work should be anonymized. For instance, if you are Susan Smith, a citation reading “(Smith 2003:13)”
should appear as “(Author 2003:13).” However, there should be NO reference to “Author 2003” in the bibliography at all: citations to your own work should be completely omitted
from the bibliography at this stage.
If you used any revision or editorial tracking tools in your word-processing program, be sure the final version of your manuscript does not contain tracked changes.
Research Reports
The journal publishes research reports of up to 2,500 words. These are shorter than major articles and are restricted to straightforward presentations of research results. One con-
sideration in judging submissions is the extent to which reviewers and the editor-in-chief think they will be of interest to readers. Research reports are submitted in same way as
research articles, although authors should indicate via the drop-down menu whether their work is intended as a report or article.
Proposals for Group Submissions
American Anthropologist welcomes group submissions around any theme or topic, including those organized by a guest editor or editors. It is not necessary to contact the editor-
in-chief for permission or feedback before a group of manuscripts is submitted. Such manuscripts should be submitted individually by their authors: it is not necessary to submit
them all at once. Introductions or overviews by the group editor(s) should not be submitted at the outset. The manuscripts will undergo the exact same review process as any
other manuscript. If more than one of the manuscripts is accepted for publication, it is the responsibility of the authors (or guest editor[s]) to notify the editor-in-chief that the
accepted manuscripts are meant to be grouped together. At that point, at the discretion of the associate editors and the editor-in-chief, the guest editor(s) may be invited to submit an
introduction or overview to the group submission.
Commentaries
Short commentaries of no more than 1,500 words that further substantive discussion of significant topics that have appeared in American Anthropologist in the previous year may
be published at the editor-in-chief’s discretion.
For information on submitting book or multimodal anthropologies reviews, public anthropologies and world anthropologies pieces, and obituaries, see
http://www.aaanet.org/publications/reviewsobitscommentaries.cfm.
Author Responsibilities
Authors, not the American Anthropological Association, are responsible for the content of their articles, for the accuracy of quotations and their correct attribution, for the legal
rights to publish any material submitted (incl. supplementary materials such as figures or tables), and for submitting their manuscripts in proper form for publication.
Manuscripts submitted to American Anthropologist should not be under simultaneous consideration by any other journal or have been published elsewhere in any form.
Evaluation
Manuscripts are generally evaluated by the editor-in-chief, by one or more members of the editorial board, and/or by referees. Associate editors of the journal may also
participate in the review process as needed. Authors are invited to suggest potential reviewers; however, the editor-in-chief will not be bound by these suggestions. Due to
the large number of submissions, many manuscripts cannot be accepted for publication.
Early View
American Anthropologist is covered by Wiley’s Early View publishing service. Early View articles are complete full-text articles published online in advance of their publication
in a printed issue. Articles are therefore available as soon as they are ready, rather than having to wait for the next scheduled print issue. Early View articles are complete
and final. They have been fully reviewed, revised, and edited for publication, and the authors’ final corrections have been incorporated. Because they are in final form, no
changes can be made after online publication. The nature of Early View articles means that they do not yet have volume, issue, or page numbers, so Early View articles
cannot be cited in the traditional way. They are therefore given a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), which allows the article to be cited and tracked before it is allocated
to an issue. After print publication, the DOI remains valid and can continue to be used to cite and access the article.
Editorial Office Contact Information
All submissions: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/aman
E-mail address: Deborah.Thomas@sas.upenn.edu
Mailing address for correspondence:
Deborah A. Thomas, Editor-in-Chief, American Anthropologist, University of Pennsylvania, Penn Museum 335, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398
Review Editors Contact Information
New books for review and related correspondence
Megan Tracy and Joshua Linder, Book Reviews Editors American Anthropologist
Sheldon Hall, MSC 7501, 71 Alumnae Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22807; tracy2me@jmu.edu; linderjm@jmu.edu
New public anthropologies pieces and related correspondence
Yarimar Bonilla and Adia Benton, Public Anthropologies Editors, American Anthropologist
Department of Anthropology, 131 George Street New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-1414, yarimar.bonilla@rutgers.edu
Department of Anthropology 1810 Hinman Avenue Evanston, IL 60208, adia.benton@northwestern.edu
New multimodal anthropologies reviews and related correspondence
Matt Durington, Harjant Gill, and Sam Collins, Multimodal Anthropologies Editors, American Anthropologist
3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; visualanthropologyeditorsaa@gmail.com
New world anthropologies pieces and related correspondence
Virginia Dominguez, World Anthropologies Editor, American Anthropologist
dominguezvr@gmail.com
New obituary information and related correspondence
Ira Bashkow, Obituaries Editor, American Anthropologist
ib6n@virginia.edu
19/08/20 10:14 AM
 JOURNAL OF THE AME RIC AN AN T H RO PO LO GIC AL ASSO C IAT IO N

American Anthropologist American Anthropologist

American Anthropologist
Vo 122 Vo 122
No 3 No 3
SEPTEMBER SEPTEMBER
2020 2020

Special Features in This Issue

From the Editor
The Problem of Future-Thinking

Research Articles
Myths of Meritocracy, Friendship, and Fun Work: Class and Gender in North American
Academic Communities
Elephants, Hunters, and Others: Integrating Biological Anthropology and Multispecies

Vo 122
Ethnography in a Conservation Zone
New Directions in Maritime and Fisheries Anthropology

No 3
Code Work: Thinking with the System in México

SEPTEMBER
The Spiral of Sovereignty: Enacting and Entangling the State from Haiti’s Streets
Unarmed Militancy: Tactical Victories, Subjectivity, and Legitimacy in Bolivian Street
Protest

2020
Hinglaj Devi: “Solidifying” Hindu Identity at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan
Between Will and Thought: Individualism and Social Responsiveness in Amazonian Child-
Rearing

Distinguished Lecture
Imperialism, Internationalism, and Archaeology in the Un/Making of the Middle East

Interview
Translations of the Self: Moving between Objects, Memories, and Words: A Dialogue with
Ruth Behar

Special Section
Cultural Expertise

Vital Topics Forum

Chronic Disaster: Reimagining Noncommunicable Chronic Disease

www.americananthropologist.org

AMAN_122_3_cover_LR 1 19/08/20 10:14 AM

AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

Editor-in-Chief
D E B O R A H A . T H O M A S , University of Pennsylvania

Associate Editors
Associate Editor for Archaeology
K A T H L E E N M O R R I S O N , University of Pennsylvania
Associate Editor for Biological Anthropology
M A R Y S H E N K , Penn State University, A N D A D A M V A N A R S D A L E , Wellesley College
Associate Editor for Cultural Anthropology
K A M A R I C L A R K E , UCLA
Associate Editor for Linguistic Anthropology
A N G E L A R E Y E S , Hunter College

Section Editors
Book Review Editors
MEGAN TRACY AND J O S H U A L I N D E R , James Madison University
Multimodal Anthropologies Editors
MATT DURINGTON, HARJANT GILL, AND S A M C O L L I N S , Towson University
Public Anthropologies Editors
Y A R I M A R B O N I L L A , Hunter College, CUNY, A N D A D I A B E N T O N , Northwestern University
World Anthropologies Editor
V I R G I N I A D O M I N G U E Z , University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

Obituaries
I R A B A S H K O W , University of Virginia

Editorial Staff
Managing Editor: SEAN MALLIN
Copy Editor: JEN BAKER
Editorial Assistant: BRIANA NICHOLS
Book Review Editorial Assistants: KELSEY ADAMS AND
HANNAH N. MALCOLM
EDITORIAL BOARD 2016–2020
N A D I A A B U E L - H A J, Columbia University
R E B E C C A A C K E R M A N N, University of Cape Town
S A B R I N A A G A R W A L, University of California, Berkeley
A N N A A G B E - D A V I E S, University of North Carolina
O M A R A L - D E W A C H I, Rutgers University
H . S A M Y A L I M, Stanford University
A N A A P A R I C I O, Northwestern University
B E T T I N A A R N O L D, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
A M I T A B A V I S K A R, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi
S E A N B R O T H E R T O N, University of Chicago
J I L L I A N C A V A N A U G H, Brooklyn College
H A N A C E R V I N K O V A, Maynooth University
F R A N C I S C O D Y, University of Toronto
Z O E C R O S S L A N D, Columbia University
J A S O N D E L E O N, University of Michigan
N I C H O L A S D E G E N O V A, King’s College, London
M A Y A N T H I F E R N A N D O, University of California, Santa Cruz
A U G U S T I N F U E N T E S, University of Notre Dame
S U S A N G A L, University of Chicago
L U K E G L O W A C K I, Harvard University
I S A R G O D R E A U, University of Puerto Rico-Cayey
A L F R E D O G O N Z A L E Z - R U I B A L, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
K I R A H A L L, University of Colorado-Boulder
H E L E N A H A N S E N, New York University
F A Y E H A R R I S O N, University of Illinois
K A T I E H I N D E, Arizona State University
L E S L E A H L U S K O, University of California, Berkeley
E N G S E N G H O, Duke University
K A R E N H O, University of Minnesota
M I Y A K O I N O U E, Stanford University
R I V K E J A F F E, University of Amsterdam
E D U A R D O K O H N, McGill University
M I C H E L E K O V E N, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
L A U R A K U N R E U T H E R, Bard College
F R A N M A R K O W I T Z, Ben Gurion University of the Negev
S T E V E M C G A R V E Y, Brown University
J O S E P H P A R K, National University of Singapore
J E A N R A H I E R, Florida International University
L A U R E N C E R A L P H, Harvard University
C I R A J R A S O O L, University of the Western Cape
L A U R E N R I S T V E T, University of Pennsylvania
J E R R Y S A B L O F F, Santa Fe Institute
N O E L S A L A Z A R, University of Leuven
T H E O D O R E S C H U R R, University of Pennsylvania
S H A L I N I S H A N K A R, Northwestern University
M A R Y S H E N K, Penn State University
J E S S E S H I P L E Y, Dartmouth College
D A V I D S H O R T E R, UCLA
I R I N A C A R L O T A S I L B E R, CUNY, City College
K A R L A S L O C U M, University of North Carolina
A J A N T H A S U B R A M A N I A N, Harvard University
T . L . T H U R S T O N, SUNY-Buffalo
W I L S O N T R A J A N O F I L H O, Universidade de Brasilia
D A V I D V A L E N T I N E, University of Minnesota
A D A M V A N A R S D A L E, Wellesley College
R O X A N N E V A R Z I, University of California, Irvine
E . C H R I S T I A N W E L L S, USF
H Y L T O N W H I T E, Wits University
B O J A N Z I K I C, University of Belgrade
 VOLUME 122 r NUMBER 3 r SEPTEMBER 2020

AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

FROM THE EDITOR

439 The Problem of Future-Thinking

DEBORAH A. THOMAS

RESEARCH ARTICLES

444 Myths of Meritocracy, Friendship, and Fun Work: Class and Gender in North American Academic
Communities
MARY LEIGHTON
459 Elephants, Hunters, and Others: Integrating Biological Anthropology and Multispecies Ethnography in a
Conservation Zone
MELISSA J. REMIS AND CAROLYN A. JOST ROBINSON
473 New Directions in Maritime and Fisheries Anthropology
SHANKAR ASWANI
487 Code Work: Thinking with the System in México
H É C T O R B E L T R Á N
501 The Spiral of Sovereignty: Enacting and Entangling the State from Haiti’s Streets
CHELSEY L. KIVLAND
514 Unarmed Militancy: Tactical Victories, Subjectivity, and Legitimacy in Bolivian Street Protest
CARWIL BJORK-JAMES
528 Hinglaj Devi: Solidifying Hindu Identity at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan
J Ü R G E N S C H A F L E C H N E R
540 Between Will and Thought: Individualism and Social Responsiveness in Amazonian Child Rearing
FRANCESCA MEZZENZANA

DISTINGUISHED LECTURE

554 Imperialism, Internationalism, and Archaeology in the Un/Making of the Middle East
LYNN MESKELL

INTERVIEW

568 Translations of the Self: Moving between Objects, Memories, and Words: A Dialogue with Ruth Behar
RITA ELENA MELIAN-ZAMORA AND RUTH BEHAR
 COMMENTARY

581 Hidden from History, Searching for a Future: A Commentary on the Unverified Homosexual Tendencies of
Biological Anthropologists
CHRISTOPHER A. SCHMITT

SPECIAL SECTION: CULTURAL EXPERTISE

Foreword

584 Toward Reflexivity in the Anthropology of Expertise and Law

KAMARI M. CLARKE

Introduction

588 Cultural Expertise? Anthropologist as Witness in Defense of Indigenous and Afro-Descendant Rights
C H R I S T O P H E R L O P E R E N A , M A R I A N A M O R A , A N D R . A Í D A H E R N Á N D E Z - C A S T I L L O

Articles
595 Adjudicating Indigeneity: Anthropological Testimony in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
CHRISTOPHER A. LOPERENA
606 (Dis)placement of Anthropological Legal Activism, Racial Justice and the Ejido Tila, Mexico
MARIANA MORA
618 Using and Refusing the Law: Indigenous Struggles and Legal Strategies after Neoliberal Multiculturalism
CHARLES R. HALE

Commentary

632 Anthropological Expert Work in Today’s Legal Field: Between Legitimizing the State Judicial Arena and
Seeking Justice for Indigenous Peoples
J U A N C A R L O S M A R T Í N E Z

VITAL TOPICS FORUM

639 Chronic Disaster: Reimagining Noncommunicable Chronic Disease

A L Y S H I A G Á L V E Z , M E G A N C A R N E Y , A N D E M I L Y Y A T E S - D O E R R
640 Anti-Blackness as the Lynchpin of the Structured Violence of Diet-Related Disease
DIANA A. BURNETT
642 Critical Perspectives on the Microbiome
MEGAN A. CARNEY
643 Rethinking Fatness, Rethinking Diabetes
LAUREN CARRUTH
645 Unending Work and the Emergence of Diabetes
SARAH CHARD
646 Fiscal Violence in the United States’ Food Safety Net
MAGGIE DICKINSON
647 Taking Susto Seriously: A Critique of Behavioral Approaches to Diabetes
A L Y S H I A G Á L V E Z
649 The Violence of Racial Capitalism and South Los Angeles’s Obesity “Epidemic”
HANNA GARTH
650 Ceaseless Healing and Never-Natural Disasters
JESSICA HARDIN
651 A Critical Perspective on “Diet-Related” Diseases
ADELE HITE
653 History, Truth, and Reconciliation in Settler Health Care
HEATHER A. HOWARD
655 “Lifestyle” Disease on the Margins
LENORE MANDERSON
656 Metabolic Reflections: Blurring the Line between Trauma and Diabetes
EMILY MENDENHALL
658 Violence, Obesity, and National Policy in Mexico
A B R I L S A L D A Ñ A - T E J E D A
659 Reproducing Whiteness: Race, Food, and Epigenetics
NATALI VALDEZ
661 Redefining Diabetes Risk in Mexico
EMILY E. VASQUEZ
663 The “Gentle and Invisible” Violence of Obesity Prevention
MEGAN WARIN
664 Imperialist Irony
EMILY YATES-DOERR

WORLD ANTHROPOLOGIES

666 Foreword
VIRGINIA R. DOMINGUEZ AND EMILY METZNER

Essays

667 Anthropology and Chile’s Estallido Social

F R A N C I S C A M Á R Q U E Z
675 The Pluripolitical Effect and the Bolivian Political Crisis
RENATA ALBUQUERQUE

Interview
678 Anthropology with a Southern Attitude: An Interview of Cláudio Costa Pinheiro by Vinicius Kauê Ferreira
V I N I C I U S K A U Ê F E R R E I R A A N D C L Á U D I O C O S T A P I N H E I R O

MULTIMODAL ANTHROPOLOGIES
Essays

684 Tripod: Performance, Media, Cybernetics

JENNIFER COOL
691 Multimodal Ethnography in/of/as Postcards
MASCHA GUGGANIG AND SOPHIE SCHOR
 BOOK REVIEWS
Single Reviews (reviewer in parentheses)
698 Alexander and Kepecs: Colonial and Postcolonial Change in Mesoamerica: Archaeology as Historical
Anthropology (King)
699 Ferme: Out of War: Violence, Trauma, and the Political Imagination in Sierra Leone (Murphy)
700 Garth: Food in Cuba: The Pursuit of a Decent Meal (Gálvez)
701 Moran-Thomas: Traveling with Sugar: Chronicles of a Global Epidemic (Mendenhall)
702 Okazaki and Abelmann: Korean American Families in Immigrant America: How Teens and Parents Navigate
Race (Park)
704 Speed: Incarcerated Stories. Indigenous Women Migrants and Violence in the Settler-Capitalist State (Terrio)
705 Turner, Schmitt, and Cramer: Savanna Monkeys: The Genus Chlorocebus (Teichroeb)

OBITUARY

707 Napoleon A. Chagnon (1938–2019)

WILLIAM IRONS

ON THE COVER: A monument to General Baquedano covered with graffiti. The horse’s head is wrapped in the Mapuche
flag. Plaza Dignidad, 2020. (Courtesy of Francisca Márquez)
 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST
WORLD ANTHROPOLOGIES
Essay
Anthropology and Chile’s Estallido Social
Francisca Márquez
Alberto Hurtado University, Chile
Within just a few days, what began as a protest against an
increase in the price of public transportation, on October
6, 2019, became an unprecedented popular revolt against
the government of President Sebastián Piñera and neolib-
eral policies in Chile.1 On Friday, October 18, 2019, the
cities in Chile “burned.” The streets were filled with rub-
ble. Hundreds of people crowded into the streets banging
pots and metal spoons, which saturated the nightscape like
war drums. We still hear them today. People refer to these
protests as estallido social—a social explosion. People say,
“Chile has awoken” (Chile despertó). Protestors have renamed
Plaza Italia in Santiago “Plaza de Dignidad.” With barricades
on every corner, Chile’s cities—especially Santiago—have
been stripped of their lustrous and luminous facades. Their
sculptures are cracked, and their mirrored buildings and the
modern subway are covered in rubble. The oasis country, as
President Sebastián Piñera noted a few weeks earlier, has be-
come unrecognizable. Everything about this indicates that
a deep sense of social injustice among the people requires
equally profound social transformations.2
A week after the estallido social began, there were state-
ments issued by the Colegio de Antropólogos de Chile, as
well as the schools of anthropology and archaeology. From
the north to the south of the country, professors and re-
searchers expressed their solidarity with the social move-
ment that had emerged and rejected the government’s vi-
olent attempts to repress it.3 By the end of the first three
months of the social unrest, Chilean anthropologists had
issued twelve public statements. Anthropologists authored
thirty columns in the press, gave ten interviews on television
and radio, and posted more than 120 analyses on websites,
Facebook, and blogs. In these texts, the disciplinary concern
for supporting the empirical and theoretical evidence of the
legitimacy of the demonstrators’ demands and the urgency
of respect for the human rights of those in the streets was
evident.
At the same time, anthropologists and archaeologists,
as individuals and through their organizations, began to do
fieldwork and participant observation in the public spaces of
these demonstrations. This included looking at debris, ashes,
twisted irons, fallen monuments, pharmacies, banks, and
ransacked supermarkets. From a position of estrangement,
AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Vol. 000, No. 0, pp. 1–9, ISSN 0002-7294, online ISSN 1548-1433. © 2020 by the American Anthropological Association.
All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1111/aman.13431
ethnographers have noted that the shapes, shops, paths, and
smells of Chilean cities are changing because there is no one
to clean them or bring order to them. These changes in-
evitably lead each of its inhabitants, including anthropolo-
gists, to a new praxis of living.4
The headless sculptures, the generals fallen from their
horses, and the bodies of blindfolded young women shouting
of sexual abuse in front of the police leave the ethnographer
and the citizen dazzled, petrified at the sight of the abject
bodies of sculptures that we believed had been sacredly patri-
monialized. Moved, ethnographers watch in order to partic-
ipate and participate in order to watch (Guber 2011), with-
out any break. Halfway between the demolished materiality
and its meanings, Chilean cities participating in this estallido
social provoke the anthropological and archaeological gaze.
They invite us to ask about the transformations as we relate
to and interpret the revolt (Figure 1).
THE PRESENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
What presence do anthropology and anthropologists have
in these months of social uprising in Chile? There is the
widespread perception that the social sciences in Chile, in-
cluding anthropology, have been silent over the last few
decades—or at least that they have not known how to
make themselves heard. In the first few weeks of the es-
tallido social, the media, the journalists, and many political
scientists kept asking themselves, “Why didn’t we see this
coming?” For social scientists, the transit hike was a clear
provocation. Certainly, there has been ample research and
writing on inequality5 and social unrest within the frame-
work of a neoliberal society since the mid-1990s, espe-
cially in sociology, political science, and anthropology. As
a 1998 report by the United Nations Development Pro-
gram shows, a move toward individualism, unrest, and un-
certainty characterized Chilean society in the 1990s (UNDP
1998). Research in anthropology from the 1990s already
warned all of us that inequality affects the lives of Indigenous
peoples, women, sexual dissidents, urban settlers, farmers,
and fishers, among many others (Sadler and Acuña 2003;
Cancino and Morales 2003; Gundermann and González
2009; Márquez and Skewes 2018; Pérez 2018). However,
what is sadly true is that for the most part these stud-
ies have had little or no presence in public debate and
have been restricted in their circulation mainly to the
academy.
2 American Anthropologist • Vol. 000, No. 0 • xxxx 2020
FIGURE 1. Concentration of demonstrators in Plaza Dignidad,Santiago,
October 2019.Note the presence of youth and the wenufoye,Mapuche flags
and the Chilean flags in black and white as signs of mourning. (Courtesy
of Francisca Márquez) [This figure appears in color in the online issue]
A few days after the protests began, some academics
made public their sense that they had not done enough to
stem rising inequality. For example, anthropologists Murray
and Risor (2019) wrote: “We must humbly assume that
those of us who are part of the scientific community [in
Chile] have not lived up to [paid enough attention to] Chile’s
problems.” Scientists, they explain, have offered “partial
solutions to structural issues or have settled on addressing
problems aseptically, with the focus on publishing in pres-
tigious journals rather than on the drama [they] studied….
We offer our own mea culpa, assuming that academics have
not been able to make social realities visible, translate them,
and transmit them to the political class nor have we been able
to suggest sensitive and sustainable solutions.” Hence, they
offer a proposal to revise “the notion of science, evidence
and, above all, expertise as it appears and is used in Chile.”
Hundreds of social scientists have met and signed on to a
proposal for a new model of knowledge production in Chile
since 2018 (Investigadores e investigadoras por una nueva
constitución para Chile 2020),6 a year before the estallido
social began, agreeing that the current conditions of scientific
and university knowledge production do not ameliorate a
culture of inequality. The social sciences in Chilean univer-
sities exist and operate amid processes of commodification
of productivity and bow to the international rankings.
However, despite saying that, I also want to say that these
are not the only factors explaining the invisibility of the social
sciences in Chilean public debate. A communication strategy
of silence was also adopted in the country with respect to the
work of the social sciences over the last four decades. Offer-
ing the screens and the press to social scientists—as was gen-
erously done the day after the protests began—would have
exposed the shreds and detritus left behind by the neoliberal
machine (Márquez 2019; Figure 2).
FIGURE 2. Ruins and rubble of Banco de Chile after it was looted and
burned.The graffiti suggests “No more abuses”and,in the background,“No
more SENAME” (the National Service for Minors). (Courtesy of Francisca
Márquez) [This figure appears in color in the online issue]
SITUATED KNOWLEDGE AND OTHER FORMS
OF KNOWLEDGE
It should be remembered that in Latin America the social sci-
ences have historically participated in the critical analysis of
power structures and knowledge that underlie our societies,
as well as the mechanisms that often tend to ensure their
reproduction through violence. To show that problems are
not caused just by individual choice and action but rather by
the structural, symbolic, and normalizing violence that ex-
ists in our unequal societies has been part of our tradition
as a discipline in Latin America, and specifically in Chile. In
these last decades, faced by an economic liberalism that in-
vites us to think that “any intelligent person can go from rags
to riches if he works with tenacity” (Bourgois 2014), anthro-
pology has resisted and made its presence felt through stud-
ies that show how popular uprisings grow out of inequality
(Skewes 2019a).
Since the protests began, Chilean anthropologists have
contributed to unveiling the other voices and the other
bodies that march in the streets and mobilize themselves in
public spaces in search of respect and dignity. Nonetheless,
making counternarratives visible is not simple. In these
counternarratives, the anthropologist also speaks as a citi-
zen, one who is mobilized and militant. The “being there”
of participant observation is, these days more than ever, a
historical look, one that is culturally and politically situated.
Hence, most of the writings produced by anthropologists
over these months are written in the first person: I was there,I
am there, I can function as a witness. That first-person narrative
is important because it appears in a context where informa-
tion coming from the media is confusing and negates social
reality.
Paradoxically, this same work has been the subject of se-
rious questioning by other disciplines. For example, a recent
opinion piece in the electronic journal El desconcierto led
with the headline “Let Anthropology Leave the Front Line
Alone!” (Villanueva 2020).7 This questioning challenges the
 World Anthropologies 3

ethics of ethnographic research and the protection of the

encapuchados—the young people wearing hoods and ban-
danas across their faces to protect their identities (Claude
2020; Yañez 2019). But those of us who practice anthro-
pology know that such ethnography would never have been
possible without the explicit interest of frontline youth’s
explicit interest in our participation. The ethnography that
has been challenged is part of a multivocal coauthoring
exercise involving the ethnographer and the encapuchados.
Journalists and even some sociologists have expressed their
disbelief in the veracity of these accounts. The closeness
between ethnographers and young people on the streets is
hard for them to imagine, and this leads to doubts about the
truthfulness and ethical commitment of ethnographic work.
All of the above points to the tension that exists between
authorized knowledge and prohibited/subaltern knowledge.
We know that since the Chilean dictatorship (1973–1989),
the division between authorized knowledge and forbidden
knowledge has been quite substantial, even radical. While
the former exists within disciplinary specializations, other
knowledges exist outside university walls. But on the street
and in the mass social mobilizations of the past few months,
things and ideas circulate freely without waiting for autho-
rization, and they manifest in forms and forces that the bulk
of the academy does not expect. It is these forms and forces FIGURE 3. A tree on Alameda Avenue, Santiago, with buckshot holes
that the anthropologist should be able to discern, observe,
and archaeological markings (light blue) to show that police Special
record, and understand. The path chosen by many of the
anthropological chronicles and ethnographies published in Forces (carabineros) fire at protesters’ bodies and eyes. (Courtesy Francisca
recent months are mostly efforts to co-construct knowl- Márquez) [This figure appears in color in the online issue]
edge, objects, subjects, and fields of reality that are still un-
known to each other because new languages have been born ETHNOGRAPHIES OF THE REVOLT
since the beginning of the estallido social. Hence, these other But what could we learn from watching and listening to these
knowledges appear in many ethnographies, those focusing other knowledges, these practices, oralities, and bodily acts?
on the street and those focusing more generally on the re- What knowledge hides in the dances and rituals that unfold
volt. These are knowledges that anthropology needs to learn to the rhythm of kultrún? What angers and emotions under-
to decipher and then to dialogue with. lie the youth of the front line? What stories and memories
The diversity of knowledge-producing contexts also re- are embodied in the performances of young women who re-
minds us that the ethos of the social scientist will always have cite a text they call “The Theses”9 in front of the monument
to deal with other ethics. Thinking about the way anthropol- dedicated to General Baquedano (Figure 4)?
ogy can connect with social diversity today involves crossing The complex relationship among archives, writing, oral-
the limits of its knowledge, multiplying its links with other ity, and practical knowledge in contexts of domination and
knowledges that do not necessarily share the epistemologies repression in our continent and country makes these ques-
of scientific and Western knowledge. Those other forms of tions ones of great relevance if we want to rethink the contri-
knowledge, more focused on orality and the creative lan- bution of anthropology in social revolt. If writing displaced
guages of art and performance, are now in front, on the front and delegitimized other epistemic and mnemonic systems,
lines. This is the case with the student movements that have with bodily and nonverbal practices, these knowledges are
led the way during this period of social unrest; it is the case regaining their centrality. The action and knowledges de-
with Indigenous movements that distrust the demonstra- ployed there are collective because they are public and open.
tions, knowing that they are not representing their nations; Movements and knowledges that do not necessarily enjoy
it is the case with groups of fishers and miners, neighbor- easy translation could remain enigmatic and indecipherable,
hood groups who demand environmental protections, and but shouldn’t. The political implications of these gestures
the forgotten young people of our cities. All of them, all as bodily, unattainable, and heterotopic knowledges include
who demand the right to influence a new constitution,8 pointing to other knowledges that do not correspond to the
possess other knowledges, memories, and claims written archive that denies and prohibits subaltern voices
(Figure 3).
4 American Anthropologist • Vol. 000, No. 0 • xxxx 2020

FIGURE 5. Ruins,debris,and graffiti in the Metro Baquedano,Plaza Dig-

nidad,Santiago 2020.(Courtesy Francisca Márquez) [This figure appears
in color in the online issue]
FIGURE 4. A monument to General Baquedano covered with graffiti.The
horse’s head is wrapped in the Mapuche flag.Plaza Dignidad,2020.(Cour-
tesy of Francisca Márquez) [This figure appears in color in the online issue]

(Taylor 2015) and that disorders scientific categories. These

other knowledges subvert the social frameworks of memory
and also disciplinary knowledge. They lead us to embrace a
counterhegemonic and decolonial interpretation along the
lines suggested by Walter Mignolo (2007). We can, there-
fore, distinguish five broad topics addressed in the many
ethnographies and anthropological chronicles produced in
these months of revolt.

(1) Demonumentalization and Decoloniality

The destruction and ruination of Chilean cities and their
monuments are good examples of the resignification and de-
colonization of objects. The beheading of the monument to
Pedro de Valdivia (with his head hanging on Caupolicán’s
hands), the disappearance of the José Martí monument, the
proliferation of wipala and wenufoye flags as symbolic ex-
pressions of Andean and Mapuche people (Campos Muñoz
and de la Maza 2019) or even the uncovered breasts of
young women (Arellano Hermosilla 2019) inaugurate a pe-
riod of transgression and demonumentalization of the iconic
figures of Spanish, republican, and patriarchal colonialism
(Figure 5). Like toys, sculptures and bodies can also be dis-
membered, looted, desexualized (Agamben 2006), and re-
duced to fragments so as to lose their original pedagogy and
invite us to read them as a battlefield and staging of cultural
anthropophagy (De Andrade 1928).
(2) Topofilias (Spaces of Love and Hope) of Materiality
The rubble of the city of progress (Gordillo 2018) com-
pels us to read the material and phenomenological histor-
ical form in order to observe how we imbue with emo-
tion the objects, architecture, and landscapes that we be-
lieved to be permanent (Contreras 2019). Nonetheless, life
continues, and, in this, new meanings and affects will al-
ways emerge (Skewes 2019b). For instance, since October
FIGURE 6. Shrine or altar in homage to the young Mauricio Fredes, who
died while protesting on the front line.Alameda,Santiago,2020.(Courtesy
of Francisca Márquez) [This figure appears in color in the online issue]
18, 2019, the association of saucepans with their domestic
functions has transformed as they have become instruments
evoking protest and civil disobedience (Alvarado, Palma,
and Sepúlveda 2019). Faced with the demolished city, new
senses, discussions, and possibilities enter. This is also true
for anthropology, which will continue to scrutinize these
shifts in the meanings of materiality, as working groups like
Arqueología Histórica (Historical Archaeology), a collabo-
ration between the anthropology departments at the Uni-
versity of Chile and Alberto Hurtado University, and Arque-
ologías Contemporáneas del Arte y la Violencia (Contempo-
rary Archaeologies of Art and Violence) at Alberto Hurtado
University have been doing.
(3) Spectral Violence
The mix of violence and repression of these one hun-
dred days of rebellion is impressive and discouraging, to say
the least (Figure 6). There have been about forty deaths,
ten thousand people have been arrested, and nearly 450
eyes have been pierced by pellet guns (INDH 2020). And
while social scientists keep repeating that historically the

FIGURE 7. Graffiti on a mural in Santiago reads:“No los perdones,saben
perfecto lo que hacen” (Don’t pardon them, they know perfectly well what
they are doing).The mural mentions the blood spilled by the Special Forces.
2020.(Courtesy of Francisca Márquez) [This figure appears in color in the
online issue]
great social transformations have all been accompanied
by violence, the systematic violation of human rights in
recent months by people and institutions responsible for
law and order makes this one of the most flagrant examples
of such transformations. The streets are populated with
images “where the ghostly returns as an irruption of what
we thought should have disappeared” (Santos-Herceg 2019,
35). And like in a nightmare, the specters appear as mil-
itary personnel in the streets and as images of torture in
public spaces (Biskupovic 2019). They are the ghosts of the
seventeen years of dictatorship that besieged the city from
1973 to 1990. Ethnographers and their cameras teach us
that torture chambers are not needed for spectral spaces to
appear on any street corner. Ethnographies also contribute
to exorcising the ghost, to looking it in the face, and to lis-
tening to it and what it can teach us about the histories that
inform the present (Espinoza 2019; Piña 2019; Figure 7).
(4) Suffering Bodies
How can we restore to people rights to visibility, to
protest, and to voice? What does it mean to claim rights one
never had? According to Judith Butler (2010), this can only
be achieved by translating the dominant language not to con-
firm its power but to expose it and resist its daily violence.
To do this, we must find the language through which to claim
the rights to which one is not yet entitled. It is what is hap-
pening in Plaza Italia, which protestors have renamed Plaza
de Dignidad and where they gather, shouting and carrying
banners and their phones (Leiva Jiménez 2019).10 Protesters
use their phones to record everything as a way to protect
themselves from police repression. The images circulating
on social networks have allowed the courts to denounce the
excesses and violation of human rights by the Special Forces.
The encapuchados show us that it is not a matter of first hav-
World Anthropologies 5
FIGURE 8. A protest sign reads: “Porque todos los cambios son buenos
= Nueva Constitución Ya! #Pueblounido, #Noestamosenguerra” (Be-
cause all the changes are good = New constitution Now! #Peopleunited
#Wearenotatwar). (Courtesy of Francisca Márquez) [This figure appears
in color in the online issue]
ing power and then being able to act. Sometimes it is a mat-
ter of acting, and by acting, claiming power. Walking and
populating the city—with painted bodies, wounded bodies,
dead bodies, raped bodies, suffering bodies, cheerful bod-
ies, screaming bodies, mutilated bodies, abject bodies—is
the way to fill the spaces of silenced heterotopies (Figure 8).
Young people shout, “Chile woke up!” and yet some of those
young people have lost their vision and sometimes their lives
at the hands of the Special Forces. As Casanueva (2019) de-
scribes, “More than 400 people, always innocent people, cry-
ing blood, losing their ability to see and admire the world
and, above all, to witness the injustice.”
(5) The System and Class Struggle
A question about the causes of this social rebellion runs
through most of the writings of anthropologists. But the an-
swers are diverse. Most people recognize in this deep un-
rest and anger the traces of neoliberalism and authoritar-
ian democracy persist since the dictatorship (Palma and Piña
2019). There are also those who recognize the class struggle
reemerging, for example, in the classic discussion between
civilization and barbarism, where “the ‘others’ are perceived
as a herd of wild beasts that has abandoned reason. They are
no longer barbarians but, rather, savages” (Greene 2019).
There are those who suggest it is too facile to blame “the
system.” Gallardo (2019) writes, “it seems ridiculous and
comfortable to blame the system, because at this point it is
a barcode hidden under our fingernails. And I can say that
this was not the result of a secret imperialist conspiracy.”
Instead, Gallardo acknowledges all of our shared complic-
ity and cooperation with a market that has both reprehensi-
ble consequences and provides us smartphones and Netflix
subscriptions.
6 American Anthropologist • Vol. 000, No. 0 • xxxx 2020
FIGURE 9. Graffiti mural in the Plaza Dignidad, Santiago, 2020. The
central figure carries a Chilean flag in one hand and a wenufoye, Ma-
puche flag in the other and wears a sash that reads “Nueva Constitucion”
(New Constitution). (Courtesy of Francisca Márquez) [This figure appears
in color in the online issue]
Criticism of the capitalist system, however, permeates
most of the analyses offered by anthropologists. The com-
modification of each aspect of life has made the demands
on each individual in our market societies excessive (Araujo
2019). And although there are those that suggest that “‘ne-
oliberalism,’ consumer capitalism, is not pure horror…. It
offers goods that we enjoy” (Ortúzar 2019), the truth is that
among anthropologists the critique of capitalist ontology is
quite dominant. Capitalism makes equal opportunity an un-
reachable possibility for the vast majority. In recent decades,
new political horizons have emerged out of struggles against
the capitalist ontology for rights to housing, health, trans-
portation, dignified pensions, and education—struggles for
the right to a dignified life (Figure 9). In a context where
neoliberal policies have led to inequality as everyday experi-
ence, dignity (or at least a dignified life) as a moral category
carries political significance from which to grow and at the
same time become ethical subjects (Pérez 2018).
FINAL THOUGHTS
The question that seems relevant to this moment in Chile’s
history is how the revolt and its rubble could lead to the re-
making of the society we want. The perception of inequality
has deepened along with the new political horizons that have
gained a place in our imagination, with new demands for ac-
cess to economic, social, and political rights.
For Chilean anthropology, concerned as it is with un-
derstanding culture and intercultural relations in contexts
of inequality, the estallido social is an epistemological and
methodological challenge. The mass nature of the revolt
and the violence that accompanies it make us aware that the
experience of inequality and the commodification of each
aspect of life exceeds what social scientists foresaw. This
certainly challenges the way we think about science—that
is, any discipline focusing more on producing evidence (or
proof) than on denouncing social, territorial, economic, and
political injustices. We are talking, in this context, of taking
on an anthropological ontology that refuses the dualism of
object and subject (Bourdieu and Wacquant 1992). Instead,
commitment to the processes of social transformation and
crisis becomes an ethical requirement. I propose at least
three urgent tasks for anthropology in Chile.
First, we must listen to and record the voices of vic-
tims and protesters (College of Anthropologists 2019). We
must do this to denounce injustices, but, above all, we must
do this as a way of contributing to respect for human rights
and to the construction of an active life (vita activa), as Han-
nah Arendt (2009) described. In a context in which the
Chilean armed forces are not obliged to provide the National
Archives with a copy of their documents (since Law 18.771,
promulgated by Pinochet, was passed in 1989), anthropol-
ogy can certainly contribute to transparency and the reduc-
tion of impunity for the perpetrators of violence through
the dissemination of evidence gleaned through ethnography.
On the excluded margins of the cities, in remote peasant
and Indigenous communities, police abuse is more invisible
and brutal; the registration and reporting of the abuses com-
mitted there is an ethical duty of a critical—and active—
anthropology.
Second is the need for Chilean anthropologists—as an-
thropologists but also as citizens— to be committed to pro-
ducing a new constitutional charter with the effective par-
ticipation of all Chileans (Yañez 2020). This means a new
constitution that recognizes the diversity of Indigenous and
Afro-descendant peoples, a constitution that recognizes the
plurinational and multicultural character of the state, a con-
stitution that recognizes sexual difference, and a constitution
that acknowledges other sectors of the Chilean population
that have not received official recognition in the past.
Third, we must have an anthropology that problema-
tizes the models and assumptions of the hegemonic common
sense. We must have that kind of anthropology in order to
call into question the normative assumptions defining and
reproducing privilege and inequality. Understanding the dy-
namics that unfold on our streets, from within and from be-
low, requires a critical and interpretive look that takes into
account how historical and cultural factors shape this social
rebellion.
Finally, I want to argue that the task of anthropology
in this conflicting and never-finished construction of the de-
sired order seems to be to contribute to understanding how
individuals are socially conditioned actors but still manage to
produce new structures of collective sense despite the struc-
tures that constrict them. We urgently need an excavation
of these experiences and political spaces. No democratic ac-
count is possible without this ethnographic exercise. A cul-
ture that does not question itself, that does not talk about the
meaning of current and future coexistence, takes away from
politics its raison d’etre and renounces the idea that politics
is a collective effort. Building a dignified active life, such as

FIGURE 10. Graffiti mural in the Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral,San-
tiago, 2020. It reads: “Nueva Constitución. Por un Edén sin abusos, sin
violencia y sin represión” (New Constitution. For an Eden without abuses,
without violence,and without repression).(Courtesy of Francisca Márquez)
[This figure appears in color in the online issue]
protestors today demand, requires collective and symbolic
support that nourishes society (Figure 10). Deciphering this
poetics of political work in public spaces is a challenge in
Chile that anthropology should not neglect.
NOTES
1. Some days earlier, the fare for the Santiago Metro increased by 30
pesos, reaching about US $1.20. The monthly cost of the metro
in Chile is now equivalent to 13.78 percent of the minimum
wage. In Buenos Aires, Argentina, it is 5.71 percent of the min-
imum wage, and in Lima, Peru, it is 8.18 percent (González and
Márquez 2019).
2. This article takes up partial results of the author’s research, “Ur-
ban Ruins, Replicas of Memory in Latin American cities,” sup-
ported by FONDECYT (#1180352).
3. From October 18, 2019, to January 30, 2020, there were thirty-
seven deaths, more than 40,000 detentions, more than 400 eye
injuries, and more than 600 claims of torture (INDH 2020).
4. It is interesting to note that since the outbreak of the COVID-
19 pandemic, the new praxis of the estallido social has under-
gone major transformations. Life in public spaces is drastically
restricted and sanitation processes and debris cleaning were
ramped up, leading the city to aesthetically resemble the state
prior to the uprising. Empty public spaces and compulsory con-
finement in each home again force us to invent new praxis and
new forms of sociability. There is no doubt that moving from
public space to confinement has meant a radical change not only
in the ways of inhabiting the city but also in how we imagine so-
cial transformation in favor of greater equality and social justice.
5. The top 1 percent of Chile’s population has 26.5 percent of the
country’s income, and the bottom 50 percent of households ac-
cess only 2.1 percent of income (CEPAL 2017).
6. The text of this statement was written in 2018, but it continues
to receive academic signatures in 2020. The first paragraph of
World Anthropologies 7
the statement reads (in translation): “The neoliberal model has
reduced research to papers, projects, and rankings. The conse-
quence of this has been the incentive to compete, the loss of di-
versity, and the weakening of the meaning and the audacity of the
investigations. It is necessary to dismantle the technocratic and
short-term conception of research and encourage the diversity
of thought and lines of research, the relevance of the social sci-
ences, the humanities, and the arts, the multidimensionality of
knowledge and freedom of creation, as well as all spaces where
knowledge is created/produced.”
7. The front line refers to the mostly young people that lead the
demonstration in the face of the police’s special forces.
8. There will be a plebiscite on April 26, 2020, concerning the
Constitution of 1980 created by the civic-military dictatorship
of Augusto Pinochet and whether it should be replaced by a new
constitution that meets the aspirations of Chilean society today.
9. Here is an English translation of what the young women
recite: The State is a judge/That judges us for being
born/And our punishment/Is the violence you already see/It
is femicide/Immunity for a murderer/It is disappearance/It is
rape/And the guilt was not mine, nor where I was, nor how I
dressed/The rapist was you/They are the cops/the judges/the
State/the President/The oppressing State is a macho rapist/The
rapist is you/Sleep tight, innocent girl/without worrying about
the bandit/that for your sweet and smiling dream/your police
lover watches over/You are the rapist.
10. It is interesting that in these mobilizations there is no banner
of political parties. To the contrary, the signs denounce the sys-
tematic abuses of the neoliberal model, often resorting to their
own family experience: “Decent pension and retirement for my
grandmother,” “Health for my mother who cares for my sick
brother,” “Renounce [President] Piñera,” “All we want is DIG-
NITY,” “Fucking Cops,” “New Constitution,” “I’m here for my
sister who is afraid,” “The Street is Ours,” “Today’s truth is yes-
terday’s lie,” “30 Pesos 30 years,” “Chile Awakened,” “Without a
feminist Revolution there is no Revolution,” “ We were not de-
pressed, we were silenced,” and “Against Patriarchy, Capital, and
the State,” among others.
REFERENCES CITED
Agamben, Giorgio. 2006. Estancias. La palabra y el fantasma en la cul-
tura occidental [Stanzas: Word and phantasm in Western culture].
Valencia: Pretextos.
Alvarado, Roxana, Felipe Palma, and Moisés Sepúlveda. 2019. “De
máscaras y cacerolas” [Masks and pans]. Crónicas alienígenas: Re-
latos etnográficos desde la crisis. http://www.cronicasalienigenas.
cl/2019/12/07/de-mascaras-y-cacerolas/.
Araujo, Kathya, ed. 2019. “Hilos tensados: Para leer el octubre
chileno” [Tightened fibers: How to read the Chilean October].
Santiago: Colleción IDEA, Editorial Universidad de Santiago
de Chile. http://www.milenioautoridad.cl/descarga-el-libro-
hilos-tensados-para-leer-el-octubre-chileno/.
Arellano Hermosilla, Claudia. 2019. “La crisis del abandono”
[The crisis of abandonment]. Pagina 19. https://pagina19.cl/
opinion/la-crisis-del-abandono-y-revuelta-social-una-perspe
ctiva-feminista/.
8 American Anthropologist • Vol. 000, No. 0 • xxxx 2020
Arendt, Hannah. 2009. La condición humana [The Human Condition].
Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Biskupovic, Consuelo. 2019. “Ni izquierda ni derecha, de las pobla-
ciones” [Neither left nor right, of the populations]. Crónicas
alienígenas: Relatos etnográficos desde la crisis. http://www.
cronicasalienigenas.cl/2019/11/24/ni-izquierda-ni-derecha-
de-las-poblaciones/.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Loïc Wacquant. 1992. Résponses [Responses].
Paris: Seuil.
Bourgois, Philippe. 2014. En busca de respeto. Vendiendo crack en Harlem
[In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio]. Buenos Aires:
Editorial Siglo XXI.
Butler, Judith. 2010. Cuerpos que importan. Sobre los límites materiales
y discursivos del «sexo» [Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive
Limits of “Sex.”] Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Campos Muñoz, Luis, and Francisca de la Maza. 2019. “Los
pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes frente a la nueva
Constitución” [Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples in
the face of the new Constitution]. La tercera. https://www.
latercera.com/opinion/noticia/los-pueblos-indigenas-afrode
scendientes-frente-la-nueva-constitucion/925925/.
Cancino, Ronaldo, and Roberto Morales. 2003. “La antropología
desbordada: Las huellas y mar-cas del hacer antropología en el
territorio Mapuche” [Anthropology surpassed: Traces and foot-
prints of making anthropology in the Mapuche territory]. In
Movimiento de campo: En torno a cuatro fronteras de la antropología en
Chile, edited by Nicolás Richard, 91–107. Guatemala: Ediciones
ICAPI.
Casanueva, Loreto. 2019. “Inventario de cosas perdidas y rotas” [In-
ventory of lost and broken things]. Crónicas alienígenas: Relatos
etnográficos desde la crisis. http://www.cronicasalienigenas.cl/
2019/12/02/inventario/.
CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe).
2017. Panorama social de América Latina [Social panorama
of Latin America]. Santiago: Naciones Unidas. https://
repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/42716/7/S1
800002_es.pdf.
Claude, Magdalena. 2020. “Retrato de un clan de la primera
línea” [Portrait of a frontline clan]. CIPER. https://
ciperchile.cl/2020/01/06/retrato-de-un-clan-de-la-primera-
linea/.
College of Anthropologists and Anthropologists of Chile. 2019. “Pub-
lic Declaration.” October 25. http://piensachile.com/2019/
10/declaracion-del-colegio-de-antropologos-y-antropologas-
de-chile/.
Contreras, Paula. 2019. “Barrio Yungay” [Yungay neighbor-
hood]. Crónicas alienígenas: Relatos etnográficos desde la crisis.
http://www.cronicasalienigenas.cl/2019/12/07/29-10-
2019-barrio-yungay/.
De Andrade, Oswald. 1928. “Manifiesto antropófago.” [The anthro-
pophagic manifesto]. Revista de antropofagia 1 (1): 1–6.
Espinoza, Claudio. 2019. “A propósito de la violencia” [On violence].
Le monde diplomatique. https://www.lemondediplomatique.cl/
a-proposito-de-la-violencia-por-claudio-espinoza-a.html.
Gallardo, Francisco. 2019. “Antropología y cosmología del
mundo en que vivimos” [Anthropology and cosmology
of the world in which we live]. Radio Bío Bío, Novem-
ber 15. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/opinion/tu-
voz/2019/11/15/antropologia-y-cosmologia-del-mundo-en-
que-vivimos.shtml.
González, Raúl, and Francisca Márquez. 2019. “Chile: De los subter-
ráneos al protagonismo, ¿ocaso del modelo neoliberal?” [Chile:
From the underground to the limelight: The decline of the ne-
oliberal model?]. Revista realidad económica 326.
Gordillo, Gastón 2018. Escombros del progreso [Debris of progress].
Buenos Aires: Editorial Siglo XXI.
Greene, Ricardo. 2019. “Los chaqueta amarilla en el planeta de los
simios” [The yellow jackets on the planet of the apes]. CIPER.
https://ciperchile.cl/2019/12/06/los-chaqueta-amarilla-en-
el-planeta-de-los-simios/.
Guber, Rosana 2011. La etnografía.Método,campo y reflexividad [Ethnog-
raphy: Method, field, and reflexivity]. Buenos Aires: Edito-
rial Siglo XXI. http://www.iade.org.ar/noticias/chile-de-los-
subterraneos-al-protagonismo-ocaso-del-modelo-neoliberal.
Gundermann, Hans, and Héctor González. 2009. “Sujetos so-
ciales Andinos, antropología y antropólogos en Chile” [Andean
social subjects: Anthropology and anthropologists in Chile].
Alpha (Osorno) 29:105–22. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-
22012009002900008.
INDH (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos). 2020. “Informa-
ción constatada por el INDH al 31–01–2020” [Information con-
firmed by the INDH on 01–31–2020]. https://www.indh.cl/.
Investigadores e investigadoras por una nueva constitución para
Chile. 2020. “Por un nuevo modelo de producción de
conocimiento en Chile” [For a new model of knowledge produc-
tion in Chile]. CIPER. https://ciperchile.cl/2020/03/13/por-
un-nuevo-modelo-de-produccion-de-conocimiento-en-chile/.
Leiva Jiménez, Camilo. 2019. “Arte e incendio. Dos situaciones
en una plaza” [Art and fire: Two situations in a square]. Etno-
grafías de la revuelta. https://etnografiasdelarevuelta.blogspot.
com/2019/11/arte-e-incendio-dos-situaciones-en-una.html.
Márquez, Francisca. 2019. “Lo que el vecino ve y la televisión no”
[What the neighbor sees but the television does not]. CIPER.
https://ciperchile.cl/2019/10/27/lo-que-el-vecino-ve-y-la-
television-no/.
Márquez, Francisca, and Juan Carlos Skewes. 2018. “Chile, Anthro-
pology in.” The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, edited
by Hilary Callan. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118924396.
wbiea1744.
Mignolo, Walter. 2007. La idea de América Latina. La herida colonial
y la opción decolonial [The idea of Latin America: The colo-
nial wound and the decolonial option]. Barcelona: Editorial
Gedisa.
Murray, Marjorie, and Helene Risor. 2019. “Pensar con la
gente: Una ciencia social lenta, autónoma y compro-
metida con Chile” [Thinking with the people: A slow,
autonomous social science engaged with Chile]. CIPER.
https://ciperchile.cl/2019/11/02/pensar-con-la-gente-una-
cienciasocial-lenta-autonoma-y-comprometida-con-chile/.
Ortúzar, Paul. 2019. “El nuevo Chile: ¿dignidad o venganza?” [The
new Chile: Dignity or vengeance]. CIPER. https://ciperchile.cl/
2019/12/05/el-nuevo-chile-dignidad-o-venganza/.

Palma, Cristóbal, and Leonardo Piña 2019. “Al ministro le falta
calle” [The minister is missing the street]. Etnografías de la
revuelta. https://etnografiasdelarevuelta.blogspot.com/2019/
11/al-ministro-le-falta-calle.html.
Pérez, Miguel. 2018. “Toward a Life with Dignity: Housing Struggles
and New Political Horizons in Urban Chile.” American Ethnologist
45 (4): 508–20.
Piña, Leonardo. 2019. “Violencias y saqueos” [Violence and looting].
Cooperativa. https://opinion.cooperativa.cl/opinion/politica/
violencias-y-saqueos/2019-11-20/084154.html.
Sadler, Michelle, and María Elena Acuña 2003. “Traslaciones y
apropiaciones: desarrollo de la antropología del género en Chile”
[Translations and appropriations: Development of the anthro-
pology of gender]. In Movimiento de campo: En torno a cuatro fron-
teras de la antropología en Chile, edited by Nicolás Richard, 211–
23. Guatemala: Ediciones ICAPI.
Santos-Herceg, José. 2019. Lugares espectrales. Topología testimonial de
la prisión política en Chile [Spectral places: A testimonial topol-
ogy of the political prison in Chile]. Santiago: Collection IDEA,
Editorial Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
Skewes, Juan Carlos. 2019a. “Los otros movimientos” [The other
movements]. Cooperativa. https://opinion.cooperativa.cl/opin
ion/politica/los-otros-movimientos/2019-10-23/151943.
html.
Skewes, Juan Carlos. 2019b. “Shakespeare en las paredes” [Shake-
speare on the walls]. Cooperativa. https://opinion.coop
World Anthropologies 9
erativa.cl/opinion/cultura/shakespeare-en-las-paredes/2019
-11-28/080953.html.
Taylor, Diana. 2015. El archivo y el repertorio. La memoria cultural perfor-
mática en las Américas [The archive and the repertoire: Performa-
tive cultural memory in the Americas]. Santiago: Editorial Uni-
versidad Alberto Hurtado.
UNDP (United Nations Development Program). 1998. Desarrollo hu-
mano en Chile—1998: Las paradojas de la modernización [Human
development in Chile—1998: The paradoxes of moderniza-
tion]. Santiago: PNUD (Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el
Desarrollo).
Villanueva, Sandra. 2020. “Let Anthropology leave the Front
Line alone.” El desconcierto, January 15. www.eldesconcier
to.cl/2020/01/15/que-la-antropologia-deje-tranquila-a-la-
primera-linea/.
Yañez, Rodrigo. 2019. “Voces del conflicto: Entrevista a Camilo, seis
semanas de resistencia en primera línea” [Voices of conflict: In-
terview with Camilo, six weeks of resistance on the front line].
El soberano. https://elsoberano.org/derechos-sociales/voces-
del-conflicto-entrevista-a-camilo-seis-semanas-de-resistencia-
en-primera-linea/.
Yañez, Rodrigo. 2020. “Voces del conflicto de la trinchera a la
constituyente” [Voices of the conflict from the trench to
the constituent]. RedDigital. https://reddigital.cl/2020/01/
22/voces-del-conflicto-la-trinchera-la-constituyente/.