2. Design a +5V regulated power supply using three terminal ICs?

5V fixed three terminal positive voltage regulator IC. The IC has features such as safe operating
area protection, thermal shut down, internal current limiting which makes the IC very rugged.
Output currents up to 1A can be drawn from the IC provided that there is a proper heat sink. A 9V
transformer steps down the main voltage, 1A bridge rectifies it and capacitor C1 filters it and 7805
regulates it to produce a steady 5Volt DC. The circuit schematic is given below.

Circuit diagram with Parts list.

Notes.
• The bridge D1 can be also made by yourself by using four 1N 4007 diodes.
• If more than 400mA current is supposed to be taken from the circuit, fit a heat sink to
the 7805 IC.

3. Explain the advantages of Instrumentation Amplifier over op amplifier?

The term instrumentation amplifier (INA) often is misused, referring to the application rather than
the architecture of the device. Historically, any amplifier that was considered precision (i.e.,
implementing some sort of input offset correction) was considered an INA, since it was designed
for use in measurement systems. INAs are related to operational amplifiers (op amps), since they
are based on the same basic building blocks. But an INA is a specialized device, designed for a
specific function, as opposed to a fundamental building block. In this regard, INAs aren’t op amps,
since they are designed to function differently.

Primary Differences

Perhaps the most notable difference between an INA and an op amp in terms of usage is the lack of
a feedback loop. Op amps can be configured to perform a wide variety of functions, including
inverting gain, non-inverting gain, voltage follower, integrator, low-pass filter, high-pass filter, and
many more. In all cases, the user is providing a feedback loop from the output of the op amp to the
input, and that feedback loop determines the function of the amplifier circuit. This flexibility is why
op amps are ubiquitous in a wide variety of applications. An INA, on the other hand, has this
feedback internally, so there isn’t an external feedback to the input pins. For an INA, the
configuration is limited to one or two external resistors, or perhaps a programmable register, to set
the gain of the amplifier.

INAs are specifically designed and used for their differential-gain and common-mode-rejection
(CMR) capabilities. The INA will amplify the difference between the inverting and non-inverting
inputs while rejecting any signal that is common to both inputs, resulting in no common-mode
component being present at the output of the INA. An op amp configured for gain (either inverting
or non-inverting) will amplify the input signal by the set closed-loop gain, but the common-mode
signal will remain at the output. The difference in gain between the signal of interest and the
common-mode signal reduces common mode (as a percentage of the differential signal), but the
common mode is still present at the output of the op amp, which limits the dynamic range of the
output.

As mentioned, INAs are used to extract a small signal in the presence of a large common mode, but
this common-mode component can take many forms. When using a sensor in a Wheatstone bridge
configuration (which we will explore later), there is a large dc voltage that is common to both
inputs. However, interference signals can take many forms. One common source is 50- or 60-Hz
interference from the power lines, not to mention the harmonics. This time-varying error source
often fluctuates greatly across frequency as well, making it extremely difficult to compensate for at
the output of the INA. These variances make specifying CMR important, not only at dc but also
across a range of frequencies.

=
5. Draw the circuit diagram of a full-wave precision rectifier using opAmp.
Draw input and output wave forms.Explain its working?.

The use of Operational amplifiers can improve the performance of a wide variety of signal
processing circuits. In rectifier circuits, the voltage drop that occurs with an ordinary semiconductor
rectifier can be eliminated to give precision rectification.

The below shown circuit is the precision full wave rectifier. It consists of following sections:

Precision half-wave rectifier

Inverting summing amplifier

Input and output wave forms and its working below:

 (Working of Full Wave Rectifier)

Working of Full Wave Rectifier

The peak voltage of the output waveform is the same as before for the half-wave rectifier
provided each half of the transformer windings have the same RMS voltage. To obtain a
different DC voltage output different transformer ratios can be used. The disadvantage of
this type of rectifier circuit is that a larger transformer for given power output is required
with two separate but identical secondary windings makes this type of full-wave rectifying
circuit costly compared to the FW Bridge Rectifier circuit.

This circuit gives an overview of the working of a full-wave rectifier. A circuit that produces
the same output waveform as the full-wave rectifier circuit is that of the Full Wave Bridge
Rectifier. A single-phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in
a closed-loop bridge configuration to produce the desired output wave. The advantage of
this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special center-tapped transformer, so it
reduces its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the
diode bridge network and the load to the other side.
The four diodes labeled D1 to D4 are arranged in series pairs with only two diodes
conducting current during each half-cycle duration. When the positive half cycle of the
supply goes, D1, D2 diodes conduct in a series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse
biased and the current flows through the load. During the negative half-cycle, D3 and D4
diodes conduct in a series, and diodes D1 and D2 switch off as they are now reverse-
biased configuration.
Current flowing through the load is the unidirectional mode and the voltage developed
across the load is also unidirectional voltage, same as for the previous two diodes full-
wave rectifier model. Therefore the average DC voltage across the load is 0.637V. During
each half-cycle, the current flows through two diodes instead of just one diode, so the
amplitude of the output voltage is two voltage drops 1.4V less than the input VMAX
amplitude, ripple frequency is now twice the supply frequency 100Hz for a 50Hz supply or
120Hz for a 60Hz supply.
10. DecadecounterIC7490withsymmetricalandasymmetricaloutput

counter IC-7490 (decade counter):i.e .having various name like mod-n

counter, decade counter ,BCD counter.
IC-7490 is a TTL MSI decade counter. It contains four master slave flip
flops and additional gating to provide a divide-by-two counter and a three
stage binary counter which provides a divide by 5 counter.

Fig.1 The Basic internal structure of IC 7490The reset/count function

table of IC7490 is shown in table 1.
Conclusion
:

1. If both the reset input Ro(1)& Ro(2)are atlogic1 then all the flip-flop
willbereset and the outputisgivenby
QDQCQBQA= 0000
2. If both the reset input R9(1)& R9(2)are atlogic1 then the counter outputisset to
decimal9.
QDQCQBQA= 1001
3. If any one pinofRo(1)& Ro(2)and one of R9(1)& R9(2)are at low, then the
counter willbe incountingmode.
 Table 1:-Reset/count truth table

Reset inputs Output

R0(1) R0(2) R9(0) R9(1) QD QC QB QA
1 1 0 X 0 0 0 0
1 1 X 0 0 0 0 0
X X 1 1 1 0 0 1
X 0 X 0 COUNTER
0 X 0 X COUNTER
0 X X 0 COUNTER
X 0 0 x COUNTER

IC 7490 is MOD-10 or decade counter. It is a 14 pin IC with the pin configuration as

shown in fig:

Fig. 2 Pin configuration of IC7490.

Table 2:-Pin name and description of

IC 7490

Pin name Description

Input B This is clock input to the internal MOD-5 ripple counter, which is negative
edge triggered.
R0(1),R0(2) Gated zero reset inputs
R9(1),R9(2) These are gated set to nine inputs
QD,QC,QB Output of internal MOD-5 counter with QD as MSB.
QA Output of internal MOD-2 counter with QA as LSB.
Input A Clock input to FF-A which is negative edge triggered.

Decade Counter Operation :

1. The output of MOD-2isexternally connected to the input B whichisthe
clock input of the internal MOD-5counter.
2. Hence QAtoggles on every falling edge of clock input whereas the
output QD,QC,QBof the MOD-5 counter will increment from 000 to 100 on
lowgoingchangeofQAoutput.
3. Due to cascading of MOD-2 and MOD-5 counter, the overall
configuration becomesaMOD-10i.e.decadecounter.
4. The reset inputs Ro(1), Ro(2) and preset inputs R9(1), R9(2) are
connected toground so as to make them inactive.
5.
Table: Summarizes the opération of the 7490 as décade counter

O/p of MOD-5 O/p of MOD-2 CLK Count

QD QC QB QA
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 2 2
0 0 1 1 3 3
0 1 0 0 4 4
0 1 0 1 5 5
0 1 1 0 6 6
0 1 1 1 7 7
1 0 0 0 8 8
1 0 0 1 9 9
Implémentations:
Realization of MOD 10 counter using IC 7490

Fig 3.MOD-10 counter using IC 7490