Medical Surgical Nursing

1. Following surgery, Mario complains of mild incisional pain while performing deep-
breathing and coughing exercises. The nurse’s best response would be:

A. “Pain will become less each day.”

B. “This is a normal reaction after surgery.”
C. “With a pillow, apply pressure against the incision.”
D. “I will give you the pain medication the physician ordered.”

2. The nurse needs to carefully assess the complaint of pain of the elderly because older
people

A. are expected to experience chronic pain

B. have a decreased pain threshold
C. experience reduced sensory perception
D. have altered mental function

3. Mary received AtropineSO4 as a pre-medication 30 minutes ago and is now

complaining of dry mouth and her PR is higher, than before the medication was
administered. The nurse’s best

A. The patient is having an allergic reaction to the drug.

B. The patient needs a higher dose of this drug
C. This is normal side-effect of AtSO4
D. The patient is anxious about upcoming surgery

4. Ana’s postoperative vital signs are a blood pressure of 80/50 mm Hg, a pulse of 140,
and respirations of 32. Suspecting shock, which of the following orders would the nurse
question?

A. Put the client in modified Trendelenberg’s position.

B. Administer oxygen at 100%.
C. Monitor urine output every hour.
D. Administer Demerol 50mg IM q4h

5. Mr. Pablo, diagnosed with Bladder Cancer, is scheduled for a cystectomy with the
creation of an ileal conduit in the morning. He is wringing his hands and pacing the floor
when the nurse enters his room. What is the best approach?

A. “Good evening, Mr. Pablo. Wasn’t it a pleasant day, today?”

B. “Mr, Pablo, you must be so worried, I’ll leave you alone with your thoughts.
C. “Mr. Pablo, you’ll wear out the hospital floors and yourself at this rate.”
D. “Mr. Pablo, you appear anxious to me. How are you feeling about tomorrow’s
surgery?”
6. After surgery, Gina returns from the Post-anesthesia Care Unit (Recovery Room) with
a nasogastric tube in place following a gall bladder surgery. She continues to complain of
nausea. Which action would the nurse take?

A. Call the physician immediately.

B. Administer the prescribed antiemetic.
C. Check the patency of the nasogastric tube for any obstruction.
D. Change the patient’s position.

7. Mr. Perez is in continuous pain from cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Pain
medication provides little relief and he refuses to move. The nurse should plan to:

A. Reassure him that the nurses will not hurt him

B. Let him perform his own activities of daily living
C. Handle him gently when assisting with required care
D. Complete A.M. care quickly as possible when necessary

8. A client returns from the recovery room at 9AM alert and oriented, with an IV
infusing. His pulse is 82, blood pressure is 120/80, respirations are 20, and all are within
normal range. At 10 am and at 11 am, his vital signs are stable. At noon, however, his
pulse rate is 94, blood pressure is 116/74, and respirations are 24. What nursing action is
most appropriate?

A. Notify his physician.

B. Take his vital signs again in 15 minutes.
C. Take his vital signs again in an hour.
D. Place the patient in shock position.

9. A 56 year old construction worker is brought to the hospital unconscious after falling
from a 2-story building. When assessing the client, the nurse would be most concerned if
the assessment revealed:

A. Reactive pupils
B. A depressed fontanel
C. Bleeding from ears
D. An elevated temperature

10. Which of the ff. statements by the client to the nurse indicates a risk factor for CAD?

A. “I exercise every other day.”

B. “My father died of Myasthenia Gravis.”
C. “My cholesterol is 180.”
D. “I smoke 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day.”

11. Mr. Braga was ordered Digoxin 0.25 mg. OD. Which is poor knowledge regarding
this drug?
 A. It has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects
B. The positive inotropic effect will decrease urine output
C. Toxixity can occur more easily in the presence of hypokalemia, liver and renal
problems
D. Do not give the drug if the apical rate is less than 60 beats per minute.

12. Valsalva maneuver can result in bradycardia. Which of the following activities will
not stimulate Valsalva’s maneuver?

A. Use of stool softeners.

B. Enema administration
C. Gagging while toothbrushing.
D. Lifting heavy objects

13. The nurse is teaching the patient regarding his permanent artificial pacemaker. Which
information given by the nurse shows her knowledge deficit about the artificial cardiac
pacemaker?

A. take the pulse rate once a day, in the morning upon awakening
B. may be allowed to use electrical appliances
C. have regular follow up care
D. may engage in contact sports

14. A patient with angina pectoris is being discharged home with nitroglycerine tablets.
Which of the following instructions does the nurse include in the teaching?

A. “When your chest pain begins, lie down, and place one tablet under your tongue.
If the pain continues, take another tablet in 5 minutes.”
B. “Place one tablet under your tongue. If the pain is not relieved in 15 minutes, go
to the hospital.”
C. “Continue your activity, and if the pain does not go away in 10 minutes, begin
taking the nitro tablets one every 5 minutes for 15 minutes, then go lie down.”
D. “Place one Nitroglycerine tablet under the tongue every five minutes for three
doses. Go to the hospital if the pain is unrelieved.

15. A client with chronic heart failure has been placed on a diet restricted to 2000mg. of
sodium per day. The client demonstrates adequate knowledge if behaviors are evident
such as not salting food and avoidance of which food?

A. Whole milk
B. Canned sardines
C. Plain nuts
D. Eggs
16. A student nurse is assigned to a client who has a diagnosis of thrombophlebitis.
Which action by this team member is most appropriate?

A. Apply a heating pad to the involved site.

B. Elevate the client’s legs 90 degrees.
C. Instruct the client about the need for bed rest.
D. Provide active range-of-motion exercises to both legs at least twice every shift.

17. A client receiving heparin sodium asks the nurse how the drug works. Which of the
following points would the nurse include in the explanation to the client?

A. It dissolves existing thrombi.

B. It prevents conversion of factors that are needed in the formation of clots.
C. It inactivates thrombin that forms and dissolves existing thrombi.
D. It interferes with vitamin K absorption.

18. The nurse is conducting an education session for a group of smokers in a “stop
smoking” class. Which finding would the nurse state as a common symptom of lung
cancer? :

A. Dyspnea on exertion
B. Foamy, blood-tinged sputum
C. Wheezing sound on inspiration
D. Cough or change in a chronic cough

19. Which is the most relevant knowledge about oxygen administration to a client with
COPD?

A. Oxygen at 1-2L/min is given to maintain the hypoxic stimulus for breathing.

B. Hypoxia stimulates the central chemoreceptors in the medulla that makes the
client breath.
C. Oxygen is administered best using a non-rebreathing mask
D. Blood gases are monitored using a pulse oximeter.

20. When suctioning mucus from a client’s lungs, which nursing action would be least
appropriate?

A. Lubricate the catheter tip with sterile saline before insertion.

B. Use sterile technique with a two-gloved approach
C. Suction until the client indicates to stop or no longer than 20 second
D. Hyperoxygenate the client before and after suctioning

21. Dr. Santos prescribes oral rifampin (Rimactane) and isoniazid (INH) for a client with
a positive Tuberculin skin test. When informing the client of this decision, the nurse
knows that the purpose of this choice of treatment is to
 A. Cause less irritation to the gastrointestinal tract
B. Destroy resistant organisms and promote proper blood levels of the drugs
C. Gain a more rapid systemic effect
D. Delay resistance and increase the tuberculostatic effect

22. Mario undergoes a left thoracotomy and a partial pneumonectomy. Chest tubes are
inserted, and one-bottle water-seal drainage is instituted in the operating room. In the
postanesthesia care unit Mario is placed in Fowler’s position on either his right
side or on his back to

A. Reduce incisional pain.

B. Facilitate ventilation of the left lung.
C. Equalize pressure in the pleural space.
D. Increase venous return

23. A client with COPD is being prepared for discharge. The following are relevant
instructions to the client regarding the use of an oral inhaler EXCEPT

A. Breath in and out as fully as possible before placing the mouthpiece inside the
mouth.
B. Inhale slowly through the mouth as the canister is pressed down
C. Hold his breath for about 10 seconds before exhaling
D. Slowly breath out through the mouth with pursed lips after inhaling the drug.

24. A client is scheduled for a bronchoscopy. When teaching the client what to expect
afterward, the nurse’s highest priority of information would be

A. Food and fluids will be withheld for at least 2 hours.

B. Warm saline gargles will be done q 2h.
C. Coughing and deep-breathing exercises will be done q2h.
D. Only ice chips and cold liquids will be allowed initially.

25. The nurse enters the room of a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The client’s nasal cannula oxygen is running at a rate of 6 L per minute, the skin color is
pink, and the respirations are 9 per minute and shallow. What is the nurse’s best initial
action?

A. Take heart rate and blood pressure.

B. Call the physician.
C. Lower the oxygen rate.
D. Position the client in a Fowler’s position.

26. The nurse is preparing her plan of care for her patient diagnosed with pneumonia.
Which is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for this patient?
 A. Fluid volume deficit
B. Decreased tissue perfusion.
C. Impaired gas exchange.
D. Risk for infection

27. A nurse at the weight loss clinic assesses a client who has a large abdomen and a
rounded face. Which additional assessment finding would lead the nurse to suspect that
the client has Cushing’s syndrome rather than obesity?

A. large thighs and upper arms

B. pendulous abdomen and large hips
C. abdominal striae and ankle enlargement
D. posterior neck fat pad and thin extremities

28. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of the possible side effects of
Prednisone therapy?

A. “I should limit my potassium intake because hyperkalemia is a side-effect of this

drug.”
B. “I must take this medicine exactly as my doctor ordered it. I shouldn’t skip
doses.”
C. “This medicine will protect me from getting any colds or infection.”
D. “My incision will heal much faster because of this drug.”

29. A client, who is suspected of having Pheochromocytoma, complains of sweating,

palpitation and headache. Which assessment is essential for the nurse to make first?

A. Pupil reaction
B. Hand grips
C. Blood pressure
D. Blood glucose

30. The nurse is attending a bridal shower for a friend when another guest, who happens
to be a diabetic, starts to tremble and complains of dizziness. The next best action for the
nurse to take is to:

A. Encourage the guest to eat some baked macaroni

B. Call the guest’s personal physician
C. Offer the guest a cup of coffee
D. Give the guest a glass of orange juice

31. An adult, who is newly diagnosed with Graves disease, asks the nurse, “Why do I
need to take Propanolol (Inderal)?” Based on the nurse’s understanding of the medication
and Grave’s disease, the best response would be:
 A. “The medication will limit thyroid hormone secretion.”
B. “The medication limit synthesis of the thyroid hormones.”
C. “The medication will block the cardiovascular symptoms of Grave’s disease.”
D. “The medication will increase the synthesis of thyroid hormones.”

32. During the first 24 hours after thyroid surgery, the nurse should include in her care:

A. Checking the back and sides of the operative dressing

B. Supporting the head during mild range of motion exercise
C. Encouraging the client to ventilate her feelings about the surgery
D. Advising the client that she can resume her normal activities immediately

33. On discharge, the nurse teaches the patient to observe for signs of surgically induced
hypothyroidism. The nurse would know that the patient understands the teaching when
she states she should notify the MD if she develops:

A. Intolerance to heat
B. Dry skin and fatigue
C. Progressive weight gain
D. Insomnia and excitability

34. What is the best reason for the nurse in instructing the client to rotate injection sites
for insulin?

A. Lipodystrophy can result and is extremely painful

B. Poor rotation technique can cause superficial hemorrhaging
C. Lipodystrophic areas can result, causing erratic insulin absorption rates from
these
D. Injection sites can never be reused

35. Which of the following would be inappropriate to include in a diabetic teaching plan?

A. Change position hourly to increase circulation

B. Inspect feet and legs daily for any changes
C. Keep legs elevated on 2 pillows while sleeping
D. Keep the insulin not in use in the refrigerator

36. Included in the plan of care for the immediate post-gastroscopy period will be:

A. Maintain NGT to intermittent suction

B. Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
C. Assess for pain and medicate as ordered
D. Measure abdominal girth every 4 hours

37. Which description of pain would be most characteristic of a duodenal ulcer?

 A. Gnawing, dull, aching, hungerlike pain in the epigastric area that is relieved by
food intake
B. RUQ pain that increases after meal
C. Sharp pain in the epigastric area that radiates to the right shoulder
D. A sensation of painful pressure in the midsternal area

38. The client underwent Billroth surgery for gastric ulcer. Post-operatively, the drainage
from his NGT is thick and the volume of secretions has dramatically reduced in the last 2
hours and the client feels like vomiting. The most appropriate nursing action is to:

A. Reposition the NGT by advancing it gently NSS

B. Notify the MD of your findings
C. Irrigate the NGT with 50 cc of sterile
D. Discontinue the low-intermittent suction

39. After Billroth II Surgery, the client developed dumping syndrome. Which of the
following should the nurse exclude in the plan of care?

A. Sit upright for at least 30 minutes after meals

B. Take only sips of H2O between bites of solid food
C. Eat small meals every 2-3 hours
D. Reduce the amount of simple carbohydrate in the diet

40. The laboratory of a male patient with Peptic ulcer revealed an elevated titer of
Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following statements indicate an understanding of this
data?

A. Treatment will include Ranitidine and Antibiotics

B. No treatment is necessary at this time
C. This result indicates gastric cancer caused by the organism
D. Surgical treatment is necessary

41. What instructions should the client be given before undergoing a paracentesis?

A. NPO 12 hours before procedure

B. Empty bladder before procedure
C. Strict bed rest following procedure
D. Empty bowel before procedure

42. The husband of a client asks the nurse about the protein-restricted diet ordered
because of advanced liver disease. What statement by the nurse would best explain the
purpose of the diet?

A. “The liver cannot rid the body of ammonia that is made by the breakdown of
protein in the digestive system.”
 B. “The liver heals better with a high carbohydrates diet rather than protein.”
C. “Most people have too much protein in their diets. The amount of this diet is
better for liver healing.”
D. “Because of portal hyperemesis, the blood flows around the liver and ammonia
made from protein collects in the brain causing hallucinations.”

43. Which of the drug of choice for pain controls the patient with acute pancreatitis?

A. Morphine
B. NSAIDS
C. Meperidine
D. Codeine

44. Immediately after cholecystectomy, the nursing action that should assume the highest
priority is:

A. encouraging the client to take adequate deep breaths by mouth

B. encouraging the client to cough and deep breathe
C. changing the dressing at least BID
D. irrigate the T-tube frequently

45. A Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is inserted in the effort to stop the bleeding esophageal
varices in a patient with complicated liver cirrhosis. Upon insertion of the tube, the client
complains of difficulty of breathing. The first action of the nurse is to:

A. Deflate the esophageal balloon

B. Monitor VS
C. Encourage him to take deep breaths
D. Notify the MD

46. The client presents with severe rectal bleeding, 16 diarrheal stools a day, severe
abdominal pain, tenesmus and dehydration. Because of these symptoms the nurse should
be alert for other problems associated with what disease?

A. Chrons disease
B. Ulcerative colitis
C. Diverticulitis
D. Peritonitis

47. A client is being evaluated for cancer of the colon. In preparing the client for barium
enema, the nurse should:

A. Give laxative the night before and a cleansing enema in the morning before the
test
B. Render an oil retention enema and give laxative the night before
 C. Instruct the client to swallow 6 radiopaque tablets the evening before the study
D. Place the client on CBR a day before the study

48. The client has a good understanding of the means to reduce the chances of colon
cancer when he states:

A. “I will exercise daily.”

B. “I will include more red meat in my diet.”
C. “I will have an annual chest x-ray.”
D. “I will include more fresh fruits and vegetables in my diet.”

49. Days after abdominal surgery, the client’s wound dehisces. The safest nursing
intervention when this occurs is to

A. Cover the wound with sterile, moist saline dressing

B. Approximate the wound edges with tapes
C. Irrigate the wound with sterile saline
D. Hold the abdominal contents in place with a sterile gloved hand

50. An intravenous pyelogram reveals that Paulo, age 35, has a renal calculus. He is
believed to have a small stone that will pass spontaneously. To increase the chance of the
stone passing, the nurse would instruct the client to force fluids and to

A. Strain all urine.

B. Ambulate.
C. Remain on bed rest.
D. Ask for medications to relax him.

Answers and Rationales

1. Answer: (C) “With a pillow, apply pressure against the incision.” Applying
pressure against the incision with a pillow will help lessen the intra-abdominal
pressure created by coughing which causes tension on the incision that leads to
pain.
2. Answer: (C) experience reduced sensory perception . Degenerative changes
occur in the elderly. The response to pain in the elderly maybe lessened because
of reduced acuity of touch, alterations in neural pathways and diminished
processing of sensory data.
3. Answer: (C) This is normal side-effect of AtSO4. Atropine sulfate is a vagolytic
drug that decreases oropharyngeal secretions and increases the heart rate.
4. Answer: (D) Administer Demerol 50mg IM q4h. Administering Demerol, which is
a narcotic analgesic, can depress respiratory and cardiac function and thus not
given to a patient in shock. What is needed is promotion for adequate
oxygenation and perfusion. All the other interventions can be expected to be
done by the nurse.
5. Answer: (D) “Mr. Pablo, you appear anxious to me. How are you feeling about
tomorrow’s surgery?”. The client is showing signs of anxiety reaction to a
stressful event. Recognizing the client’s anxiety conveys acceptance of his
behavior and will allow for verbalization of feelings and concerns.
6. Answer: (C) Check the patency of the nasogastric tube for any
obstruction. Nausea is one of the common complaints of a patient after receiving
general anesthesia. But this complaint could be aggravated by gastric distention
especially in a patient who has undergone abdominal surgery. Insertion of the
NGT helps relieve the problem. Checking on the patency of the NGT for any
obstruction will help the nurse determine the cause of the problem and institute
the necessary intervention.
7. Answer: (C) Handle him gently when assisting with required care . Patients with
cancer and bone metastasis experience severe pain especially when moving.
Bone tumors weaken the bone to appoint at which normal activities and even
position changes can lead to fracture. During nursing care, the patient needs to
be supported and handled gently.
8. Answer: (B) Take his vital signs again in 15 minutes. Monitoring the client’s vital
signs following surgery gives the nurse a sound information about the client’s
condition. Complications can occur during this period as a result of the surgery or
the anesthesia or both. Keeping close track of changes in the VS and validating
them will help the nurse initiate interventions to prevent complications from
occurring.
9. Answer: (C) Bleeding from ears . The nurse needs to perform a thorough
assessment that could indicate alterations in cerebral function, increased
intracranial pressures, fractures and bleeding. Bleeding from the ears occurs only
with basal skull fractures that can easily contribute to increased intracranial
pressure and brain herniation.
10. Answer: (D) “I smoke 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day.” Smoking has been
considered as one of the major modifiable risk factors for coronary artery
disease. Exercise and maintaining normal serum cholesterol levels help in its
prevention.
11. Answer: (B) The positive inotropic effect will decrease urine output . Inotropic
effect of drugs on the heart causes increase force of its contraction. This
increases cardiac output that improves renal perfusion resulting in an improved
urine output.
12. Answer: (A) Use of stool softeners. Straining or bearing down activities can
cause vagal stimulation that leads to bradycardia. Use of stool softeners promote
easy bowel evacuation that prevents straining or the valsalva maneuver.
13. Answer: (D) may engage in contact sports . The client should be advised by the
nurse to avoid contact sports. This will prevent trauma to the area of the
pacemaker generator.
14. Answer: (D) “Place one Nitroglycerine tablet under the tongue every five
minutes for three doses. Go to the hospital if the pain is unrelieved. Angina
 pectoris is caused by myocardial ischemia related to decreased coronary blood
supply. Giving nitroglycerine will produce coronary vasodilation that improves
the coronary blood flow in 3 – 5 mins. If the chest pain is unrelieved, after three
tablets, there is a possibility of acute coronary occlusion that requires immediate
medical attention.
15. Answer: (B) Canned sardines . Canned foods are generally rich in sodium content
as salt is used as the main preservative.
16. Answer: (C) Instruct the client about the need for bed rest. In a client with
thrombophlebitis, bedrest will prevent the dislodgment of the clot in the
extremity which can lead to pulmonary embolism.
17. Answer: (B) It prevents conversion of factors that are needed in the formation
of clots. Heparin is an anticoagulant. It prevents the conversion of prothrombin
to thrombin. It does not dissolve a clot.
18. Answer: (D) Cough or change in a chronic cough .Cigarette smoke is a carcinogen
that irritates and damages the respiratory epithelium. The irritation causes the
cough which initially maybe dry, persistent and unproductive. As the tumor
enlarges, obstruction of the airways occurs and the cough may become
productive due to infection.
19. Answer: (A) Oxygen at 1-2L/min is given to maintain the hypoxic stimulus for
breathing. COPD causes a chronic CO2 retention that renders the medulla
insensitive to the CO2 stimulation for breathing. The hypoxic state of the client
then becomes the stimulus for breathing. Giving the clientoxygen in low
concentrations will maintain the client’s hypoxic drive.
20. Answer: (C) Suction until the client indicates to stop or no longer than 20
second .One hazard encountered when suctioning a client is the development of
hypoxia. Suctioning sucks not only the secretions but also the gases found in the
airways. This can be prevented by suctioning the client for an average time of 5-
10 seconds and not more than 15 seconds and hyperoxygenating the client
before and after suctioning.
21. Answer: (D) Delay resistance and increase the tuberculostatic effect
. Pulmonary TB is treated primarily with chemotherapeutic agents for 6-12 mons.
A prolonged treatment duration is necessary to ensure eradication of the
organisms and to prevent relapse. The increasing prevalence of drug resistance
points to the need to begin the treatment with drugs in combination. Using drugs
in combination can delay the drug resistance.
22. Answer: (B) Facilitate ventilation of the left lung. Since only a partial
pneumonectomy is done, there is a need to promote expansion of this remaining
Left lung by positioning the client on the opposite unoperated side.
23. Answer: (D) Slowly breath out through the mouth with pursed lips after
inhaling the drug. If the client breathes out through the mouth with pursed lips,
this can easily force the just inhaled drug out of the respiratory tract that will
lessen its effectiveness.
24. Answer: (A) Food and fluids will be withheld for at least 2 hours. Prior to
bronchoscopy, the doctors sprays the back of the throat with anesthetic to
minimize the gag reflex and thus facilitate the insertion of the bronchoscope.
Giving the client food and drink after the procedure without checking on the
return of the gag reflex can cause the client to aspirate. The gag reflex usually
returns after two hours.
25. Answer: (C) Lower the oxygen rate. The client with COPD is suffering from
chronic CO2 retention. The hypoxic drive is his chief stimulus for breathing.
Giving O2 inhalation at a rate that is more than 2-3L/min can make the client lose
his hypoxic drive which can be assessed as decreasing RR.
26. Answer: (C) Impaired gas exchange. Pneumonia, which is an infection, causes
lobar consolidation thus impairing gas exchange between the alveoli and the
blood. Because the patient would require adequate hydration, this makes him
prone to fluid volume excess.
27. Answer: (D) posterior neck fat pad and thin extremities .“ Buffalo hump” is the
accumulation of fat pads over the upper back and neck. Fat may also accumulate
on the face. There is truncal obesity but the extremities are thin. All these are
noted in a client with Cushing’s syndrome.
28. Answer: (B) “I must take this medicine exactly as my doctor ordered it. I
shouldn’t skip doses.” The possible side effects of steroid administration are
hypokalemia, increase tendency to infection and poor wound healing. Clients on
the drug must follow strictly the doctor’s order since skipping the drug can lower
the drug level in the blood that can trigger acute adrenal insufficiency or
Addisonian Crisis
29. Answer: (C) Blood pressure . Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal
medulla that causes an increase secretion of catecholamines that can elevate the
blood pressure.
30. Answer: (D) Give the guest a glass of orange juice . In diabetic patients, the
nurse should watch out for signs of hypoglycemia manifested by dizziness,
tremors, weakness, pallor diaphoresis and tachycardia. When this occurs in a
conscious client, he should be given immediately carbohydrates in the form of
fruit juice, hard candy, honey or, if unconscious, glucagons or dextrose per IV.
31. Answer: (C) “The medication will block the cardiovascular symptoms of Grave’s
disease.” Propranolol (Inderal) is a beta-adrenergic blocker that controls the
cardiovascular manifestations brought about by increased secretion of the
thyroid hormone in Grave’s disease.
32. Answer: (A) Checking the back and sides of the operative dressing . Following
surgery of the thyroid gland, bleeding is a potential complication. This can best
be assessed by checking the back and the sides of the operative dressing as the
blood may flow towards the side and back leaving the front dry and clear of
drainage.
33. Answer: (C) Progressive weight gain . Hypothyroidism, a decrease in thyroid
hormone production, is characterized by hypometabolism that manifests itself
with weight gain.
34. Answer: (C) Lipodystrophic areas can result, causing erratic insulin absorption
rates from these . Lipodystrophy is the development of fibrofatty masses at the
injection site caused by repeated use of an injection site. Injecting insulin into
these scarred areas can cause the insulin to be poorly absorbed and lead to
erratic reactions.
35. Answer: (C) Keep legs elevated on 2 pillows while sleeping . The client with DM
has decreased peripheral circulation caused by microangiopathy. Keeping the
legs elevated during sleep will further cause circulatory impairment.
36. Answer: (B) Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids . The client, after
gastroscopy, has temporary impairment of the gag reflex due to the anesthetic
that has been sprayed into his throat prior to the procedure. Giving fluids and
food at this time can lead to aspiration.
37. Answer: (A) Gnawing, dull, aching, hungerlike pain in the epigastric area that is
relieved by food intake . Duodenal ulcer is related to an increase in the secretion
of HCl. This can be buffered by food intake thus the relief of the pain that is
brought about by food intake.
38. Answer: (B) Notify the MD of your findings . The client’s feeling of vomiting and
the reduction in the volume of NGT drainage that is thick are signs of possible
abdominal distention caused by obstruction of the NGT. This should be reported
immediately to the MD to prevent tension and rupture on the site of
anastomosis caused by gastric distention.
39. Answer: (A) Sit upright for at least 30 minutes after meals . The dumping
syndrome occurs within 30 mins after a meal due to rapid gastric emptying,
causing distention of the duodenum or jejunum produced by a bolus of food. To
delay the emptying, the client has to lie down after meals. Sitting up after meals
will promote the dumping syndrome.
40. Answer: (A) Treatment will include Ranitidine and Antibiotics . One of the
causes of peptic ulcer is H. Pylori infection. It releases toxin that destroys the
gastric and duodenal mucosa which decreases the gastric epithelium’s resistance
to acid digestion. Giving antibiotics will control the infection and Ranitidine,
which is a histamine-2 blocker, will reduce acid secretion that can lead to ulcer.
41. Answer: (B) Empty bladder before procedure . Paracentesis involves the
removal of ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity through a puncture made
below the umbilicus. The client needs to void before the procedure to prevent
accidental puncture of a distended bladder during the procedure.
42. Answer: (A) “The liver cannot rid the body of ammonia that is made by the
breakdown of protein in the digestive system.” The largest source of ammonia
is the enzymatic and bacterial digestion of dietary and blood proteins in the GI
tract. A protein-restricted diet will therefore decrease ammonia production.
43. Answer: (C) Meperidine . Pain in acute pancreatitis is caused by irritation and
edema of the inflamed pancreas as well as spasm due to obstruction of the
pancreatic ducts. Demerol is the drug of choice because it is less likely to cause
spasm of the Sphincter of Oddi unlike Morphine which is spasmogenic.
44. Answer: (B) encouraging the client to cough and deep breathe
. Cholecystectomy requires a subcostal incision. To minimize pain, clients have a
tendency to take shallow breaths which can lead to respiratory complications like
pneumonia and atelectasis. Deep breathing and coughing exercises can help
prevent such complications.
45. Answer: (A) Deflate the esophageal balloon . When a client with a Sengstaken-
Blakemore tube develops difficulty of breathing, it means the tube is displaced
and the inflated balloon is in the oropharynx causing airway obstruction
46. Answer: (B) Ulcerative colitis . Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory
condition producing edema and ulceration affecting the entire colon. Ulcerations
lead to sloughing that causes stools as many as 10-20 times a day that is filled
with blood, pus and mucus. The other symptoms mentioned accompany the
problem.
47. Answer: (A) Give laxative the night before and a cleansing enema in the
morning before the test .Barium enema is the radiologic visualization of the
colon using a die. To obtain accurate results in this procedure, the bowels must
be emptied of fecal material thus the need for laxative and enema.
48. Answer: (D) “I will include more fresh fruits and vegetables in my diet.”
Numerous aspects of diet and nutrition may contribute to the development of
cancer. A low-fiber diet, such as when fresh fruits and vegetables are minimal or
lacking in the diet, slows transport of materials through the gut which has been
linked to colorectal cancer.
49. Answer: (A) Cover the wound with sterile, moist saline dressing . Dehiscence is
the partial or complete separation of the surgical wound edges. When this
occurs, the client is placed in low Fowler’s position and instructed to lie quietly.
The wound should be covered to protect it from exposure and the dressing must
be sterile to protect it from infection and moist to prevent the dressing from
sticking to the wound which can disturb the healing process.
50. Answer: (B) Ambulate. Free unattached stones in the urinary tract can be passed
out with the urine by ambulation which can mobilize the stone and by increased
fluid intake which will flush out the stone during urination.