Data Processing

Data Processing

 Once the data has been collected, the researcher has

to process, analyze and interpret it.

 Dummy tables should be prepared in order to

illustrate the nature and extent of tabulation
required
 I. Editing

 Editing is the process of examining errors and omissions in

the collected data and making corrections in the same.

 Different coloured pencil should be used for editing data.

 Field editing – undertaken when work is in progress

 Central editing – undertaken when field data is collected

 I. Editing

 The editor should check the responses contained in

questionnaire for their completeness, accuracy and
uniformity.
II. Coding
 II. Coding

 Coding is the procedure of classifying the answers

to a question into meaningful categories.

 The symbols used to indicate these categories are

called codes.

 If coding is not done, it will not be possible to

reduce a large number of heterogeneous responses
into meaningful categories.
 II. Coding

 Coding involves two steps :-

 Specify the different categories or classes

 Allocate individual answers to different categories
 All the categories must be inclusive and mutually exhaustive
 II. Coding

Uncoded Coded

 1. Why do you shop?

 Why do you shop?
a. To buy essentials
 To buy essentials b. To keep up with market
trends
 To keep up with market
trends c. To make myself feel
happy
 To make myself feel
happy d. To window shop
 To window shop
 III. Classification of Data

 It is the process of grouping of collected data into

different categories.

 Mutually exclusive
 A specific case must be classified only once in one
category
 IV. Tabulation

 It comprises of sorting of the data into different

categories and counting the number of cases that
belong to each category.

 The tabulation may be done by hand or by machine

or some part by hand and the other by machine.
 V. Computer processing

 Computer processing is suitable when the following

conditions are met :-
 Large volume of input
 Repetition of projects
 Desired greater speed in processing
 Desired greater accuracy
 Processing complexities
 Data Analysis

 It is the most skilled task in research

 Critical examination

 Pattern of relationship

 Analysis involves organizing the data in a particular

manner.
 Type of Data Analysis

 1. Descriptive analysis

 2. Inferential analysis

 3. Correlation analysis

 4. Causal analysis

 5. Multivariate analysis
 Data Interpretation

 Interpretation of data refers to drawing inferences by

analyzing data.

 It helps convert statistical data into information

 Essentials of Data Interpretation

Reliable Data

Accuracy

Avoid bias

Adequacy of data

Proper processing
 Methods of Interpretation

 1. Induction Method
 It follows logical reasoning
 Observation and generalisation

 2. Deduction Method
 It is reasoning process of applying a general accepted
principle to a specific individual case.
 Significance of Data Interpretation

 Recommendations
 Decision Making
 Development of models
 Development of Hypothesis
 Future reference