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Electric Power Systems Research, 15 (1988) 31 - 39
Synchronous Generator Stability due to Multiple Faults on Unbalanced
Power Systems
ELHAM B. MAKRAM and V. OMAR ZAMBRANO
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0915 (U.S.A.)
RONALD G. HARLEY
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Natal, King George V Ave., Durban 4001 (Republic of
South Africa)
(Received February 22, 1988)
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the dynamic behav-
ior o f a synchronous generator connected to
an unbalanced three-phase p o w e r system
which is subjected to a shunt fault at one
location and blown fuses or open conductors
at another location. The m e t h o d involves
phase frame representation o f the line. The
imbalance created by large single-phase loads,
untransposed lines, conductor bundles, etc.,
is reflected in polyphase impedance matrices.
Consequently, line removals, additions, impe-
dance changes, conductor and faulted phase
openings can be simulated based on the
boundary conditions. Thus, the proposed
m e t h o d makes it possible to study the syn-
chronous generator stability due to any com-
bination o f single or multiple asymmetrical
series and shunt faults occurring anywhere
in the system and the results o f several case
studies are presented. A significant finding
is that certain faults cause the generator to
lose synchronism only after several cycles o f
the rotor angle swing curve. In such cases it is
therefore no longer correct to judge the
system's stability only on the 'first swing
cycle' o f the rotor angle.
INTRODUCTION
Unbalanced currents can cause serious
problems, and significant current imbalances
have been shown t o exist during normal
operation o f distribution systems [ 1 - 3 ] .
The problem o f determining current and
voltage in unbalanced short-circuits, such as
0378-7796/88/$3.50
31
single line to ground faults, line to line faults,
three-phase faults, and open conductors, was
one of the first to be solved by the symmet-
rical c o m p o n e n t s m e t h o d [4, 5].
In pow er systems, multiple shunt faults
occasionally occur simultaneously at differ-
ent locations, particularly in systems with
an ungrounded neutral. As is known, a ground
fault in an ungrounded system results in an
increase in the unfaulted phase voltages and
an increase in the arc overvoltages, which
may cause faults to ground at o t h e r locations
with weak insulation [5]. On the o t h e r hand,
even if no faults occur, the system can be in
an unbalanced voltage condition which can
be represented as multiple asymmetrical
shunt faults.
A multiple fault occurs, for example, when
a ground or interphase fault results in the
faulted c o n d u c t o r being opened and the
single-pole circuit breakers on each side o f
the faulted c o n d u c t o r do not o p e n simul-
taneously, or one of t hem never opens at all,
or only one fuse in the line opens. Multiple
faults can also occur when these two tripped
circuit breakers do n o t reclose simultaneous-
ly o n t o an asymmetrical short-circuit. Similar
multiple faults also occur when one line is
open for some reason, giving rise to unbal-
anced voltage conditions leading to another
fault on either one or b o t h o f the ot her
two lines [6].
Although synchronous machines have been
widely used since the end o f the previous
century, their_ transient operat i on has n o t
y e t been fully evaluated under conditions
of power system imbalance. Transient stabil-
ity calculations for a large power system con-
© Elsevier Sequoia/Printed in The Netherlands
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32
© ®
INFINITE ~ Ia ~----~ ~ m
BUS ~ ib
Ic
V abcl
~ i
I~
I~ X -I" ~
L - X
Fig. 1. Network containing synchronous machine
and shunt load.
taining many lines, loads and generators
are cumbersome and time consuming. Con-
sequently, the number of differential equa-
tions per generator is kept to a minimum;
moreover, the network equations can be
simplified if the generator is represented by
an AC voltage phasor and an impedance.
Most, if not all, present day stability pro-
grams for power systems assume balanced
network conditions in order to keep the
number of equations to a manageable size
and because network asymmetry or imbal-
ance has always been assumed to have a
negligible effect on synchronous generator
stability studies.
This paper extends a previous study [7]
and evaluates the transient response of the
synchronous generator in Fig. 1 when a
multiple fault occurs such as a single line to
ground fault on one phase followed by a
blowing fuse or one pole of a circuit breaker
opening, or a complete outage on the same
phase.
The results of several case studies lead to
the important findings that the multiple fault
is a more severe test of machine stability than
the traditionally used three-phase to line
ground fault and, furthermore, that for this
type of fault a stable first swing of the rotor
angle does not guarantee ultimate state stabil-
ity.
, Dab ~I. Obc ~[
V "F -I
0a ©--~b
b g ©
c Zabc --
g 0.076 + j0.073
Fig. 2. Unbalanced feeder configuration.
THEORY
The synchronous machine is simulated by
Q its positive-, negative- and zero-sequence AC
equivalent circuits, and these are transformed
by the Fortesque sequence transformation
at the machine terminals into ABC phase
STATIC variables as explained in Appendix A. The
LOAD
induced voltage inside the machine is assumed
to be balanced under all network conditions
and thus contains only a positive-sequence
voltage component E " , the so-called 'voltage
behind the subtransient reactance'; the
negative- and zero-sequence equivalent cir-
cuits therefore have no voltage sources.
During the simulation of any disturbance, E "
is updated as a function of flux linkages at
each step of the step-by-step integration
process; electric transient effects in both the
stator and the network are neglected.
The line is simulated by a 3 X 3 impedance
matrix containing off-diagonal terms to rep-
resent mutual coupling between phases. The
shunt fault and shunt load are also simulated
by 3 X 3 impedance matrices with suitable
elements according to the boundary condi-
tions. Details of the network equations are
in Appendix B.
RESULTS
In order to further evaluate the effects of
asymmetrical multiple faults the system in
Fig. 1 was subjected to various combinations
of a single line to ground fault on phase A
followed by a line outage of a faulted phase
(phase A) for different system initial condi-
tions. The machine parameters used are in
Appendix C. Two types of line configuration
were considered: firstly, a balanced triangular
spacing of 5.333 ft between phases; and,
secondly, a fiat configuration with dimensions
Dab = 2 ft, Db~ = 6 ft and Dac -- 8 ft, as shown
in Fig. 2. This yielded a line Zab c matrix
in p.u. for the unbalanced line:
-0.171 + j1.091 0.076 + j0.703 0.076 + j0.568-
0.171 + jl.091 0.076 + j0.596
0.076 + j0.568 0.076 + j0.596 0.171 + j1.091
 Downloaded from http://iranpaper.ir
For the balanced line, only the off-diagonal
terms in Zab c change and all of them become
equal to 0.076 + j0.608 p.u.
For each of the transient tests, the prefault
initial conditions were taken to be a balanced
three-phase infinite bus voltage of 1 p.u. on
each phase on Fig. 1. All the shunt faults
were applied to the line at a point close to
the generator terminals. A t t e n t i o n was paid
to the effect of grounding and ungrounding
the generator's neutral.
The static shunt load at the generator
terminals consisted of an unbalanced (21 +
j13)% admittance concentrated on only one
phase which varied from one case study to
the next. In some cases this load was balanced
at (7 + j4.3)% on each phase.
Before evaluating the effect of a multiple
fault on the generator's transient stability,
the effects of the individual faults are con-
sidered first, one at a time.
Temporary single line to ground fault (SLGF)
The SLGF occurs by far the most often of
all fault types and ref. 8 states that it makes
up 70% of all faults on lines and feeders. The
swing curves in Fig. 3 show the generator's
transient response for a temporary SLGF
on phase A of the line (lasting for only 100
ms) at its terminals in Fig. 1. It is clear from
these swing curves that case D3 (ungrounded
neutral and all shunt load concentrated on
the A phase) has the worst effect upon the
stability; this happens since the fault short-
circuits the shunt load and the increased line
voltage drop creates a severe reduction in
90
8O
70
60
50
O
' .O ~
0.3 0/6 0.9' r
t.2 T--
1.5
TIME,SEe
Fig. 3. Rotor angle following a temporary SLGF for
ungrounded and grounded neutrals: D1, unbalanced
line, shunt load on A, grounded neutral; D3, un-
balanced line, shunt toad on A, ungrounded neutral;
D2, unbalanced line, shunt load on B, grounded
neutral; D4, unbalanced line, shunt load on B, un-
grounded neutral.
33
power flow from the generator, so that the
generator's accelerating power is relatively
large.
If the generator's neutral is grounded
t h r o u g h some finite reactance, the resultant
swing curve D1 lies between curves D3 and
D4 (for the shunt load concentrated on phase
A) and curve D2 lies below D4 for the shunt
load concentrated on phase B.
Temporary SLGF followed by temporary
line outage
In order to evaluate further the effect of
asymmetrical shunt and series faults, the pre-
vious single line to ground fault (SLGF) is
again assumed to last for 100 ms on phase A
as before, but instead of simply removing
the fault, the faulted phase A is now taken to
be switched out by a circuit breaker, thereby
leaving the generator running on a two-phase
supply w i t h o u t shunt faults for a further
100 ms before the A phase is reconnected
after the fault has been cleared. The outage
of the phase A is classified as a series fault.
For comparative purposes, the SLGF on
phase A is replaced by a symmetrical three-
phase line to ground fault (3LGF) at the same
location but w i t h o u t a subsequent line
outage. The resultant swing curves appear in
Fig. 4. Curves D6, D7 and D8 in Fig. 4 are
the resultant SLGF swing curves and curve
D5 applies to the 3LGF case. It is clear that
the traditional test of transient stability, the
3LGF fault with the largest first-peak swing
curve, still constitutes the most severe shock
110
~~<z907050D S ~
30.
0.'0 0,'3 0.6 0.'9 1.'2 1.r5
TIME, SEC
Fig. 4. Rotor angle following a temporary 3LGF or
temporary SLGF and temporary line outage for
grounded and ungrounded neutrals: D5, balanced
feeder, balanced shunt load, grounded neutral,
3LGF; D6, unbalanced feeder, shunt load on A,
ungrounded neutral, SLGF on A; D7, unbalanced
feeder, shunt load on A, grounded neutral, SLGF on
A; D8, repeat D6 but line outage increased from 100
ms to 200 ms.
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34

to the system. Increasing the outage time of 140 -

phase A after an SLGF on phase A impairs ,~ 120-

the stability by changing curve D6 to D8.
100-
If this SLGF had caused a fuse to blow,
then the o p e n e d phase A could n o t have "< 80-
reclosed after 100 or 200 ms, but would have o
~ 60-
remained open permanently; the effect o f DI~I.

such a p er man en t line outage is studied in 40- o~J

01 , i ' I ' 3/ ' I ' I ' ~ , i ' I ' I r I
the n ex t few case studies. I 2 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10
(a) TIME. SEC

Permanent line outage only

Before evaluating multiple faults, at t ent i on
4.01
120 I D12
is first paid to understanding the synchronous
generator behavior when one phase c o n d u c t o r 100 1

is permanently switched out, no ot her shunt ": 80 4 A _

/ \ / \ j, , / ,j" . - \ - ~1 1 D
or series fault having occurred. Will the o 60 ]/I ,~\'J "V' ",U ~" "~ -
machine remain stable or n o t when running • ,'~ ~', "-~, ---- ....................................... D10
4.0 ,~ ~,..,'/~ ~-- ~ ~ ~ - ~ . . . . . . D9
on two phases only, or will it perhaps depend
i ' I ' 2 L ' i ' i ' E ' ~ , i , i ' I ' I
on the prefault system conditions? 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The swing curves in Fig. 5 have been com- (b) TIME, SEO

p u t ed for different values of prefault power Fig. 5. Rotor angle following a permanent line outage
P0 arriving at the infinite bus. T hey show that of phase A. (a) Ungrounded generator neutral: D13,
repeat D10; D14, repeat D l l ; D15 repeat D12.
an ungrounded neutral generator is more (b) Grounded generator neutral: D9, P0 = 0.2, no
severely affected, and t hat in some cases the shunt load; D10, P0 =0.2, balanced shunt load;
generator may settle to a new steady larger Dll, repeat D10, but P0 = 0.4; D12, repeat D10,
r o t o r angle on a two-phase supply. However, but P0 = 0.6.
curves D12 and D15 for larger values of P0
show clear signs o f instability after 10 s, 1.0
even after their first peaks suggested a stable
system. F o r this t y p e of fault, therefore, the
system's ultimate stability cannot be judged
by considering only the first peak of the
CL
0.8

0.6

,~ 0.4.
~
~ / " ~ / /\-j, ,
}'],-, "~
TE12

swing curve, as is done in traditional pow e r 0.2-

system stability studies using the t e m p o r a r y
0.0-
3 L G F as a disturbance. Moreover, the first
peak of curve D12 (generator neutral un- ; 2' 3' ; 5' ; 7' 8' 4
grounded) is even higher than that of curve TIME, (SEC)

D5 (for the 3 LGF) in Fig. 4, illustrating t hat
the asymmetrical single line outage series
fault is an even more severe disturbance to
t h e system than the traditional 3LGF. Figure
6 shows the generator t o r q u e variation cor-
responding to the r o t o r angle in Fig. 5(b).
Each t o r q u e curve exhibits a sharp drop in
t o r q u e at the m o m e n t the line is switched
out, but the to r que then rises and falls in
h a r m o n y with the r o t o r angle.
Whether or n o t cases D12 and D15 go un-
stable depends n o t only on the initial condi-
tions, such as the value of P0, but also on the
duration o f the line outage (which in these
cases was taken to be a p e r m a n e n t outage).
If the outage time were to be reduced t o a
finite time o f a few hundred ms, representing
Fig. 6. Generator electric t o r q u e following a per-
m a n e n t line o u t a g e o f p h a s e A o n a n unbalanced line
w i t h g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l g r o u n d e d : TE9, P0 = 0.2, n o
s h u n t l o a d ( T E l l , P0 = 0.4); T E l 0 , P0 = 0.2, bal-
a n c e d s h u n t load ( T E l 2 , P0 = 0.4).
the auto-reclosing operation of a single-pole
circuit breaker, then some or all of these
four unstable cases may well turn o u t to be
stable, and each case would have to be studied
on its own merits.
The importance of these results can be
summarized by saying that at low pow er
levels a synchronous generator will remain
in synchronism after a line outage. However,
at higher power levels it will drift o u t of
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35

,125]01 °7. = / /
I10 -

lO0-
~
j~90-
o
< 80-
I---

~ 70-

60- 5O
[ I ' I ' I I ' I ' i , t , i , i ' %

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5
TIME, SEC
lIME, SEC
Fig. 7. R o t o r angle m e a s u r e d o n a m i c r o a l t e r n a t o r
Fig. 9. Rotor angle after a permanent SLGF on phase
a f t e r o n e o f t h e p h a s e lines has b e e n p e r m a n e n t l y
A followed by a permanent line outage on an unbal-
removed.
anced line: D20, grounded neutral, shunt load on A,
P0 = 0.6; D21, grounded neutral, shunt load on B,
110 • P0--0.6; D22, repeat D20 but with ungrounded
neutral; D23, repeat D21 but with ungrounded neu-
100 -
em tral.
90. D17
,..,/
80. 160

j
I
N 7o.
°~.~ ~ i : / I , ' ~ " " ~ ' Y : . . . . "~''--~--' 140
I !:, .' "
60-
50-

OI ' i
1
,
2
i , i
3
,
4
i ,
5
i , 6/ ,
7
i , i
8
, i
9
, i
10
'= 120

1oo

~ 80
o !5 92°
TIME, SEC 6O F o~7
Fig. 8. Rotor angle following a temporary SLGF on
phase A cleared by a permanent line outage on an
unbalanced line: D16, grounded neutral, shunt load 0' 2' ,' 6' ; 1'0 1'2 1', ;6
on A, P0 = 0.4 (D18, ungrounded neutral); D17, TIME, (SEC)
grounded neutral, shunt load on B, P0 = 0.4 (D19, Fig. 10. R o t o r angle a f t e r a p e r m a n e n t S L G F o n
ungrounded neutral). p h a s e A f o l l o w e d b y a p e r m a n e n t line o u t a g e o n a n
u n b a l a n c e d line: D24, r e p e a t D 2 0 b u t P0 = 0.4; D25,
r e p e a t D 2 1 b u t P0 = 0.4; D26, r e p e a t D 2 4 b u t
stability several swing cycles a f t e r t h e first n e u t r a l u n g r o u n d e d ; D27, r e p e a t D 2 5 b u t n e u t r a l un-
o s t e n s i b l y stable swing c y c l e [ 9 ] ; this has grounded.
actually been confirmed by practical mea-
surements on a microalternator and the u n g r o u n d e d n e u t r a l and c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e
results a p p e a r in Fig. 7. s h u n t l o a d o n p h a s e B.
All f o u r cases c o n s i d e r e d in Fig. 8 clearly
Temporary SLGF followed by a permanent r e a c h a stable s t a t e c o n d i t i o n .
line outage (multiple fault)
The fault conditions of a t e m p o r a r y S L G F Permanent SLGF followed by a permanent
o n l y (results in Fig. 3) a n d o f a p e r m a n e n t line outage
line o u t a g e o n l y (results in Fig. 5) are n o w This case s t u d y is a direct e x t e n s i o n o f t h e
c o m b i n e d t o r e p r e s e n t t h e case w h e r e t h e o n e a b o v e b y s i m u l a t i n g t h e case w h e r e an
S L G F causes t h e f a u l t e d line t o be o p e n e d , S L G F o n t h e line, b u t close t o t h e g e n e r a t o r
b u t , f o r s o m e r e a s o n or o t h e r , it is n o t t e r m i n a l s , causes t h e infinite bus end circuit
s w i t c h e d b a c k in again. As b e f o r e , t h e S L G F b r e a k e r in t h e f a u l t e d line t o trip, b u t n o t t h e
o n p h a s e A lasts f o r o n l y 1 0 0 m s , f o l l o w e d o n e at t h e g e n e r a t o r end. This results in t h e
b y its r e m o v a l a n d a p e r m a n e n t o u t a g e o f SLGF remaining permanently connected,
p h a s e A. This is classified as a m u l t i p l e fault. even a f t e r t h e line is s w i t c h e d o u t , a n d in
F o u r swing curves are p r e s e n t e d in Fig. 8 a d d i t i o n it is a s s u m e d t h a t t h e line r e m a i n s
to illustrate t h e e f f e c t o f g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l p e r m a n e n t l y s w i t c h e d o u t , giving rise t o
g r o u n d i n g a n d t h e p o s i t i o n o f a single-phase a n o t h e r t y p e o f m u l t i p l e fault.
s h u n t load; t h e w o r s t case ( o n first swing T h e swing curves in Fig. 9 clearly s h o w all
e v a l u a t i o n ) is clearly t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f an f o u r cases t o be u n s t a b l e , and again D 2 2 and
 Downloaded from http://iranpaper.ir
36
160 - ] sity o f Natal) f o r o b t a i n i n g the actual mea-
14e I surements on a microalternator.
ow /
120
,.; /
z 100- / REFERENCES
o= 80. 2~,
= 60 • / F ~ f ~ -~--~
40 ~ 1
O' 4' 8' 1'2
TIME, (SEC)
Fig. 11. Rotor angle after a permanent SLGF on
phase A followed by a permanent line outage on an
unbalanced line: D28, repeat D20 but P0=0,3;
D29, repeat D21 but P0 = 0.3; D30, repeat D28 but
neutral ungrounded; D31, repeat D29 but neutral
ungrounded.
D23 illustrate t h a t a stable first peak does
n o t guarantee stability. R e d u c i n g t h e p r e f a u l t
p o w e r level P0 f r o m 0.6 t o 0.4 p.u. results
in curves D 2 4 t o D 2 7 in Fig. 10, w h i c h are
still eventually unstable, a l t h o u g h their
shape l o o k s a lot d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e in
Fig. 9. Finally, reducing P0 to 0.3 yields the
resultant curves D 2 8 to D31 in Fig. 11, and
this t h e r e f o r e shows t h a t , u n d e r certain con-
ditions such as low p r e f a u l t p o w e r , the
g e n e r a t o r can m a i n t a i n s y n c h r o n i s m t h r o u g h
o n l y t w o lines instead o f three, even w i t h
an S L G F close t o its terminals o n t h e o p e n e d
line.
CONCLUSIONS
This p a p e r r e c o n s i d e r e d t h e transient
stability o f a s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r with
a s h u n t load c o n n e c t e d t o an infinite bus
t h r o u g h an u n b a l a n c e d line. Several asym-
metrical multiple faults have been studied
w h e n a single line to g r o u n d fault gives rise
to One o f the three-phase lines being s w i t c h e d
o u t , s o m e t i m e s t e m p o r a r i l y and s o m e t i m e s
p e r m a n e n t l y . T h e results o f various case
studies reveal the i m p o r t a n t findings t h a t the
multiple fault is a m o r e severe test o f m a c h i n e
stability t h a n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l l y used three-
phase line t o g r o u n d fault, and f o r this t y p e
o f fault a stable first swing o f the r o t o r angle
does n o t guarantee u l t i m a t e steady-state
stability.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The a u t h o r s wish t o t h a n k Dr. J. C. Balda
(Electrical Engineering D e p a r t m e n t , Univer-
1 W. H. Kertsing and S. A. Seeker, A program to
study the effects of mutual coupling and unbal-
anced loading on a distribution system, IEEE
1'6 Trans., PAS-101 (1974) 804 - 811.
2 M. A. Wortman, D. L. Allen and L. L. Grigsby,
Techniques for the steady state representation of
unbalanced power systems: Part I. A systematic
building block approach to network modeling,
IEEE Trans., PAS-104 (1985) 2807 - 2814.
3 R. W. Fisher, Voltage unbalance on three-phase
distribution system, Southeastern Electric Ex-
change 1977 Annu. Conf., Engineering and
Operation Division, New Orleans, April, 1977.
4 E. L. Harder, Sequence network connections,
Electr. Energ. Res. J., 34 (1937) 481 - 488.
5 K. Amchin and T. B. Gross, Analysis of subse-
quent faults, Trans. AIEE, 70 (1951) 1817-
1823.
6 E. B. Makram and A. Girgis, Multiple faults in-
volving open conductors and shunt faults on un-
balanced distribution systems, 19th Southeastern
Symp. on System Theory, Clemson, SC, March
1987, pp. 350 - 354.
7 V. O. Zambrano, E. B. Makram and R. G. Harley,
Stability of a synchronous machine due to an
unsymmetrical fault in unbalanced power sys-
tems, 20th Southeastern Symp. on System
Theory, Charlotte, NC, March 1988, pp. 231-
235.
8 P. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power Systems,
Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, 1981.
9 S. M. Shuck, Subsynchronous resonance of the
Koeberg turbo-generators and a laboratory
micro-alternator system, Trans. S. Aft. Inst.
Electr. Eng., 70 (1979) 278 - 297.
10 B. Adkins and R. G. Harley, Theory of Alternat-
ing Current Machines, Chapman and Hall, Lon-
don, 1975.
APPENDIX A
Machine e q u a t i o n s
F o r the p u r p o s e o f this investigation,
electrical t r a n s i e n t effects in the m a c h i n e ' s
s t a t o r have been neglected a n d all s t a t o r
voltages and c u r r e n t s are RMS quantities.
T h e s e q u e n c e c o m p o n e n t voltages are ob-
tained f r o m the n o d e 2 phase voltages Vabc2
in Fig. 1 as follows:
Vt0pn = AVabc2
w h e r e A is the w e l l - k n o w n F o r t e s q u e se-
q u e n c e c o m p o n e n t m a t r i x t r a n s f o r m a t i o n and
 Downloaded from http://iranpaper.ir

37

Vt0pnT are the sequence component voltages where Zab¢2 represents the feeder impedance
at the terminals of the machine. matrix for the line length L - - X , Iabc2 rep-
The positive-sequence generator current Igp resents the current in it and Vfabc the voltages
is given by at the fault location. Iab¢2 in turn is related
to the motor and shunt load currents by
Igp = (E" -- Vtp)/(Ra + jX~') (A-l)
and the positive-sequence power developed by labc2 = Iabeg + l a b e l (B-l)
the generator by Similarly,
Pgp -- R e a l { E " I g p * } (A-2) Vfabc -- Vabc I -- Zabe l/abe I (B-2)
The torque associated with the developed where Zabol and label apply to line length X,
power is and
Tgp = Pgpcoz/°-)n (A-3) /abel = labc2 +/fabc (B-3)
where coz is the synchronous speed in rad s-1, where
and COnthe instantaneous speed in rad s-1.
Similarly, the following expressions apply Ifabc = YfabcVfabc (B-4)
to the negative- and zero-sequence circuits: N o w labcg and label Can, in turn, be defined
in terms of the generator and the shunt load
Ign = - - Y t n l ( R a + R2n + jXn) (A-4)
admittances and their terminal voltages as
Igo = - - V t o / ( R o + jX0) (A-5) follows:
Tg. = Ilgnl:/R2n (A-6) l a b e l = YabcLVabc2 (B-5)
Tgo = Ilgol2/Ro (A-7) and
The equation for the motion of the rotor is labcg = Yabcg[ V a b c 2 - Vabcg] (B-6)
given by
Thus,
PCOm = (Tpm - - Tgp - - Tgn - - Tgo)/(2H/coz)
labc2 = label +/abcg (B-7)
(A-8)
Combination of eqns. (B-7) yields the voltage
where H is the inertia constant in seconds, Vfab¢ at the fault location:
and Tpm the prime mover driving torque.
For the purpose of this investigation, the [ U + Mlf] Vfabe -- Vabc I + Mlg Vabcg
prime mover o u t p u t power Ppm is assumed to -- KVabc2 (B-8)
remain constant at its pre<listurbance value
during disturbances, hence The final equation of Vfabe is

Tp~n = Ppm coz/ (.Om (A-9) Vfabc -- J[ Vabcl "t" MlgVabcg - - KVabc2] (B-9)

Finally, the load angle 5 is found from in- where

tegrating M l f = ZabclYfabc
p5 = (-~m - - (-Oz (A-IO) Mlg = ZabelYabcg
Equations (A-l) -(A-IO) can be solved by U = identity matrix
a numerical step-by-step integration process.
J = [U + Z a b c l Y f a b c ] -1

K = Zabcl[Yabcg + YabcL]
APPENDIX B By combining eqns. (B-3), (B-4) and (B-9)
and eliminating the voltage Vfabc ,
Network equations Vabc2 = J{[U + J] [Mlg + M1L] + M2g + M 2 L } - l
The abc voltage vector at node 2 in Fig. 1 X [ V a b c l "l- M l g V a b c g ]
is given by
or

Vabc 2 -- Vfab c - - Zabc2labc 2 Vabc2 = JN[ Vabcl -i-MlgVabcg] (B-10)

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38

® ® example, no longer affects the feeder cur-

rents. Its place is taken by a new voltage
V'al on the feeder side of S1. The equations
that describe the series fault can be obtained
I c Rfa Ifc
Vabc, Vobcz as follows:
t I
Vabc2 = Vabcl -- Zabclab c (B-12)
I I I
I~ x =i ~ L-x =I
Substitution of eqns. (B-l), (B-3), (B-5)
Fig. B-1. Representation of shunt faults to ground. and (B-7) in eqn. (B-12) yields
Vabc2 = [Yabcg + YabcL] -1 [Iabc + YabcgVabcg]
where (B-13)
M2g = Zabc2Yabcg /abc represents the current vector through
the feeder after the shunt fault is cleared and
M2L = Zabc2YabcL
the open conductor occurs (Fig. I).
N = {[U + J] [Mlg + M m ] + M2g + M 2 L ) -1 From eqns. (B-12) and (B-13), labc Can be
obtained:
Imbalance in the shunt load can be repre-
sented by substituting suitable values of Y~aL, /abc = [Yabcg + YabcL] -1 Vabcl
YbbL and Y~¢L in eqn. (B-5). For a balanced
load these three admittances are equal and
-- ([Yabcg + YabcL] -1 + Zabc) -1
for no shunt load whatsoever they are all > [Yabcg + Y~bcL]-'Y~bcgV~bcg (B-14)
three equal to zero.
Equation (B-14) can be written in matrix
S h u n t fault equations form as
Consider the case where the fault network
in Fig. 1 consists of three shunt fault resistors [icl ]-YII Y12 Y131 [Val 1
Rf representing a fault to ground, as shown
in Fig. B-1. Lr:,, r3d |V,,lj
In this case the fault admittance matrix is
rYll Y~2 Y~31 ~V,~l
ii -0 01
given by

- iY;, ,,;q l,, d

YFabc = 0 llRm 0 (B-11) LYe1 Y]2 Y]3J LV,,d
0 0 1/Rf¢ (B-15)
Suitably high or low values for Rfa, Rfb When line A opens, the voltage of phase A
and Rf¢ represent faults ranging from single at S1 in Fig. 1 becomes V'I and Ia becomes
line to ground (SLGF) on phases A, B or C zero. Thus, I b and I e can be obtained after
respectively. applying Kron's reduction to eqn. (B-15):
Ib = ( Y 2 2 - Y122/Yll)Vbl
Series fault equations
Open conductor or series faults may occur + ( Y 2 a - Y12Yla/YI1)Vcl
when a conductor is being opened, or when
+ (Y~]Y]2/Yll -- Y~I)V~
single-pole circuit breakers on each side of
t ?
the line do not open simultaneously, or + ( Y 1 2 Y 1 2 / Y 1 1 - Y22)Vbg
when one of them never opens at all, or when
+ ( Y ~ a Y 2 1 / Y 1 ] - Y~a)V¢g (B-16)
only one fuse in the line opens. Series faults
may also occur when the two tripped circuit Ic = ( Y 3 2 - Y31Y12/Yll)Vbl
breakers do not reclose simultaneously
during a short-circuit. + ( Y a a - Yla2/Y]I)Vcl
I t
When a fault on phase A, for example, is + ( Y 1 ] Y I a / Y I I - Yat)Vag
cleared (by opening S1 and/or $2 in Fig. 1) t ?
+ (Y12YIa/Y]l -- Ya2)Vbg
so that the current in it is forced to zero, the
voltage Vat on the bus 1 side of $1, for + ( Y~aYla/Y1 ] -- Yaa) Vcg (B-17)
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39

T h e n Ib a n d Ic are used in eqn. (B-12) X~' = 0.295 Xq = 0.295

t o find the values o f Vabc2. Xkd = 0.13 Xkq = 0.077
Rkd = 0.015 Rkq = 0.015

APPENDIX C = 0.395 T~o = 6.658

X~d = 0.19 T'~o = 0.054
Generator parameters Xo = 0.1475 Tqo 0.43
Based o n the per-unit s y s t e m o f ref. 10,
the g e n e r a t o r p a r a m e t e r s are as f o l o w s :
Ra = 0.0 R2, = 0.06
Xd = 2.5 Xq = 2.5 Rf = 0.000984 R0 = 0.0
Xmd = 2.28 Xmu = 2.28 f = 6 0 . 0 Hz H = 4.0 s