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Impacts of Distributed Generation on
Power System Transient Stability
J.G. Slootweg
Member IEEE
Electrical Power Systems, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology
P.O. Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Phone: +31 15 278 6219, Fax: +31 15 278 1182, e-mail: j.g.slootweg@its.tudelft.nl
Abstract - It is expected that increasing amounts of new generation
technologies will be connected to electrical power systems in the
near future. Most of these technologies are of considerably smaller
scale than conventional synchronous generators and are therefore
connected to distribution grids. Further, many are based on
technologies different from the synchronous generator, such as the
squirrel cage induction generator and high or low speed generators
that are grid coupled through a power electronic converter.
When connected in small amounts, the impact of distributed
generation on power system transient stability will be negligible.
However, if its penetration level becomes higher, distributed
generation may start to influence the dynamic behavior of the power
system as a whole. In this paper, the impact of distributed generation
technology and penetration level on the dynamics of a test system is
investigated. It is found that the effects of distributed generation on
the dynamics of a power system strongly depend on the technology
of the distributed generators.
Keywords: distributed/dispersed generation, transient stability,
power system dynamics, modeling, simulation
I. INTRODUCTION
It is expected that increasing amounts of new technologies for
electrical power generation will be introduced in electrical
power systems in the near future. A number of reasons for
this development exist. The emphasis on power generation
from renewable sources in order to reduce the environmental
impact of power generation leads to the development and the
use of technologies for renewable power generation, such as
solar panels, wind turbines and wave power plants. The goals
of decreasing the cost associated with electrical power
transmission in liberalized markets and increasing the
efficiency of primary fuel use by using combined heat and
power generation (CHP) lead to the installation of generation
equipment at consumer sites.
Many of these new technologies do not use a conventional
grid coupled synchronous generator to convert primary
energy into electricity. Instead, they use a squirrel cage or
doubly fed induction generator (some wind turbine concepts)
or a synchronous or squirrel cage induction generator that is
grid connected through a power electronic converter (other
wind turbine concepts, small scale high speed gas turbines).
In the case of solar panels and fuel cells, it is not even
mechanical power that is converted into electricity.
0-7803-7519-X/02/$17.00 © 2002 IEEE
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W.L. Kling
Member IEEE
A further difference between these new technologies and
conventional means of electrical power generation is that
many of them are of considerably smaller size than
conventional thermal, nuclear and hydro units that up to this
moment deliver the majority of the electrical power consumed
worldwide. Therefore, they are often connected to low and
medium voltage grids and not to the high voltage
transmission grid, resulting in longer electrical distances.
As long as the penetration level of these new technologies in
power systems is still low and they only cover a minor
fraction of the system load, they hardly impact the dynamic
behavior of a power system. Therefore, in power system
dynamics and transient stability studies, they are normally
considered as negative load and their intrinsic dynamics and
their controllers, if present, are not taken into account.
However, if the amount of new generation technology
introduced in a power system becomes substantial, it may
start to influence the overall behavior of this system [1,2]. Up
to this moment, it is unknown at which penetration level and
in which way distributed generation influences power system
dynamic behavior, which is partly caused by the lack of
adequate models of the new technologies.
The goal of the research presented here is to acquire insight in
the impact of distributed generation on power system
transient stability. To this end, various technologies and
penetration levels are studied. The paper is structured as
follows. First, the research approach is described and the
preparation of the test system and the modeling of the various
distributed generation technologies is commented upon. Then
the results of the investigations are presented and discussed.
II. RESEARCH APPROACH
For the research, a well known dynamics test system was
chosen and adapted to the needs of this study. In the base
case, this test system does not contain any distributed
generation. The whole load is covered by the ten large scale
synchronous generators present in the system. This system
has been widely used for various kinds of power system
dynamics studies. The considerations leading to the choice of
this test system and the development of the models used in
the research will be commented upon in more detail in the
next paragraph, in which the preparation of the test system is
described.
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Five different distributed generation technologies are studied
below, namely:
& squirrel cage induction generator
& uncontrolled synchronous generator
& synchronous generator with grid voltage and frequency
control
& uncontrolled power electronic converter
& power electronic converter with grid voltage and
frequency control
The penetration level of each of these technologies was
varied in the following way:
& A distributed generator was connected to each load
bus by an impedance of 0.05j p.u. on the 100 MVA
system base.
& Both real and reactive power of the loads were
increased in steps of five per cent until the load was
increased to one and a half times that of the base case.
& The distributed generator connected to each of the
load buses was adjusted in order to generate an
amount of active power equal to the increase of the
real power consumed by the load at that bus.
Thus, the active power generated by the large scale generators
was not changed, except for the active power of generator
number 2, which acts as the swing bus or slack node. Its
power is changed during the solution of the load flow to make
up for changes in the network losses, if any. Note that a load
increase of 50 per cent that is covered by distributed
generation corresponds with a distributed generation
penetration level of 33 per cent.
It is not considered realistic to further increase the distributed
generation penetration level. Higher penetration levels might
give rise to the necessity to reconsider the contemporary
electrical power systems concept and compare it with other
solutions, such as DC links or (semi-)autonomous systems.
Therefore, it seems not useful to investigate the impact of
such high penetration levels of distributed generation on the
dynamics of a classic interconnected AC power system.
It was assumed that the uncontrolled distributed generation
technologies operated at unity power factor, whereas the
reactive power of the controlled technologies was able to vary
between zero and half the active power (cos 1±0.9) and
controlled in such a way that the terminal voltage was kept as
near to its nominal value as possible without exceeding the
reactive power limits of the generators.
To investigate the transient stability of the test system, a fault
was applied to the transmission line between the buses 15 and
16 of the test system, which was carrying 315 MW and 150
MVAr in the pre fault base case scenario. After 150 ms, the
fault was cleared by tripping the faulted line. It is assumed
that none of the centralized and distributed generators based
on synchronous or asynchronous machines are disconnected
during the applied fault.
To assess the impact of distributed generation technology and
penetration level on the transient stability, an indicator for the
transient stability is needed. Here, two indicators have been
applied to the rotor speed oscillations of the large scale
generators in the test system that occur after application of the
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Fig. 1. Transient stability indicators: maximum rotor speed deviation and
oscillation duration
fault, namely:
& maximum rotor speed deviation
& oscillation duration
The meaning of the maximum rotor speed deviation is
obvious. It is the maximum rotor speed deviation reached by
the generator during or after the fault. The oscillation
duration is defined as follows:
The oscillation duration is equal to the time interval between
the application of the fault and the moment after which the
rotor speed stays within a bandwidth of 110-4 p.u. during a
time interval longer than 2.5 seconds.
Thus, the oscillation duration is a measure for the time span
that is needed to reach a new equilibrium after a disturbance.
Both measures are depicted in figure 1. The lower the value
of each of these indicators for a given case, the better the
transient stability is.
III. TEST SYSTEM PREPARATION
To investigate the impact of distributed generation on power
system transient stability, a model of a power system of a
certain scale is necessary in order to arrive at results that can
be considered representative. On the other hand, the system
should not be too large, in order to reduce the computation
time and to limit the number of possible scenarios.
Keeping this in mind, the widely used New England test
system has been chosen as the test system to be used here [3].
The system is depicted in figure 2 and some of its
characteristics are given in table 1. To arrive at a full dynamic
model of the system, representative values for the parameters
of the generators and the exciters and governors have been
taken from other sources [4,5]. The loads are equally divided
in constant impedance, constant power and constant current.
As already discussed above, in this paper five types of
distributed generation are distinguished. For the synchronous
and squirrel cage induction generator, as well as for the
governors and exciters of the distributed generation formed
by controlled synchronous generators, standard models for
use in power system dynamics simulations can be found in the
literature [4,5].
The power electronic converter is modeled as a source of
active power (P) and reactive power (Q). This is necessary
because the grid representation in power system dynamics
simulation software and the typical time step used do not
allow detailed modeling of power electronics and its
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Table 2. Results for the maximum rotor speed deviation as stability indicator
for various distributed generation technologies and penetration levels. The
number of the generator at which the value occurs is indicated in
parenthesis.
Dist. Maximum rotor speed deviation [10-3 p.u.] and relative
pen. change [%]
level
[%] ASM SM SMC PE PEC

0 6.4 (6) 6.4 (6) 6.4 (6) 6.4 (6) 6.4 (6)

0 0 0 0 0

9 6.1 (6) 6.1 (6) 6.1 (6) 5.9 (6) 5.9 (6)

-4.7 -4.7 -4.7 -7.8 -7.8

Fig. 2. One line diagram of the New England test system [3]
17 6.1 (1) 5.9 (6) 6.0 (6) 5.5 (6) 5.5 (6)
Table 1. Characteristics of the New England test system
-4.7 -7.8 -6.3 -14.1 -14.1
System characteristic Value
23 6.1 (1) 5.8 (6) 5.8 (6) 5.1 (6) 5.1 (6)
# of buses 39
-4.7 -9.4 -9.4 -20.3 -20.3
# of generators 10
29 6.1 (1) 5.6 (6) 5.7 (6) 4.7 (6) 4.7 (6)
# of loads 19
-4.7 -12.5 -10.9 -26.6 -26.6
# of transmission lines 46
33 6.3 (10) 5.5 (6) 5.5 (6) 4.3 (6) 4.3 (6)
Total generation 6140.7 MW / 1264.3 MVAr
-1.6 -14.1 -14.1 -32.8 -32.8
Total reactive power compensation 1408.9 MVAr
Table 3. Results for the oscillation duration as stability indicator for various
Total load 6097.1 MW / 1408.7 MVAr
distributed generation technologies and penetration levels. The number of
controllers for both theoretical and practical reasons [4, 6-8]. the generator at which the value occurs is indicated in parenthesis.
In PSS/E, no standard model for representing power Dist. Oscillation duration [s] and relative change [%]
electronics is available. Therefore, a so-called user-written pen.
model of a power electronic converter was developed and level
ASM SM SMC PE PEC
integrated into this program [5]. [%]
The prime mover of the synchronous and asynchronous 0 5.8 (5) 5.8 (5) 5.8 (5) 5.8 (5) 5.8 (5)
generators and the primary side of the generators grid coupled
through a power electronic converter is not taken into 0 0 0 0 0
account, because they are not of major importance in this 9 5.9 (5) 5.7 (5) 6.7 (9) 5.6 (9) 5.5 (9)
study. Details on how to model wind turbines, one of the most
frequently occurring distributed generation technologies +1.7 -1.7 +15.5 -3.4 -5.2
including their prime mover, can be found in [9, 10].
17 5.9 (9) 6.1 (7) 6.2 (7) 6.2 (9) 5.1 (2)
IV. RESULTS +1.7 +5.2 +6.9 +6.9 -12.1

A. Overview of results 23 6.5 (3) 5.9 (9) 6.1 (7) 7.4 (9) 5.1 (9)
In tables 2 and 3, the simulation results are summarized. In +12.1 +1.7 +5.2 +27.6 -12.1
the first row for each of the penetration levels studied, the
maximum, and thus worst values of the two stability 29 6.1 (9) 6.9 (9) 6.2 (7) 8.4 (9) 5.1 (9)
indicators used, namely the maximum rotor speed deviation
+5.2 +19.0 +6.9 +44.8 -12.1
and the oscillation duration, are displayed, together with the
numbers of the generators at which the given values occur in 33 5.7 (3) 7.4 (10) 6.3 (2/3) 8.5 (9) 5.1 (9)
parenthesis. These numbers correspond to figure 2. In each
-1.7 +27.6 +8.6 +46.6 -12.1
second row, the relative change compared to the base case is
given in per cent.
In the left column, the distributed generation penetration level induction generator, SM synchronous machine, PE stands for
is indicated. In the second row, the distributed technologies distributed generation which is grid connected through a
are indicated. ASM means asynchronous squirrel cage power electronics interface and if a C is added to the

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acronym, the distributed generators are equipped with voltage
and frequency control.
From tables 2 and 3, it can be concluded that it is difficult to
derive an overall conclusion with respect to the impact of
distributed generation technology and penetration level on
power system stability, because the results are quite mixed.
Therefore, each of the three main technologies, namely the
squirrel cage induction generator, the synchronous generator
and the power electronics interface will separately be
commented upon.
B. Asynchronous generator
From tables 2 and 3, it can be seen that distributed squirrel
cage induction generators have an ambiguous influence on the
two stability indicators. Both the maximum rotor speed
deviation and the oscillation duration are not very much
effected and the maximum value occurs at various generators
when the distributed generation penetration level changes.
The shape of the oscillation is not very much influenced as
well, as can be seen from figure 3. In this figure, the rotor
speed deviation of the generators 1 and 6 is depicted for the
base case and for a distributed generation penetration level of
20 and 33 per cent respectively. By inspection, it can be seen
from this figure that the oscillation duration is in the range of
6 seconds. This is in the same range as the longest oscillation
duration which occurs at generators 5, 3 and again 3
respectively for the depicted distributed generation
penetration levels, according to table 3. These observations
lead to the conclusion that distributed squirrel cage generators
do not have very much influence on the transient stability of
an electrical power system.
This result can be explained as follows. As discussed in [11],
the effect of squirrel cage induction generators on power
system stability depends on their distance to the synchronous
generators. If they are located near synchronous generators
and the latter speed up during a fault, the stator frequency of
the asynchronous generators increases. This leads to a
decrease in the slip frequency and thus in generated power,
Fig. 3. Rotor speed deviation of generators 1 (upper graph) and 6 (lower
graph). The solid line corresponds to the base case, the dashed and dotted
lines to a distributed generation penetration of 20 and 33 per cent
respectively.
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which in turn slows down the speeding up of the synchronous
generators. When the asynchronous generator is at a larger
distance and more weakly coupled to the synchronous
generator, its speeding up during the fault will result in an
increasing reactive power demand. This will result in a lower
terminal voltage at the remote synchronous generator and thus
in a decrease of synchronizing torque and a faster increase in
rotor speed.
In the cases studied here, both the synchronous generators
and the distributed asynchronous generators are spread
through the system. The finding that distributed generation
based on squirrel cage induction generators seems not too
have much effect on the transient stability of power systems
can therefore probably be explained by noticing that both
effects occur simultaneously and counterbalance.
C. Synchronous generator
It can be concluded from table 2 that an increasing
penetration level of distributed generation based on
synchronous generators either with or without voltage control
leads to a decrease in the overspeeding of the synchronous
generators during the fault. This result can be explained by
realizing that the distributed synchronous generators are
equipped with an excitation winding on the rotor, which
keeps the generators excited during the fault. As a result of
this, the distributed generators supply a fault current and the
voltage during a fault does not drop as far as with no
distributed generators present. As a result, the synchronizing
torque at the generators remains higher.
This reasoning is supported by simulation results depicted in
figure 4. In this figure, the terminal voltage of generator 6,
which has the highest overspeeding during the fault as can be
concluded from table 2, is given for a penetration level of 0,
20 and 33 per cent of both uncontrolled and controlled
synchronous generators. It can be seen that the higher the
penetration level of distributed synchronous generators, the
higher the terminal voltage of generator 6. The response is
Fig. 4. Terminal voltage of generator 6 when varying amounts of distributed
generation based on uncontrolled (upper graph) or controlled (lower graph)
synchronous generators are connected to the system. The solid line
corresponds to the base case, the dashed and dotted lines to a 20 and 33 per
cent distributed generation penetration respectively.
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Fig. 5. Rotor speed deviation of generator 10. The solid line corresponds to
the base case, the dotted line to a 33 per cent penetration level of
uncontrolled synchronous generators.
similar for distributed synchronous generators without and
with voltage and frequency control, which was to be
expected, because both have a similar effect on the amount of
overspeeding.
With respect to the oscillation duration, it can be concluded
from table 3, that it is increased when synchronous distributed
generation is connected to the system and that, in opposition
to what applies to the maximum rotor speed deviation, there
is a difference in the oscillation duration in the case of
controlled and uncontrolled synchronous generators.
In figure 5, the rotor speed deviation of generator 10 with a
33 per cent penetration level of uncontrolled synchronous
generators is depicted together with the base case. It can be
seen that the damping of the oscillation is reduced by the
distributed synchronous generators. This observation might
be caused by the interarea oscillation phenomenon [4, 12].
However, this conjecture can not be confirmed or denied by
these results alone and requires more research. Further, it was
difficult to conclude whether this result occurs only in the test
system used or in general. Therefore, further research on the
impact of synchronous distributed generators on the damping
of power system oscillations is necessary.
D. Power electronic converter
As can be seen in table 2, the connection of distributed
generation grid coupled through a power electronics interface
results in a decrease in the maximum rotor speed deviation of
the synchronous generators. This is caused by the fact that
distributed generators are quickly disconnected by their
power electronic converters when a fault occurs, because of
the terminal voltage drop. Thus, a lot of generation is lost in
case of a fault, reducing the acceleration of the rotors of the
synchronous generators. This also explains why the
overspeeding is further reduced, when more distributed
generation is connected: the amount of generation lost at the
fault increases, resulting in a decreasing rotor acceleration.
The observation that the maximum rotor speed deviation is
the same in the cases of controlled and uncontrolled
distributed generators can be explained as follows. The
maximum rotor speed deviation is reached during the fault.
However, during the fault, both uncontrolled and controlled
distributed generators grid coupled through a power
electronics interface are disconnected. Therefore, neither the
uncontrolled nor the controlled generators are on line during
the fault and as a result, the maximum rotor speed deviation is
the same in both cases.
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Fig. 6. Node voltage of buses 4 (upper graph)and 8 (lower graph). The solid
line corresponds to the base case, the dashed and dotted lines to a 20 and 33
per cent distributed generation penetration respectively.
Although the observed reduction in rotor speed deviations is
as such desirable, the price paid for it is a large voltage drop
at some nodes due to the disconnection of the distributed
generators when the fault occurs. This can be seen in figure 6,
in which the voltage of the buses 4 and 8 is depicted for the
base case and for a 20 and 33 per cent penetration level of
uncontrolled power electronics. It can be seen that the voltage
drop becomes increasingly severe when more distributed
generation is connected to the system. This may lead to other
problems, such as tripping of generators and/or loads.
Therefore, it might be questionable if the current operating
practice, in which power electronic converters are
disconnected in case of a voltage drop in order to protect the
semiconductor switches and to fulfill utility requirements, is
optimal in the long run if the penetration level of this
technology will increase.
The oscillation duration time shows substantial differences
between uncontrolled and controlled power electronics
interfaces. This might be caused by the governor models
fitted to the synchronous generators, as can be concluded
from figure 7. In this figure, the rotor speed deviation of
generator 9 is depicted for the base case and for a 20 and 33
per cent penetration of both uncontrolled and controlled
distributed generation based on power electronic converters.
It can be seen that in case of uncontrolled distributed
generation, it takes a long time until the rotor speed stays
within a bandwith of 110-4 p.u. as required according to the
definition. This is not only caused by the oscillations, but as
well by the long time it takes until a new equilibrium has been
reached. This may be caused by the synchronous generator
governor model and its parameters and will perhaps be
different when governor models that are able to change the
mechanical power more rapidly are used. Further research
must therefore be devoted to the impact of uncontrolled
power electronics on power system transient stability.
The figure also shows that when controlled power electronics
is connected, the oscillations damp out quickly, which is in
agreement with results presented in the literature [2].
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Fig. 7. Rotor speed deviation of generator 9 after connection of uncontrolled
(upper graph) and controlled (lower graph) distributed generation. The solid
line corresponds to the base case, the dashed and dotted lines to a distributed
generation penetration of 20 and 33 per cent respectively.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
In the paper, the results of an investigation of the impact of
distributed generation technology and penetration level on
power system transient stability are presented. Starting from a
base case, the New England test system, the load was
increased in a number of steps and the load increases were
covered by various distributed generation technologies. Then,
for each case a line fault was applied and the rotor speed
deviation and oscillation duration of the large scale
synchronous generators were studied. It was concluded that
the impact of distributed generation on power system
transient stability depends both on the penetration level and
the technology of the distributed generators.
Distributed generation based on asynchronous generators
does not have much impact on the transient stability, probably
because the opposite effects of near and remote generators
counterbalance. Distributed generation based on synchronous
generators decreases the overspeeding of the large scale
generators, but seems to decrease the transient stability by
increasing the oscillation duration. The latter might be caused
by the interarea oscillation phenomenon. Distributed
generation based on power electronics decreases the
overspeeding of generators, because it is disconnected during
a fault. However, at increasing penetration levels, this results
in large voltage drops at some nodes, due to the loss of large
amounts of generation. The impact on the duration of the
rotor speed oscillations depends on whether the power
electronic converters are equipped with voltage and
frequency control or not.
In this paper, only one test system has been analyzed. It
proved possible to explain most of the observations using
generally accepted theoretical insights obtained from the
literature. Therefore, it can be expected that in other test
systems similar results will be obtained. However, some
results could not be fully clarified. Especially these need
further research, using other test systems and methods of
investigation.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank our colleague Robert H.A.M.
Reijntjes for developing the software to create and manipulate
load flow and dynamics files for PSS/E. Timothy F.
Laskowski from PTI, Schenectady, NY, is acknowledged for
his valuable help in interfacing the user made models of the
uncontrolled and controlled distributed generators grid
coupled through power electronics with PSS/E. The financial
support by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific
Research (NWO) is greatly acknowledged.
REFERENCES
[1] M.K. Donnelly, J.E. Dagle, D.J. Trudnowski, G.J. Rogers, “Impacts of
the distributed utility on transmission system stability”, IEEE Transactions
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[2] F. de Leon, B.-T. Ooi, “Damping power oscillations by unidirectional
control of alternative power generation plants”, IEEE PES Winter Meeting
2001, Columbus, US, Jan. 28th-Feb. 1st, 2001.
[3] M.A. Pai, Energy function analsysis for power system stability, Boston,
US: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
[4] P. Kundur, Power system stability and control, New York, US: McGraw-
Hill, Inc., 1994.
[5] PSS/E 25, On-line Documentation, Schenectady, US: Power
Technologies, Inc., December 1997.
[6] Dispersed System Impacts: Survey and Requirements Study, EPRI TR-
103337, Palo Alto, EPRI, July 1994.
[7] N. Hatziargyriou (ed.), Modeling new forms of generation and storage,
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[8] J. Arrillaga, N.R. Watson, Computer modelling of electrical power
systems, J. Wiley & Sons, Ltd.:Chicester, UK, 2nd edition, 2001.
[9] J.G. Slootweg, H. Polinder, W.L. Kling, “Dynamic Modelling of a Wind
Turbine with Doubly Fed Induction Generator”, 2001 IEEE Power
Engineering Society Summer Meeting, July 15-19, 2001.
[10] J.G. Slootweg, H. Polinder, W.L. Kling, “Dynamic Modelling of a
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BIOGRAPHIES
J.G. Slootweg received his MSc degree in electrical
engineering from Delft University of Technology on
September 23rd, 1998. During his education he stayed in
Berlin for six months, to hear lectures at TU Berlin and to
conduct research at the Dynamowerk of Siemens AG. He
is currently working towards a PhD on the effects of large
scale integration of new technology on power system
dynamics. The research is carried out at the Electrical
Power Systems Laboratory of Delft UT.
W.L. Kling received his MSc degree in electrical
engineering from the Technical University of Eindhoven
in 1978. Currently he is a part time professor at the
Electric Power Systems Laboratory of Delft UT. His
experience lies in the area of planning and operation of
power systems. He is involved in scientific organizations
such as Cigré and IEEE. He is the Dutch representative in
the Cigré Study Committee 37 Planning and
Development of Power Systems.