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REVIEW ON LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN DISTRIBUTED

GENERATION POWER SYSTEMS

Article  in  International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics · January 2018

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Volume 118 No. 24 2018
ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

REVIEW ON LOAD FREQUENCY

CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
POWER SYSTEMS
Ranjitha K,Dr.P.Sivakumar
AP, Associate Prof.
EEE,Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology
RIT
Chennai.India
ranji.ret@gmail.com,
Sivakumar.p@rajalakshmi.edu.in

May 10, 2018

Abstract
Load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected power
systems is undergoing numerous changes due to rapidly grow-
ing amount of wind turbines,solar PV and other new type
of power generation/consumption technologies. In this pa-
per an extensive literature review on loadfrequency control
(LFC) problem in distributed generation based power sys-
tem has been highlighted. The various control techniques/
strategies that concerns to LFC issues have been addressed
in distribution generation-based power systems.
Key Words:Artificial Intelligence techniques, Distributed
Generation, Load Frequency control, ,Sliding mode con-
troller.

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

1 Introduction
Load frequency control, as the name signifies, regulates the power
flow between different areas while holding the frequency constant.
We can therefore state that the load frequency control (LFC) has
the following two objectives:
• Hold the frequency constant ( f = 0) against any load change.
Each area must contribute to absorb any load change such that
frequency does not deviate.
• Each area must maintain the tie-line power flow to its pre-
specified value. The first step in the LFC is to form the area control
error (ACE) that is defined as (1)
Where Ptie and Psch are tie-line power and scheduled power
through tie-line respectively and the constant Bf is called the fre-
quency bias constant .
The change in the reference of the power setting Pref, i , of
the area i is then obtained by the feedback of the ACE through an
integral controller of the form
where Ki is the integral gain. The ACE is negative if the net
power flow out of an area is low or if the frequency has dropped
or both. In this case the generation must be increased. This can
be achieved by increasing Pref, i . This negative sign accounts for
this inverse relation between Pref, i and ACE. The tie-line power
flow and frequency of each area are monitored in its control center.
Once the ACE is computed and Pref, i is obtained from equation 1,
commands are given to various turbine-generator controls to adjust
their reference power settings.
In general, Distributed Generation can be defined as electric
power generation within distribution networks or on the customer
side of the network[1]. The electricity generation technology and
grid connection of DG technologies can be significantly different
from traditional centralized power generation technologies. Large
power units use synchronous generators. These are capable of
controlling the reactive power output, for example. Large DG
units, utilizing natural gas for instance, use synchronous genera-
tors, too. Medium-sized and especially small DG technologies of-
ten use asynchronous generators (also known as induction genera-
tors), as they are significantly cheaper than synchronous generators.
Asynchronous generators, however, have different operational char-

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

acteristics than synchronous generators. For example, a directly

grid-connected asynchronous generator is not capable of providing
reactive power. It actually requires reactive power from the grid
during the start-up process and at operation. Different technical
options exist to overcome the disadvantages of grid-connected asyn-
chronous generators. Manufactures of DG technologies have used
a large range of options, such as capacitors and power electronic
converters [28]. And finally, micro systems such as photovoltaic,
Wind and solar power are kind of clean and rich renewable en-
ergy has attracted more attention, but the output power of wind
turbine generator (WTG) and solar output are usually variable be-
cause of weather conditions. When a large scale of wind energy is
included in traditional power system, the renewable energy fluctua-
tion and loads variation may cause large frequency deviation [2-4].
So, lot of research is going in developing controllers or techniques
for Load Frequency control in the penetration of wind and solar
in the power system.with rapid decline of the fossil fuel and ad-
vancement in green energy, the DG such as wind, solar comes into
play to meet the scarcity of load demand. Hence the LFC problem
associated with DG is discussed. PV, wind farms, diesel engine
and energy storage system based hybrid DG The PV power gen-
erating systems are expected to play a key role in meeting future
demands for electricity. The relatively high cost of PV generated
electricity makes it attractive only for remote stand-alone loads or
small applications. In isolated operation of winddieselphotovoltaic
hybrid power system, the intermittency in wind speed, and solar
radiation causes a large fluctuation in system power and frequency.
The influence of PV power generation on LFC is presented in [43].
The LFC problem becomes complex by integration of wind farm
grid because of the fluctuating output power due to intermittent
nature of wind speed. Thus in such cases, the LFC needs to be
addressed differently. In [46], the authors have presented mod-
ification in unit commitment, economic dispatch, regulation and
frequency controls, when the level of wind generation capacity is
significant. In [47] author presented a study to analyze the effects
of small wind turbines output on the LFC.. The LFC of WT based
power system is discussed in [48]. In [49], a wind-turbine driven
self-excited induction generator is considered as variable speed, con-
stant voltage, and constant frequency supply with isolated resistive

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

load connected. The simplified model is used to develop a control

strategy that aims to maintain the generator terminal voltage and
frequency constant in case of variations in the load and/or wind
speed. The frequency control with controlling speed of wind tur-
bine is presented in [5064]. Next, the authors in [65] analyzed the
effect of stand-alone hybrid power system consisting WTGs, DEG,
FC, and AE on frequency variation. The authors [66] presented an
integrated control approach for WF to control the frequency de-
viations of winddiesel power system. In their work, the frequency
control is achieved by load estimation and short-term ahead wind
speed prediction. The minimal-order observer as disturbance ob-
server is used for load estimation, while the least squares method is
used for the prediction of short-term ahead wind speed. The pre-
dicted wind speed adjusts the output power command of the WF
as a multiplying factor with fuzzy logic concept.
The innovative LFC method by use of both electric vehicle and
heat pump water heater as controllable loads is proposed in [67].
The aggregate LFC of a wind-hydro autonomous micro-grid system
is described in [68]. The LFC by PHEVs, controllable loads, and
a cogeneration unit is discussed in [70]. The authors [71] address
the current AGC structure and its drawbacks, and new AGC with
cyber architecture to accommodate intermittency of high penetra-
tion, non-dispatchable distributed energy resources for smart power
grids. The autonomous distributed vehicle to grid control scheme
providing a distributed spinning reserve for the unexpected inter-
mittency of the renewable energy sources is proposed in [72]. The
study presents a droop control based on the frequency deviation
at plug-in terminal. The aggregated electric vehicle-based battery
storage representing vehicle to grid system, modeled for use in long-
term dynamic power system is proposed in [73].
The various techniques proposed for LFC in distributed gener-
ation and conventional power systems that includes Proportional
Integral Controller (PID), Artificial Neural Network, Genetic Algo-
rithm, Sliding Mode Controller, Fuzzy logic based Controller

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

2 PID controller based LFC

PID controller basically caters to the issue of decentralized LFC
cases. This is a robust system and tackles ambiguities well enough
through it multiple controls like disturbance accommodation and
ramp following. In addition to this, it also has a predictive con-
trol scheme and an optimal tracking approach as well. The LFC of
two-area hydrohydro power system with proportionalintegralderiva-
tive (PID) controller based on maximum peak resonance specifica-
tion that is graphically supported by the Nichols chart is discussed
[37]. Two-Degree-of-Freedom (TDF) Internal Model Control (IMC)
method to tune decentralized PID type controller for LFC in four
area power systems with deregulated environments [30]. The TDF-
IMC-PID method has been studied for LFC in conventional sit-
uation and the performance of the control system is only related
to two tuning parameters [38] [39]. the design of multi-objective
PID controller for LFC based on adaptive weighted particle swarm
optimization in two-area power system is described [41] [42]

3 Sliding Mode Controller (SMC)

The output power fluctuation of integrated wind energy, load fre-
quency control (LFC) for power system with variable sources and
loads has become more complicated. The novel decentralized slid-
ing mode (SM) LFC strategy is proposed for multi-area time-delay
power system with significant wind power penetration. The appro-
priate switching surface gain is selected to assure the stability of
power system with mismatched uncertainties. The SM controller
is constructed to satisfy the hitting condition. The Sliding Mode
controller is proved by using the real-time digital simulator device
under different case of time delay, wind penetration, load distur-
bance and operating point [5]. In [10] author investigates the ro-
bust H sliding mode load frequency control (SMLFC) of multi-area
power system with time delay. By taking into account stochastic
disturbances induced by the integration of renewable energies, a
new sliding surface function is constructed to guarantee the fast re-
sponse and robust performance, then the sliding mode control law
is designed to guarantee the reach ability of the sliding surface in
a finite-time interval. The sufficient robust frequency stabilization

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

result for multi-area power system with time delay is presented in

terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs)

4 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Based

LFC
An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing
paradigm, motivated from biological nervous systems. The key el-
ement of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information
processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly in-
terconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to
solve specific problems. An ANN is configured for a specific appli-
cation, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through
a learning process. The ANN has been applied to achieve better
control strategies especially in a non-linear complex power system.
In [6] the author outlined the application of layered neural networks
in nonlinear power systems. In [6] investigated the use of neural
networks to act as the control intelligence in conjunction with a
standard adaptive LFC scheme that improves the control. Authors
have developed an automatic load frequency controller using ANN
to regulate the power output and system frequency by controlling
the speed of the generator through water or steam flow control [8].

5 Fuzzy Logic Based LFC

Fuzzy logic because of simplicity, robustness and reliability is used
in almost all fields of science and technology, including solving a
wide range of control problems in power system control and opera-
tion. Unlike the traditional control theorems, which are essentially
based on the linearized mathematical models of the controlled sys-
tems, the fuzzy control methodology tries to establish the In paper
[8] addresses a new decentralized fuzzy logic-based LFC schemes
for simultaneous minimization of system frequency deviation and
tie-line power changes, which is required for successful operation of
interconnected power systems in the presence of high-penetration
wind power. In order to obtain an optimal performance, the par-
ticle swarm optimization technique is used to determine member-

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

ship functions parameters. A new intelligent methodology using a

combination of fuzzy logic and particle swarm optimization (PSO)
techniques to satisfy LFC objectives concerning the integration of
wind power units. The PSO technique is used to find optimal val-
ues for membership functions parameters of the fuzzy logic con-
trollers. The authors [44] presented a coordinated control approach
for output power fluctuation leveling of PV systems using fuzzy
logic concept with consideration of power system condition and in-
solation condition. The LFC problem of isolated utility-connected
large PV-diesel hybrid power system based on simple fuzzy logic
approach is also proposed in [45].

6 Genetic Algorithm based LFC:

Genetic Algorithms are based on Darwins theory of natural selec-
tion and survival of the fittest. It is a heuristic optimization tech-
nique for the most optimal solution (fittest individual) from a global
perspective. GA have attractive features like robustness, simplicity
etc. so it is widely applied for various power system problems such
as optimal power flow, analysis of system topologies, power distri-
bution system design, and economic dispatch. The GA is widely
used for solving the complex nonlinear optimization problems in
deregulated power system are presented in the following literary
works [10-14].In [18]Genetic Algorithm based control technique is a
depiction of one of the best kind of computer intelligence in power
systems. Different research designs have approved of the GA where
it was used along with PI type controllers. Using linear matrix
inequalities (GALMI), GA has been able to solve complex opti-
mization problems. The main difference in the functionality of GA
and PID is that the latter one uses a H2/H controller. The opti-
mization of control parameters for robust decentralized frequency
stabilizer by using micro GA is presented in [16]. A new design
of multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based decentralized load-
frequency controllers for interconnected power system with AC-DC
parallel tie-lines is proposed in [17].

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

7 Particle Swam Optimization (PSO)

based LFC
The Particle Swam Optimization(PSO) conducts searches using a
population of particles which correspond to individuals in the GA.
The PSO is a population based stochastic optimization technique,
inspired by social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling. To
ease the design effort and thereby improve the performance of the
controller, the design of fuzzy PI controller by hybridizing GA and
PSO is presented in [19]. With the use of control scheme based on
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference and PSO with gains being updated
in real time, a better dynamic and steady state response is obtained
in [20]. Similarly the design of multi-objective PID controller for
LFC based on adaptive weighted particle swarm optimization in
two-area power system is described in [21,22].

8 Tabu search algorithms (TSA) based

LFC
The Tabu search algorithms (TSA) is an iterative search that starts
from some initial feasible solution and attempts to determine a bet-
ter solution in the manner of a hill-climbing algorithm. The TSA
has a flexible memory which maintains the information about the
past step of search and uses it to create and exploit the better
solutions. In [23] presented an approach for the automatic defini-
tion of fuzzy rules in fuzzy controller based on TSA and the au-
thors explaining the improvement in learning of fuzzy rule by using
heuristic symbolic meta rules. In [23] presented a new optimization
technique of a fuzzy logic based PI-LFC by the multiple tabu search
algorithm.

9 Bacterial Foraging Optimization Al-

gorithm (BFOA)
Another known optimization techniques; the bacterial foraging op-
timization algorithm (BFOA) is motivated by the natural selection

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

which tends to eliminate the animals with poor foraging strategies

and favor those having successful foraging strategy. The foraging
strategy is governed by four processes namely chemotaxis, swarm-
ing, reproduction, elimination and dispersal. BF method is used
for tuning the control parameters of fractional-orderPID controller
and conventional integer order controllers for LFC are explained in
[34].In [16] author used the BF technique for obtaining the optimum
gain values for controllers and speed regulation parameters. BFOA
method is used to optimize the integral gains (KIi) and speed regu-
lation parameter (Ri) for a three area system is discussed in [35,36]

10 Variable structure controller(VSS)

The variable structure controllers change the system structure in
accordance to some law of structure change, in order to improve the
dynamic performance and thereby make the controller insensitive to
the plant parameter changes. Hsu and Chan [25] proposed the LFC
problem for interconnected two-area hydro-thermal power systems
using the theory of variable-structure systems and linear optimal
control theory.
Variable structural control application for various LFC problems
in a deregulated power system is discussed in [25,26]. In paper
[25] author explained a novel robust decentralized controller using
Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) for solving the LFC problems
in a restructured power system and it operates under deregulation
based on bilateral policy scheme. The author in [26] presented a
variable structure system (VSS) control scheme for LFC issues in a
multi area deregulated power system and justified that VSS control
scheme improves the transient response and maintained zero error
at steady state of the system

11 Big Bang Big Crunch (BBBC) opti-

mization technique
BBBC is a new optimization method is derived from the theories of
the evolution of the universe namely, the Big Bang and Big Crunch
theory are introduced by Erol and Eksin. Optimal gain parame-

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

ters of Integral (I), proportional Integral (PI), Integral-Derivative

(ID) controllers in a four area system are optimized by big bang
big crunch (BBBC) method is explained in [29]. In [30] authors
proposed an ant colony system algorithm (ACS) based integral con-
troller for LFC issues in a two area deregulated power system.

12 Conclusion
The various existing techniques and strategies of Load Frequency
Control for Distributed Generation systems are discussed. A de-
tailed survey has been done and the various Load Frequency Con-
trol techniques adopted are explored. It is observed in this litera-
ture survey that there exists a lot of research opportunities in Dis-
tributed Generation systems on issues related to Load Frequency
Control.

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