INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

ISSN: 2454-9940

A Comparative Study of Shunt Active Power

Filter and Unified Power Quality Conditioner
under Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy in Grid
Connected Mode
Rudranarayan Senapati, Rajendra Narayan Senapati, Manoj Kumar Moharana, Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi

Abstract— This paper focuses on the comparison of performance of Shunt Active Power Filter (ShAPF) and Unified
Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with Grid-connected PV (Photovoltaic) System in grid connected mode. It
focuses on performance comparison of ShAPF and UPQC under Sinusoidal Current Control (SCC) Strategy. SCC
ensures sinusoidal current to be drawn from supply system even the presence of non-linear loads. The harmonic
power is provided by the Shunt Controller of UPQC, to restrict the harmonic components to be pulled at the supply,
where as the series component is able to balance the voltage related problems such as unbalancing. The UPQC
deals with the load harmonic power and the zero sequence power as well resulting to imbalance in the power
system, additionally compensating the reactive power, so that the source voltage and the compensated current both
will be in phase.

Index Terms— Active Filters, Custom Power Devices, Distributed Generators, Harmonic Current Compensation, Power Quality, Shunt
Active Power Filter, Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy, UPQC

——————————  ——————————
1. INTRODUCTION
HERE has been a tremendous growth of energy in past few years due to the advancement in technology to meet the

T rising demands of people and economic growth. Recent years have shown steady development in scientific know-how
to tap energy from renewable sources rather depending on the prevalent energy sources that are not that reliable and
create detrimental impact on the environment. Generation of power from RES has become thrive towards attaining a
Sustainable Energy World. With the advent of renewable, new buzzwords like Distributed Generators (DGs), Micro Grid,
Smart Grid (SG) has changed the power market scenario. Due to a stiff relationship of population between the increasing
energy demands as well as the increasing complexity in integrating the DGs with the main grid need to be ensured about the
unaffectedness of the existing infrastructure, quality of supply has to be maintained and must be free from any faults or
interruption.
Now these days’ consumers are more aware about the Power Quality (PQ) issues and are creating challenges at the supply
end for hassle free power delivery. Utilities have taken strides to meet the consumer's rising expectations and still find the
scope for improvement in PQ which is a complicated jargon term and must be deciphered, before going in details of it. Good
quality of power must have low interruption frequency, limited magnitude and period of over and under voltages along
with less harmonic distortion, low flicker in the voltage at supply end, as well as less percentage of phase unbalancing and
supply frequency fluctuation, etc.
In modern era wide applications of Power Electronic controllers for various load equipments are mainly liable for poor
quality of power. Besides this there is an increasing competition among renewable energy generation industries owing to
deregulation by the power utilities. So they are injecting more power into the power pool. Modern day power grid has a
number of DG sources integrated into the grid. This involves the use of Power Electronic Controllers for controlling the
power flow that has led the idea of Custom Power [1]. Custom power is relevant to the use of power electronic controllers
for distribution systems. Under this scheme an end consumer receives a pre-specified quality power. It not only meets the
rising demand, but improves the quality and fidelity of power supply. The electrical energy supply utilities now sense an
improved commercial awareness of the PQ issues.

————————————————
•
•
Rudanarayan Senapati is currently pursuing PhD in School of Electric Engineering in KIIT University, Odisha, India

•
PH-09861292507. E-mail: rsenapatifel@kiit.ac,in

•
Rajendra Narayan Senapati, Manoj Kumar Moharana, Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi

•
E-mail: rajendra0507@gmail.com, mkmfel@kiit.ac.in , chinmoy.panigrahifel@kiit.ac.in
PH-09937830601, 09692706216, 09439050522
www.ijasem.org
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

Primarily due to the non-linear loads in the electrical network or system, harmonics are coming into picture which brings
numerous drawbacks in the system. The distorted current affects the source point of convenience which is it turn out to be
very much essential in order to recompense the distortion, the harmonic and the reactive portion (imaginary part) of load
parameter i.e. current [2]. In today’s scenario soft computing methods like “daptive T“”U search, minimizing the loss
power by incorporating Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) can also be used for optimizing the
power filter. Even though the source bus is in absolute sinusoidal form but there due to the presence of nonlinear load, it
extracts a deformed current. These harmonic currents fleeting over the system impedance develops a drop in voltage for
every individual harmonic component results in biased voltages seeming at the common point of coupling/Point of
Common Coupling (PCC). With the enhancement of semiconductor devices and so as for the sake of performance
improvement in the distribution side, custom power devices have come into picture. This Custom Power (CP) mostly
includes the use of power electronic devices such as Distributed Static Compensator (D-STACOM), Dynamic Voltage
Restorer(DVR), Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC), etc., for distribution systems.
In Distributed generation system Power Quality issues related to load voltages are sag, swell, unbalance, flicker,
harmonics, etc. Similarly various PQ issues related to supply current are harmonics, unbalance loading, etc. The load has
always the tendency of drawing the current depending on its type, irrespective of supply voltage to meet the requisite power
demanded. Particularly the non-linear type of loads have tendency of drawing harmonic current and certain loads also draw
unbalanced current, leading to disturbances in supply current. Since the current has to be generated by the supply system
generator, it has to produce harmonic voltage to meet the power needed [3]. In case of non-stiff sources (sources with high
input impedance) harmonic voltage gets introduced into the system. This problem is less severe in systems with stiff
sources. But our practical system consists of mostly non-stiff sources. Besides this another reason for introduction of
harmonics is imperfections of PWM control circuitry. In particular DG integrated systems with lower fault levels, there is
increased vulnerability of system to harmonic penetration.
Focusing on the various Power Filters (PFs), specifically, the Shunt Active Power Filter (ShAPF) is a conceivable substitute
for minimizing effects arising due to non-linear loads on the power network. To attain compensation aims, generation of
reference signal is significant meant for the design purpose as well as in control purpose of active filters. The usage of such
kind of filters shields electrical apparatus that can be exaggerated by deprived/low Power Quality (PQ) and avoids the
propagation of caused in stabilities in the power systems.
Such PQ problems may be mitigated by using a custom power device, a combination of SAF and ShAF, commonly known
as UPQC. As the name suggests, it is concerned with the common objective of synchronically mitigating all the PQ issues
related to voltage, current amplitude and frequency. Simultaneously it also achieves the Power Factor enhancement and
Phase Unbalancing as well. As numerous research papers have already been published on UPQC so far. Therefore, the
intention behind this section is to put some information highlighting the future possibilities and prospects as open for
researchers working in the field of PQ.

2. DISTRIBUTED GENERATORS
DGs refer to on-site power generation that is present near to the load and have less rating as compared to the central
power station. It reduces the cost of transmission lines minimizes the voltage drop. Typically the size of such generators
involved is 10 MW or less. Now-a-days, dispersed generators are also coming into picture which is still smaller in size
typically < 500kW.
There are various renewable technologies (e.g., PV, Micro Hydro, Geothermal, Ocean, Tidal, etc.) which are used for power

• Solar thermal technologies and photovoltaics

generation. Some of the major renewable distributed energy resources are:

• Wind energy
• Wave energy
• Tidal energy
• Ocean thermal energy
• Geothermal energy
Our planet receives huge energy flux but its intermittency reduces its reliability, to make it a viable alternate energy
resource, it is very much essential to use energy storage devices. The solar energy utilized by photovoltaic cells is converted
to DC electrical energy by using solar cell. Variations of solar power also depend upon solar irradiance and temperature.
Wind power generation deals with the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for
electric power. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean,
produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land.
In wave energy harnessing, the movement of water is converted to electrical energy by some form of special converters.
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These converters are somehow mounted such that they oppose the flow of water, e.g., using seabed for fixing or mooring,
utilizing the relative motion of several converters by mounting them on a common frame, using the inertial force of a
flywheel (gyroscopic action), etc.
In Tidal energy there are two methods for converting tidal energy to electricity. The first one is to make a reservoir and
capture the potential energy of tides. The second one is direct extraction of kinetic energy associated with tides. Here, an
artificial lagoon is created with barrages and turbines are placed accordingly. When the high tide from the sea reaches a
specific head the sluice gates are opened and water rushed through the turbine to produce electricity.
In ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), the difference between the surface temperature and temperature at a
depth is used to generate electricity. Here the working substance is a fluid with low boiling point, where the sea surface
temperature is used to produce the steam and the steam turns the turbine and hence produces electricity. After that, cold
water from the ocean’s depth is used to condense the steam back into liquid.
Similarly, in geothermal energy conversion a fluid is pumped into the earth core and collects the heat from the core. As a
result the fluid gets converted to steam and is used to rotate the turbine and produce electricity. After the condensed fluid is
again pumped backed to earth’s core and the cycle continues. The energy produced from these two sources is completely
reliable but the initial cost involved is found to be very high.
Different aspects based on demerits of DGs are present. One such aspect is the issues related to power quality. The
consumers are mostly concerned about the overall costs and maintenance. However there are many unanswered questions
like in a DG integrated system whether the end users are interested for operating the generators or cost of electricity in this
context is actually less and more reliable or the power markets is in favor of DG or not. In spite of that it is quiet predictable
that the number of DGs connected with the utility system will keep on increasing in near future. With recent developments
in Renewable Energy System, their integration with grid has become a challenge leading to various PQ issues. Different
methods and techniques involved for control purpose based on smart grid technology are summarized in [4].

3. POWER QUALITY
Power Quality puts the boundaries in the deviation levels of voltage, frequency and waveform shape of power supply
for proper functioning of the equipment. Without these limitations according to the IEEE standard, equipment may mal-
operate and may not produce desired output. PQ means supplying of clean and stable power supply i.e. it includes noise-
free sine wave, limited voltage and frequency deviations. Due to excessive uses of Power Electronics devices, it introduces
the harmonics in the system due to non-linear loads which brings the concept of PQ into the picture. Though day-by day the
power electronics devices are making the system compact and reliable, but these are the primary cause of production of
harmonics in the system. Several switching signals for fast operation involved in speed control, position control are present
starting from portable to large equipments and devices such as printers, motors, ballasts, furnaces, elevators etc. Again, some
of the important terms related to Power Quality (PQ) has been described in [5] such as Reactive Power Compensation,
Harmonic Compensation, Voltage regulation, harmonic pollution, etc. Again Flicker is one of the in Power Quality problems
that come into picture because of heavy loads. Further, an optimization technique for extraction of low frequency component
which is the main cause of producing the waveform distortion has been presented in [6]. Power Quality issues are an
inevitable thing when a number of DGs are connected. So, there is a close relation between DG and Power Quality.
The primary problems related to PQ due to DGs are Sustained interruption, Voltage regulation, Harmonic and Voltage
sags. There is a close relation between these terms DGs and PQ. Considering both supply side and load side, there are
several DGs involved so as several loads. And the power has to be transferred through a common distribution line. So,
proper coordination has to be maintained from each source to satisfy the load pattern. Implementation of DGs will either
enhance the PQ or deteriorate the service for end users which is a major concern now-a-days [7-10].
As PQ is the combination of Voltage and Current, the quality of voltage can be considerably improved even with a
slightest level of backup storage capacity implemented in the Series Connected Photo-Voltaic Distributed Generator (SPVG).
Its proposed control system has been implemented using dSPACE (DS 1103) platform with MATLAB/Simulink in real-time
interface (RTI) [9]. Considering the real time implementation, a Florida-based distribution feeder has been modeled and
studied by the integration of different types of DG sources based on solar and wind plants with high variability of load and
generation to observe their impact on system’s PQ [ ]. Furthermore, an extension of the work has been presented in [12]
where a methodology has been proposed to determine the effect on the voltage quality, keeping in mind about the various
cases of DG insertion as defined by a percentage of small scale presumes to be presented in the network.
Among several PQ issues, the harmonics is considered to be the primary reason for poor PQ. Therefore, it is very
essential to take into consideration and rectify the PQ problems and maintain the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) within
prescribed limits as per the IEEE standards. In [13], the THD was measured at different buses and all the THDs in these cases

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and is found to be well within the limit which indicates to be easy to control in power system with harmonic current,
through the separation of the fundamental and harmonic waves. Again current control by the suppression method also has
good real-time performance and stability. By the use of the proposed Neural Learning Algorithm (NLA) an optimization
technique for ShAPF, the THD is found to be 94.07% of the fundamental as compared to PI Controller. Using NLA, THD is
less than 1.77% of the fundamental for all the 3-phases as compared to 1.55% using PI. In [14], application of optimization
technique based on Bat Algorithm has been presented for undesirable harmonic eradication in a seven–level multilevel
inverter. Again in [15], comparative study with respect to Bee algorithm (BA) and Genetic algorithm (GA) has been done
that indicating the superiority of Bat algorithm which causes the low value of THD in the output voltage. Furthermore,
various filters used for suppression of harmonics and selective Harmonics Elimination has been presented in [16-19].
So, for elimination of harmonics filters are an essential requirement. But gradually Custom Power Devices (CPD)
including various FACTS devices is also coming into picture particularly for customer satisfaction.

4. CUSTOM POWER DEVICES

Custom power relates to power-electronic based controllers employed in utility system for power quality issues.
The specifications like poor phase balance, rare power interruptions, acceptance of fluctuations, low harmonic distortion and
time interval of under-voltages and over-voltages need to be maintained by custom power devices. Controllers based on
power electronics devices are used to provide power solution and its network may be either reformation type or
compensation type. Former one is known as switchgear and is used for breaking, limiting and transferring of current,
whereas the later one is used for load compensation which includes power factor correction, restricting occurrence of any
unbalance etc., thereby improving the voltage quality. The compensating type custom power devices are particularly
utilised in active filtering, power factor improvement, voltage regulation, load balancing, etc., which includes UPQC
(Unified power quality conditioner), DVR (Dynamic voltage restorer) and DSTATCOM (Distribution Static compensator).
Custom Power Devices (CPDs) are either connected parallel/cascaded manner or in combination of the two. The
essential components of CPD, the DSTATCOM aids in elimination of any unbalance or harmonics, while the DVR helps in
eradicating voltage dips or disfigurement in waveform. DSTATCOM is shunt connected device while DVR is series
connected device that compensate the supply voltage by injecting a brisk series voltage. DSTATCOM and DVR are
combined to form UPQC. It delivers required amount of shunt currents and series voltage to the system for compensation.
The mitigation of voltage sags and swells can be done by different methods, but to use compensating devices are
the most appropriate solution to overcome these difficulties. Therefore, for elimination of harmonics by the use of Active
Filters are considered to be an essential requirement.
Since, CPD ensures enhanced quality and reliability of supply to the consumers through which other entities in
restructuring environment get benefited. But the harmonic elimination being the prior issue needs filter that are applied on
various components in Power system. In general filters are to minimize harmonics arising due to repeated switching of
Power Electronics devices used. On the basis of basic classification different types of filters are passive filters (passive
elements such as capacitor and inductors) and active filters. For detection of any kind of abnormalities occurring in the
system filters are highly required when converters or inverters are used.

5. ACTIVE FILTERS
In general filters are to minimize harmonics arising due to repeated switching of Power Electronics devices used. On the
basis of basic classification different types of filters are passive filters which include passive elements such as capacitor and
inductors and active filters. For detection of any kind of abnormalities occurring in the system filters are highly required
when converters or inverters are used. Focusing on the Digital filters, notch filters has been designed in [20] for damping out
harmonics. Based on that both simulations and experiments have also been carried to prove the effectiveness of such filter
that is able to produce required amount of lead or lag in phase around the resonant frequency for the stability of the system.
For any design of Filter, realization and stability are required. In selective filters such as harmonic selective filters have been
used to separate low frequency harmonic component from fundamental component.
Active Power Filters as a power quality improvement device operates various non-linear loads and contribute
current injection that may help to cancel the harmonics current present in power system. It also modifies the displacement
power factor by the compensation process of reactive current.
Active Power Filters can be classified as follows:
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5.1. Shunt Active Filter

Shunt Active Filter (ShAPF) is connected in parallel comprising of non-linear load whose harmonic currents are required
to be compensated. The principle of operation of ShAPF is based on production of current harmonics equal in magnitude
but in phase opposition i.e. ˚ to the harmonics present in the grid. Sh“PF along with compensating reactive power also
mitigates harmonics and distortion [21-27]. The more details about Shunt active filter has been presented in Section 6.
5.2. Series Active Filter
Series Active Filter (SAF) is usually used to solve any deviation in voltage and other PQ related issues. The SAF is series
connected with the power supply. SAF is also used as booster of voltage as SAF compensates for voltage as a Constant
Voltage Source [28-31].
5.3. Hybrid Active Filter
Hybrid Power Filters (HPFs) are basically the amalgam of Active and Passive filters which helps in considerable reduction
in the rating and expenditure on filters. These filters are able to damp out harmonic resonances rather than compensating for
only harmonic currents [32-45].
As there so many issues related to PQ issues such as sags, swells, notches, unbalancing, UPQC being one of the important
devices i.e. capable to resolve all the problems associated with the system [46].
5.4. Unified Power Quality Conditioner
UPQC is again the amalgam of Series and Shunt Active Filters. The series active filter helps to mitigate any harmonics
produced in between transmission and distribution level apart from protecting the system from any kind of arousal of
unbalance voltage, flickering etc. Further the ShAPF helps in absorbing harmonic current, reactive power compensation and
to controlling the dc link voltage among these two active filters [47-49].

6. SHUNT ACTIVE FILTERS

At the present time, it (ShAPF) has become a reality and remains no more a dream and they are heavily and frequently
used in commercial process entire over the sphere/world. Controllers of ShAPF govern in actual time the recompensing
references current value, in addition it also force the PWM inverter in order to achieve it correctly. In this manner, active
filtering is able to be discriminating as well as adaptive. In other confrontations, it can compensate merely the harmonic
component (current) of particular nonlinear load, besides it can record the fluctuation in harmonic contented continuously
[50].
6.1. Configuration of Shunt Active Filter
The ShAPF generally consists of two distinct main block i.e. VSC converter and controller as shown in Fig. 1. PWM
converter, mainly accountable to process power and synthesize the compensating values of current which has to be drained
from the network and Active Filter controller is accountable for processing signal and to define the real time instant
compensating current values, which is passed on continuous manner to the PWM converter section. Generally ShAPF senses
current that flows through load ( i1 ),and computes the instant values of the compensating current reference value ( ic ) for
converter pulses. Either Voltage Source Converter (VSC) or Current Source Converter (CSC) can be used in ShAPF. CSC can
be used for its robustness but in today’s scenario shunt active filter that are used in commercial purpose almost uses voltage
source converter (VSC) owing to its higher efficiency, initial cost and reduced physical dimensions. An energy storing
component (capacitor for Voltage fed Converter or inductor for Current Fed Converter) is linked at dc end of the converters
because shunt active power filter should perform like a compensator. In additional verses, the exchange of average energy
should remain zero among the power filter and the power system.

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

Non Linear Load

SOURCE
is PCC il

ic
v

L Active
c Filter
Controller

ic*
PWM
Control

Fig.1. Block Diagram of ShAPF

6.2. Different Control Approach

Several control strategies have been used based on ShAPF. It started with Unity Power Factor (UPF) control Strategy
which was considered to be the best as far as distorted waveform was considered. Moreover, a comparison with Classical
compensation Strategy was done and Simulation was based on Monte Carlo and Analysis Transients Program (ATP) [51].
Again, a new control algorithm for 3-phase, 4-wire for unbalanced system was done in [52], where application of α-β-0 was
considered in the presence of inverters and capacitors but in the absence of DC source. Its extension was done in [53], which
was simple due to absence of symmetrical components to transform 3-phase to - -0 and only positive sequence was
supplied.
The control technique executed in the ShAPF defines the physical compensation features of the power filter. Undoubtedly,
the Instantaneous Power Concept or theory practices a precise effective base for design of regulators (controller) for the
power filter. Three different control techniques or strategies are as follows:
Constant Instantaneous Power Control Strategy
In this strategy the Shunt active filter compensates a definite portion of the power that is oscillating real-power. This
strategy is applicable only when there are no active power oscillations.
Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy
It is used to draw a sinusoidal current from the source. The main advantage of this strategy is that the distortion produced
in three phases is minimum in comparison to other strategies.
Generalized Fryze Current Control Startegy
This strategy is normally used to minimize the rms value of current through which the same volume of energy can be
transferred similar to the distorted current. This strategy has minimum ohmic loss.

Active Filter for Sinusoidal Current Control:

Active Filter Controller for sinusoidal current control includes positive voltage detector which includes Phase Lock Loop
(PLL) circuit, DC voltage regulator, Instantaneous Power Calculation Block, Compensating Power Selection block and
Compensating Reference Current Calculation Block.

6.3. Control Block Diagram

Fig.2 Illustrates control block of SCC technique with three phase ShAPF. Three phase instant voltages and currents phases
of balanced or unbalanced source in the abc-reference frame is converted into instant voltages and currents on the αβ0-axis . It
can be noted that the instantaneous phase voltages Va ,Vb andVc corresponding to V(+1) phasor component of the
fundamental positive-sequence voltage are converted into the αβ coordinates by using the Clarke transformation block.
Then, the set two phase component ( αβ component of both current and voltage) are used for calculating active and
reactive power (instantaneous powers) and also used for calculation of two phase compensating current. The compensating
powers that is oscillating portion of real power ( p ) and imaginary power q=q+q are also used in the current calculation
block in order to determine exactly all αβ components of currents in the load current that generates - p and
q=q+q with V(+1) .
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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

Positive
sequence Va’
Va Vα'
voltage
Vb Vb’ Vβ' Instantaneous
Detector
Vc Clarke Power
(PLL) Vc' Transformation iα Calculation
ia
ib iβ
p q
ic
-
Vref Pi + + Low Pass
+ Controller Filter
- p loss p
Vdc -1
-p+ploss -q ica*
Vα' icα* icb*
α β – current Inverse Clarke icc*
Vβ'
calculation icβ* Transformation

Fig.2. Block diagram of Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy

The three phase voltage can be converted into two phase voltage by means of Clarke transformation as shown in matrix
form and this two phase voltage further participate in power ccalculation module in order to determine both active are
active power along with two phase current ( i α and iβ ).

 1 
 
1 1
v  2  v' 
  a
 0 2  1  ' 
-  v b 
2 2

  3 2  ' 
1

v 
v = 1 -
 3   vc 
(1)
 
2

 
3
 2 
0
2

In Similar manner, three-phase line currentscan be convertedin to two phase by using Clarke Tranformation it also help in
determining real and imaginary power along with two phase voltage ( v'α and vβ' ).

 1 
 
1 1
i   2 i 

  2 1  a
2 2

  3
0

2   b
1

i 
i = 1 - - i

   3   c 
2 (2)

 
i
3
 2 
0
2
Three instant powers that is zero-sequence component, the active component p , reactive component q , the instant phase
voltages and line currents can be represented in matrix format as shown below:
 p0   v 0 0 0   i0 
    
p = 0 v v  i 
 q   0 v -v'   i 
'
(3)
     
From matrix active and reactive power is given as follow
p = v' .i + v' .i (4)
q = v' .i + v' .i (5)
Both active and reactive power consists of average component and Oscillating component given by
p=p+p (Average power +oscillating power) (6)

q=q+q (Average power + oscillating power) (7)

We need to compensate oscillating constituent of real power and imaginary power that affects the system.
DC Voltage Controller defines an additional quantity of active power that causes an extra drift of energy to the capacitor
for keeping its value of voltage around a static reference value as shown in Fig.2. Very small quantity of average active
power ( Ploss ) is drained in continuous manner from the power network for supplying switching loss plus ohmic losses in the
converter section or else, the same energy would be provided by dc link capacitor connected across converter which would

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

discharge at continuous manner. Boost converter is used in shunt active power filter, so it is necessary to keep value of dc
voltage higher than that of peak value ac bus voltage which would assure the controllable property of the (PWM) current
control Fig.2 active power of nonlinear load must be measured frequently and continuously and it must separate into two
component that is average and oscillating component .This is obtained by the compensation power selection block .In real
time operation, the separation of active and reactive power is analysed by a low-pass filter. Reference currents
i*Ca , i*Cb and i*Cc for switching of PWM inverter is set up from Inverse Clarke Transformation [54]. The switching scheme of
IG”T’s is set up by relating the reference currents and continuously sensing the currents from lines. αβ - Current Calculation
can be calculated as follow:
i *c   v' v'  - p+ p - 
 * = 2   loss 
1
 c   v' -v'   q 
(8)
 
i v' +v'2

These two values of compensating currents are two phase currents which are then converted into three phase currents by
means of inverse Clarke transformation. Three phase compensating currents can be calculated by using inverse Clarke
transformation.
 1 
 
1 1
i   2 i 

  2 1  a
2 2

i  = 3  
0

2   b
1

i 
1 - - i

   3   c 
2

 
i
3
 2 
0
2

7. UPQC
UPQC, as proposed by H. Akagi is a custom power device that has similar functions as Unified Power Flow Controller in
the distribution network. It compensates voltage and current related PQ issues and improves the power factor also. It
consists of a pair of back to back connected inverters through common dc link equipment. UPQC topology may be
characterised as Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) based UPQC and Current Source Inverter (CSI) based UPQC as depend on the
DC link equipment.
With similar construction as that of UPQC, UPFC is one of the adoptable FACTS devices used in case of transmission
systems. Then it is an obvious question as why UPQC? The answer may be as both the devices contribute simultaneous
series and shunt compensations with the help of respective series and shunt inverter. Only difference is that a UPFC works
under balanced and relatively distortion free transmission system whereas UPQC operates under relatively unbalanced
distribution systems with very high harmonic contents because of the excessive use of Power Electronics (PE) interfaces.

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of

UPQC

VSI topology (Fig.3) has

capacitor as the DC link
equipment and CSI topology has inductor as the DC link equipment. Due to the advantage of compact size and cost
effectiveness of VSI based UPQC topology is widely implemented among the two topologies. In contrast to VSI topology CSI
topology has bulky DC-side filter. But the advantage of CSI based topology is its excellent controllability, easy protection,
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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

high reliability [53]. In VSI topology, the shunt inverter provides the required harmonic currents desired by the load.
Simultaneously it improves the power factor and voltage profile by supplying the reactive power. Besides this VSI based
UPQC possesses shunt coupling inductor marked by Lsh in the diagram, which connects the shunt inverter to the load circuit.
A coupling transformer of suitable turns ratio is used in the series inverter circuit for minimizing the kVA rating of series
inverter.
UPQC integrated to distributed generation network is termed as UPQC-DG. It faces lots of challenges towards the control
of active power transfer, compensation of non active power during Islanded mode, etc. Apart from theses also numerous
operational changes are also incorporated, e.g., islanding detection and isolation, delay in reconnection as well as
interchanges in between the voltage and current control mode, etc., which further increases the complexity in the systems. In
the UPQC-DG, with storage, such as battery and flywheel storage, the shunt part of UPQC is in connection with the PCC,
whereas the series part is positioned prior to the PCC in series with the grid. In case the storage is present, the DC link may
be hooked up with it. The benefits obtained by introducing a secondary control as a smart islanding detection and
reconnection technique (IR) in the UPQC may be summarized as:
i) Compensation of voltage related issues in the interconnected mode to avoid Islanding.
ii) Compensation of non-active Reactive and Harmonic Power (QH) of the load during islanded mode.
iii) Smooth operation of the system at the time of phase jump/difference (within limit).

7.1. Proposed Methodology

The proposed methodology used is based on improvement of PQ by UPQC for a Grid integrated PV-system whose output
has been fed to a Boost Converter and in turn the output of boost converters is connected to grid through SVPWM inverter.
The schematic of the inverter control circuitry is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Inverter Control Circuitry

For the development of the PV system the Perturb and Observe method of MPPT algorithm has been used which is given in
Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Perturb and Observe Algorithm

The PV unit output has been fed through a Boost converter with a switching frequency of 5 kHz. The output of the boost
converter is fed to the grid after its conversion to AC by a Voltage Source Converter (VSC). The non-linear load circuit
consists of a 3-phase converter fed load. Certain single phase loads were introduced into the system deliberately making the
system unbalanced for further performance analysis of UPQC. In this paper analysis of UPQC control in dq-reference has
been presented. Fig.6 illustrates the physical implication of instantaneous power in αβ0 -frame.
An appropriate representation of instantaneous active power P0 zero sequence power is suggested in -reference frame

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

as the instant power along with p (instantaneous true power) and q (instantaneous VAR power) additionally which can be
expressed mathematically as:

 
 p0   v 0 0 0   i0 
    
 p = 0 v v  i 
 
q 
-v  i
(10)
  0 v
   

The 3-φ instantaneous active power is:

P3- =vaia +v i +vcic =v i +v i +v0i0 =p+p0
bb
(11)
Whereas

p0 = p0 + p0 (12)
Average Value Oscillating Component
of the Zero Sequence of Zero Sequence Power p0 = p0 + p0
Power aids the Average Value Oscillating Component
total energy transfer of the Zero Sequence of Zero Sequence Power
Power aids the

 vabic + v bcia + vcai b 

And total energy transfer

1
q=v i - v i = (3) (13)
3

Fig. 6. Physical implication of instantaneous power in αβ0 -frame.

p+p0  Instantaneous power flow (Total) per unit-time.

q  Transfer of power among the three phases without any transfer of energy

[Where i a ,i b ,i c and va ,v b ,vc are the Instantaneous Current and Voltage in abc frame. i ,i ,i0 and v ,v ,v0 are the
Instantaneous Current and Voltage in αβ0 -frame].
Where, and components of current can be obtained taking the oscillating active and reactive powers as:
iα   vα v   vα v 
 β  p  β  0
 =  +  
v -vα   0  v2 +v2 v -vα  q 
1 1
iβ  v2 +v2
  α β  β  α β  β  (14)
ActivePart ReactivePart
The abc true and imaginary current to be obtained by using Inverse Clarke's Transformation as follows:
   1 
ia(p)   
 vα 
0
    vαiα +vβiβ
i = - 1 2 3   
 b p  
2 (15)
3 2   vβ 
   
2 +v2
 1 
vα
β

 c p  
i
 

- 2 - 3 2 

 
 ia  q   v 
  v ic +v ia +vca i  bc 
i  = ab  vca 
 b q  
(16)
 
bc b

  v 
v 2 +v2 +vca
2
  ab 
 c q  
ab bc

i

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

7.2. Shunt Inverter Control

To compensate for the harmonic power and the required reactive VAR, the design of the control strategy of Shunt inverter
is required. This control strategy is based on p-q theory put forwarded by H. Akagi. He has described three different control
strategies for ShAPF (See section 6.2). Among all the control strategies Sinusoidal current control strategy has drawn the
attention of the researchers the most due to its ease of implementation. In this work, Sinusoidal current control strategy has
been used for the design of the ShAPF control (Fig. 2). It is incorporated along with the ShAPF accounts for the distorted
power to ensure the power frequency current to be drawn at the supply terminal.
To have the compensated current and the fundamental positive sequence voltage to be in phase, the ShAPF supplies the
Reactive Power of appropriate magnitude and polarity. But, it fails to generate the Real Power (constant) as long as the
voltage of the system is non-sinusoidal and unbalanced.

7.3. Series Inverter Control

Voltage related problems like voltage sag or swell, harmonics, due to various reasons like transients, nonlinearity and
interruptions can be minimized using SAF. The difference between the positive sequence voltage Vabc and the distorted
source voltage VR_abc , acts as the reference input to the control circuit of the series inverter of UPQC. Compensation of
voltage disturbances requires power balancing between the supply end and load end. In order to attain that the DC- link
voltage is managed to be constant. A PI controller can be incorporated to retain the DC- link capacitor voltage. The detailed
control strategy has been described in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. Block diagram for series inverter control

8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

8.1. Shunt Active Filter
The operational analysis of SAPF for a 3-phase, 3-wire system has been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Both
power circuit and control circuit for 3-phase 3-wire system considering load passive and non-linear are modelled. The
system consists of a hybrid network of PV-Battery. Here variable irradiance condition has been considered. Several
simulation studies for the entire system have been done taking into account the parameters which are shown in Table I as
given below.
TABLE I
SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Load Resistance Ω
Grid voltage (RMS) 230V
DC Link Capacitance 2000µF

Fig.8 shows the Injected current by the shunt active filter. Its associated waveforms reveal how SAPF compensate
the abnormalities in the supply side. Moreover, current THD of grid injected voltage side was found to be 1.40% due to the
compensation procedure of SHAF. Fig. 9 shows the grid injected voltage and current. In addition to that the FFT analysis
result of the system is shown in Fig. 10. The potential across the DC-link capacitor connected across converters is found to be
constant throughout the process and as shown in Fig.10.

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

Fig.8. Injected Current by Shunt Compensator

Fig. 9(a). Grid Injected Voltage

Fig. 9(b). Grid Injected Current

Fig. 10. Harmonic Analysis of Grid Injected Voltage Waveform

Fig.11(a) and (b) show the PV output voltage and current waveform. Battery voltages are connected to common DC
Link so they have the similar waveform as the PV output Voltage.

Fig. 11 (a) PV Output Voltage

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

Fig. 11 (b) PV Output Current

The results show that, the injected current waveform of the shunt active filter is sinusoidal which the basis of sinusoidal
current control strategy is. Besides it provides effective injection of power to the grid in interconnected mode which is
desirable.

8.2. Grid Tied PV System

In this work operation of UPQC in grid integrated PV network has been simulated for a 3P3W system using
MATLAB\SIMULINK 2016a. The control circuitry for 3P3W is modeled for both grid connected PV system in stand-alone
and grid connected mode as well. The circuit parameters used for simulation has been given in Table II for grid connected
mode assuming the continuous irradiance condition and load demand is less than generation. Variable irradiance with
higher load demand is part of the future studies.
TABLE II
Simulation Parameter
Load Parameter Value
Non Linear Load
Resistance Ω
Inductance 0.15mH
Linear Load
Nominal phase-to-phase voltage (Q ) 415V
Active Power ( P ) 10kW
Reactive Power ( Q ) 100Var
DC Link Capacitance 1000µF
Fig. 12(a) presents the characteristics of Grid Injected voltage and Fig. 12(b) illustrates the behavior of Grid injected
current of 3P3W UPQC with grid integrated PV system at the shunt inverter end. These waveforms illustrate the
compensation using UPQC. The grid injected current has a THD of 0.1466 or 14.66% of the fundamental owing to the
implementation of UPQC whose FFT analysis result has shown in Fig. 13.

(a)

(b)
Fig.12. Grid injected: (a) Source voltage (b) Source current

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, VOL 3, ISSUE 6

Fig. 13. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) level

The load in this experiment taken is three phase rectifier fed RL load. Besides the PV system output is fed through
inverter and filter circuit before being fed to the grid. So all these inject harmonic into the system. The load voltage and
source current are supposed to be distorted under this condition. By using of sinusoidal current control strategy, the load
voltage and the load current are observed as balanced and more smoother. Fig. 14(a) presents the PV Output voltage and
Fig. 14 (b) the PV Output Current.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 14. PV Output : (a) Voltage (b) Current

9. CONCLUSION
From the above results it is well established that performance of UPQC under sinusoidal current control strategy is superior
to that of the Shunt Active filter. The THD in grid injected voltage is found to be 14.66% 0.1466 which is a major achievement
of the study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is our pleasure to thank the faculty colleagues of School of Electrical Engineering for their valuable inputs during
preparation of this paper. We would also like to thank the University authorities for their support.

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