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International Journal of Control Theory and Applications

ISSN : 0974-5572

„ International Science Press

Volume 10  •  Number 38  •  2017

Power Quality Improvement in Low Voltage Transmission System

Using Static Compensator
M. Subramaniana M. Siva Ramkumara A. Amudhaa K. Balachandera and S. Kuppusamya
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education
a

Abstract: Recent advances in the power electronic technologies have estimated that about 50-60% of the electric
power in industrialized countries is flowing through some kind of power electronic systems (non-linear loads) and the
percentage is growing. These loads distort the supply voltage as well as supply current from its pure sinusoidal form.
Moreover harmonic problems are now prevalent in not just industrial applications but in commercial buildings also.
This is due primarily to new power conversion technologies, such as the Switch-mode Power Supply (SMPS), which
can be found in virtually every power electronic device (computers, servers, monitors, printers, photocopiers, telecom
systems, broad casting equipment, banking machines, etc.). The advancements in semiconductor device technology
have led to an increase of harmonic pollution in distribution systems; they have also provided sensible solutions
to the problem. Static Compensator (STATCOM) method is relatively a common technique for eliminating current
harmonics from the line. The basic idea of STATCOM is to inject equal magnitudes of the current/voltage harmonics
produced by the nonlinear load with 180 degrees phase difference to the line so that they cancel each other. These
STATCOMs offer solutions to shunt the harmonics and prevent them from feeding back into the utility grid; it leads
to power quality improvement such as THD minimization and power factor improvement. The main reason for the
awareness of the power quality problems is this: the load equipment is more sensitive to power quality variations.
Keywords: STATCOM, Power Quality, SMPS, DVR, UPQC.

1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, owing to the rise in power quality issues with the usage of switch off/on introduction loads, nonlinear
load and induction motor etc in domestic and industries, power-quality (PQ) issues, like harmonics, flicker,
and imbalance have rose to become critical challenges. Moreover, lightning strikes over transmission lines,
switching of capacitor banks, and different network outages can also result in PQ problems, like transients,
voltage sag/swell, and interference. On the other side, increase in sensitive loads that involve digital electronics
and complicated process controllers need a pure sinusoidal supply voltage for having a proper load operation.
In order to have the power quality to meet the standard constraints, there has to be some kind of compensation.
Few years earlier, the power quality issues in distribution system are mitigated by making use of passive filters
such as capacitor banks. At present, the research on this is gaining momentum to have the power quality issues
mitigated with the support of power conditioning devices [1].

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The power conditioning devices include dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), static compensator (STATCOM),
and unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC) (custom power devices) [2]. A static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM), also referred to as a “static synchronous condenser” (“STATCOM”) [3], is basically a regulating
device utilized on alternating current electricity transmission networks. It is dependent on a power electronics
voltage-source converter and can function as either a source or a sink of reactive AC power to an electricity
network. In case it is connected to a power source, it can also be used to give active AC power.
The disturbance in the quality of supply power can be improved/ enhanced at different stages; however;
few of the primary sources concerned with distortion can be tagged as follows: A. Power Electronic Devices
B. IT and Office Equipments C. Arcing Devices D. Load Switching E. Large Motor Starting F. Embedded
Generation G. Electromagnetic Radiations and Cables H. Storm and Environment Related Causes etc [4].
Few of the general power quality problems and their significant effects are Harmonics: more amount
of losses and heating in motors, capacitors and transformers that are connected to the system. Flicker: Visual
irritation, introduction of several harmonic components in the supply power and their associated components.
Transients: Tripping, failures in components, flashover of instrument insulation hardware booting, software
glitches, poor product quality etc. Voltage sags: Devices /process down time, impact on product quality,
failure / malfunctioning of customer instruments and related scrap cost, clean up costs, maintenance and
repair expenses etc.
In this research work, STATCOM is used for eliminating the current harmonics from the line. The basic
idea of STATCOM is to inject equal magnitudes of the current/voltage harmonics generated by the nonlinear
load with 180 degrees phase difference to the line so that they cancel each other. These STATCOMs offer
solutions to shunt the harmonics and prevent them from feeding back into the utility grid; it leads to power
quality improvement such as THD minimization and power factor improvement.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature reviews by various researchers has been presented with different modulation techniques. The
objective of the literature survey starts with the use of non-linear loads with the location of harmonics emerging
at high power level. The main reason of harmonic for both current and voltage are because of the transmission
system used in various power electronic devices such as Cyclo-converters, chopper, rectifiers and all other
nonlinear equipments.
In [5] stated that discussion of the switching pattern of space vector modulation and the type of carrier
wave has been established. The relationships between modulated signal and space vectors have been studied. All
relationships provide a universal platform both for implement transformation between space vector modulation
and carrier based PWM but also to develop different performance of PWM modulator. They are all independent
of the type of load.
In [6] described that to improve the power quality, an FLC control system have been studied by
compensating harmonics and reactive power needed by the non-linear load. The performance of the same has
been studied by comparing the PI Controller. Simulation results have been verified by successfully developing
prototype model with sensing line current. The THD is below 5% of the harmonic limit imposed by IEEE-519
standard after compensation. For the design of membership function and rule sets, a genetic algorithm has been
proposed.
In [7] presented the mathematical model of a SVM based three phase inverter is formulated and matlab
simulation has been done. From the result it can be given that THD can be reduced and the zero sequence
circulating current can also be reduced. This simulation model can be applied to various applications of motor
and also to non-linear loads to get less distorted results.

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 Power Quality Improvement in Low Voltage Transmission System Using Static Compensator

Again the research has been conducted in [8] presented in the paper simulation results for speed control
of induction motor with fuzzy logic control has been implemented. It have been proved that for same operation
condition, fuzzy logic control gives better simulation results as compared to PI controller for induction motor
drives. The motor speed maintained constant at varying load. Also the motor was working properly at lower
speed levels.
In [9] stated that a comprehensive survey on mitigation of power quality problems like shortage of
reactive power, poor voltage, low power factor, due to sudden change in field excitation voltage and current
harmonics, sudden increase in load, sudden fault occurring in the system are solved by FACTS controller such
as STATCOM and DSTATCOM.
Again in 2011, other researcher in [10] described in the paper that sequence of vectors is similar for all
group of rectifiers as they all have same neutral point connection at input and output point to determine the
gating pulses, it is important to verify the characteristics of the semi-conductor arrangement. For the initiation
of analysis of new converter topology, this semiconductor switching arrangement may be used. In this proposed
SVM technique, it is important to determine the sector to be imposed from input voltage reference which reduced
the number of switching commutation with number of switches and improves the total converter efficiency.
In [11] developed a control methodology using a discrete PWM and SVPWM for Active Power Filter
is proposed which require a few sensors and simple in sensors that is able to compensate the harmonics and
unbalanced loads. The proposed algorithm is able to reduce the complexity of the control circuitry. Under non-
linear condition, this harmonic spectrum shows better reduction of harmonics. SVPWM is used for simulation
study of two level inverter which generates less harmonic distortion in three phase VSI.
In [12] stated that different voltage control techniques produced a range of harmonics on output voltage.
Also from the simulation results, it has been observed that in reducing the Lower order harmonics, Sine PWM
is more effective as compared to hysteresis band PWM with low switching losses. By comparison of different
PWM techniques, power quality has been improved by giving higher output voltage, good linearity in voltage
and low harmonics contents in output voltage especially in low frequency region. A comparative study is
presented in [13] compared both the technique and found that there is a tremendous decrease in lower order
harmonics (LOH) in SVPWM. And also there is better utilization of DC bus as compared with SPWM by about
15%. SVPWM proved to be a better technique as compared to SPWM.
With the help of Facts Controller, power quality problems can be mitigated and researcher in [14] presented
that mitigation techniques has been reviewed making use of FACTS devices for various Power Quality issues
like voltage sag or dip, highly short and long interruption, voltage spike, voltage swells, etc. power system have
been badly affected by this PQ problems and various problems arises such as faults in information technology
instruments or might be stopping of all the equipment, circuit breakers trip with no overload, automatic systems
stopping for no obvious reason, electronic systems function in one location but not in other location. Here,
proper changes in view of PQ have been intended which is useful and helpful in understanding the mitigation
strategies using Facts Devices.

3. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN LOW VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

In power transmission networks, reactive power is observed to quality issues. Regulations are applied in
several locations that reduce the distortion and imbalance injected by a customer in a distribution system. These
regulations might need compensators (filters) installed on customer premises.[13]
It is also anticipated that a utility will provide a less distortion balanced voltage to its customers, particularly
those having sensitive loads. Traditionally, Static Var Compensators (SVCs) have been utilized along with passive
filters at the level of distribution for reactive power compensation and mitigation of power quality issues. Even
though SVCs are very efficient system controllers that are employed for providing reactive power compensation
at the transmission level, their reduced bandwidth, large number of passive element count increasing the size
and losses, and not so faster response make them unsuitable for the present day distribution needs.

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 M. Subramanian, M. Siva Ramkumar, A. Amudha, K. Balachander and S. Kuppusamy

Another compensating system has been introduced by, using an integrated set of SVC and active power
filter that can perform the compensation of three phase loads within a minimum of two cycles. Therefore, a
controller doing the continuous monitoring of the load voltages and the currents to decide the correct amount
of compensation needed by the system along with the lesser response time has to be a selective alternate. Low
Voltage Transmission Static Compensator (STATCOM) possesses the capability to get over the above said
disadvantages by offering an accurate control and rapid response during transient and steady state, with reduced
foot print and weight. But the stringent needs of STATCOM losses and the total system loss penalty prevent the
usage of high frequency PWM for VSC based STATCOM applications. This limitation of the implementation
of VSC either with no PWM or with lesser switching frequency PWM functionality results in DC bus voltage
changes, leading to over-currents and trips of the STATCOM during and after system distortions and faults -
when its VAR support functionality is the most needed[14].
Be the primary reason of the increase in system losses and several power.

4. STATIC COMPENSATOR
Static Compensator (STATCOM) method is relatively a common technique for eliminating current harmonics
from the line. The basic idea of STATCOM is to inject equal magnitudes of the current/voltage harmonics
generated by the nonlinear load with 180 degrees phase difference to the line so that they cancel each other.
These STATCOMs offer solutions to shunt the harmonics and prevent them from feeding back into the utility
grid; it leads to power quality improvement such as THD minimization and power factor improvement.

Figure 1: Block diagram

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 Power Quality Improvement in Low Voltage Transmission System Using Static Compensator

The Active Power Filter reduces the harmonics in the AC source by suppressing the reactive current
affected by the non-linear loads. The control strategy of the APF should be able to deliver a preset amount
of active current to the non-linear load and the excess current then to the AC source. The Active Power Filter
which provides the power factor correction, power balancing and Harmonic elimination.

4.1. Overview of Statcom

The STATCOM is basically a shunt-connected VSC, illustrated in Fig 2. It is one among the core FACTS
controllers with the capability of controlling the output reactive current, and therefore the reactive power,
independent of the AC voltage [13]. It is chiefly employed for voltage control and also be utilized for increasing
the transmission capacity in power lines, enhancing the voltage/angle stability, damping of oscillations and
acting as an active filter. In addition, the STATCOM can be utilized for grid connecting the renewable energy
sources in order to meet the grid codes. In its fundamental structure, the STATCOM can just interchange
reactive power with the grid, but in case fitted with energy storage, the STATCOM can also do the exchange of
active power. The performance and applications of STATCOMs are analyzed in this work, however, the thesis
is focused on STATCOMs used on distribution level.

Figure 2: Transmission Line STATCOM

Reactive power compensation is a serious problem in controlling electric power systems. Reactive power
results in an increase in the losses of the transmission system and minimizes the power transmission capacity of
the transmission lines. In addition, the reactive power flowing through the transmission lines can lead to huge
amplitude changes in the receiving-side voltage. This chapter shows the impact of STATCOM in power system
over reactive power control by the correct modeling of a simple power system and voltage source converter
based STATCOM making use of simulink and simpower system toolboxes in MATLAB.
The recent power transmission and distribution systems are overwhelmed with rising needs for more
amount of power with better quality and greater reliability at lesser cost. The countries in the developing sector
can use multi-faceted measures for voltage regulation and system stabilization, so as to efficiently use the
available transmission networks. The usage of power electronics in the form of SSSC, STATCOM and UPFC
is a well-known independent of the particular application. A STATCOM is actually a controlled reactive-
power source. It yields the necessary reactive-power generation and absorption completely through electronic
processing of the voltage and current waveforms in a VSC.
251 International Journal of Control Theory and Applications
 M. Subramanian, M. Siva Ramkumar, A. Amudha, K. Balachander and S. Kuppusamy

4.2. Characteristic of Statcom

The STATCOM can provide for both the capacitive and the inductive compensation and is capable to
independently controlling its output current over the rated maximum capacitive or inductive range with no
regard to the amount of AC-system voltage. The STATCOM can give whole capacitive-reactive power at any
system voltage even if it as low as 0.15 p.u. and has the capability of providing a complete output of capacitive
generation nearly independent of the system voltage. The STATCOM is desired to provide support to the system
voltage during and after faults that can otherwise will result in voltage collapse. A common V-I characteristic
of a STATCOM is shown in Fig 3

Figure 3: V-I Characteristics STATCOM

Vpu, Imin and Imax refer to voltage per unit, minimum current and maximum current correspondingly.
The maximum attainable transient over current in the capacitive region is decided by the maximum current
turnoff capacity of the converter switches. The converter switches are commutated naturally in the inductive
region. Therefore, the transient-current rating of the STATCOM is reduced by the maximum allowable junction
temperature of the converter switches. Practically, the semiconductor switches of the converter are not lossy,
therefore the energy that is stored in the DC capacitor is later utilized to fulfill the internal losses of the converter,
and afterwards, the DC capacitor voltage begins to decrease. Nonetheless, while the STATCOM is utilized for
the generation of reactive power, the converter itself can maintain the capacitor to be charged to the voltage
level required. This task is achieved by having the output voltages of the converter to lag behind the AC-system
voltages by just a small angle.

4.3. Equivalent Circuit Model of Statcom

he STATCOM comprises of 3 phase bus, shunt transformer, VSC and DC capacitor. Fig 4 illustrates the
T
equivalent circuit of the STATCOM.

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 Power Quality Improvement in Low Voltage Transmission System Using Static Compensator

Figure 4: (a) Equivalent Circuit of STATCOM Figure 4: (b) Phasro diagram

Figure 4: (c) Equivalent Circuit of STATCOM Figure 4: (d) Phasor diagramWith Capacitive Load
Here RL and XL refer to the STATCOM transformer resistance and reactance correspondingly. V0 indicate
the converter AC side phase voltages, Vabc stand for the system-side phase voltages, and iabc refers to the phase
currents. ‘K’ stands for the modulation index. Vdc , Idc and Pdc refers to the DC capacitor voltage, current and
DC power. THETA stands for the phase angle between the bus voltage and converter output voltage. Rdc and
Cdc refers to the real power losses in switches and DC capacitor value. Pac and Qac stands for the STATCOM
injected real and reactive power.
The important goals of a shunt compensator in a system are as below:
1. Compensating for a poor load power factor such that the current obtained from the source will have
a close to unity power factor.
2. Suppressing the harmonics in loads such that the current obtained from source is approximately
sinusoidal.
3. Voltage control for the loads, which result in fluctuations in the supply voltage.
4. Cancelation of the impact of imbalance loads such that the current obtained from the source is
balanced (load balancing).

5. SIMULATION RESULTS
This project is simulated in MATLAB R2009b tool which is user friendly software. MATLAB is a high-level
language and interactive environment to be used for numerical calculations, visualization, and programming.
Using MATLAB, you can evaluate data, design algorithms, and generate models and applications. Simulink,

253 International Journal of Control Theory and Applications

 M. Subramanian, M. Siva Ramkumar, A. Amudha, K. Balachander and S. Kuppusamy

developed by Math Works, is a data flow graphical programming language tool designed for the modelling,
simulation and analysis of multi domain dynamic systems. Its primary interface is basically a graphical block
diagramming tool and a personalized set consisting of block libraries. It provides a tighter integration with
the others of the MATLAB environment and can either drive MATLAB or else be scripted from it. Simulink
is extensively utilized in control theory and digital signal processing for multi domain simulation and Model-
Based Design.

5.1. Simulation Diagram of Proposed Method

Figure 5: Simulation Diagram of Proposed System

In power distribution networks, reactive power is the important reason behind the increase in system
losses and different power quality issues. Regulations are applied in several places that lessen the distortion and
imbalance injected by a customer in a system. These regulations may require the installation of compensators
(filters) on customer premises. It is also anticipated that a utility will provide less distortion balanced voltage to
its customers, particularly to those having sensitive loads. Even though, the terms concerned with power quality
hold for transmission and distribution systems, their approach towards the power quality has various concerns.
An engineer of transmission system has to deal with the regulation of active and reactive power flowing for
maximizing both the loading capability and stability constraints of the transmission system.

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 Power Quality Improvement in Low Voltage Transmission System Using Static Compensator

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 6: DC Link Voltage

250

200

150

100

50

–50

–100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 7: Current Magnitude

On the other side, an engineer of distribution system has to deal with load compensation (through individual
or group compensation) so as to keep up the power quality for every load in the distribution system, for instance,
attaining a close to sinusoidal bus voltage at rated magnitude for each load. This importance to power quality
has also got in the solution by using power electronic based power conditioning devices.
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 M. Subramanian, M. Siva Ramkumar, A. Amudha, K. Balachander and S. Kuppusamy

300

200

100

–100

–200

–300
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 8: Voltage & Current Magnitude without STATCOM

500

–500
200

–200
500

–500

500

–500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 9: Grid Current & Voltage, Injected Current

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 Power Quality Improvement in Low Voltage Transmission System Using Static Compensator

400

300

200

100

–100

–200

–300

–400
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 10: Voltage & Current Magnitude with STATCOM

1.001

0.999

0.998

0.997

0.996

0.995

0.994

0.993

0.992

0.991
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 11: Power factor With STATCOM

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 M. Subramanian, M. Siva Ramkumar, A. Amudha, K. Balachander and S. Kuppusamy

4
×10
10

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 12: Real & Reactive Power with STATCOM

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

0.75
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 13: Power Factor without STATCOM

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 Power Quality Improvement in Low Voltage Transmission System Using Static Compensator

4
×10
8

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Figure 14: Output Simulation Model of Real & Reactive Power without STATCOM

6. CONCLUSION
This project provides the systematic process of the modeling and simulation of a Low voltage transmission using
STATCOM for power quality issues, based on Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique.
Power quality is one occurrence depicted to be a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency, which causes a
failure of end user devices. In order to resolve this issue, custom power equipment is used. One among those
devices is the Low Voltage Transmission STATCOM, the most resourceful and effective modern custom power
device utilized in power transmission networks. STATCOM injects a current in to the system for correcting the
power quality issues (reactive power compensation and improve the power factor as well reduce the THD).
The simulation results show that the performance of the system has been observed to be satisfying in the case
of power quality issue and offer solutions to shunt the harmonics and prevent them from feeding back into the
utility grid;. It leads to power quality improvement such as THD minimization and power factor improvement.
In future Neuro-SVPWM controllers can be designed to improve the results more.

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