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Power quality improvement in a grid integrated solar PV system

Conference Paper · March 2017

DOI: 10.1109/ITCOSP.2017.8303144

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 2017 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT T ECHNIQUES IN CONTROL , O PTIMIZATION AND SIGNAL P ROCESSING

Power Quality Improvement in a Grid

Integrated Solar PV System
C.Shiva R.Bhavani N.Rathina Prabha
PG scholar, Dept. of EEE Asst Professor (Sr.Gr), Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE
Mepco Schlenk Engineering Dept. of EEE Mepco Schlenk Engineering
College Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi, Tamilnadu,
India. College Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India
shiva220593@gmail.com India. nrpeee@mepcoeng.ac.in
bavanir@mepcoeng.ac.in

Abstract - At present, Power Quality is one of the key
elements, which influences the economy of a nation.
Due to rising of population utility supplies excess
power to meet the increasing demand of the
consumers. To maintain the pollution and the global
warming within the particular level alternate sources
of energy have used which devolops the pollution less
environment. To overcome those issues non-
conventional energy come into picture. The whole
performance of the electrical utility can be improved
by the usage of non-conventional energy resources.
There are different forms of Renewable Energy
Resource (RES) are available. Among them solar
energy is mostly used because it is abundantly
available in nature. In addition it has lot of advantages
such as no air pollution, no fuel cost, noiseless and low
maintenance. Integrating solar power to the grid has
adverse effect on the power quality in the grid. In a
few PV based framework, the inverter is a key
segment which is responsible for the control of power
stream between the dc source, and loads or lattice.
This paper describes the difficulties and issues in the
area of power quality the due to the integration of
solar power in to grid are to be analysed. The Shunt
Active Power Filter (SAPF) with PI controller is to be
designed to enhance power quality in the grid
integrated solar system.
Keywords: Solar PV system, Converter, Inverter, Fuzzy
logic, Power quality, Shunt active power filters.
I.INTRODUCTION
Requirement of energy for the human is escalating step by
step due to globalisation and industrialization. In
harmony with the above case, since the twentieth century,
nations across the world are enchanting process, but the
main problem is to solving the prevention of energy
getting extinct and to forfending our environment from
pollution by amending newer technology in the field of
energy. Expanding the fresh and non-conventional energy,
for purpose of obtaining them and maintaining tham at a
constant growth rate is the vital task. In the middle of
them, the solar energy is the main spotlight of the energy
that can be developed and to be consumed. PV production
is renowned as main methodological data and the
predicting technology, because of its prevalence upon
environmental defence [1]. Inverter topology is the
leading topology of PV grid. As the crossing point devices
across solar cells and the grid, inverter plays a crucial
piece in developing and consuming the new energy
schemes, disturbing the financial side and consistency of
the photovoltaic (PV) grid generation system openly. To
get better PV grid inverter work transmission and
consummation excellence is the sudy to be focused in
upcoming era[2-4].
Fig. 1. Block diagram of proposed system
Grid Connected solar PV system is a kind of electrical
inverter that alters DC current from PV module into
alternating current (AC). When the PV system is
associated to the grid, it can transmit the extra energy to
the grid after satisfying the limited demand. But when the
demand is more than the generation, extra energy is
obtained from the grid. Thus PV energy acts as another
source of electricity. The PV system, considered in this
work, aims to relocate electrical power from PV panel to
the grid. Firstly, DC-DC Converter is used to boosts PV
voltage to a higher level than the peak of grid voltage [5].
Power converters are used for interfacing the RES to
power system. When the power converters are utilized,
they introduces the harmonics in the system. Conversely,
the increased use of sensitive electronic circuits in the
industries and household jointly with privatization and
rivalry in electric energy systems, pose the power quality

448 978-1-5090-4777-2/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

 2017 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT T ECHNIQUES IN CONTROL , O PTIMIZATION AND SIGNAL P ROCESSING
improvement as one of the key problems in electrical
industry. Harmonics causes distortion of source voltage,
addition loss due to unwanted current flowing in the
source. And also it may guide to misoperation of relays,
mains and other control units. So it is necessary to reduce
the harmonics there a many techniques to reduce the
effect of harmonics [6, 7]. One of those methods is to use
SAPF which produce harmonic current of equal
magnitude and opposite polarity to that of the harmonic
current produced in the system such that it cancels the
harmonic current in the system. It has a high speed
response and flexibility in operation as it contains the
power electronic devices.
Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) is proficient of
concurrently compensates the harmonics, current distort,
and injecting the power produced by non conventional
resources [8-10]. The SAPF is a voltage source inverter
(VSI), is related to the load. Shunt Active Power Filter
can keep the current balanced and sinusoidal after
remuneration for different load conditions. The DC to AC
power conversion is the result of power switching devices,
[11]. The output waveforms are consequently prepared up
of distinct values, producing the output which are more
oscillatory rather the filtered ones . The capacity to deliver
close sine waveforms around the key recurrence is
directed by the regulation technique tyrannical when and
how long the power values can become active in nature.
General techniques, include the pulse width modulation,
fuzzy control based technique is used. The design
scheme and configuration of these devices is based on
combination of traditional power system components and
power electronic elements [12, 13]. In this project, the
difficulties and issues involved in the zone of power
quality due to the integration of solar power in to grid are
to be analysed. The suitable fuzzy control technique is to
be designed and modelled to get better power quality in
the grid integrated solar system.
II. PV GENERATION
Advancement in the field of solar energy leading to the
cheaper rate of PV cells and the rates are decreasing day
by day, though they are advancing but solar energy is
costing higher among the other available sources. Due to
the higher cost, solar powered system can be setting up
with the help of funds given by the government.
Effectiveness and rate are vital driven factors on the PV
merchadise. The effectiveness of the PV circuit is
moderately high and the unit rate is cheap due to its high
power capacity. Yielding the energy will be improved by
and security issues will eradicated by appending the
stimulant at the back of the segment so consumers are
uncovered to high dc voltage. Establishment gets to be
distinctly simpler by assign the ac unit scheme, yielding
effectiveness can be kept at peak even in variance
condition. But it is relatively expensive and less effective
related to the integrated configuration are hurdles for its
broad utilization. Use of electrolytic capacitors can reduce
the life span is also a downside for this access. Since the
module-integrated inverter is implemented on the rear of
the PV array casing should maintain unsympathetic
circumstances and excess temperature. The duration of
electrolytic capacitors, which has shorter span than other
apparatus and deeply depends upon operational
temperature, becomes the key barrier to expanding the life
span of PV unit production.
In this article, a dc PV generation crossing point is in view
of proposed as a compensatory answer for AC module
idea. Employing the significance of the ac module theory,
dc interfaced PV production systems are cheap and has
higher effectiveness because of less transformation stages
from source to stack. Additionally, consistency point are
transmitted by eradicating the shorter lifespan of
electrolytic capacitors in the PV circuit. Therefore PV cell
can be modelled as a current source which generate
current IL. The current flows in the reverse path and which
is caused by a voltage between the terminals. The series
resistance (Rs) is due to the fact that solar cell is perfect
insulator. The shunt resistance (Rsh) is due to leakage of
current from 1 terminal to the other due to underprivileged
insulation. In an ideal solar cell, Rs=0 and Rsh=∞. The
simplified equivalent circuit of solar PV cell is shown in
the Fig.1
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of PV cell
The characteristic equation of Photovoltaic cell is
q(V IRs )
I I pv I s exp 1
AkTc
I IL Id I sh
Where,
I = Output current of PV panel (A)
IL =Current generated by PV cell (A)
ID =Current through diode (A)
Ish=Current through shunt resistor (A)
Rs =Series Resistance(R)
Q =Electron charge (1.6 x 10-19C)
K=Boltzmann’s constant (1.381 x 10-23J/K)
T=Junction temperature (K)
N=Diode ideality factor (1~2)
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 2017 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT T ECHNIQUES IN CONTROL , O PTIMIZATION AND SIGNAL P ROCESSING

The PV cell power is P = V.I The inductor current detoirates until the next cycle. The
energy stored in inductor L flows through the load. The
Where, V= PV panel output voltage . total of vitality put away in the inductor during ON time
I =PV panel output current. and the supply current will courses through the load
resistor (RL) and the capacitor (C) when switch is OFF.
TABLE 1 PARAMETERS OF PV MODULE Thus the voltage across the load is (VIN +VL).The
proposed converter is designed with the specifications
Parameters Values shown in Table 2 then modelled using MATLAB shown
Rs 0.62 Ω in Fig 3(a).
Is 3.8 A
Rsh 250.57 Ω TABLE 2 DESIGN SPECIFICATION OF CONVERTER
Voc 21 V
Ig 1.13 A Parameters Values
N 1.3 Input voltage (Vs ) 21.1 V
Tc 298 Output voltage (V0) 230V
N 36 Switching Frequency 20khz
Duty Cycle (α) 0.9
Table 1 shows the Parameters for the Solar PV panel. Inductance(L) 0.8 mH
From the specifications the experimental operation had Capacitor(C) 9.1 μF
been done. Resistor(R) 500 Ω

III. DC TO DC CONVERTER WITH PI The oscillations from the boost converter are rectified by
CONTROLLER using PI controller. The converter outputs with and
without PI controller are shown in Fig 3(b, c).
DC to DC converters at this time used is Boost converter,
where input voltage (DC) is a smaller than output voltage
(DC).That means boost converter output is higher than the
PV input. Hence, boost converter is required for the PV
system with PI controller to boost-up the voltage of the
PV system. DC-DC Converters are used for dc-input
voltage which is then converted to desired dc-output
voltages where the magnitude of the output voltage may
differ than the input voltage magnitude. Normally, DC-
DC converters are classified into three types namely:
buck, boost and buck-boost Converter and here boost
converter is preferred as we need to step up the PV output.
DC-DC converters are also useful for noise separation and
power bus regulation. The DC-DC boost converter
contains an inductor, capacitor, diode and a MOSFET.
Based on the switch duty cycle the output voltage may Fig 3a) Circuit diagram of converter with PI controller
change. Generally transformer can step up the voltage, but
there may be losses in the transformer. So to overcome
this loss and to get desired output voltage DC-DC
converters is used. The converter operates in two modes,
in the first mode begins when transistor M1 is switched
lying on at time t=0. The input current ascent and flows
through inductor L and transistor M1.

The inductor and MOSFET form a closed path when

MOSFET is ON. The current flows through the inductor
(L1) and the energy is stored in inductor when the switch
is ON. Virtually there is no current flowing through the Fig 3 b) Output Voltage and current waveform of
load at the initial stage. And the second mode begins when converter with PI controller
transistor M1 be switched off at time t=t1. The input
current now breeze through L, C, load, and diode Dm.

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 2017 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT T ECHNIQUES IN CONTROL , O PTIMIZATION AND SIGNAL P ROCESSING

procurement and control frameworks.

Fig 3 c) Output waveform of converter without PI

controller.
Fig. 4. Inverter topology
IV SAPF WITH FUZZY LOGIC
CONTROLLER It can be actualized in equipment, programming, or a
collection of together. FL gives undemanding technique to
A Shunt Active Filter (SAPF) is the bidirectional current touch base at an unequivocal conclusion based upon
converter with six switches having combination of both obscure, uncertain, loose, loud, or missing info data.. FL
switching network and filter-components. Structure of this approach imitates how a man would decide, just
power filter is dependent on the control technique of VSI significantly quicker. The fuzzy controller is based on the
having a capacitor for the purpose of DC energy storage following rules.
and the inverter output has been connected to Non-linear
load consists of diode bridge rectifier with a RL-load. In
each of the switches the diodes are connected in back to
back arrangement with the IGBTs to permit current flow
in either direction. For compensation of reactive power
the PV interconnected shunt APF injects real PV power to
a distribution line at PCC and also reduces harmonic in
load currents caused by nonlinear loads by injecting
compensating current. This filter is connected in shunt
that means in parallel with the nonlinear load. This SAPF
has ability of detecting the harmonic current caused by the
nonlinear loads and then injects a current of equal
magnitude and opposite in phase with the non-linear load
current which is called compensating current to reduce the
harmonics present in load currents due to Non-linear load. Fig. 5. Fuzzy rules
Hence, the resulting current is in form of a fundamental
frequency sinusoidal current which is drawn at PCC in V POWER QUALITY ISSUES
distribution network. VSI is one of the DC source has tiny
or trifling impedance. At the end of the day VSI has In modern years, there has been a better prominence and
hardened DC voltage source at its info terminals. At anxiety for the quality of power delivered to factories,
present CSI is sustained with customizable current from a business organisations and habitations. This is due to the
DC asset of high impedance, (i.e.) from a solid DC current increasing convention of harmonic-creating nonlinear
source. In a CSI bolstered with firm current source, yield loads such as ASD, switched sort power supplies, arc
current waves are not influenced by the load. A 3 phase furnaces, electronic fluorescent lamp ballasts etc. Power
inverter, which is the most normally utilized topology in quality can be defined, as the revision of driving and
motor drives. The control procedure is like the control of establishing electronic frameworks so as to keep up the
the 1 phase inverter, with the exception of that the veracity of the power supplied to the system. IEEE
reference signals for the adjusted legs have a phase shift criterion 1159 defines power quality to the model of
of 120 in lieu of 180 for the 1 phase inverter. powering and grounding perceptive equipment in an
approach that is appropriate for the operation of that
Fuzzy logic deals with ambiguity in engineering by apparatus. In the IEEE 100 Legitimate Dictionary of IEEE
attaching level of certainty to answer a logic question. FL criterion terms, Power quality is defined as the idea of
is a critical unriddle charge framework technique that fits powering and grounding electronic apparatus in a way
execution in framework running from straightforward that is fitting to the function of that apparatus and well-
little, installed smaller scale controllers to huge, arranged, matched with the assertion wiring system and other
multi-channel PC or workstation-based information

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 2017 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT T ECHNIQUES IN CONTROL , O PTIMIZATION AND SIGNAL P ROCESSING

coupled apparatus. Superior power quality, however, is the grid along with harmonic compensation. The THD of
not easy to define because what is superior power quality an inverter voltage is reduced to 0.37%. The simulation
to a refrigerator motor may not be good sufficient for model of grid connected PV system is shown in Fig 6a.
current delicate computers and other sensitive loads. The final outcome shows reduction of harmonics in the
Harmonic trouble come commonly from apparatus with a inverter while interfacing to the grid. This is achieved by
non-linear voltage/current features. These days a connecting a shunt active power filter.
substantial piece of mechanical, business and local
burdens is non-direct, making the alteration intensity on
the low-voltage supply network a serious concern. As
time goes on, additional and greater gear is being utilized
that makes sounds in power frameworks. On the other
hand, new and more apparatus is being used that is
tending to failure due to harmonics. Computers,
communication apparatus, and other power systems are
vulnerable to misoperation due to the effects of
harmonics. Due to the effect of harmonics, the electric
motors has AC misfortunes in the center and copper Fig 6 b) Output waveform of Inverter voltage without
windings. This can bring about center scalding, winding SAPF.
heating, torque fluctuation, and failure of efficiency in the
motors. Harmonics may resulting, increase in perceptible
sound from engines and transformers and can energize
mechanical resonances in electric engines and their heaps.

VI PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system comprises of a 3 phase AC source of
voltage 415 V and 50 Hz frequency to a nonlinear RLC
load through a source and line combined reactance of
50mH/Phase. The R Load on the DC side of Boost
converter is about 20ohm. The boost converter is Fig 6 c) Output waveform of Inverter voltage with SAPF
energized through the solar PV system of 21V and
produced an output of 230V. The simulation results of the
proposed 3 phase inverter based SAPF compensation. The
Figure 6 c, d, e shows the 3 phase voltage and current
waveforms after compensation.

Fig 6 d) Output waveform of grid voltage with SAPF

Fig 6 a) Circuit diagram of Grid connected with SAPF.

The 3 phase compensating currents of 3 phase inverter

based SAPF compensates the load current harmonics and Fig 6 e) Output waveform of current with SAPF.
thus the source current approached to sinusoidal is
exposed in Figure 6e Thus, the 3 phase inverter based The following figure shows the THD of an inverter. The
SAPF successfully injects the power from solar panel into figure 7 and table 2 describes the THD level of inverter

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 2017 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT T ECHNIQUES IN CONTROL , O PTIMIZATION AND SIGNAL P ROCESSING

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