The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367

Design of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) to

Mitigate Power Quality Problems by Using P-Q Theory
Dr.C.Bhargava, Associate Professor,
Mail Id : cbhargava@sreenidhi.edu.in,
A.Vineeth Chaitanya, B.Bhaskar, S.Pavan Kumar and R.Vikas Goud,
UG Students, EEE Department,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Telangana.

Abstract: Due to shifting trends in the electrical

just the rating value, but also the sinusoidal
distribution system, power quality in the distribution
waveform, may change. The loads, on the other
system has recently become a noteworthy concern.
hand, can be sources of distortions, especially when
The growing use of power electronic interfaces to
the currents pulled from the source are taken into
convert power from one form to another and account. The advancement of power electronics has
regulate the speed of electrical motors and other
resulted in a rise in nonlinear loads. Unified Power
non-linear loads is generating current profile
Quality Conditioner (UPQC) systems may be a
attenuation and, as a result, introducing harmonics
viable option for improving power quality [1].
into the system. Other power quality concerns, such
These systems are capable of improving power
as voltage sags/swells and imbalanced voltages, are
quality not just on the load side, but also on the
also discussed in this work. In order to overcome all
supply side, while also compensating for reactive
of the aforementioned concerns, a modified power. This sort of system primarily comprises of
instantaneous p-q theory is suggested in this study
two active filters connected by a shared DC circuit.
for managing the series and shunt converters of the
The parallel (shunt) active filter locally supplies the
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). Theharmonics of load current unique to the load,
UPQC is connected to the distribution system at the
compensates the source side reactive power, and
Point of Common Coupling (PCC), and it is theregulates the common DC voltage, whereas the
UPQC's job to mitigate different power quality
series active filter corrects the source voltage. Due
concerns in the distribution system. Not only does
to the real inclination of grid standards enforced to
the shunt converter adjust for harmonics in the
preserve power quality, simultaneous filtering of
current component, but it also compensates for
grid voltage and load current has become a tough
some reactive power. The series converter issue. On the grid side, improved power supply
compensates for voltage sags/swells by infusing
quality has become a requirement. This puts
voltages into the PCC. Simulation experiments on
tremendous strain on the grid's ability to meet
the MATLAB/Simulink platform are used to assess
industrial demand. The appearance of frequent sags
UPQC's capacity to solve the aforementioned / swells in the power supply will cause industrial
challenges. operations to fail. As a result, the grid is able to
keep to its goal of providing industrial clients with
Index Terms: Power Quality, Sag/Swell, Non- reliable, high-quality power [2]. Voltage sags/swells
Linear load, UPQC, PCC, Distribution system, and current harmonics account for the majority of
APF, SHAPF, SAF power quality concerns caused by power systems.
ACRONYMS: One of the finest solutions for correction of voltage
UPQC-Unified Power Quality Conditioner sags / swells and current harmonic filtering at the
APF-Active Power Filter same time is to use a Unified Power Quality
SHAPF-Shunt Active Power Filter Conditioner (UPQC). UPQC can also alleviate the
SAF-Series Active Filter imbalance that emerges as a result of several forms
PCC-Point of Common Coupling of failures. In basic terms, the UPQC protects
UALC-Universal Active Power Line Conditioner critical or sensitive loads from voltage fluctuations
UPFC-Universal Power Flow Conditioner in the power system and compensates crucial load
currents by supplying a sinusoidal current to be
I. Introduction drained into the power system.
Due to restricted power and other load factors at the
end of the distribution systems, such as on the utility The UPQC is made up of two voltage source
side, voltage distortions can arise, negatively converters that are linked back-to-back, one in
impacting the provided load. It's possible that not series with the line known as Series Active Filter

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The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis
(SAPF) and the other across the line known as
Shunt Active Filter (SAF) (ShAPF). The SAPF is in
charge of voltage restoration, flicker, and voltage
imbalance compensation, whereas the ShAPF is in
charge of current harmonics correction. ShAPF is a
controlled current source, whereas SAPF is a
controlled voltage source.
A. Unified Power Quality Conditioner
The UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) is
a series-shunt FACTS device. It is shown in the
Figure 1. It is made up of two voltage source
converters, namely a series converter and a shunt
converter, that share a common DC link (a capacitor
linked between the series and shunt converters) [3].
The series converter is mostly used for voltage
compensation, as it either injects or pulls voltage
from the main system, whereas the shunt converter
is primarily used for load side compensation, as it
either injects or draws current from the main
distribution system. The shunt converter also works
as an Active Power Filter, compensating for current
harmonics and regulating the common DC-link
voltage. It enhances the power quality of the
distribution system by balancing reactive power.
II. Power Quality improvement
The following technical issues have necessitated a
greater standard of power quality than in prior
decades of power generation.[4] An increase in
tolerance for equipment mistakes and production
stoppages has come from poor voltage quality in
industrial operations. In spite of the fact that the
second and third issues are just as important,
presentations nearly usually just concentrate on the
first one. There is a dramatic increase in costs if
there is even a little hiccup in service. The most
common causes of communication and research
interruptions are voltage drops and short
interruptions. There is still a lack of understanding
concerning the effects of high frequency transients,
despite the fact that they have been linked to
equipment failure. Equipment breakdowns that
disrupt existing operations are increasing in
frequency. Basic power electronic converters, which
are increasingly being utilised to power low and
high-power devices, may exhibit a broad spectrum
of distortion. There appears to be an increase in
harmonic distortion in the power system since large-
scale analyses are not practical. The growth of the
electrical industry has resulted in an increase in
quality indexes. Customers are eager to learn about
voltage quality from vendors. Customer interest in
voltage quality is growing. The degree of
Volume XIV, Issue VI, June/2022
ISSN NO: 0886-9367
deregulation and the degree of electricity
dependability go hand in hand.
Technology that uses less energy makes the
problem worse. Variable-speed drives and energy-
saving lights may all cause waveform distortion
because of the disruptions they cause in power
quality. The widespread use of environmentally
friendly resources and consumer goods is thus more
than simply a financial issue for these reasons.
Table 1: Voltage & frequency limits:
voltage magnitude Shall be between 207
variations and 244 volts
Voltage unbalance Should be up to 2%
Voltage fluctuations Should not exceed
flicker level
Frequency Should be in between
49.5 and 50.5 Hertz
A series converter and a shunt converter make up
the APLC's power supply circuit. Some have
suggested that these converters may be regulated by
a more general approach. Real-world resources may
be used in conjunction with those conceived in the
mind. In its ultimate form, the gadget can manage
facts and bespoke power concepts. Additionally,
this technique actively reduces harmonics by
changing the fundamental frequency.[5] To avoid
problems, it is suggested that you utilise a universal
active power line conditioner (UPLC). Traditional
controllers based on the well-known notions of
active and reactive power are outclassed by this new
technology.
The most recent innovation in power quality is the
use of active filters. There is an option in the form
of shunt active filters if you need to deal with
current harmonics better (capacitors for power
factor correction and passive filters to compensate
for current harmonics). Non-linear three-phase
systems may be analysed and controlled using the p-
q theory. Shunt active filters for sinusoidal supply
current and constant instantaneous supply power
have been proposed as a result of this technique. In
order to eliminate harmonics, reactive currents, and
neutral current from power lines, low-power active
filters based on the P-Q equation may be used in
conjunction. To deal with any problem load, there
may be a filter close by (or group of loads).
III. Methodology
The UPQC, like the UPFC, is designed to improve
the quality of electrical power (UPFC). A DC
energy storage capacitor is connected to two voltage
source inverters in a similar fashion as a UPFC
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The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367

(VSIs). The A.C. line and the VSIs are connected in

series and shunt.
Supply voltage and load current must be used
together in order to maintain a steady and balanced
network current. As a consequence, the load's
supply voltage and network current are both
adjusted.[6] Using a back-to-back configuration, the
shunt converter adjusts the voltage across the
common DC connection.

Fig3: Active Power Flow during Voltage Swell

When Vt exceeds VL, as shown by a negative Psr,

Fig 1: General Configuration of the Unified Power
Quality Conditioner — UPQC
the series APF is taking in the excess power from
the source. If the voltage is rapidly increased, this is
possible. In this case, the rated current is less than
iS.[8] As VS increases, the dc link voltage is likely
to grow as well. The decreased current draw of the
shunt APF controller makes it simpler to maintain
dc link voltage. Redistributing electricity is more
efficient with a UPS. The Active Power Absorption
Mode of the APF series is capable of absorbing
power, as its name indicates.

Fig2: Active Power Flow during Voltage Sag

Series APFs are providing active power if the k

value is less than zero, according to Psr (Vf is larger
than VL). This might be due to a sag in the utility Fig4: Active Power Flow during Normal Working
voltage. There will be a significant increase in Condition
traffic via iS. To keep the dc link voltage stable, a Vt = VL if k = 0, Therefore, UPQC will have no
greater current is needed. The dc link connects the effect on the flow of electricity. This is not at all
power source to the shunt APF.[7] This means that rare. The flow of active power is shown in the
even if the voltage drops, the load will still get the figure.
electricity it needs.
Instead of taking power from the source and
returning it to the load, shunt APFs do the opposite.
The term "Active Power Delivering Mode" is used
when the power is turned on. The flow of active
power is shown in the figure.

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The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367

IV. Results

Fig 6: Vabc_S

Fig. 5. Variation of angle during different modes of

operations of UPQC

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(UPQC) For systems with inductive or capacitive
load types, the Shunt APF's working zone receives
additional current from the source during a voltage
drop in order to get the active power required. The
angle Sh(shunt) should not be changed to 90
degrees when using UPQC to guarantee appropriate Fig 7: Iabc_S
power transfer. [9]Depending on the kind of
inductive or capacitive circuit, this angle may be
anywhere from 0 to 90 degrees leading or lagging.
Sagging and load variation are necessary to get the
job done. When the system voltage rises or falls,
inductive and capacitive loads are placed in UPQC
Zones VI and VII, respectively. During a voltage
spike, shunt APF, as previously noted, reduces the
source's current.[10] This is a wonderful application
for the additional active power. Sh must be at least
90 degrees Fahrenheit before and after the load,
regardless of whether it is inductive or capacitive. Fig 8: Vabc_L

Fig 9: Iabc_L

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The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis
Fig 11: SAF voltages Vsf_A
Fig 12: SAF voltages Vsf_B
Fig 13: SAF voltages Vsf_C
Fig 14: PAF currents Ipf_A
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ISSN NO: 0886-9367
Fig 15: PAF currents Ipf_B
Fig 16 : PAF currents Ipf_C
Fig-6 depicts us about the 3phase source
voltage(Vabc_S) where as Fig-8 shows the
mitigated voltage at load side(Vabc_L).Fig-7 shows
the harmonic currents present at the source
side(Iabc_S) and Fig-9 shows the rectified harmonic
currents(Iabc_L).Fig(11-13)
Shows the injected voltage by the series active
power filter whereas Fig (14-16) gives us an idea
about shunt active filter currents.
V. Conclusion
Using the ABC reference frame control, we were
able to adjust for nonlinear load currents and ensure
that all three phases of the load received a
sinusoidal voltage from the supply. The control was
able to manage both load changes and voltage
interruptions with ease. Compared to the previous
control methods, this recommended solution did not
need complex calculations or coordinate
conversions for series and shunt active filter
controls.
For the UPQC references, synchronisation with the
grid voltage is all that is necessary. In addition,
since a SAF connection transformer's PAF is
directly controlled by the load voltage, the UPQC in
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The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis
low-voltage applications (distribution system
networks) does not affect the load voltage
correction. Leakage impedance reduces the current
loop bandwidth at distorted grid voltages. An UPQC
control system may enhance power quality in
significant ways by using a simple control method
that depends on synchronised sinusoidal references
and verified experimental data.
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