Compensation Scheme for Power Quality Improvement
In Present Power System
Aadesh Kumar Arya, J. S. Arya Amit Kumar Manocha and Manoj Sharma
Department of Electrical Engineering
Geeta Institute of Management and Technology, Kurukshetra, India
adesh_kumararya@rediffmail.com , jsarya26@yahoo.co.in , manocha82@gmail.com, manojgarg0501@gmail.com
Abstract: The power quality (PQ) management is the main
issues in power system. The industries are facing this problem.
The hybrid filter configuration with PI Controller is more
efficient scheme for the improvement of power quality in
power system. The main purpose of this work is to reduce the
effects of Harmonics in a cost-effective and practical way by
mitigating both current and voltage harmonics generated in a
power system due to the presence of non-linear loads .It also
shows comparative study of a simple circuit, circuit with
hybrid filter and a circuit with hybrid filter using P-I
Controller schemes. The systems are modeled by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software and performance is observed.
The simulation results reveal that the proposed method of
hybrid filter with PI Controller is better solution for
improving power quality.
Index Terms— Hybrid Filter, Power Quality, PI controller,
Total harmonic distortion (THD)
I. INTRODUCTION
To develop and maintain the modern economy & society,
the economical, social and environmental sustainability are
required in the emerging future trend of energy. For the
economical and social growth, the prime movers are more
important. The electrical energy is main prime mover for
this. So today the electrical energy is most important
elements for the society and industry. The quality and
reliability of the power supply are more required for the
health of electrical power systems [1]-[2].Both electric
utilities and consumers of electricity are mostly concerned a
to the power quality of electricity. The term power quality
has become one of the most necessary word in the power
industry since the late 1980s. In the power utility
distribution systems, the power quality (PQ) problems are
not new, but now-a-days due to the public awareness these
problems are popular. By invention the advances
technology in semiconductor device have fuelled a
revolution in power electronics over the past decade, and
there are direction to the technocrats to continue this trend
[2]. With the more application of power electronics based
appliances in the industry, harmonics problem is more
serious and dangerous. The power electronics based
equipments viz. adjustable-speed motor drives, electronic
power supplies, Battery chargers DC motor drives, battery
chargers, etc. are responsible for the enhance in power
quality related problems [3-4]. According to characteristics
of power converters viz. nonlinear, are cause serious
problems of poor power factor, current harmonics, non
sinusoidal supply voltage, reactive power burden and low
system efficiency [5].These nonlinear loads are prime
sources of harmonic distortion in a power distribution
system. Through the point of common coupling (PCC), the
harmonic currents are injected back into power distribution
systems which produced by nonlinear loads. These
harmonics are the origin due to the many problems and
affect electrical equipments connected to the power supply
[6]. When the non - sinusoidal currents pass through the
different impedances in the power systems than voltage
harmonics produced. Due to the propagation of voltage
harmonics in power systems, the power system component
and devices are affected. The important harmonic source is
ac/dc converters/inverters [7]. Hence, due to the serious
issues there is need of power quality improvement
techniques which can suppress the voltage and current
harmonics, improve power factor and balance the input
supply. A no. of circuit configurations of filters are
available to limit harmonic current distortion. The active
power filters as well as passive power filters have been
studied and the developed technology to reduce the ill
impacts of harmonic load to electric power quality. Today
this is an important trend in distribution system operation
[8]. Passive filters which act as least impedance path to the
tuned harmonic frequencies were used initially to reduce
harmonics. This technique is simple and less expensive. But
it has many drawbacks viz. resonance, fixed compensation
characteristics, large size, high losses at no load etc. The
technology for active power filters configuration have been
developed for complete compensation of harmonics
distortions. Active filters are very helpful to overcome the
drawbacks of passive filter by using the switched mode
power (SMPS) converter to eliminate the complete
harmonic current and voltage distortion. The harmonic
currents and reactive power compensation simultaneously
can be suppress by suitable control techniques with the
shunt active power filters to generate a compensating
current in equal and opposite direction so that source
current becomes harmonic free. However, the power rating
and construction cost of active power filters is very high.
The hybrid filter configurations play a great roll to avoid
the limitations of active and passive filters. The power
rating of active converter, using the application of the
passive filters with the active filter, is reduced with respect
to the pure active filters. This hybrid filter consists the
advantages of active filters and passive filters. So the hybrid
filters are cost effective and become more practical in
industry used. The block diagram of a hybrid filter is shown
in fig.1 [9]. This paper presents a hybrid filter configuration
to suppress harmonic current distortion in the source
current. It is a combined system of Shunt Passive Filter
(SPF) and a Series Active Filter (SAF). Many of the
important international standards define power quality as to
maintain purely sinusoidal current waveform in phase with
purely sinusoidal voltage waveform. Therefore, a power
quality problem exists if any of the voltage, current or
frequency deviation from sinusoidal nature occurs. Power
quality problems are common in industrial, commercial and
utility networks as power electronics appliances are widely
used in these fields. The power electronics devices generate
harmonics and reactive power.
Therefore it is very important to compensate the dominant
harmonics and the total Harmonic Distortion (THD) below
5% as specified in IEEE 519 harmonic standard [10].
Harmonics not only influence the normal work state of
electric equipments, but also interfere communication
equipments. At present, passive power filter (PPF), active
power filter (APF) and hybrid active power filter (HAPF)
are mostly used to eliminate the harmonics [11]. Harmonic
pollution is not a new phenomenon, issues of harmonic
components of voltage and / or current curves occurred
early in the industrial use of electricity, the first mention
regarding to the use of harmonic analysis as a way of
solving a practical electrical engineering problem, was
made in 1893 by Steinmetz. Nowadays, in modern industry,
about 50% of receivers an industrial customer are supplied
using frequency converters (AC and DC adjustable drives),
switching mode power supply (for powering computer
systems or process controllers) and electronic ballasts. Due
to the nonlinear characteristics of these receivers (using
diodes, thyristors or transistors to convert AC voltage in DC
voltage and DC voltage in AC voltage or DC voltage in DC
voltage), in industrial distribution systems.
Resonance phenomena can increase the harmonic
components of voltage that will lead to increase the voltage
in different parts of the electricity supply system,
overloading of transformers and, in particular capacitor.
Also, can causing losses increasing in overhead electric
lines, cable, transformers and capacitor banks, leading to
acceleration of insulation aging and reduction life [12]. The
designing of the filters are more requirements for best
functioning of distribution systems. To design a filter the
size, the total investment cost and unacceptable voltage
profiles should be correct and harmonic must be reduced
within the permissible maximal value e.g. IEEE Std. 519
[13]), is keep at a minimum. Up to date, the cost of an
active power filter is expensive enough to postpone
practical installation. Actually, the passive power filter
using series resonant capacitors and inductors with parallel
resistor have been widely used as harmonic improvement
devices in distribution systems or demand-side. The cost is
acceptable, although the performance is not that satisfactory
to users due to dynamic characteristics of nonlinear loads.
The performance of an active power filter Recent surveys
clearly show that most industrial plants are more or less
sensitive to voltage disturbances, and in particular voltage
sags are often the most concerning ones, causing frequent
protection tripping, incorrect load operation, interruption of
processes and even the whole plant shut-down. [14]. In this
paper the Simulink model is developed to reduce the effects
of Harmonics in a cost-effective and practical way by
mitigating both current and voltage harmonics generated in
a power system due to the presence of non-linear loads.
A comparative study of a simple circuit, circuit with hybrid
filter and a circuit with hybrid filter using P-I Control
strategies have been done. The systems are modeled by
using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and performance is
observed.
II. P-Q THEORY
The power quality (P-Q) theory (Akagi, Kanazawa and
Nabae in1983-84) for applying to the control of APFs
[15].This theory is based on time-domain analysis, what
makes it valid for operation in steady-state or transitory
regime, as well as for generic voltage and current power
system waveforms, allowing to control the APFs in real-
time. This theory is very simple to apply because of the
calculations, which involves only algebraic calculation
(exception done to the need of separating the mean and
alternated values of the calculated power components). [15]
The P-Q theory is best suited for the mathematical
modeling of shunt APF control, hybrid filter, especially for
the calculation for the reference current. It is based on
instantaneous voltage and current in three phase system (3
or 4 wire). It applies an algebraic transformation (Clarke
transformation) of three-phase system voltages and load
currently in the a-b-c coordinates to the – coordinates
by the relations [16]:
The instantaneous power for the three-phase system is as
follows:
Where is the instantaneous real power and is the
instantaneous imaginary power.
By observing the formulations of P and Q, it is possible to
put them in the following form
Where is DC component related to fundamental active
current conventional and is AC component, devoid of
mean value and associated with harmonic caused by the AC
component of instantaneous real power. is DC
component related reactive power generated by
fundamental currents and voltages. is AC component and
related to harmonic currents caused by the components of
AC instantaneous reactive power.
Where, is impedance of filter and is source impedance.
Ideally, the source harmonic currents will be null. If
If to reduce series resonance between the
source and the filter. It avoids that the passive filter receives
the harmonic current of the rest of the system. In the
practical case simulated in this work a value K = 2 is used.

Reactive Current Active Current Harmonic Current

IV. MODEL REPRESENTATION

With The main requirement of any electric power system is the

supply of electricity with a determined power quality and
Three phase distorted currents representing identified reliability to the optimum cost. For increased the quality of
currents (reference currents, ) are calculated from life of the power system, with the installation of power
inverse transformation (Clarke transform) are electronics devices with non-linear loads, with the
shown in the relation presented below. application of hybrid filter configuration. To reduce the
harmonic distortion, the hybrid filters are one of the most
effective configurations.
The three models have been simulated in MATLAB
/SIMULINK. The source current and voltage harmonics are
analyzed. The three models simulated are:
The voltage must be of good quality (sinusoidal and
 System with non-linear load without using filter.
balanced); otherwise the method of the P-Q theory does not
apply. Since the network voltage is often unbalanced and/or  System with non-linear load with hybrid filter
distorted.  System with non-linear load with hybrid filter
using P-I Controller.
III. HYBRID FILTER DESIGN
In [4], the authors described the hybrid filter design which
depends on the load to be compensated. It contains some
passive viz. inductor (L) and capacitor (C), LC branches one
for each important load current harmonic to be removed
from the source current. In the case of non-linear loads, it is
usually enough to employ one, two or three branches for the
main harmonics. By three-phase systems it is possible to
reduce or eliminate .The harmonic of 3rd order and its
multiples by choosing correct connections of the
transformers supplying the power to the load. Therefore it is
usual to include LC branches tuned for the 5th and 7th Fig. 2 Simulation model for non-linear load without filter
harmonic order.
The values of and parameter of a branch tuned for an Table1: Parameters of Active Filter
“n” order harmonic must be satisfy the equation.

Snubber Resistance 2000Ω

Where f corresponds to the fundamental frequency that was
taken as 50 Hz in this work. The active filter connected in Snubber Capacitance Infinite
series with the passive branches can be used as a controlled Internal Resistance 50Ω
voltage source.
Snubber Resistance 2000Ω
Different strategies are possible to control this compensation
voltage. In single-phase or balanced three-phase system, a
voltage proportional to source harmonic current Table 3: Gain of PI controller
permits to modify the impedance of the shunt 0.9
compensator, and the passive filter performance is Proportional Gain (Kp)
improved. The non-linear load is modeled by a current
source. From the circuit 2b, it is possible to obtain the
Integral Gain (Ki) 12
source harmonic current, equation 9.
 Table4: Comparison of THD in % for using schemes

THD in %

Voltage Source Current Source

Without Filter 29.79 11.62
Hybrid Filter 5.23 2.05
Hybrid Filter using PI 1.30 1.66
Controller

V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 3 Simulation model for non-linear load with hybrid
filter
In this paper, three schemes are considered. In the first
scheme the model is developed without any filter using
non-linear load which shown in fig.2. After simulation, the
fig. 5 shows the waveform of voltage source without filter.
Fig.6 shows the total harmonic distortion (THD) is 29.79%.
And fig. 7 shows the waveform of current source without
filter.Fig.8 shows THD is 11.62%.
In the second scheme the Simulink model is developed
using hybrid filter. The fig. 3 represents the model with
hybrid filter. The fig. 9 shows the waveform of voltage
source with hybrid filter. Fig.10 shows the total harmonic
distortion (THD) is 5.23%. And fig. 11 shows the
waveform of current source. Fig.12 shows THD is 2.05%.
The third scheme represents the model with hybrid filter
controlled by PI Controller which shown in fig. 4. The fig.
13 shows the waveform of voltage source with hybrid filter.
Fig.14 shows the total harmonic distortion (THD) is 1.30%.
And fig. 15 shows the waveform of current source. Fig.16
shows THD is 1.66%. In the table 1, the values of active
filter parameters are mentioned and in table 2, the values of
parameters of passive filter and table 3 represents the values
of Kp and Ki for PI-Controller. The table 4 shows the
compression of THD in each case.

Fig. 3 Simulation model for non-linear load with hybrid

filter using PI Controller

Table 2 Parameters of Passive Filter Fig.5 Waveform of voltage Source without filter
PASSIVE FILTER(L-C TYPE)
Inductance(L1) 11.24 mH
Capacitor(C1) 0.9 mF
Inductance(L2) 15.6 mH
Capacitor(C2) 0.6 mF
Inductance(L1) 11.24 mH
 Fig. 10 Spectrum analysis of voltage Source with hybrid
Fig. 6 Spectrum analysis of voltage Source without filter filter

Fig.11 Waveform of current Source with hybrid filter

Fig.7 Waveform of current source without filter

Fig. 8 Spectrum analysis of current source without filter Fig.12 Spectrum analysis of current Source with hybrid
filter

Fig. 9 Waveform of voltage Source with hybrid filter Fig 13 Source Voltage waveform with hybrid filter using PI
controller

Fig. 14 Spectrum analysis of voltage source with hybrid
filter using PI controller
Fig.15 Waveform of current Source with hybrid filter using
PI controller
Fig.16 Spectrum analysis of current Source with
hybrid filter using PI controller
VI. CONCLUSION
The model of different schemes viz. system for non-
linear load without filter, with hybrid filter and hybrid
filter using PI Controller are simulated using
MATLAB/Simulink in this paper. When compared to
these three schemes the % of THD is different. It is find
out that the system with hybrid filter is much better to
the system without filter. But the system with the hybrid
filter using PI controller is more efficient for harmonic
suppression. So the system with hybrid filter using PI
controller is more accurate for power quality
improvement.
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