ABSTRACT

Latest innovative ideas to make the life easier using the technology depends upon
the application of power electronics which in turn affect power quality. It is
important that Power Quality i.e waveforms of voltage and currents are maintained
sinusoidal. The distortion in waveform can affect life of electrical equipment.

Power quality issues can be compared with environmental pollution. At some

location pollutants are injected and at some location they are removed and
environmental quality is maintained. Recently research work and implementation
of water quality trading is being carried out to improve water quality. Polluters pay
for injecting pollutants and there are agencies who get paid for removing
pollutants. That is there is trading or market mechanism used to improve water
quality.

It is proposed to regard Power Quality issues in electricity distribution systems

from these market based economical perspective, starting from parallels in
environmental/water quality economics. In order to create incentives to efficiently
achieve required levels of PQ, an emission permit/right trading system for the
different PQ phenomena, each with a different market, will be studied. Its
implementation and functioning will be studied. This system will allow the
stimulation of the installation of mitigating devices at the customer site or in the
grid and makes it possible to tailor the needs of individual customers, who will
become more aware of PQ. Power quality equipment are the equipment, which
are used for regulating power and providing uniform power quality. It helps to
ensure a steady supply of voltage within a defined range.

Power quality is addressed, typically based on several parameters. Standard

parameters such as flicker, current, harmonics, voltage dips, power, voltage, and
transients are handled by power quality measurement equipment. These
equipment can handle multiple disturbances. Power quality equipment primarily
aims to reduce multiple equipment usage in a system. It also supports databases
where collection and analysis of the data can be read and stored with no time lags
and also measure and analyze data required for a short (monthly basis) period.

Keywords: - Power Quality, Power Distribution, Deregulation, Power Markets,

Harmonics
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
Electricity is not anymore a luxury article like few decades ago, but it has become
a necessity and a part of our everyday life. Even short interruptions and voltage
sags can be harmful when the amount of computers, programmable logics etc. in
industry and as well in households have increased rapidly. In modern information
society requirements and expectations associated with power quality have become
increasingly important. Reasons for that are increased requirements for power
quality by network utilities, customers and regulators. Many industrial and
commercial customers have equipment that is sensitive to power disturbances.
Therefore, it is more important to understand the quality of power being supplied
in a power system, faults, dynamic operations, or nonlinear loads often cause
various kinds of power quality disturbances such as voltage sags, voltage swells,
switching transients, impulses, notches, flickers, harmonics, etc. One critical aspect
of power quality studies is the ability to perform automatic power quality
monitoring and data analysis. Usually, utilities install power quality meters or
digital fault recorders at certain locations so that various power quality events can
be recorded and stored in the form of sampled data for further analysis Power
quality is defined in the IEEE 100 Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standard
Terms as the concept of powering and grounding electronic equipment in a manner
that is suitable to the operation of that equipment and compatible with the premise
wiring system and other connected equipment utilities may want to define power
quality as reliability. Power Quality may also be defined as “a set of electrical
boundaries that allows equipment to function in its intended manner without
significant loss of performance or life expectancy.”

1.2 Objectives

1. Improve power quality, optimize cost of achieving and maintaining power

quality
2. Create economic incentives for electrical waveform distortion reductions,
prevention of power quality issues & restoration program
 3. Provide incentives for development of reliable quantification procedures

4. Provide greater flexibility in Power quality management

1.3 Scope of Work

1. To study future types of power quality issues and solutions

2. To study Market-based Incentives to Improve Power Quality

3. To explore if Market based water quality improvement framework can be

applied to Power Quality.

4. To develop framework Quantification of cost of pollutants and cost of solution

and propose a market based framework for Power quality.

1.4 Motivation of Work

1. To reduce power quality issues using Market Based Framework

2. One pollutant source with high treatment costs pays another to make a voluntary
and surplus pollutant reduction for a lower cost

3. How trading of quality can be enabled similar to power trading

4.To learn from water pollution trading , and apply it to power quality trading

CHAPTER – 2
 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
Power Quality

There are different definitions for power quality.

 According to Utility, power quality is reliability.

 According to load aspect, it is defined as the power supplied for satisfactory

performance of all equipment i.e., all sensitive equipment.

 This depends upon the end user. According to end user point of view, it is
defined as,“any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency
deviations that result in failure or misoperation of customer equipment”.

 In IEEE dictionary, power quality is defined as “the concept of powering and

grounding sensitive equipment in a matter that is suitable to the operation of that
equipment”.

 IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), it is defined as, “ set of

parameters defining the properties of the power supply as delivered to the user in
normal operating conditions in terms of continuity of supply and characteristics of
voltage (magnitude, frequency, waveform).

The power supply system can only control the quality of the voltage; it has no
control over the currents that particular loads might draw. Therefore, the standards
in thepower quality are related to maintaining the supply voltage within certain
limits.

2.1. The Power Quality Evaluation Procedure

The following gives the general steps that are often required in a power quality
investigation, along with the major considerations that must be addressed at each
step.
2.2 Problems In Power Quality & Its Issues
A recent survey of Power Quality (PQ) experts indicates that 50% of all Power
Quality problems are related to grounding, ground bonds, and neutral to ground
voltages, ground loops, ground current or other ground associated issues [9].
Electrically operated or connected equipment is affected by Power Quality. The
commonly used terms those describe the parameters of electrical power that
describe or measure power quality are Voltage sags, Voltage variations,
Interruptions Swells, Brownouts, Blackouts, Voltage imbalance, Distortion,
Harmonics, Harmonic resonance, Inter harmonics, Notching, Noise, Impulse,
Spikes (Voltage), Ground noise, Common mode noise, Critical load, Crest factor,
Electromagnetic compatibility, Dropout, Fault, Flicker, Ground, Raw power, Clean
ground, Ground loops, Voltage fluctuations, Transient, Dirty power, Momentary
interruption, Over voltage, Under voltage, Nonlinear load, THD, Triplens, Voltage
dip, Voltage regulation, Blink, Oscillatory transient etc. The issue of electric power
quality is gaining importance because of several reasons:
1. The society is becoming increasingly dependent on the electrical supply. A
small power outage has a great economical impact on the industrial
consumers. A longer interruption harms practically all operations of a
modern society.

2. New equipments are more sensitive to power quality variations.

3. The arrival of new power electronic equipment, such as variable speed

drives and switched mode power supplies, has brought new disturbances
into the supply system.

The Allen- Segall study concluded that 88.5% of AC power problems were
transient related shown in Figure1. Allen and Segall found that the most
disruptive (49%) of power problems stemmed from oscillatory, decaying
transients. These are examples of long duration, non-lightning related,
transients. Lightning induced voltage spikes or impulse transients were the
next most frequent, representing 39.5% of the total number of AC power
problems.
2.3 Power Quality Consequences of poor power quality
1. Wind power generation
Not able to connect to the grid in case of overvoltage or under voltage or if
pollution emitted is too high.

2. Marine
Non-compliance, not allowed to connect to grid, increase in running costs,
frequent outages and downtime.
3.Industry
Non-compliance to grid codes, not allowed to connect to grid, penalties, lower
productivity, potentially higher CO2 emissions.

4. Conventional power generation

Higher stress on generators leading to premature failure/erratic behavior, higher
running costs.

5.Power distribution
Not able to connect to the grid –in case of overvoltage or undervoltage or if
pollution emitted is too high.

6.Solar power generation

Not able to connect to the grid in case of overvoltage or undervoltage or if
pollution emitted is too high.

7.Railway
Non-compliance, penalties, frequent outages and downtime, reduced operational
efficiency.
8.Infrastructure
Penalties, frequent outages and downtime, reduced equipment life,potentially
higher CO2 emissions.
Power quality future drivers & challenges
Impacts of power quality issues.
Sources of power quality problems. The problems can
originate from the utilities, internally, or from power electronic sources

Distinct types of facilities affected by power quality issues,

classified according to cost.
 CHAPTER – 3

CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
various issues related to power quality classification and characterization of
disturbances, propagation of disturbances, and measurement strategies being
used to monitor the power quality. Semiconductors are the heart of
computer industry; unfortunately these electronic components are non-linear
and thus may affect the safe or reliable operation of computers and
computer-based equipment. Often more important than the physical effect
on the equipment is the loss of productivity, resulting from computer
equipment failure, miscalculations and downtime. And thus changes in the
equipment on site will change the harmonic profile, so rendering the filters
ineffective. Thus, a versatile control scheme for unidirectional ac–dc boost
converters is one of the most efficient technologies to mitigate grid power
quality. It is an almost no-cost solution for compensating harmonic current
and reactive power in residential applications since most power factor
correction circuits available in the commercial market utilize unidirectional
ac–dc boost converter topologies. Unidirectional ac–dc boost converter can
be used to quantify the input current distortions for supplying not only
active power to the load but also reactive power.

The power quality issues for distributed generation systems based on renewable
energy sources such as solar and wind energy. A thorough discussion about power
quality issues, their sources, and parameters have been presented here. Discussion
on power quality standards have been carried out afterwards. After that, power
quality issues in renewable energy systems, techniques to monitor power quality, the
devices used for that purpose, and application of CPDs for mitigating power
quality problems have been described. Ways of improving power quality in
renewable systems, and analysis of power quality in DC systems have followed all
these; and the outcomes have been presented finally to summarize the findings of
this work.
From the outcomes of this research, transient has been found out to be the most
severe power quality issue, followed by voltage spike and fluctuation. The power
quality monitoring techniques have been found to be employed for monitoring
harmonics mainly, while UPQC, STATCOM, and spinning reserve have been
found out to be the most effective CPDs. It has been resolved that STATCOM can
be a potential choice due to the advantages it offers.

3.2 Power systems and markets of the future

Renewables, grid edge technologies and digitalization drive the
evolution of future power systems
Yesterday Today

YEAR 2000 YEAR 2020

Tomorrow

YEAR 2030
Factors:
- Global warming – ecological threats
- Stimulated, regional introduction of renewables
- Reduction of photovoltaics & battery storage costs
- Consumer to Prosumer development
- Digitalization trend
- Interconnection technology development
- Full scale deployment of renewables across all regions
- Increased share of energy by wire
- Massive introduction of grid connected Electrical Vehicles
- Utilities re-inventing themselves with new business models
- «Internet of Energy»
- Autopilot features using artificial intelligence