IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution

Research Article

ISSN 1751-8687
Advanced fuzzy power extraction control of Received on 25th June 2015
Revised on 25th October 2015
wind energy conversion system for power Accepted on 1st December 2015
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0769
quality improvement in a grid tied hybrid www.ietdl.org

generation system
Chayan Bhattacharjee ✉, Binoy Krishna Roy
Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, India
✉ E-mail: chayan_kol@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: This paper introduces an intelligent extraction of optimum power and its dispatch by using fuzzy logic from a
grid tied hybrid generation system comprising of a permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind turbine and
a low concentration photovoltaic generator. For photovoltaic generator, maximum power point tracking control is
implemented using fuzzy logic under varying solar irradiance. Power extracted from wind turbine is designed as a
fuzzy function of the dc link voltage error, its rate of change and error in the direct axis current of the inverter. This
reduces high frequency oscillations in the wind extracted power. Such an extraction is considered as a novelty of this
paper. A failure mode and effect analysis is done for power converters and possible mitigation schemes are suggested
for different faults. A 1:1 delta wye-grounded transformer is used at the inverter output to eliminate the triplet
harmonics. Further, dynamic performances of both fuzzy proportional-derivative and integral (PD+I) controller and
classical proportional integral (PI) controller, to control the inverter currents, are compared. The proposed method
results in an enhanced power dispatch and improvement in distortions and oscillations in the converter currents. This
also reduces the probability of failures in the converter switches and other passive components.

1 Introduction
Increased penetrations of renewable energy sources into the power
grid arouse several challenges in integration not only amongst
themselves but also between such sources and the grid. Though
the energy obtained from such sources is environment friendly but
the power and voltage obtained from such sources varies randomly
with the variation of weather. Furthermore, non-linear power
converters, used for conditioning the power outputs from such
sources, distort the waveform and hence degrade the quality of
dispatched power thereby affecting sensitive loads connected to
the grid. Exhaustion of fossil fuels, their hazardous influence on
environment and an increasing power demand result in an
increased penetration of renewable energy sources into the utility
grid [1]. Since availability of renewable energies is variable and
unpredictable so energy storage device is essential at the dc link.
This device maintains the power balance at the dc link which
results in a smooth power dispatch. Li-ion batteries though costly
have higher power density and can withstand higher charging/
discharging cycles than that of lead-acid batteries while NiMH
batteries are costlier and have carcinogenic effect on the
atmosphere in spite of having higher power density than Li-ion
batteries [2, 3]. Low concentration photovoltaic (LCPV) generator
used in this work has a degree of concentration of 2.2X which do
not require any extra tracking mechanism and cooling
arrangements for their cells [4]. The use of such cells can increase
solar power extraction efficiency to 20–25% [5] than flat plate
collectors, with the use of simple mirror reflection with good
optical efficiency. In the proposed system maximum power
extraction is essential from both LCPV generator and wind energy
conversion system (WECS) for increasing system efficiency [6, 7].
Fuzzy logic control has proved better than classical control for
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) particularly under varying
inputs for renewable energy sources [8–10]. Tracking of maximum
operating power point is done using source side variations which
results in high frequency components in the dc link voltage [11].
In this work optimum power is extracted from WECS using fuzzy
algorithm based on the knowledge of direct (d) axis current error
of the inverter (Δid), deviation in dc link voltage (ΔVdc) with
respect to its reference and its rate of change (δ (ΔVdc)). This
technique performs well to stabilise dc link voltage and is devoid
of high frequency components. The crucial challenge is fast
damping of oscillations in dc link voltage during rapid changes in
wind speed under wind turbulence and change in solar irradiance
while dispatching the extracted power, at the PCC. Furthermore,
sag ride through of the inverter voltage would not be possible if
the inverter reactive power compensation for load variation is
inappropriate [12]. The earlier papers cited do not focus keenly
into these aspects altogether. The BESS control aims to regulate
the dc link voltage (Vdc) as for a grid connected system fast power
transfer at the PCC is possible if Vdc remains constant under all
circumstances [13, 14]. Voltage oriented control (VOC) of a
two-level fully controlled inverter is done as the load system
considered requires no neutral grounding and switching losses may
be reduced unlike higher-level inverters [15]. The VOC is
designed to achieve an improved quality power to be fed at the
grid, apart from load reactive power compensation for power
factor improvement and voltage stabilisation at the load bus [16].
Low pass filtered references for both active and reactive current
components are used to reduce power distortions at the PCC. This
method along with the passive L-C-L filter at the inverter output
together improves both voltage and current THD. A failure mode
and effect analysis (FMEA) of the power conditioning interface
between the generators and the grid is also discussed. Possible
mitigation methods for system protection for faults in different
converters are shown. This analysis is of importance in such
hybrid system as the continuous heating of the power switches;
improper heat sink and ageing may result in either open or short
circuit faults in converters switches, failures in line inductors and
capacitors. This hampers power conversion process, degrades
power quality and incurs economic losses.
The remaining part of this paper is organised as, Section 2 deals
with the system component modelling and their dynamics, Section
3 discuss the FMEA of the power conditioning interface of the

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system and the possible mitigation system, Section 4 deals with the respectively, while Tcnom is the nominal operating cell temperature
control algorithms and controller configurations, Section 5 deals at Tanom .
with simulated results with discussion and finally Section 6
concludes with the essence of the work.
2.2 Wind energy conversion system

A one mass drive train for PMSG-turbine shaft model is chosen in

2 System dynamics and modelling this work. While the generator rated speed is low, the speed
difference between the turbine and the generator is considered
In this paper a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) negligible [19] thus almost neglecting the contribution of viscous
based WECS-LCPV hybrid system with Li-ion battery storage is friction. The mechanical torque generated is given in (3), while the
considered. The proposed system is feeding power to a local load PMSG voltage and torque dynamics are represented in the
and the grid as shown in Fig. 1 where Cdc is the dc link capacitor. direct-quadrature (d–q) axes from rotor reference frame of the
The turbine coupling shaft is modelled as one mass drive system PMSG, follows from (4)–(8)
as the rated rotor speed is low with a high number of rotor poles
for the PMSG [17]. Such shaft dynamics with less torsional losses 1
and viscous friction has high increasing transmission efficiency Tm = {0.5rACp (l, b)v3w } (3)
vr
through the shaft.
The LCPV generator, WECS which includes wind turbine model
and PMSG with one-mass shaft dynamics, variable-linear load where ωr, ρ, A, Cp(l, β) and vw are rotor angular speed [rad/s],
system and their conditional switching scheme and the battery air-density [Kg/m3], swept area of the turbine blades [m2],
energy storage system (BESS), is modelled based on their performance coefficient of the turbine and wind speed [m/s],
dynamic equations. The choice of the dc link capacitor is respectively. Cp in turn is dependent on the tip-speed ratio (l) and
considered so as to manage dynamic power balance at the the blade pitch angle (β).
common dc link during its fast charging/discharging modes with

minimum oscillations in Vdc. vd = rs + Ld p id − Ed (4)
 
vq = rs + Lq p iq − Eq (5)
2.1 LCPV system
Ed = vr Lq iq (6)
With the advancement in nanotechnology, LCPV generators are
emerging as better choice over flat plate photovoltaic generators
as the solar concentration can be enhanced to more than 6X with Eq = vr Ld id + vr wr (7)

no tracking and extra cooling arrangement thus enabling power
extraction at a higher efficiency [18]. Basic one diode equivalent
circuit is used [16] in this work, where solar concentration of
2.2X is assumed to vary due to cloud intervention. The solar
irradiance is in per unit (pu), (Gpu) over its base value of 1 KW/
m2. The ambient temperature, Ta [°C] and the cell temperature Tc
[°C] are dependent on Gpu as per (1) and (2), as both temperature
and irradiance regulates the output extractable power from the
LCPV collector. An increase in cell temperature decreases the
amount of possible power extraction unlike an increase in solar
irradiance.
Ta = 22 + 0.05(Gpu − 1.2) (1)
G(Tcnom − Tanom )
Tc = Ta + (2)
Gnom
3    
Te = P wr − Ld − Lq id iq (8)
2
where vd, vq, id and iq are the respective voltage and current
components in d-q-axes while Ed and Eq are the d-q-axes
back-emf components and Te is the electro-magnetic torque
experienced by the generator. Ld, Lq and rs are the stator leakage
reactances and winding resistance while jr and P is the constant
rotor flux and the number of pole-pair of the PMSG, respectively,
whose rated power is 90 KW. The instantaneous disturbances in
the rotor torque and shaft speed which follows from wind speed
variations and shaft dynamics as in (9) are directly reflected in the
output voltage and power of the generator. The amount of ripples
in the dc side voltage after rectification of the PMSG ac voltage
decides the value of the dc bus line inductor which is responsible
for suppressing the ripples [20] as per (10).

where Tanom , G and Gnom are the nominal ambient temperature (20° dv
Tm = J + Bv + T e (9)
C), solar irradiance in KW/m2 and nominal irradiance of 0.8 KW/m2, dt

Fig. 1 Layout of the system

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Table 1 Variable load switching schedule exponential voltage time constant [Ah], R is internal series
resistance [Ω], ih is battery transient current [A] and SOCi is initial
Load Value (P + jQ) Switching scheme
state of charge. The parameters of the Li-ion battery used in the
L1 P = 113 KW, Q = always remain connected
work are given in the Appendix.
0.5 KVAR
L2 P = 5 KW, Q = 0.5 from time = 2 s to time = 3 s
KVAR 2.4 Variable load system
L3 P = 15 KW, Q = from time = 3.5 s to time = 4 s.
0.75 KVAR The load comprises of a constant inductive load (L1) and three
L4 P = 7 KW, Q = 0.3 from time = 0 s to time = 1.5 s and from time separate inductive loads L2, L3 and L4 whose switching follows a
KVAR = 3.5 s to time = 4 s
particular time sequence. All the loads and their switching
schemes are given in Table 1, where KW and KVAR are
respective units of active and reactive powers.
J and B being inertia and viscous friction coefficient of the
turbine-generator system, respectively.
3 FMEA of the hybrid system and possible
di methods of fault mitigation
Vc = Vcc − L r (10)
dt
FMEA is done on the system to find the chance or probability of
where Vc, Vcc and ir are the boost converter’s input voltage, failure of different system components. This is a reliability
uncontrolled rectifier’s output voltage and ripple current, analysis of the system which depends on the regular inspection,
respectively, at the dc side of the WECS. Turbine and generator monitoring and expert knowledge of the system components
parameters are as given in the Appendix. which are prone to failures and may affect the performance of the
system severely. FMEA is used to structure mitigation for risk
reduction based on either failure effect severity reduction or on
2.3 Battery energy storage system lowering the probability of failure or both [22, 23]. Particularly the
power converters in the proposed system may be prone to open
Lithium-ion battery is used for transient power support at the dc link
circuit or short-circuit faults due to excessive heating of the
for stabilisation of Vdc, because of high power density and capability
devices. The temperature of the components depends upon the
of undergoing higher charging/discharging states without
magnitude of the active current it handles and instantaneous
degradation of its life unlike cheaper lead-acid batteries. Due to
voltage build up across switches [24, 25]. Apart from the
such properties in spite of its high cost these batteries are suited
converters the line inductors and the shunt capacitors may fail due
for wind based hybrid power systems and electric vehicles. The
to very high increase in the rate of current and voltage experienced
battery terminal voltage is a combination of constant, polarisation
by the device, respectively. The root cause behind these failures is
and exponential components as given in (11) [16, 21] and can be
not only the continuous heating effect but also the rate of rise in
modelled based on its charging/discharging dynamics. The
temperature and development of hot spots due to inefficient
instantaneous battery charge is shown in (12).
distribution of heat and also improper cooling of the converters.
Further with an increase in power densities of converters, available
Cq
Vb = Vc − Ap − Rib + Ke−lq (11) surface area for heat dissipation decreases. For this reason the
C−q converters are generally derated under normal operation which
 increases reliability but does not increase component cost

 significantly. Different failure modes in the power converters of
q = 1 − SOCi C + ib dt (12)
the proposed system are given in Fig. 2 along with their possible
mitigation methods.
where Vb is the terminal voltage of the battery, Vc is constant As all the converters are connected directly to the dc link capacitor,
component voltage [V], Ap is polarisation constant [V/Ah], C is a fault in any of the switches alters the dc link voltage and affects
total capacity of battery [Ah], q is instantaneous battery charge smooth power transmission. In case of short circuit fault across any
[Ah], K is the amplitude of exponential component [V], 1/L is the switch, the dc link capacitor tends to discharge immediately

Fig. 2 Faults in converter switches and their possible mitigation

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delivering high fault current which may damage other switches in the
converter leg or line inductors connected for ripple reduction. Hence
immediate disconnection of the faulty converter from the remaining
system is to be done after detection of high rate of increase in
current and equals to fault current level. Under open circuit fault
for the dc–dc converters of WECS, LCPV generator and BESS,
MPPT from the renewable sources fails, and the dc link voltage
will exactly follow the variations of wind speed and solar
irradiance. It results in lowering of system efficiency, voltage stress
on buck-boost converter for BESS and degradation in active power
dispatch across the inverter. Retuning of integral gain of BESS
voltage regulator may improve the dc link voltage stabilisation.
This alters the battery current reference within its permissible bias.
This performance may be improved with a fuzzy voltage control.
Open circuit fault of the BESS converter results in unidirectional
and uncontrolled power compensation in the dc link. With open
circuit fault in the uncontrolled rectifier of WECS, voltage
imbalance will result at the ac side due to unidirectional power
flow through the freewheeling diodes. For this rectifier the whole
dc link voltage is experienced by a single diode of the converter
leg and may fail. Therefore prolonged operation is not suggested
after detection of open circuit faults. Though under sinusoidal
PWM inverter drive system both voltage and current will remain
balanced but it will result in dc offset current through the switches
which degrades the output current quality [26]. Therefore the PI
regulators for the d-q axes current may be retuned to improve
output current quality. Prolong operation with open circuit may
cause over-current in the healthy switch of the same leg when
turned on and will experience the full dc link voltage when turned
off. Therefore isolation of the inverter from the dc link or ceasing
its gate drive signals for all six switches may be required.
3.1 Possible design control for fault protection based on
FMEA
As FMEA includes reducing the probability of failures which
primarily depends upon the temperature rise of a device and in
turn active current of the device, it is shown in the outputs that
fuzzy control can reduce the oscillations in battery and inverter
currents and therefore reduces the average heating effect of these
devices (Fig. 7). Other suggested control methods upon short
circuit of converter switches are:
† Soft isolation of the PMSG from rectifier.
† Isolation of the LCPV generator from the dc link.
† Isolation of battery with fault current detection.
† Isolation of the inverter from the dc link.
As short circuit failures are more frequent in occurrence in
converters, detection of sudden high rate of rise in the device
Fig. 3 Isolation of different converters from the dc link
a Isolation of the LCPV and BESS
b Soft isolation of the PMSG
4 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016
current and when it equals fault current level urges opening of the
faulty dc converter/rectifier connecting it to the dc link or cease of
gate drive signal for the inverter. The suggested control for
disconnection is shown in Fig. 3a for the LCPV generator and the
battery, where the isolator Sw1 is normally closed (NC) but is
opened when the time rate of rise of the inductor current (di/dt)
exceeds its maximum limit ‘k’. Soft isolation of the PMSG
generator isolates the WECS for a short circuit in either the boost
chopper or the uncontrolled rectifier is shown in Fig. 3b. The
switches for the phase isolators are NC type and opened
simultaneously at times Ti, Ti+1, and Ti+2 for phases in the phase
sequence of the PMSG, where ‘i’ stands for 1, 2 and 3 for the
respective phases. This process detects the magnitude of
instantaneous voltage deviation of the three phase voltages of the
PMSG from its average value, which is zero, over one cycle. The
switch of the phase with minimum voltage deviation (i) is opened
first followed by the other two in the phase sequence of voltage
generation with a time delay corresponding to their instantaneous
phase, for minimum voltage build up across the isolators.
4 System control methodologies
4.1 Fuzzy control for optimal power point (OPPT)
tracking from WECS
In this work intelligent fuzzy control algorithm is used to extract the
optimum power from WECS, which stabilises the dc link voltage in
spite of high frequencies in the power injected by the PMSG
generator. The inputs to the controller, ΔVdc, δ (ΔVdc), and Δid,
varies continually and does not obey any defined mathematical
model but depend on switching dynamics of the power
conditioning interface and load variation. Thus the objective of the
boost converter for WECS is to track optimum power based on
supply–demand relationship, which operates on linguistic fuzzy
variables [27]. Mamdani type fuzzy controller with five triangular
membership functions is chosen for three inputs and the output,
which is the change in duty cycle of the converter (ΔD). Optimum
choice of prefix scale factors for the three inputs reduces high
frequency components in the extracted wind power and therefore
the overall power quality. Duty cycle (D) controls the charging/
discharging of dc link capacitor as it extracts the optimum power
with variations in natural energy sources. The linguistics for the
membership functions used for all fuzzy controllers in this paper
are PB, PS, Z, NS, NB which stands for positive big, positive
small, zero, negative small and negative big, respectively. The rule
matrices for different values of ΔId controlling ΔD for fuzzy wind
power controller is shown in Table 2. For case I and case II,
respectively, when load demand is high and moderate, focus of the
control scheme is lessening the grid burden and hence power
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., pp. 1–11
Table 2 Rule matrices for fuzzy-OPPT Table 3 Rule matrix for fuzzy-MPPT
δ (ΔVdc), ΔVdc NB NS Z PS PB ΔVdc ΔPw NB NS Z PS PB

Case I: When Δid is negative (N) NB PS PS PB NS NS

NB PB PB PB Z Z NS PB PB PS NB NB
NS PB PB PB Z NS Z PB PB Z Z Z
Z PB PB PS NS NB PS NB NB NS PB PB
PS PS PS Z NB NB PB NS NS NB PS PS
PB Z Z NS NB NB
Case II: When Δid is Z
NB PB PB PS Z Z
NS PB PB PS Z Z
Z PS PS Z NS NS which is an uncontrolled ac–dc rectifier along with a boost
PS Z Z NS NB NB chopper. Quantities at the dc side are only utilised for MPPT as
PB Z Z NB NB NB per (13) instead of measuring instantaneous rotor speed as in tip
Case III: When Δid is positive (P)
NB PB PB PS Z Z
speed ratio control.
NS PB PB Z Z Z
Z PB PS Z NS NB dPw dPw dVdc
PS Z Z Z NS NB = × (13)
PB Z Z NS NB NB dwr dVdc dwr

where,
extraction will be close to MPPT. For case III, when load demand is
low focus is given in lessening ΔVdc and power extraction is adjusted Vdc = f (wr ) (14)
accordingly.
The fuzzy OPPT control is modelled as shown in Fig. 4a where
FLC is the fuzzy logic controller and pulses are generated using Table 4 Rule matrix for fuzzy-MPPT control of SEGS
sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
CE E NB NS Z PS PB

4.2 Fuzzy control for MPPT from WECS NB Z Z PB PB PB

NS Z Z PS PS PS
Power extraction from the wind generator utilises electrical power Z PS Z Z Z NS
PS NS NS NS Z Z
versus Vdc trajectory at the dc side of the WECS converter to alter PB NB NB NB Z Z
its duty cycle. The WECS converter is a switched mode rectifier

Fig. 4 Different control schemes implemented for the WECS, battery and the inverter
a Fuzzy OPPT control
b Blade pitch angle control
c BESS bidirectional power control
d VOC of the inverter

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Table 5 Rule matrix for fuzzy PD+I VOC control of inverter current is a proportional function. Pw and wr are the electrical power
delivered and instantaneous rotor speed, respectively. It is implied
CE E NB NS Z PS PB
according to (13) that when dPw/dwr = 0 for maximum power then
NB NB NB NB NS Z
dPw/dVdc = 0, as dVdc/dωr≠0. The fuzzy rule matrix for the MPPT
NS NB NB NS Z PS control is shown in Table 3. The inputs to the controller are the
Z NB NS Z PS PB perturbation in the electrical power output (ΔPw) and perturbation
PS NS Z PS PB PB in the dc link voltage (ΔVdc) while the output is the perturbation in
PB Z PS PB PB PB
the chopper duty cycle. The switching scheme is the same as for
OPPT, shown in Fig. 4a.

Fig. 5 Fuzzy PD+I controller

Fig. 6 Input and output characteristics of wind turbine and LCPV generator
a Wind speed
b Rotor speed
c Solar irradiance for LCPV
d Solar power generated

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Fig. 7 Power management and error tracking for different modes of operation
a Inverter active power dispatched
b Battery power
c Inverter d-axis current error
d Inverter q-axis current error
4.3 Pitch angle control for wind turbine
As per IEC 61400-2, blade pitch control for limiting extraction of
power from wind turbine is essential when the generated power
exceeds the rated power of the turbine to avoid its overloading
[28]. The required pitch angle, β is generated from the power
difference of turbine rated power and actual power. Fig. 4b shows
the blade pitch angle control where the power error, ΔP, is sent to
a PI regulator that generates the reference pitch angle. When ΔP <
0, the limiter restricts the pitch angle reference to zero but when
ΔP > 0, the pitch actuator actuates the necessary pitch angle
change of the blades to limit the extracted power. The dynamics of
the pitch angle actuator is non-linear and depends upon saturation
limits on pitch angle and pitch rate.
4.4 Fuzzy control for MPPT of LCPV generator
The power transfer efficiency of a LCPV is about 25%, hence focus
should be given on maximum extraction from such generator
unconditionally in a grid connected system as any surplus power
dispatched by the inverter will get consumed at the grid which
behaves as a virtual load. Deviations of Vdc are corrected by
optimum power extracted from WECS and the control of the
BESS. The boost voltage fed at the common dc bus by the LCPV
generator is as per (15).
1 dVpv
Vboost = {V − IL (Rs + Ls )} (15)
1 − d pv
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where d, IL and (Rs, Ls) are the duty cycle of the chopper, solar
generator load current and parameters of the boost converter,
respectively. A basic hill-climb approach is used for tracking
maximum power operating point where the control inputs
considered are dPpv/dVpv and its rate of change [29] and change in
duty-cycle as the output. Mamdani type fuzzy control with five
triangular membership functions for the two inputs error (E) and
change in error (CE) and the output which is perturbation in d are
considered with its rule matrix given in Table 4. Input
membership functions are considered tilted towards centre as
maximum occurrences of errors are around the ‘0’ crisp value.
4.5 Bidirectional power flow control for BESS
With a transient power mismatch between the generated and the
consumed, ΔVdc deviates from its reference value, zero, which
hampers smooth power transfer at the inverter output, de-stabilising
the output frequency from its nominal value [17, 30]. BESS
controls the power flow at the common dc link stabilising Vdc at its
ref
reference value Vdc . A dc buck-boost converter with IGBT
switching is used for the model. The dynamics of the common dc
link capacitor which controls battery current are given in (16) and (17)
dVdc 1

= iRL − iLoad + ibatt (16)
dt Cdc
ipvL = ipv − Cpv (17)
dt
7
Fig. 8 THD of inverter voltage and current for MPPT and OPPT-fuzzy modes of operation
a Voltage THD for MPPT mode
b Voltage THD for OPPT-fuzzy mode
c Current THD for MPPT mode
d Current THD for OPPT-fuzzy mode
where iRL, iLoad and ibatt are current delivered from both renewable
sources, inverter input current and battery current, respectively, at the
common dc link. Cpv is the output capacitor of the LCPV generator
while Cdc is the dc link capacitor. The control action comprise of an
inner current control loop and outer voltage control loop as shown in
ref
Fig. 4c [31]. Ibatt is the battery reference current generated by the
voltage regulator for a ΔVdc. Vcom, battery voltage Vbatt and Vdc
controls the duty ratio, dbatt of the converter [32] as per (18) which
in turn controls the battery charge. Battery charge control is
constrained by the two current limits of +Isat and –Isat for
respective discharge and charge operations, while limits on Vcom
are imposed assuming maximum Vbatt and desired Vdc.
Vcom + Vbatt
dbatt = (18)
Vdc
4.6 VOC of the inverter
The inverter control is aimed at – (i) maximising the power dispatch,
(ii) stabilising Vdc, (iii) maintaining synchronism with the grid
operating conditions and (iv) improving THD of the power
delivered at the PCC [33, 34]. Decoupled vector control approach
of inverter direct-axis (d-axis) and quadrature-axis (q-axis) currents
is implemented on a synchronously reference rotating frame in
phase with the grid voltage by using phase locked loop control,
where the d-axis voltage is considered aligned with the grid
voltage. Dynamics of the inverter power dispatched are given in
(19) and (20) where vin in in in
d , id and vq , iq are the respective d-axis
and q-axis voltage and current components of the inverter.
3 voltage
P∗ = (vin iin + vin in
q iq ) (19)
2 d d
8 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016
3
Q∗ = (vin iin − vin in
q id ) (20)
2 d q
where P*, the inverter active power reference is the sum of extracted
power from the renewable sources while Q* is the load reactive
power demand. The component of net active current reference
derived from (19) by neglecting vq is id1* while the other
component Id2* is obtained from instantaneous ΔVdc as shown in
Fig. 4d. Here id2* is added with id1* so as to increase the current
reference when ΔVdc > 0 and decrease the same when ΔVdc < 0.
The net reactive current reference, id* is obtained from (20). The
inverter voltage quality is fully controlled by the series arm
impedance of the L-C-L filter while the current quality may be
improved according to IEEE 519 using an additional active shunt
compensator. The PI regulators for both id and iq are first tuned
classically for optimum performances. These values are then
utilised in fuzzy proportional-derivative and integral (PD+I)
controllers and performances compared with optimal classical
controllers. The rule array for the fuzzy PD+I control is given in
Table 5. The system’s sampling frequency is set at 1.25 KHz to
improve the precision of fuzzy control output.
The linguistics for the abbreviation of membership functions used
in the rule matrix given in Table 5 are the same as used before. ‘PS’
Table 6 Inverter voltage and current quality in terms of THD
THD in inverter Modes of operation
MPPT OPPT OPPT-fuzzy
0.09 0.63 0.87
current 21.38 16.74 13.74
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., pp. 1–11
and ‘NS’ membership functions for both inputs are considered tilted
towards the central membership ‘Z’ as the maximum tendency of the
crisp values are to lie around ‘Z’ thus to provide maximum areal
coverage offered for defuzzification to improve accuracy. Instead
of MIN-MAX, the PROD-MAX inference method was used for
defuzzification to minimise transient oscillations in the output [35].
4.6.1 Fuzzy PD+I controller configuration for inverter
control: High frequency transient variations in the d-q-axes
currents of the inverter are minimised by the use of fuzzy PD+I
control where specifically the rate of variations are minimised.
Both transient and steady state time responses are improved. Five
triangular membership functions for both the inputs and the output
are used with the rule matrix given in Table 5. The controller is
shown in Fig. 5, in which the controller gain constants namely
GE, GCE, GIE and GU are calculated according to (21)–(24).
GE = 1/M (21)
GCE = GE × (Kd /Kp ) (22)
GIE = GE × (Ki /Kp ) (23)
GU = Kp /GE (24)
Kp, Kd, Ki and M are the proportional, derivative and integral gains of
the controller and M is the maximum magnitude of the error,
respectively.
Fig. 9 Active power management by OPPT-fuzzy and MPPT modes
a Active powers at the PCC by OPPT-fuzzy mode
b Active powers at the PCC by MPPT mode
c Extracted power from WECS
d DC link voltage stabilisation
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5 Simulated results and discussions
With the considered input source variations, fuzzy controllers help to
track the correct instantaneous operating points for all controllers.
Furthermore, performances of the two inverter current control
techniques have proven that the fuzzy PD+I control provide better
time domain response than the classical PI control. The wind
speed profile considered here is given in Fig. 6a. The turbine rotor
speed, given in Fig. 6b which controls the generated frequency of
the PMSG voltage. The variation in solar irradiance for LCPV is
shown in Fig. 6c due to intervention of clouds which results in the
maximum extracted power given in Fig. 6d. The rated power of
the generator is delivered at the maximum solar concentration of
2.2X.
A comparison of performances in power extraction and transient
responses among three different modes of operation, namely (i)
MPPT (ii) OPPT and (iii) OPPT with fuzzy PD+I control of
inverter current (OPPT-fuzzy) is done. The first two modes of
operation use classical PI control for their inverter current control.
Figs. 7a and b show the inverter active power output and the
battery delivered power for the three operational modes,
respectively. Fig. 7a reveals that OPPT-fuzzy method dispatches
more power than OPPT but less than MPPT for a simulation time
of 2 s, while Fig. 7b shows that OPPT-fuzzy consumes lesser
average power from the battery. Figs. 7c and d show oscillations
in inverter d-axis and q-axis current, respectively, for all the three
modes. Out of the three modes, control by mode1 results in
injection of very high frequency current components into the PCC
than mode 2 and mode 3. A study of the distortions in voltage and
current at the output of the inverter-filter combination also reveals
9
Fig. 10 Inverter reactive power management and its load compensation at the PCC
a By OPPT-fuzzy mode
b By MPPT mode
c Inverter reactive power compensation by mode 1 and mode 3 of operation
that OPPT-fuzzy is the best amongst the three modes for
improvement of power quality at the PCC as shown in Fig. 8.
Figs. 8a and b shows that although the voltage THD is the best in
MPPT method but a voltage THD of 0.87 is quite acceptable as
obtained in OPPT-fuzzy as per standard IEEE-519. However
Figs. 8c and d show a good improvement in the THD of the
inverter current for OPPT-fuzzy over that obtained in MPPT. A
summary of the results of THD in inverter voltage and current is
shown in Table 6 for all three modes of operations.
Therefore, OPPT-fuzzy proves to be the best method out of the
three in terms of power maximisation, reducing oscillations in
system responses and reducing distortions in the inverter
dispatched power. Third harmonic and higher order triplets (3rd
order harmonics) are negated at source by the use of 1:1 delta-star
transformer (Fig. 1) which completely blocks the flow of triplets at
the PCC.
Operation by mode 2 although produces almost similar
oscillations in system responses but yields lesser power at the
inverter output so onwards responses with this method is not
shown. The active power management at the inverter output and
dc power extracted from the wind generator for mode 1 and mode
3, respectively, are shown in Figs. 9a and b. Fig. 9a shows active
power dispatched by mode 3 is higher particularly after 2.5 s as
compared with Fig. 9b for mode 1. Thus grid support is also
higher in mode 3 reducing its active power burden of the local
load. Power extraction from WECS again is also higher by mode 3
as shown in Fig. 9c particularly after 2.5 s. The dc link voltage
shown in Fig. 9d indicates mode 3 has lesser undershoot and
oscillations of the dc link voltage about its reference value
compared with mode 1.
The grid inverter is supposed to compensate for the instantaneous
load reactive power to improve load power factor and to control
10
voltage droop at the inverter output. Fig. 10 shows the
compensation done by mode 3 tracks the load requirement much
closely with lesser oscillations than that mode 1. Figs. 10a and b
show the difference in the two modes in reactive power
compensation at the PCC. While Fig. 10a shows a much improved
stability for the compensation by mode 3 resulting in average grid
reactive power requirement to zero, Fig. 10b gives a picture of
poor stability by mode 1 with much higher oscillations. A
comparison of load reactive power compensation as shown in
Fig. 10c gives precise difference in the stability performances of
the two modes.
6 Conclusion
This work emphasises to extract maximum power from the 2.2X
concentration LCPV solar generator and optimum power from a
PMSG based direct driven wind power generator to provide
necessary power to the local load and the grid. The power
extractions are done intelligently using fuzzy logic control but
wind power being the dominant contributor amongst the two,
inject high frequency oscillations in the dc link power. Therefore
extraction of power from this generator by the proposed method
focuses to stabilise the dc link voltage and reduce active power
mismatch at the inverter output. This method utilises intelligently
the knowledge of transient power imbalance at the dc link and the
variation of load current to extract and dispatch maximum possible
power with an improved quality at the inverter output. The system
functions in grid supporting mode by dispatching the active power
generated and reactive power compensation of the load wholly.
Frequency and magnitude of the inverter output voltage is
maintained at its desired nominal value without any voltage sags/
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016
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