Control of Single-Phase Distributed PV-Battery

Microgrid for Smooth Mode Transition with

Improved Power Quality
Content
Abstract
Introduction
Literaturesurvey
Existing method
Disadvantages
Proposal method
Proposed block diagram
Advantages
Control diagrams
Applications
Software&hardware requirement
Simulation diagram
Simulation results
conclusion
Reference
 Abstract

 In this project, a self-adaptive control strategy is presented for a microgrid for

ensuring a seamless transition between the islanded mode (IAM) and grid
connected mode (GCM) of operation with a proportional power sharing. This
microgrid consists of two solar PV inverters based on local distributed generation
(DG) units. Each PV inverter unit feeds an active power to support local loads and
power demand of each local load is shared between respective DG units and
microgrid. The PV-battery interfaced main unit with a self-adaptive control strategy
in parallel with a PV array supported unit-2 is considered to operate in IAM and
GCM of operation. The control strategy achieves transient free operation during
load disturbances, power variation at PV array side and off grid operation.
Moreover, the microgrid ensures high-quality performance at PCC (Point of
Common Coupling) and provides the seamless transition between GCM and IAM
to guarantee a continuous power to critical loads. The simulation results can be
evaluated by using Matlab/Simulink Software.
Introduction

 To meet the high-power demand, the consumption of conventional resources

(such as coal, fossil fuels, etc.) has increased to achieve high electricity
generation. Increased utilization of fossil fuels leads to high carbon dioxide
emissions (CO2) from burning fuels [1]. The transition from conventional
resources to renewable resources (such as solar, wind and hydro-based renewable
energy sources (RESs)) facilities the clean energy production and CO2 emission
reductions. It evaluated that around 60% of power generation worldwide could be
generated through the renewable sources by 2050 [2-3]. Microgrid concept has
been presented the interconnected loads and parallel distributed generation (DG)
units in a local area network. By technically forming these DG units, a power
electronics connected microgrid can be prepared, which provides higher
reliability and control flexibilities. Depending upon the available rating, DG units
feed the local loads and help to reduce the burden on the grid and enhance the
system performance by decreasing
CONTD..,

 the feeder loss [2]. The microgrid can be operated in islanded mode (IAM) and grid-
connected mode (GCM). The higher reliance of the electricity production in varying
environmental surroundings, creates PV technology less dependable. Thus, power
converter is the inevitable part of the solar PV based energy conversion systems. It is
either directly interfaced to the PV panels via voltage source converter (VSC) or
interfaced via DC-DC converter [4]. Many RESs based microgrid configurations
have been proposed in [5]-[7]. The studies present
 with power flow control in the microgrid. The microgrid controls are divided into two
types of centralized control (with communication) and decentralized control (without
communication) In the centralized method, the master-slave technique is applied to
control the power-sharing between
CONTD..,

 the DG units in the distributed generation system. However, main DG has a

larger power rating than the other ancillary DG units in master-slave control.
Mortezaei et al. have presented the multi-master– slave method parallel operated
DG-based system. The main disadvantage of the master-slave method is that the
main unit controls all the system dynamics; therefore, it increases the burden on
the main unit. A sliding mode control (SMC) based master-slave control has
been presented in for the threeunit embedded microgrid where master DG unit
operates in voltage-mode sliding mode control, while the slave units use the
current-mode sliding mode control in the microgrid In the decentralized method,
droop control is quite popular and conventional control.
CONTD..,

 droop control , the active and reactive powers sharing for load between the DGs
is dependent on their droop constant. The main disadvantages of the droop
control-based inverter are small inertia and damping properties; therefore, if the
load power changes or a disturbance occurs, the inverter output frequency
changes sharply in SAM
LITERATURE REVIEW

 [1] R. M. Elavarasan, G.M. Shafiullah, S. Padmanaban, N. Manoj Kumar, A. Annam

Clean and environment-friendly energy harvesting are of prime interest today as it is one of
the key enablers in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as
accelerates social progress and enhances living standards. India, the second-most populous
nation with a population of 1.353 billion, is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels in the
world which is responsible for global warming. An ever-increasing population is projected
until 2050, and consequently, the energy demand in the upcoming decades will be co-
accelerated by the rapid industrial growth. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE) with the support of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog is
working to achieve the Indian Government's target of
 attaining 175 GW through renewable energy resources. Many Indian states are currently
increasing their renewable energy capacity in an objective to meet future energy demand.
 [2] S. Wang, G. Geng, J. Ma, Q. Jiang, H. Huang and B. Lou proposes the
Operational bottlenecks are commonly observed in power systems and lead to
severe system security issues, which may be caused by the fluctuating and
uncertain nature of renewable energy. This paper presents an approach to define,
identify and eliminate such bottlenecks in the scope of system balance for
renewable energy integrated bulk power systems, so as to quantify the
requirement of bottleneck identification is proposed given renewable generation
profile, in order to obtain operational restriction indices to assess the adequacy of
power adjustment margin and power ramp rate. Cosine similarity based density-
based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) method is used to
cluster a large number of scenarios by operational restriction indices,
 then scenarios with bottlenecks are attributed to corresponding clusters. Finally,
various bottleneck elimination options, including energy storage with different
technologies, are compared for each cluster. Case studies of an eight-bus test
system and a practical Chinese power system are presented to verify the
proposed approach, the numerical results indicate energy storage is the most
effective option to eliminate bottlenecks identified in power downward
adjustment margin and ramp rate dominated clusters aforementioned
[3]B. Celik, S. Suryanarayanan, R. Roche and T. M. Hansen proposes the Demand response
(DR) and renewable energy sources have opened new avenues for end-users to lower their energy
expenses via energy management systems. Aggregators facilitate the participation of end-users by
acting on their behalf and interacting with bulk electricity markets. In this paper, an energy
management algorithm is presented to investigate the impact of distributed photovoltaic (PV) and
central energy storage system (ESS) assets on the economic performance of an energy aggregator
in the residential sector. To enable DR, the aggregator provides a competitive incentive price to
end-users, and centrally optimizes the central ESS assets and schedule of committed customer
elastic loads. Thus, customers reduce their daily electricity bill while the aggregator decreases the
aggregated peak consumption and earns profits as a return for providing DR services. The scope of
this paper pertains to the economic impact of distributed PV and central ESS assets on
 [4] R. Rosso, X. Wang, M. Liserre, X. Lu and S. Engelkenproposes the In the last decade,
the concept of grid-forming (GFM) converters has been introduced for microgrids and
islanded power systems. Recently, the concept has been proposed for use in wider
interconnected transmission networks, and several control structures have thus been
developed, giving rise to discussions about the expected behaviour of such converters. In this
paper, an overview of control schemes for GFM converters is provided. By identifying the
main subsystems in respect to their functionalities, a generalized control structure is derived
and different solutions for each of the main subsystems composing the controller are analyzed
and compared. Subsequently, several selected open issues and challenges regarding GFM
converters, i. e. angle stability, fault ride-through (FRT)
 capabilities, and transition from islanded to grid connected mode are discussed. Perspectives
on challenges and future trends are lastly share
 [5] A. Gupta, S. Doolla and K. Chatterjee proposes the Hybrid ac-dc microgrid
architecture is attracting special attention since it combines the benefits of both ac and dc
systems. Control of hybrid microgrid presents a significant research and engineering
challenge and hence needs increased research efforts. This paper attempts to review
control strategies that are reported in the literature for the hybrid ac-dc microgrid. At first,
typical and emerging hybrid microgrid power topologies are presented briefly. Various
types of interlinking converters proposed for connecting ac and dc subgrids are discussed
subsequently. Following this, a detailed discussion on control strategies for satisfying
various control objectives is taken up. Control strategies have been systematically
reviewed focusing on each of the broad aspects of control namely modeling, power
 management, coordinated control, stability analysis, power quality, and
protection strategies. Finally, the research gaps observed during the eview
process and possible solution approaches are outlined.
Existing System

 : In the existing system, inverters are controlled by using sliding mode control
and droop controlling techniques.
Disadvantages:

 Smaller Inertia and have damping properties

 Increased burden on the main unit
 Cost Effective
Proposed System

 In the proposed system, an adaptive power control (APC) technique is

implemented in solar PV inverter based microgrid for improved power quality
and seamless mode transition from GCM and IAM and vice versa to feed the
continuous power to the local loads. An APC has employed an enhanced
adaptive integrator (EAI) to attenuate the current harmonics and to estimate the
fundamental active and reactive load components from the load current.
Proposed block diagram

Fig. Block Diagram of Proposed System

ADVANTAGES

 Improved Power Quality

 Reduced Cost
 Continuous Power Supply
 Large Inertia
Control diagram
Applications:

 Industrial Applications
 Remote Areas
Simulation diagram
Simulation results
Signal Available signals
Signal Available signals
Selected signal: 60 cycles. FFT window (in red): 3 cycles Refresh
Selected signal: 60 cycles. FFT window (in red): 3 cycles Refresh
50
200
Name: Fig8_thd Name: Fig8_thd
Signal mag.

Signal mag.
0 Input: input 1 0 Input: input 2

Signal number: 1
Signal number: 1
-200
-50 Display: Signal
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Display: Signal FFT window
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Time (s)
Time (s) FFT window
FFT analysis FFT settings

FFT analysis FFT settings Fundamental (50Hz) = 49.62 , THD= 4.22% Start time (s): 0.2

0.7
10-3 Fundamental (50Hz) = 325.3 , THD= 0.08% Start time (s): 0.2 Number of cycles: 3

Fundamental frequency (Hz): 50

9 Number of cycles: 3
0.6

Mag (% of Fundamental)
Max frequency (Hz): 1000
8 Fundamental frequency (Hz): 50 0.5
Max frequency for THD computation:
7
Mag (% of Fundamental)

Max frequency (Hz): 1000 0.4 Nyquist frequency

Display style:
6 Max frequency for THD computation: 0.3
Bar (relative to fundamental)
Nyquist frequency
5
0.2 Base value: 1.0
Display style:
4 Frequency axis: Hertz
Bar (relative to fundamental) 0.1

3 Display Export

1.0 0
Base value: 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Help Close
2 Frequency (Hz)
Frequency axis: Hertz
1
Display Export
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz)
Help Close GRid current THD

GRid voltage THD

Fig. 8 Performance of microgrid in GCM (a) system waveform,
(b) power waveform, (c-d) harmonics spectrum
Signal Available signals

Selected signal: 87.5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 3 cycles Refresh
Signal Available signals

Selected signal: 87.5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 3 cycles Refresh
200 Name: Fig10_thd
Signal mag.

200 Name: Fig10_thd

Signal mag.
0 Input: input 1
0 Input: input 2

Signal number: 1
-200 Signal number: 1
-200

Display: Signal Display: Signal

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s) FFT window Time (s) FFT window

FFT analysis FFT settings FFT analysis FFT settings

Fundamental (50Hz) = 328.1 , THD= 2.10% Start time (s): 1.5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 328.6 , THD= 2.17% Start time (s): 1.5
1.6 Number of cycles: 3
Number of cycles: 3
1.4 Fundamental frequency (Hz): 50
1.2
Fundamental frequency (Hz): 50

Mag (% of Fundamental)
Max frequency (Hz): 1000
1.2
Mag (% of Fundamental)

1 Max frequency (Hz): 1000

Max frequency for THD computation:
1
Max frequency for THD computation: Nyquist frequency
0.8 0.8
Nyquist frequency Display style:

Bar (relative to fundamental)

Display style: 0.6
0.6
Bar (relative to fundamental) Base value: 1.0
0.4
Frequency axis: Hertz
0.4 1.0
Base value: 0.2
Display Export
Frequency axis: Hertz
0.2 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Help Close
Display Export Frequency (Hz)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Help Close
Frequency (Hz)

Vpcc2 THD

Vpcc1 THD
Fig. 10 Performance of microgrid in IAM (a) system waveform,
(b) power waveform, (c-d) harmonics spectrum
 CONCLUSION

This work has presented the implementation of multiple photovoltaic (PV)-battery-based microgrid operating
in gridconnected mode and off-grid mode. In the GCM of operation, the VSCs provide harmonic
compensation and maintain active and reactive power flow between the DG units. In this microgrid, the
mode switching between GCM and IAM modes is achieved smoothly to ensure continuous power to the local
nonlinear loads. The performance of the APC strategy for the DG operation range control with consideration
of the real and reactive power sharing in various scenarios are presented in the paper. The performance of
multiple photovoltaic (PV)- batterybased microgrid is verified under different modes, and the system
response offers the effectiveness of the implemented control scheme. Moreover, the features of multimode
operations with improved power quality have been investigated in multiple PV-inverter battery based
microgrid

 
Software & Hardware Requirements:

 Software Configuration:
 Operating System : Windows 7/8/10
 Application Software: Matlab / Simulink
 Hardware Configuration:
 RAM : 8 GB
 Processor : I3 / I5 (Mostly prefer)
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Impact of Solar Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Assets on the Performance of a
Residential Energy Aggregator,” IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, vol. 11, no. 1,
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Review,” IEEE Open Journal of Industry Appl., vol. 2, pp. 93-109, 2021.
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