CHAPTER FIVE THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICSPROBLEM 5.1 KNOWN: Operating data are provided for a heat pump. EMD! Explain Whether the heat pomp iz in violet'on of th Clautius Side ment SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: ost a : : Saeeeg Devin anny one Ageemerion: The Reco fore 1 A Cenventonad one intended For devel STE re peter Bape, sc peagiaanoncpemn. ames ABALY EE: Sincatea heat pump fs driven by an Cleeve power input, thave co he violakin of the Clausius statement, ulich refers only to cases where the sale chet won ta a heat tanttn frm 4 colder Ga beth body. PROBLEM S.2* Air expands isethermally behecen speetied states, Evalvate tha heat transfer ond work fer thee procit, and eeplarn if a viclation of He Kelvin Planck, Siukmext “occurs. keno, Ee: Scuumatic ¥ CIVEN DATA: Pacey PLN Qrrvte 10°F | 3 u 2 Vr5H v2 1008 Teconstnt Vey tle of Air medeled at an (deat gar LA) Kinehc and poteabet nergy Play the role of a Harned Reserveln ASSUMPTIONS: G1) The eystem Is (2) Temperature femaing Constant « es are absent - C4) The Surromdsnys ohn SF Wome d Nine only work wanda. ANALYSIS: Anenergy balance for the ty rlem readt Ui-Uy = @-W-. Hewarey, as ame internal energy of an ideal gaz depends on temperature enla, UU}. Twas, the energy hatance reduces te QtW. Te fad W Peay s fmeTavs mRT in we [rav > [agray « wW _ (154 \ SH 0, | 1 Rew wees) Ba Wn M w . (1585. jt Btn 296.2 Bg Yon aa (ete (10 +460)"R| se ree sa Sep) = 2s. ib << The Kelvin Plante statement of he second lau refere fo systems that vndarge, tueemedgnante eqele-Suatsle Gnurnieatag Warmaly with «tingle ‘eterror de, te nysten undergoes & pracitonere cue, Accordingly, the Kelvin ~Planck statement enee applicable. so no Violation can he claimed, Sintliria, tie Claurive Peeiman’y wiacns eqvivelend Getta Kelvin~ Planck SWhimat, vot spbteetla Ws {tle cole, Wirth Hae information provi dad ) tAMad He eppennet Violation tes tecond Stew,PROBLEM 53 KNOWN: A sytem undergoes am cycle tm we of the second Jaw, jon Of the Kelvin Planck statement FIND: Show that a vielation ef the Clausivs Statement of the second lau ~ is © consequence. scHemaric £ Given Dar, Blemaric ¢ orvaw Dare AREUMPTioN$:@System | undergoes & cycle while receiving energy Qu from the het reservar and developing work Weycle. (This is in Walation of the Kelv Stalement of the second law.) (2) System 2 undergeer a cycle while removing energy Ge from the cold reserveir and discharging energy Qi” do the het reservor. The work developed by Lystem | fs used to drive System 2 Planck. ANALYSIE: An energy balance for system | reduces to Weyde = Ou For System 2 ananeryy balance reads Wee = Of -Oe Combining there express vont @i = Ont Oe Next, con! Hor Ow Ont Qe \Gilinee venee ey weer le! J Sag RESERVOIR Qe The sole result of the combined ay3tem is that a net amount «f energy @e is trantferred from the catd reservoir tothe het refervorr. This ts avislaton of the Clautivs statement of the tecond law. SoPROBLEM 5.4 KNOWN: A system Undergoes a cycle wh feating with two reservoirs, The system develops Werk while receiving @e from the cold retervein and ditehargrng Qu tothe het reservoir, Evaluate ths claimed performance using tee Second law. SeHE MATIC? GWEN DATA ASSUMPTIONS The system Bhown inthe accompanying fyure undergoes power cycle While communicating thermally with two reterverrs ar shown, ANALY! An enersy balance for the system reads Weyele = Oe = OH The aim cm be evaluated using ecther He Clauses miteKelyin. Plank stelements @) Clavsive, Ay thown in the Ffrguee belowy let the given cycle drive heat pump cqeles An energy balance fer the haat pomp feed Qi = OL + Weyele OF) with Weyte © @e- GH O4 = Ql+Oc- OH Meet, consider the combined system of the fwe tyitems tesether, The tole result of the Combined sqttem iz that a net amowntof energy OL +R ia transferred From the cold reservoir tothe het reserverr, Thit ik a wrolahion ef the Clautrus statement of the second laun, 30 the HoT O84 Ge ‘original tyslem cannot operate —= + As assumed. The inventor's claim vada ofthe ! invalid. compened sstny ! $3PROBLEM S.4 (Contd) b) Kelvin -Plank. As ahewn in the figure below ylet Tystem undergomg a power cycle. Qu be reppived ton Netty consider tne combined tyshem firmed by the toe syrtems and the raterveit, Observe that the hot resery receiver Qu from one combined het ir eeperiencer Mamet Change ar it cycle and Supplies @y to the other, Thus, trnce the syrtem (© made up of partt that undergo cycler of axperrence MO net Change, the Combined System operates sna cycle. Moreover, it exchanger energy by heat tramfer witha single reservoir: the eald reservoir, while prodvang a net amount sf werk. However, duis if a violatren of the Kelvin—Plancke statement of The Secand Lau, m the original tyshem cannot. operate at astvmed. co Seundary of ne yer FAS combined tysteme ' t= Weete, iPROELEM 5S KNOWN: Energy transfer by conduction from a het feserverr to @ cold reservoir teker place spontaneously. EIND: Using the Kelvin = Planck statement of the second law, show thet Such Q process it iereversible. SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: w RESERVOIR ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The system Shown in the accommany ing Figure @ from the het reservoir whieh partes by conduction through a rod at rteay state to the eatd retervore, (2) A power eycle is available for ute fn demon straking that the Process is ireversi¢le, receiver energy AWALYSIS: The objective in this proof by contradveten if do devire a sye- tem thot undergoes a cycle whieh develops Werk While the System commuareater thermally wiIna” single FeserVoir, thereby violating the Kelvin- Planck Statement, = 1 1 1 mercnats the anaray trpscteret frm Mote wet Trees Wika hat meaner hice iy "oimae effect an! wot Su ReCERVOR, ‘Nobes @ repratents the amcor ducharped fetae cold retercerr from te, Power eyele The tystem shown above consists of the eriginal system plus a tystem copasle of Undergoing a pewar cycle Cassumption 2), This combined ‘system undergoes cycle af foll- OWS. UY An amount of ewergy Qa is transferred from the hot retervais to the power cycle, producing work Weyele and diccharg ing energy @ +0 the cold reservaiy, ) An amount of energy @ ia trantherred from the coi hot tetervaie without described in assump Since Q is rerervere fo the ny ether effects, (This would be poteivle only *f the procest m1 were reversible.) added de the cold retervore by ane pewer cycle inthe FiratPROBLEM S:5 CContd:) Process of the Cy Cle and the tame amount of energy it removed from He Cold Feservewr in the second process of the cycle, thE TELER vere ex PErien tes RO Net Change in ite conds Hom, The power eyele enclosed within ihe combined system alte undergoes a cycle, Accordingly, the Combined System undergoes & CYS ty whieh Work Weyele is produced while exchanging energy by heat transfer with a single reservoir (the het reservoir), Secha cycle lates the Kelvin: Planck statement of the eecond Lau, and thur fx imposible, TA follows that one yor beth, of the processes making up the cycle execut- ed by the combined syetem must be importible, However, as the first pron cess “involving the pawar cycle can occur, it fz the Second process thet Wert be impossible: energy Q cannot be transferred from the cold to the hot reservoir withet other effects. By defurtew, then, the trantter energy Q by conduction from the hot tothe cald reservoir fs ‘revert’ PROBLEM 5: « Wren an interconnecting Valve fr opened, @ gat expands from one half oF a tank 42 the other half which ia initrally evacuated. EIND: Using the Kelvin: Planck Ghatement of the tecond law, show that such © process fa irreversible. Senematic ¢ GIVEN DATA: lgid and ingutated get Sills entire velume V ASSUMPTIONS: UI) The system Shown in the accompanying Figure Undergoes & Process im which tha gat expands spentaneoutly to fill the entire volume V, Ga) During the process QEW=O OTHE initial and final states are equilbrivm states. Theve is mo change in Kinehe or potential energy between these states. (4) A durkene and a thermal reservoir are avaslable fer use im demonstrating that the process it irreverrrble. ANALYSIS: The object in thir proof by contradiction is to device a Mie fem that vndergeet a power cycle while the system Commenrcates therm= ally with a single reterveir, dhereby Violating the Kelvin= Plane k Tick= ment of the second law. Before considering such a aystem, note that an energy balance fir the spentaneses process Is Ujinats Uinnat = ho where atrumpient Tand 2 have been uted. Accordingly, Ujnal Urnshat Thed it, the internal energy of the system deer met change in the frre expansion,PROBLEM S-& (Contd) As shown inthe figure below , modify thE system te include a durbine and Introduce a thermal feiervesr in the Burroundings (assumption 4). intulabon Thermal reservoi i L ! Startng With the gar Ailing the entire volume V, let the modified ty stem wnderge a cycle consizting of three processes. Beoeees 1. Let the reverse ef tne free expansion occur witheat any other effects. That is, the gas partes spontaneously from the right half ag the tanke until it Fills only the left half, (Thre would be essiele only if the process described in astemptien | were reverse tole ) Process 2. Let pant of the gat evpand dhraugh the fur bine inte the eight, half of the dann Until the pressure in both halves /3 the same, Jn expending thraugh the trbime the gas does werk #0 that ite Internal energy iz deereated? U< Uiaital Process 8. Remeve pert of the tank intulatien and add energy by heat frente fer from the thermal rererveir until the internal enerey of He gat iz cetteed to ite imihral value. Thus, a cycle rs completed. The net cerutt of this cycle ie te draw energy from a single reterverr bey heat trantfer ond produce an equivalent Amount of werk. Such a cycle violates the Kelvine Planck statement of the second law, and thus it impetsible. Since beth the heatng of the gas by the retervoin (process 2) and the development ef work as gat parser through the. furbine Cprocess2) are ports ble, ut can be concluded that wt /S process | that imporsible. Simee proces | st the reverse of the original free expansron , it follows that the orsynal procest is) Gere versrble.PROBLEM S.7 Kisewst A gas within a prston-cglindir astembly Undergoes a quasieg uch brivun prowess. Bmpr Determine ftee process is internalig Ceverrsble « Tftna prowess reversible. sctmanc 2cwen DATA 2 quasiequiiborivin Se yeaa 7 ASSUMPTION: 1 The gas le the ty cle. 2. The pascatt da quesieguilibrioun pacers, AWALTELS: Referring to te Uawarion of Feo8. 2, feck a qanusts G internet fevernble. Tha paouats woonte lox Fevernthe only of th surroundings were alfo free 4, wreeremibil tee ao the gat Undvgres ths indicated prouss, A fevertsole prouss cone in uahcch there ace Ho intirne or enter nat ireverasbil Her. That, ceverribily Wc thts Care ean bee deatded only F furtur informrapion about te Surroundings provided: PROBLEM 5.6% Keowee Water usitrin a pistn-cylindir assembly cools Teotharmatty at 250°R Kenan~ Sa beated vepor +o ed agers 7 . END! Dedermuns if the Process 1 internally revertible, U reverts ble, Scramatic douEn DATA: 230 Ter) 10 ; Assumorionst |. The aySlem i4 the ute a te pistonrey tender ager mb ly, 2, Tre mse vndegoer a conttand -Homperadure process fru iaturated veqeor fe tabeated Liquid. omuesisy Sin Meparatart oy Sonetent daring th paste, Yas moseere leo Me wT . ann oy the Tay diagra in ang ao ven pPequiventon HRSA Y Soe Rim ete fret 8 o ete Ths peocees co wat reversible lor cause Hana Go dignifp' cont iereversiility we dis surrounding n mame lg cthe sponeenat Kev tranfan Sterns place ELIE IPD DS ending at TOPE, 58PROBLEM 5.9 KNOWN! A tystem undergeer a cycle rever: bly while communicatn, thermally with a single reservoir. J BIND: Sheu that Waele 20, ASSUMPTIONS: (1 The tystem shown in the accompanying fijuce undergoes reversible egele, ) During the cycle the ty stem” Commonicater theri= Ally only with a emgle ceterverr. ANALYSIS: Let the ayatem onderge ene cycle. According fo the. kelvin~Planck Statement of the second lar, the werk for the cycle is zero or megahve Im value: Weyde $0. As the cycle is Tevernible, it is possible te return both the Iys fem and is surroundings fo there intel atader, Accordingly, there weutd be no net Change i the cendtten of the reservoir or the elevation of the mars ured to store energy fe the surroundings. THe meee statements are consudent only ff th Ar gm of equel= hy is used: Weyete oO ae In See.$.3.1, the converte it demonstrated: Tf the Fign of equality applies: Weyete =O) then the cycle is feversrble. Taken toget— hers dnere due demonstmbens establish the following proporrhen: TH and only if, the Sign of equality applies ui E451) the ole. ts reversible.PROBLEM 5.10 KNOWN: A powar eycle I and a reversible pawer cycle R operate between the same two reservoirs. Fir thete cycles y Mz22MIQ» Show that eyele Lomurt lea irrevers ble. matic # GIVEN D Assumptions EO) The system daneted by R in the accompany mg figure undergoes © reversible power cycle while System I undergoes a Power eusle tuck that Nas Svig. @ Both cycler receive the same energy GH from tre het reservorn, Awauysis: Tf Na=%R and beth cycler receive @y from the het feseevorr » Wa =7/3WR < WR. In tna proof by contraditon, astume Ice reversible. Then) rf XZ operates in the oppo refrigeration Cor heat pmp) cycle, the maguitader of the energy transtert Quy QC, and Wr would femain the same bat would be opporstely directed #3 shown wm the Frguve below. with I operating in the opposite divech'on, the, hot reservoir would experience mo net Change since it would re— ceive Qn from T while petting @u to R. r TS baantary of the combined Sysem As tne combined sytiem shown in the figure above is made up of Ports that execute cycles or experience mo net change, the combrned system operates in a cycle. Moreover, it exchanges energy by heat trans fer witha single reservoir: the cold reservoir. Accordingly, Hhe Combined system must satiety Eqs.( expressed as Woele =O, where the sign of equality is used hecauce Ris reversible and That been astumed reversible. Evalvatiny Waele for the combrued Stem in terme of the Work amounti Wrand Wr, Weycle= We— iz) tt fellows thar Wr = Wr Aa this conclutvon fs not in agreement with the requirement that WreWr, it Can be concivded that the hypotherrs Is false and I must be srrevers ble,PROBLEM 5.1! KNOWN: A reversible power cycle R and on irreversible power cycie. I operate behueen thre tame tuo reservorrs. Fie: (a) TE each cycle recever tht Came amount he fron tHe hot Aaservvic, Show thr Z discharges ts entry te the cold fherveie 9 We) Fh ten cycle devetep Ha Came net work, Showthr T Feet te Me Qoavig Aran tee hot Aseerei'n, ‘se NO Give DATA: To shew: a) Qs Quay QE7 Ce ©) Weer Qt7 Qe 4 4 Wr ee ASSUMPTION! Tha system deneted by R in the accompanying figure undergoer B reversible power eqele while rystem I Undergoes an iereveri'ble power eyete. AWALYSIS:0) By the Firet Carnet Coretlary, Ng PVz. Since beth cycles receive tHE tame amount ef energy QH, it Fellows that We>Wz An energy balance for R ond I read, respectively Wa = @H- Qe Wa = @H- QE Collecting results @u-@e > QU- @E Aecording \y QL > Qe as was to be demonstrated. Thus not only de actual cycles develop lens worm they alte dercharge wore entry bg head transfer to their surroundings, therehy smereate wig the effect of thermal pollution, &) Sma NeeVe ond WeeWr BW, w>w ira Mow it 4 a a Th te lot Anterrin Ware Weiniined by, tay, energy bran tee combuth'on de fossil fat, cyte ZT woutd Kane He feat Aquiremens. Also, mote Hat Cycle Z also qe ‘ ry would have tue ensrin discharge te ths col Asasrvvit , votes Comma te) Wwontd alsy oe opphicable. sllPROBLEM SIZ EMOWN! The Kelvin=Planek Statement of the second (a reser voir). + Weyele #0 (ang lee ew Bhew that all reversible power cycles operating between the fame, two reservoirs have the tame thermal effrerency. Schematic ¢ civeN DATA! HoT on assum! Ni The syetems thew in the accom: Ne power eyel the het reservoir, aying Bqure tach onderge Leile recetving the tame amevet of energy Qu from AMALYSIS: Let cycle Ry operate ar a reversible refergeratvon (or heat pump eqgte). The magnitader of War, Qu, and Qe remain the tame but are Mow oppotitely divected- Further, with Ry working in the opposite Aieaetvon, the hot retervorr would evparience no net change ia ct8 condition tince Ft would recerve Qu from Ry while parting Oy to Re. The demonsivation is completed by tontidering the combrned tyetem eonsitting of the tue cycler and the hot reservorn Sime ite parts execute cycler or experience mo met change, the Combined tyttem operates fn w cyele. Moreover, it exchanger energy ty heat transfer with & tingle Fetervow: +he cold vecervern, Accordingly, the Combined ty stem mutt Sabtty the Kelvin Planck statement expressed as Weyele = 0 were the equality & Ured becmuse atl parts of the combsmed tystem are Wee of ferevernbiliWer, Evaluating Weycle In Herat of the Work ameratt Wy ond Me Wa: Were 0 War = Wer Sint each of HhE power cycler recerver the tame energy inpud Gu, it fileut that NaeViny ond tlcr Completes the dem SiePROBLEM S.13 THe Kelvens reserves). Janek statement of the second law: Waele So (timgle EID: SMew that (a) the Coeffreremt of Performance of an inceverrsble. Fe $rigeretion cycle is less than the ceeffreiend of performance of a revertible. refrigeration cycle when beth exchange energy by heat trans fer with the tame due reterverrs, Cb) all reversible refrigeration cycles operating between the same two Feserverrs have the same coeffiecent of performance. For parts (c), (d), aemext page. seue mane § even DATA: ete GAG WE HoT Ge Ge mo ASRUMPTIONS: The systems Ehoun In the accompanying figure Undergo tebeigeradon eyeles, Each Cycle remover energy Oe from the cold veH hes thes reveessbly while Z ie inreversbe. R accompls AMALYSISIG)LEt R operate ar a reversible power cycle. The magnitud OF WR, Qe and Qu remain the same but are new oppositely directed. Fur~ ther, “with R working In the opposite direction , the cold reserverr would expervente no net change in Its Condition since 't would recetve @e from R while passing Ge fo I. Te demonsteation completed by consrdering the Combined sys~ fem consisting of +he two cycles and the cold reservern, Since its parts eveeude cycles or experrence no net change, the Combine d tysitm operate: in & cycle. Moreover , it exchanges entry y by heat trantfer with @ single reser verr: the hot reservoir, Accordingly, dhe com bined system must satiety the Kelvin- Planck ttatement expressed af Weyele < 0 where Fhe inequality fe Used because ivreversible cycle I is tcluded. Evaluating Weycle in terms of the Work amounts We and WI Wr-Wx <0 Wr< Wr Sinte each of the refrigeration cycles receives the same energy Mmpet Ge, Te follows that Ber Bz and this complete: the demons tration, S13PRORLEM 5§.13 ( Contd.) ANALYSIS (b) This prepesiton can be demonstrated in a parallel way by ering tue reversible refrrgeratyon cycler Ry and Ra operating beween tne tame two reserverrs, Then, letting R play the role of Rand Ra the robe of T im the prevrous development) a combined system consisting of the tue cycles and the hot reservoir may be formed which mest sadit fy Weyale 20) where the equality fs used because all parts of the combsard system are free of threversibilitves, Thus, ft can be concluded that Wait Wee) and therefore BR BL. Parts te), Cd) FIND: Show that (€) the coefhrevent of performance of an irreversible heat pump cycle fs lest than the Coetfierent of performance, & reversvble heat pump cycle when both exchange nergy | by heat drantfer with the same ¢wo reserverrs , (d) all reversible heat pomp cycles operating between #he Same twe retervorrs have he tame coef fierent ef performance REHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: ASSOMPTIONS:UThE systems Shown in the accompanying figure Undergo heat pump cycles .WEach cycle provider energy Qu to the hot reservoir, R acco this reversibly while I is trrevernble. () Beth eycier operate between he tame fee retervertt. AWALYSIS: Co) The demontinatven parallel! the approach used fn Pata). However, in 4me present Case the Combined System would Consist of the two cycler and the hot reservoir, (6). The demonstration parallels the approach used im Pert (eo), S14PROBLEM = 5:14 KNOWN: The aymbel © denotes temperature on Kelvin's Logarithm aeale. nse; ca) Show that OeinT+C where T ss dempersture on the Kelvin seale. (a) Determine the range of fmperature values on the logarithmre scale. Ce) Obtain an expression for the thermal effrecancy of a revertible power cycle eptrating between Meervetrs at Gy and Oc onthe legarithuve scale, AWALYSIS: The tue reales arite from different specifreatons of the fmetion WY in €4q.5:St &). ¥ On Se Thet &) 2k Kelvin scale Ou nee TH We @. Be) = PSE Lageithewve sente Goleta expOn (0) By Comparison of ane art tue eqvatvens Ts 2 exp Ge 5 expl@-On] Te” ep On TH Ww Tord THs Ge - On and there fore ® ew Te Ce where C fe a constant determing the level of tempera ture Corresponding to zero on the logarrthmee scale: G) Temperatures on the Kelvin resle Vary From 0 te +00. With the relatin Rhip ef perk Ch), Hemperaturer on the logarithare Teale vary from 2 T te. ne G) Useof (3), 2 expec te Te On we 4.5.2 giver om everestion for the thermal effeceney of a reversible power eqele while operating between retervorrs at Hemptratures On and Ge on the logarrthmre weale 4 i erp On STPROBLEM 5.15~ KNOWN: The gas temperatwe scale invoded wm See, Lb.2 and the Kelvin Scale defined ut Sec.5.4. FIND! Demonswete thet the two scales are identical SCHEMATIC t GEM DATA seat c SGN) DATA ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The system shown in the figure consists of a 94s cheying prs RTF where T? denotes temperature onthe Dyas scale, @ The system onderyoes a reversible cycle wm le Communi cabing theruuily ith reservars at Ty and Te 13) The ecle Consiste of procestes im Series 2 steaermet af Ty’) 2-% adiabahie, Jet wsethermat aE TE” Aa adenbahle. (4) Knehe and pe fenhal energy effete ore absent AWALYSIS : With assumption (4), an energy Balance. in differenhat form Atads duz (6m) — §(W/m) Ther, tine the prsetset are waternally reverible , §(Wh) gas, Sus dT, Gllechns Adsuits PI, Abe, for due ideat 5COlm Gy dT? §(G/n)~pav ay CvdT> Slain) ~ ET's By ever’: Process 122: The gas temperature it consheat at TH’, 6 RTH AnH) “) oe Pues 2-3! There is he heat trantfer, and the gat Femperehue varies From Ti’ & Te 50 zs evar «56h adler 3% exsr’s Rohr & ff aET = RE) Pecos 24: The gar temperature is caustant [@mrale ee” WR) Reverse al! There 14 wo hast transis and 4 gir temperature varies Prom Te! TTA’) 30 @) 8m )g — RTH Sy Cfm ng From Equations (2) and (4), yyy s Vai or V/s VIN]. Using tess renal Ar getinr witn Equahons (i) aed GQ) aver [@im)sy) C7 Winch comesponds to Equaher 6.6 underlying the Kelvin Seale, This implies TET bnere T denotes temperature on tue Kel scale. T. The reversitle cycle considered here cervetpents te tha. Grnot cycle disesssed in “See. 5.6, FloPROBLEM S.16 KNOWN: A syatem undergoes a reversible power cycle while receiving and dibchary ing emeryy by heat transfer with ture thermal rererveins, em Te inerense the thermal affieteney » determine Whiter it Uauld be better ty inevente Ty on decrease TE. SCHEMATIC 3 GIVEN DATA: The styntom shown in the accompanying figure undergoes = reverse. ASSUMPTION: - Power eqcleshile. receiving and discharging eneyy by hect transfer with two Gharmat tererreies. WALWSIS? Trenals can ae determined by dffermhah'on of E4.5.9 Waren ig Onpliable us tes case ny Tq Bidy = ep Pe merase Ay ATE dents, A mretes @®),: FTES Quantitative evelvakons alie com laa Kad using Eq. 5.8 © dares, the thermal effreteng, G increaed TE Te is decree “3 2 tn Gee). ’ "6 OT SE E, “ TS HS tnermed by 6 degrees, the thermal effuteng, fy menaed * er we "S| ae s Tases€ 2 mtse 2 ye Yn THe Tase ae a Combining €48-C0,(2) rey eae “i Tey WES Te wend by mere banefrera! fo decreare Ethan increate Ti. iit of inaceating Thermal effeceney by reducing Te below thet of tavirmmant is net practical y however, for malntainiiny Te below the, ambient temperature would Feqvire a refrigerator that” ueatd have to be Repplved Wor to operate. An inctOtte in thermas Cfhreriney by inerearrng Ty iS Wetted by the properties of the materralr used fo fabrrente Fhe ayHlem ondergemg ta eyele. 1 A discussion of the infivence of the temperaiurer of heat eddition and heat rejechen on the thermal affresenty of practical Power eyelet ie provided im See. 8.2.3, SltPROBLEM 5.1 ble pewar cycles are arranged in serves. One eqele rejects anergy by heat transfer to a reservoir ot T while the ether cycle receiver energy by heat trantfer from the reierverr at TZ. IND! Determene Tow the thermal © im (a) the met Werk of the Hoe cycles weneres are equal. 2 eval, (0) |EMATIC ¢ GIVEN DATA: ASSUMPTION: The eystems ahiun in the accompanying figure undergo Feversible power cycles between thermal reerveres, AWALYSIS (o> Equet_net wore cate. An entegy balance for each system gives QWeue) = Qu-@ Weel? @ = Ge Ta Acterd with the above assumption, 6.56 giver a Ro SF Setting the work exprenions €4¥al ond eliminating Quand Ge with the above exprernims Qy-O = @-"Oe THe-g= @-EQ Be-@: @-% Ts Teste T = ©) Equel thermal effreiency eas. In accord with the above astumphey Eq. 6:8 applies, giving wet-£ 2-H ‘he 1- % Setting the etfreremeses equal and solving r tT (Te S78