Interference Suppression in M-QAM OFDM Mobile Wireless Receivers Using

Antenna Amays
Rob CzamecLi and Ismail Jouny
ECE Dept., Lafayrna College. Earton, PA

Ab$lrPct
This paper focuses on urmg adaptive anta" amy5 at a mobile receiver for M-ary OFDM SiQaIr. Thc m y
S ~ U C N R 13 devised to mtigafe ca-channcl and intn-channel mrerference as well a i have eqvallnng effeclr in the
frequency domain. Effecll a f array mobilily on the slcenng vector are included and ipalial rmaathng is employed lo
~mprovethe ri~el-to-idsrfermceplus noise performance of the a m y . Scenatios of vatiable numbrr of r ~ h a n n s l
intarfmr; w t h different angles a t amvalr as well as inter-channel interferer; ace considered. The effects of the size of
the array, the subarrays, andthe spatial imoothng are examined.

Keywords: M-QAM, OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Muliiplexhg, CCI CcChannsl Interference. mobile
receiver.

lnfroduetion

Using adaptlvr m01enn1 a m y i at the mnsmimer and reccivcr of M-ary tommumcation systems for improving
chamel capacily through frequency reuse has been the subject of many rescarch activilicr in lhc l a 1 decade. Use of
oifhogonal hequcncy division mulfiplaxmg (OFDM) for wireless communications has been adopted by many
inlemational standards. OFDM enables protection against fading and enor bunts. The m a l IO panllel mnvenion ptior
IO OFDM mulriplaring I~SYIIOjn ceconfigunng any potential b u t s of emor into spine errors per OFDM channel fhal
tan be easily recovered using error correction coding.

Employing adaptive anlcnna arrays for wirelrss commumcatiom has been significantly efccred by three main
obstacles, fading, inter-channel interference, and $0-channel interference. The problems arc morc sipificanl when the
m y is poslioncd on board a mobile receivei. Many paperr have proposed remedics for mugating soshamel
interference and enhancing the p d o m a n c e of a m y bared m e i v e i i using subalrays. A recenf m d y [I] propored an
m a y archifecfure that c m bc ad;usted 10 handle slow time varying chamels as well a i fast time varying channels. This
paper utilizes the appmach proposed in [I] and employs lhres additional factors: first spatial smwthing is employcd
wirhn each rubarray, second the ireenng vector IS adjusted to includc thc rffertr of 8 moving amy. and bird an
equalizing filtsr (taps) is poiifiancd bslund sash jmfemil 10 improve the a m y performance in thc hequsnsy domain
assuming a constrained adaptive prxerring aigotithm
Another problem introduced by the use of antenna a m y i 15 the aliasing or grating: lhs tan occur if the antenna
rlemrnfi are separated by a large distance. TYr problem will bc addressed by spatial smoothing within the sub-anayr.
Spatial imoobing is dm utilized to address the efftcli of a moving array which introduces the erla lap of concurrently
moving neighboting cells and fhea respectwo s>gnalr.
The adapration algonrhm used in this paper is the constrained lersl mean quare aigotithm developed by Frorr [,I.
Specftcally this algotirhm WIIImodel m a m y of sensors designed 10 respond ID r dcsired iignal. simultaneously
dirmminatmg against noise.
The process i n v d v e ~progressively leammg the itmsfics of the nmse amving from rll directions other than the
desired angle. Noise anivmg i f the desired angle c m be filtered out larei by means of frequency domain iiltinng in
that dwettion or oihcr means To implement such an algorithm the first step 15to find the opumum wight vector. The
~ sub-arrays o w by one and weights each rub-ana? with s distmcrive wcicht. aoorootiafe for ifs
vector then i s ~ l a f ethe
respective rngie and time delay.

OFDM Array Bared Receiver

Thc basic OFDM fnnsrmsYon model far wiuch tiur system is based on is himh to m 8rchilccNre developed 3n
[I]. A schematic for the bails model of an OFDM rec~weic m be seen m [I]. The model usad openres at m RF Band
near4OCHz.
 L represents the rovatiance mabx oflhc desired signal a i denvcd from the following M-ary simal for the 1' u ~ e r

zh
*,YJ~1,

The inter-channel interference coMnance mamX V Ri and the co-channel interference mamX i s p\1. The noise is
m w n e d to be additive white Grusiao mdspendent and identically dirmbutcd with power 2

Interference
In modelmg interference it is quilc imponant to account for bath the inler-channel and the c*chmnel mlerfcrette.
The WO @er of interference are modeled differently and therefors ue mifigatrd in a differsnf manner. The fiw
below !llmmtcsthe difference.

Iw.-

F@re I Inler-channel vs. Co-chonnrlina~erencs

The imrller, cancenlnc circles represent the base m i o n in each of the two n c i g h h o ~ gcell^. lfthe receiverdepicted in
rhe lek-hand cell ii receiving IU desired signal L,it also r e ~ e i v i rother signals dlrected lo& other receivers io the
idme cell, l m m i a e d at different frcquencier [7]. T h s is called inter-channel interference, which is easily filtered out
by the receiver since it is mnsminrd at a different frequency than the desired sigoal. The neighbating cell is also
transmining i i p k 81 various frequencies and a si@ which is -rmlted to a receiver in that cell, at the m s
hequrncy IS the desired signal mended for the abave referenced receiver can interfere with the reception Of the desired
signal. This 19 called the co-channel mtetierence.
Each w ypc of ioterference is madeicd diffcosly due to the facf that each we comes from a different basc rmtion
R, represents the co-variance mamx of the mer-channel interference wed. The expression for R, for an M-aiy OFDM
based 51gna1 cm be found m [I], This CO-vananccmafnx 15 smlar io that of the desked signal. This is due lo the faet
>haholh Ihr ban-chmcl m o l e m m and the desired i i p l are bo& m m n r d by the m e basie s0L100 10 n a m d l y
the data will look r h l a r in format, the difference lies in the steering YCCIOI: which directs the signal at a different
angle. The co-channel loletierence is modelcd as a narrowband s i p 1 as h x been developed in [I].

Mobile Array Receiver

The u e of an m y recei~cr.improves desired signal receptlos ahile tnhimkmg M n o u w vpes of interference.
The maximum SrNR cntetia palred with conitram based beam forming used wUn the channel estimator handle the
processing ofthc incoming signdii. The antenna e l m e m are carefully placed close maugh to prevent spatial a l i a s S
ye1 rpacrd far enough apan to obtain wicorrelatd fadmg. This model uzll effectively handle the me where the
reception is over slow time-varying c h m e b . however if i s imdequate for systems where reception over fast time-
vmymp channels.

This model d e r the system much more r u i ~ t a n tto interference. as well as allouvlg the constrainis 10 be more
gmerul. The consmints are dcsigncd to " m e angle diversity between the signal and mferfermce. The spacing af
the inner-array a m c m elements should be on rhc order o f a h c t i o n ofthc wavelength, where the spacing of the sub-
irmr should be on the o d a of AUE lo fen m e $ the wavelength. Thhe increased spacing is to obtain sufficiently low
fading onel la ti on.
 This paper uses the Fmil Constrain1 Leas1 mean Squared A l g o n h . The cansvdlrung array h
a a hquency
rerponsc which fits the OFDM $@em used for m m i s s i o n . The c o m m t muix C mmn is represented by
C = [e, ei ... cK ] which is frequency dependent and depends on the number of taps behind each antema
element and the duration between taps (sec [3l for a deseiptian a i C).
Another problem whxh can affect system p e r f o m c e is the mobility of the m y based receiver
A3"q an array moving at a comant speed v, in dlrccrion B. the motion of the m y bas dual resylfanf effects on the
received signal. Obviously there is e m r due 10 the physical dirplacmml of the m y . This is dus 10 the fan that the
phase as seen by the first sensor is not the same without accountingfor the motion a i the m y . This, in m,C~ULS a
differential phase chmga since the path lengths are now different at each sauce. The molion a150 causes a Doppler
effect [6]sparhng a chaoge in the uove numben.
asmotion will correlate the si& from antem 10 antenna. The effect of the velocity also necessifafes a c h g e
in the rteenng vector to a f o m f r h l a r to fhai shown here 161.
" e
-,~.,,.ru.srue,ii,i...a,ll ~-,411."..alrs.lr,r",cuqii
P
This change wII also reflen on the time averages sample m y cawiancc. A moving m y can effectively
complicate the interferencereceived despite the YJC of antenna my due to the fact fhat the multi-path propagation can
cause the optimum beam former to form nulls in the direction of interference, as well as possibly cancel the desired
angle in the output. To effectively handle 0x3 case a spatid smwthing 15 bmduccd lo the system. The process of
rpaiial smoorhmg involve$tahog an average offhe received s i p 1 over a smaller subset U r h the m y and then
moving that subset do- one element. In addition to compensating for the comlation inmduced by the motian, thc
spatial rmoothhg also ai& m migating co-channel interference.

Thc proper mcrhad to address the decodmg af a received signal ham a moving m y is ulrough the ux of an
optimlly weighted covariance averagmg scheme (spatial smoohg). The number of spatially rmoothcd r u b m y ? K
can be found wlng K = . Clearly, K depends on the anpllar separation between the ~OUICCI161.
"SS nn(e-e,i
N a d l y the closer the source$, the larger the number of subarrays needed.

ReIUIlI
The performance ofthe syrlem is analyzed by e x a " g the optlmal signal-to-interference plus noke mu0 at the
omut ofthe array OSINR versus the ~ o w eof
r the co-channel interference CCI. OSWR is given by the fallowZng 111:

." ,. . . . ., . .
The recewmg array IS split mlo M s u b ~ m y swith S anftmip a rub m y . The model is ref up 10 Suppon 8
mdeprndenf usem (L) with the possbdity of 64 QAM signals total. efferiively silo-g each mdcpendenr us6 to have 8
utique onhogonal OFDM sigunals. The mtal number of antems is M'S. The received si@I "it3 of a sum of the
deslied OFDM $@A,interference, ca-channel lnterference and a noise element. The performance resululc1 were
obtained by varying the number of CO-channelinterferers (2)from one IO 6, the number of subarrays (M) from onc, 10
the. to live. !he number of ipafially smoothed s u b - m y elements (S) from eight to fen to twelve and finally the
~ ~ hom 30 d e i per hour 10 200 m t k pcr how. The test asivmed an m y wth six antcm clrmrnl~per
v c e c (Y)
subset wrh the implementvtion of the spatial smoorlung In varying the number of e o - e h e l interfemr h d d w M =
I.SL = 8. and F 30 MPH the outpa O S M decreases as the number of co-channel mterferso Z mcreases wtuch h
expectted. Thc ICSUI~S are show m Figure 2. The next test WI for a mrjing number of antema elemems in each sub
array. From eight to !en to twelve. holding M = 3, with one e o - c h c l interferer (2 = I ) agam moving at 30 MPH. The
reiulls M c~nsiifeniwith the notion that O S m improves as the numher of antema element8per subarray is increased.
The remlf~are s h o w in Figure 3. The next lesi involves varying the number of sub-arrays f"one to three to five,
holding SL = 8 g a i n with one CO-chumel interferer and motion still at 30 MPH. F i y e 4 shows that mcrea~ingthe
number of submays does improve the p e r f o m c e of lhe m y . The flnal test was that of v q m g the velocity Of the
mabile receiver. Figure 5 shows that the performance at 200 mph is inferior IO fhal at 30 mph particularly when the
s effects of increasing the number of spatially smoothed arrays M more
number of co~chamelinterferers i n ~ i e s s ~The
pionomced in this case.

n4 I
Fip

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