Walter Ronald A1976

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Ronald A. Walter for the M.S. in Mechanical Engineering

(Name) (Degree) (Major)
Date thesis is presented April 5, 1976
Title MODELING OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS USING THE BINARY

FLUID CYCLE
Redacted for Privacy
Abstract approved
((fiajort pro` es syyT7
In light of the current world-wide energy situation,
the utilization of the immense reserves of geothermal
energy is being actively pursued. The thermal energy con-

tained in a geothermal reservoir is mainly stored in rocks,
but is also held in liquid water and/or steam. The genera-
tion of electrical power from these geothermal reserves is
currently limited. The majority of operating geothermal
power plants either use available dry steam or steam
flashed from hot water. If this resource is to make a
significant impact on the world energy market, successful

methods must be found to utilize the larger quantity of
lower temperature and high salinity reservoirs. One of the
most promising methods proposed to date for efficient use

of these reservoirs is the binary fluid cycle. The topic
of this thesis is the formulation of a computer model of a
geothermal power plant using the binary fluid cycle.
In the binary fluid cycle plant, geothermal fluid is
extracted from a geothermal reservoir and transmitted to

the power plant in a liquid state. At the power plant, the
geothermal fluid is passed through a series of heat
exchangers where thermal energy is transferred to a work-
ing, or power fluid such as a Freon or a light hydrocarbon.
This working fluid is brought to a superheated state and
then expanded through a turbine which is coupled to a
generator. After expansion, the working fluid is condensed

in a surface condenser supplied with cooling water from a
cooling tower. This fluid is subsequently repressurized

and returned to the heat exchangers. The expended geo-
thermal fluid is returned to the underground reservoir.
The objective of this thesis was to develop a com-
puter program which effectively simulates the binary fluid

cycle power plant and all its components. The geothermal
power plant model includes the following:
determination of the size and nature of power plant

components
determination of geothermal fluid flow rates, working

fluid flow rates, and heat rejection requirements for
a variety of geothermal source temperatures, pressures
and water conditions, and plant sizes
calculation of geothermal fluid and working fluid
thermodynamic and physical properties
thermodynamic cycle calculations
overall design performance with the ability to perform
sensitivity analyses on various operating parameters.

After the completion of this computer model, a particular
working fluid, isobutane, was selected for an in-depth
study of the binary fluid cycle power plant. The optimum
power plant designs for a range of available geothermal

fluid temperatures were found based on economics and effi-
cient plant performance.

Modeling of Geothermal Power Plants
Using the Binary Fluid Cycle
by
Ronald A. Walter
A THESIS
submitted to
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
Master of Science
June 1976
APPROVED:

Professor of tNiftryMical Engineering
in Charge of jor
.--
Head f Department of Me hanical Engineering
Dean of Graduate Schrol
Date Thesis is Presented

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
II-1. The Geothermal Resource 5
11-2. Power Production from Geothermal Reservoirs 9
11-3. The Binary Fluid Cycle Geothermal Power Plant 11

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPUTER MODEL 17
III-1. Discussion 17
111-2. Structure of the Computer Model and Plant 20
Component Description
111-3. Computer Analysis of the Binary Fluid 27
Cycle for a Geothermal Power Plant

IV. OPTIMIZATION OF THE BINARY FLUID CYCLE 86
IV-1. Introduction 86
IV-2. Discussion of Theory and Approach 87
IV-3. Optimization Results 89
IV-4. Optimization Subroutine 108
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 110
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX I - Coefficients for Light Hydrocarbon,
Freon, and Ammonia Equations

APPENuIX II - Binary Fluid Cycle Computer Program
LIST OF TABLES
Page,
1. Operating Geothermal Power Plants 10
2. Proposed Binary Cycle Geothermal Plants 15
3. Selected Working Fluids 30
4. Saturated Density Equations 51
5. Typical Input to Binary Cycle Plant Model 82
6. Typical Computer Output for Binary Cycle

Plant Model 83
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Sub-Critical Binary Fluid Cycle Power Plant 21
2. Typical Heat Exchanger Configuration for

Binary Cycle Plant 24
3. Sub-Critical Cycle 38
4. Super-Critical Cycle 38
5. Computer Flow Diagram for Determination

of Thermodynamic State Points 42
6. Sub-Critical Cycle State Points 44
7. Computer Flow Diagram for Binary Fluid

Cycle Plant Model 60
8. Typical Temperature Profiles in Sub-Critical

Heat Exchangers 69
9. Typical Temperature Profiles in Super-Critical

Heat Exchangers 75
10. Typical Temperature Profiles in Desuperheater

and Condenser 77
Page
11. Utilization Efficiency vs. Turbine Inlet

Pressure; Geothermal Temperature = 300°F 91

Pressure; Geothermal Temperature = 200, 250°F 94

14. Pressure vs. Enthalpy Diagram for Isobutane;

Pinch Point Location 97



Pressure; Effect of Sink Temperature Variation 103

Pressure; Effect of Pinch Point Variation 105
19. Pressure vs. Enthalpy Diagram for Isobutane;

Cycle Optimums 107
NOMENCLATURE
a Freon, NH or hydrocarbon constant

3'
A Freon or NH constant
3
A
L
Freon or NH constant
3
A
0
hydrocarbon constant
A
00
A
2
3
A
3
3
A
4
3
A
5
3
A
6
3
A
10
A hydrocarbon constant
20
A
30
A
40
APP heat exchanger "approach," °F
b Freon, NH or hydrocarbon constant
3'
B barometric pressure, in. Hg.
B Freon or NH constant
3
L 3
0
B00
2 3
3 3
B
4
Freon or NH3 constant
B
5
3
B
6
3
B
10 hydrocarbon constant
B
20 hydrocarbon constant
B
30
B
40
c Freon, NH or hydrocarbon constant
3'
C Freon or NH constant
3
C' Freon or NH constant

3
C
L
3
C specific heat at constant pressure, Btu/lbm/°F

P
C
0
C
2
3
C
3
3
C
4
3
C
5
3
C
6
3
CWT1 inlet cooling water temperature, °F

CWT2 outlet cooling water temperature, °F
CWVEL cooling water velocity in condenser, ft/hr
d Freon, NH or hydrocarbon constant
3'
D Freon or NH constant
3
D
e
hydraulic diameter, ft
Di inside tube diameter, ft
D
o
outside tube diameter, ft
D
L
3
D
0
DBAT dry bulb air temperature, °F
DD1 3
iterative density value, lb-mole/ft
DD2 3
iterative density value, lb-mole/ft
DIAL inside tube diameter in preheater, ft
DIAOL outside tube diameter in preheater, ft
DIAV inside tube diameter in vaporizer, ft
DIAOV outside tube diameter in vaporizer, ft
DIAS inside tube diameter in superheater, ft
DIAOS outside tube diameter in superheater, ft
DIASC inside tube diameter in super-critical heat
exchanger, ft
DIAOSC outside tube diameter in super-critical heat
exchanger, ft
DIAC inside tube diameter in condenser, ft

DIAOC outside tube diameter in condenser, ft
DSAT saturated liquid density, lbm/ft3
D1 density at state 1, lb-mole/ft 3
D2 density at state 2, lb-mole/ft3
D2EST density at state 2EST, lb-mole/ft3
D2SATL density at state 2SATL, lb-mole/ft 3
04 density at state 4, lb-mole/ft3
D5 density at state 5, lb-mole/ft 3
E Freon or NH constant
3
E
0
E
L
3
f Freon or NH constant
3
f fugacity
F Freon or NH constant
3
FOULFI inside fouling factor, hrft2*°F/Btu

FOULFO outside fouling factor, hrft 2. °F/Btu
GRKW gross kilowatt power plant output, KWe
hi inside heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr/ft2/°F
h
o
outside heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr/ft 2 /°F
H
1
enthalpy at state 1, Btu/lbm
H2EST enthalpy at state 2EST, Btu/lbm
H2SATL enthalpy at state 2SATL, Btu/lbm
H2SATV enthalpy at state 2SATV, Btu/lbm
H2 enthalpy at state 2, Btu/lbm
HH1 iterative enthalpy value, Btu/lbm
HH3 iterative enthalpy value, Btu/lbm
. J conversion factor from work to heat units,
= 0.185053
2
in Btu
--7 ft-lb
ft f
k ratio of specific heats
k
wall thermal conductivity, Btu/hr/ft/°F
K Freon, NH or hydrocarbon constant
3'
LMTD log mean temperature difference, °F
th mass flow rate, lbm/hr
NFLUID type of working fluid
OEFF overall turbine/generator efficiency, %/100
P pressure, psia
P
r
Prandtl number
'net net power output, Btu/hr
PVEL velocity in super-critical heat exchanger

tubes, ft/hr
PINCHP heat exchanger pinch point, °F

P1 working fluid pressure at state 1, psia
QT
heat load, Btu/hr
QCWAT cooling water flow rate, lb/hr

QISO working fluid flow rate, lb/hr
QWAT geothermal fluid flow rate, lb/hr
R gas constant
Re Reynolds number
REFF Rankine cycle efficiency, %/100
RI relative humidity, %/100
S entropy, Btu/lbm/°R
SVSATV saturated vapor specific volume, ft 3 /lbm

SDPDT derivative of pressure w.r.t. temperature
SDHVAP heat of vaporization, Btu/lbm
S1 entropy at state 1, Btu/lbm/°R
S2EST entropy at state 2EST, Btu /ibm / °R

T temperature, °F
T critical temperature, °R
c
T
h
heat source temperature, °F
T
0
heat sink temperature, °F
TTD condenser terminal temperature difference, °F
TT1 iterative temperature value, °R
TT3 iterative temperature value, °R
Ti temperature at state 1, °R
T2 temperature at state 2, °R
T2EST temperature at state 2EST, °R
T2SATL temperature at state 2SATL, °R
U overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr/ft 2 /°F
V specific volume, ft 3 /lbm
V velocity, ft/hr
VV1 iterative specific volume value, ft 3 /lbm
VV3 iterative specific volume value, ft 3 /lbm
Vi specific volume at state 1, ft 3 /lbm
V2EST specific volume at state 2EST, ft 3 /lbm
V2 specific volume at state 2, ft3 /ibm
V4 specific volume at state 4, ft 3 /lbm
V5 Specific volume at state 5, ft 3 /lbm
W
max maximum work
WT1 working fluid temperature at point 1, °F

WP1 working fluid pressure at point 1, psia
WBAT wet bulb air temperature, °F
WTT1 iterative working fluid temperature value, °F
WTT4 iterative working fluid temperature value, °F

WVELL flow velocity in preheater tubes, ft/hr
WVELV flow velocity in vaporizer tubes, ft/hr
WVELS flow velocity in superheater tubes, ft/hr
X reference enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Y reference entropy, Btu/lbm/°F
Z constant, = 0.185053 in 2 /ft 2 Btu/ftlbf
a Freon, NH3, or hydrocarbon constant
y hydrocarbon constant
AB net availability
AH net enthalpy, Btu/lbm
AQ net heat
AW net work
n
c
Carnot efficiency
cycle efficiency
cycle
pump
pump efficiency
Rankine Rankine cycle efficiency
u
utilization efficiency
viscosity, lbm/ft/hr
3
p density, lbm/ft
conversion factor, = 313.611 psia cu.ft lb

eP
lb-mole Btu
1 state at turbine inlet (see Figure 6 for state

points)
ZEST state at ideal turbine exhaust
2 state at actual turbine exhaust

2SATV state at saturated vapor (condenser)
2SATL state at saturated liquid (condenser)
3 state at compressor outlet
4 state at saturated liquid (heat exchanger)
5 state at saturated vapor (heat exchanger)
MODELING OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
USING THE BINARY FLUID CYCLE
I. INTRODUCTION
Geothermal reservoirs are a potentially large energy
source currently under development in the United States and

other countries. Efforts to utilize vast reserves of
existing geothermal energy have resulted in the design of
numerous power production facilities. The research

described in this thesis was motivated by the needs of the
Energy Research and Development Administration to rapidly
develop new energy sources that can fulfill the ever
increasing demands for electrical power in the United

States.
One of the most promising of these power production
techniques is the binary fluid cycle power plant. In order

to realize a rapid development in this area, a complete
understanding of the design of binary fluid cycles for use

in generating electricity from geothermal energy sources
is necessary. In addition, techniques for determining the
type and conditions for a binary fluid cycle which results

in the optimum utilization of a geothermal energy source
require development, in both an economic and a thermodynamic

sense. This thesis describes a computer simulation of a
binary fluid cycle power plant for use with geothermal
energy sources, and the subsequent optimization of this

power plant type over a range of geothermal source
2
conditions. The optimization technique employed for this

analysis was based upon the principle of maximum use of
available geothermal energy.
The use of the binary cycle for power generation is
practical in liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs or in
those geothermal zones where a high concentration of non-
condensible gases are present. In the binary fluid cycle
power plant, geothermal fluid is supplied through insulated

pipelines which has been extracted from wells distributed
throughout the reservoir. The geothermal fluid is con-
stantly maintained at a pressure exceeding the saturation
pressure with deep-well or surface pumps. The maintenance

of the fluid in a sub-cooled state prevents the loss of
latent heat through vaporization, reduces the pressure drop
of the geothermal fluid during transmission to the power
plant, and minimizes the precipitation of dissolved solids

out of the geothermal fluid. At the power plant, the geo-
thermal fluid is passed through a series of heat
exchangers, where thermal energy is transferred to a work-

ing fluid. These heat exchangers differ in design depend-
ing upon whether a sub-critical or super-critical binary
cycle is used. In the super-critical cycle, the working
fluid receives thermal energy while at a pressure exceeding

its critical pressure. The subcritical cycle involves the
working fluid passing through the vapor dome, i.e., at a
pressure below the critical pressure. The geothermal fluid

3
is reinjected into the existing reservoir in a liquid state
after passing through the heat exchangers. The working

fluid is brought to a superheated state and then expanded
through a turbine which is coupled to a generator. After
passing through the turbine, the working fluid is condensed
in a surface condenser supplied with cooling water. The
condensed working fluid is then transferred to a condensate
receiving tank which holds the reserve working fluid. The
fluid is extracted from this tank, repressurized with
booster and feed pumps and returned to the heat exchangers
for repetition of the cycle.
Cooling water is supplied to a surface condenser, a
turbine oil cooler, and a generator cooler from an induced-

draft evaporative cooling tower. Make-up water to replace
cooling water lost due to blowdown, evaporation, and drift
is supplied for the cooling tower. Internal requirements
for power include cooling tower fans, cooling water pumps,
geothermal fluid feed pumps, and booster and feed pumps for
the working fluid.
The binary fluid cycle power plant described in the
preceding paragraphs is simulated in a computer model

(1)
called GEOCOST. The description of the power plant
model is explained in this report, including both a
physical and thermodynamic design of the power plant.
Major power plant components are determined, and the plant
operating conditions are identified.

4
Optimal utilization of the energy from geothermal
reservoirs is necessary because of the relatively low
energy-content of the geothermal fluid and the subsequent
reduced efficiencies of power conversion schemes compared
with those of fossil-fueled or nuclear power plants. With
the incentive of efficient energy utilization and the
availability of a binary fluid cycle power plant model, a
technique of optimization has been developed. This opti-

mization technique is used to develop a binary cycle design
which maximizes geothermal energy utilization based upon
the limits of geothermal resource temperature and the pre-

vailing ambient temperature for heat rejection. Illustra-
tions of the use of this technique are reported for a range
of geothermal resource temperatures.

5
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
II-1. The Geothermal Resource
The earth contains vast quantities of thermal energy.
Unfortunately, this energy is normally well dispersed and
at depths which make it impractical for extraction. In
many areas of the earth, however, there exist abnormally
concentrated heat flows near the surface. These areas are
called hyperthermal zones, and are often associated with
recent volcanic activity and surface manifestations such as
hot springs, geysers, and fumaroles. Numerous potential
sites for geothermal exploitation have been identified in

recent years.
There exist five basic types of geothermal fields, or
reservoirs, that are exploitable at the present time.
These types are as follows

(1) water-deficient hot rocks
(2) liquid dominated reservoirs with low salinity
(3) liquid dominated reservoirs with high salinity
(4) reservoirs that produce a mixture of water and
steam
(5) dry steam reservoirs.
The classification of these geothermal reservoir types is
based primarily upon the difference in methods of exploita-
tion. Since this thesis is based upon energy conversion
methods, these classifications were made instead of differ-
entiating by reservoir temperature, rock type, hydrologic
systems, or geological formations.

6
The first type of reservoir listed is hot dry rocks.
These regions may well be more numerous than any other
type, but exploration for these reservoirs has been lim-
ited due to difficulties in exploitation. The lack of
sufficient fluid to transfer heat from the reservoir to
the surface makes power production difficult. Three
regions where hot dry rocks may exist have been identi-
fied in the United States. The Valles Caldera is a typ-
ical volcanic caldera in New Mexico which has been under
study by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory. (2) A second potential hot dry rock
site has been identified in Montana at Marysville by

Blackwell.(3) Subsequent investigation by the National
Science Foundation and Battelle Northwest Laboratories
indicated the area is actually a hydrothermal anomaly in
Genozoic intrusive. (4) A third hot dry rock area has been
identified in California at Coso Hot Springs by the U.S.
Geological Survey and the U.S. Naval Weapons Center.(5)
Exploration in other countries is currently being promoted
through the NATO committee on Challenges of Modern

(6)
Society.
The second geothermal reservoir type identified is the
liquid dominated reservoir with low salinity. The pres-
ence of low salt concentrations make this resource type
desirable because of fewer existing energy conversion
problems. Numerous reservoirs of this type exist around
the world, and have been utilized for electrical

7
production, space heating, agriculture, health spas, min-
erals recovery, and industrial processing. The well
known reservoirs of this type include Klamath Falls,

(8)
Oregon, (7) Raft River, Idaho, and Beowawe, Nevada (9)
in the United States, Paratunka (10) and Pauzhetka (11) in
the Soviet Union, Reykjavik, Iceland, (12) and Kizildere,
Turkey.(13) This resource is the most applicable of the
five types listed for utilization by the binary cycle.
Unlike the second resource type, liquid dominated
reservoirs with high salinity are less common. Known
sites exist in southern North America and Central America.
Due to the presence of high salt concentrations and asso-
ciated problems of corrosion, scaling, and waste disposal,
these areas for the most part resist development. One
area has overcome these difficulties and now contains an

(14)
operating power plant; Cerro Prieto in Mexico. Two
(15)
other areas, Ahuachapan, El Savador and the Imperial
Valley, California(16) have received more attention but

are not as yet being utilized for electrical power
generation.
The known geothermal reservoirs producing a two phase
mixture of steam and water are located in New Zealand at

(17)
Wairakei, Kawerau, and Rotorura and in Otake,
(18)
Japan. The characteristics of a field producing two
phase flow are similar to those fields which contain pure
steam. The reservoir temperatures are normally high

8
(above 100°C) and the wells yield more water than steam.
The ratio of liquid to vapor varies widely from reservoir
to reservoir and from well to well in a single reservoir.
The final reservoir type is the one producing dry
steam, and is the most heavily utilized but least preva-

lent. Dry steam reservoirs are easily adaptable to power
production, and normally the steam can be directly
expanded through a low pressure turbine. Electrical
power has been generated at the Lardarello field in Italy

(19)
since 1913, and at the Geysers field in California
(20)
since 1960. Italy has developed two additional fields
at Monte Amiata (21) and Travale. (22) Japan has operated a
power plant on a dry steam reservoir at Matsukawa since
(23)
1966. Dry steam reservoirs have also been discovered
at Namafjall, Iceland (24) and Mount Eburru, Kenya. (25)
Geothermal development is underway in many countries

around the world. By 1980, the estimated generating
capacity to all sites will be 2500 MWe. Even by present

standards, this is still less than 1% of the total world
capacity. As stated in the previous paragraphs, there
exist numerous geothermal reservoirs of different types
around the world, but many of these sites have not been
developed due to the difficulties of power generation from
a low energy heat source which often contains corrosive
contaminants. The binary fluid cycle may be acceptable
for use at many of these undeveloped sites, and may be

9
the key to increasing the generating capacity of geothermal
resources at a faster pace. Before discussing the binary

fluid cycle, a summary of existing geothermal power plants
is appropriate.
11-2. Power Production from Geothermal Reservoirs
Power production from geothermal reservoirs has been
a reality since 1913 when a 250-KW generator was installed
at Lardarello, Italy. The majority of the world's generat-
ing capacity has been installed in the past sixteen years.
All of the operating power plants except one use steam
for direct expansion through a standard, low-pressure,
reaction turbine similar to those in use at fossil-fueled
steam power plants. The geothermal steam for use at these
plants is supplied in one of three ways, (a) through dry
steam wells, (b) through separation of a two phase mixture
of steam and water, or (c) through flashing of geothermal
fluid at a lower pressure with subsequent steam separa-
tion. Through one of these techniques, steam has been

successfully supplied to power plants in Italy,
New Zealand, United States, Japan, Mexico, U.S.S.R., and
Iceland. A summary of these power plants is shown in
Table I. By 1980, electrical power production is expected
to be underway at Ahuachpan, El Savador; Hengill, Iceland;
Hachimantai, Japan; Onikobe, Japan; Kunashin, U.S.S.R.,

(26)
and Imperial Valley, United States. The power plant
10
TABLE 1. Operating Geothermal Power Plants
Generating
Capacity
Country Location (MWe) Reference
Italy Lardarello 365 19
Monte Amiata 25 21
Travale 15 22
New Zealand Wairakei 192 17

Kawerau 10 17
United States Geysers 396 20
Japan Matsukawa 20 23
Onuma 10 22
Otake 13 18
Mexico Cerro Prieto 15 14
U.S.S.R. Paratunka 1 10
Pauzhetka 5 11
Iceland Namafjall 3.4 24
TOTAL 1130.4 MWe
at Paratunka, U.S.S.R. is the only plant listed in

Table 1 that is not based on a steam expansion cycle.
The Paratunka plant is of a binary fluid cycle design
with Freon-12 as the working fluid.
The installation of geothermal power plants has pre-
ceeded at a slow pace even though recent design refine-
ments in turbines, condensers, heat rejection systems,
and well drilling techniques have increased available
plant efficiencies and the ability to develop geothermal
reservoirs economically. However, two major difficulties

11
still exist. Corrosion and scaling in plant components
are caused by the transmission and collection of geother-
mal fluids containing large amounts of impurities. In
addition, economic methods of utilizing low-enthalpy geo-
thermal fluids in the liquid state have not been developed

sufficiently for wide scale installation. One of the most
promising power production techniques is the binary fluid

cycle design. The binary fluid cycle power plant reduces
the contact of the geothermal fluid with major plant com-
ponents, and if designed properly, can economically pro-
duce electrical power. The use of the binary fluid cycle
with geothermal resources is discussed in the following

section.
11-3. The Binary Fluid Cycle Geothermal Power Plant
For relatively low-temperature geothermal reservoirs,
especially those with high non-condensible gas content or
high solids concentration, the binary fluid cycle has been

proposed. The binary fluid cycle is not a new concept.
In 1885, Frank Ofeldt patented and produced a binary fluid

cycle process using light naptha. This power cycle design
was considered for use in automobiles, but by 1905 was
replaced by the internal combustion engine. Since that
time, the binary fluid cycle has been proposed for use in
(27)
numerous applications such as commercial power plants,
(28)
pressurization stations for natural gas pipelines,
12
refrigeration plants, (29) power production at industrial
plants from hot exhaust gases, (3°) road vehicles,(31) and
geothermal power plants.(32) For the most part, the use

of these binary fluid cycles has not been applied on a
wide scale; most efforts have resulted in only small exper-

imental units or merely published technical papers.
The binary fluid cycle can be applied in general to
four of the five reservoir types discussed in Section II-1.
Dry steam reservoirs are the exception. The reservoirs
producing dry steam are most easily and economically util-
ized by directly expanded through a turbine for power

generation. It is unlikely that the addition of a second
working fluid loop with heat exchangers can compete eco-

nomically. The use of the binary fluid cycle with dry
steam reservoirs should be discouraged unless the non-
condensible gas content or solids concentration is

extremely high. Liquid dominated reservoirs with low
salinity are the most applicable for use with binary fluid
cycles of all the reservoir types. If the precipitation
problems associated with highly saline brines can be mini-
mized, liquid dominated reservoirs with high salt content
will also be conducive to binary fluid cycle plant opera-
tion. Two-phase reservoirs can become single phase reser-
voirs if deep well pumps are used at sufficient depths to
prevent flashing of the geothermal field in the well. If

13
these pumps are developed with large enough capacities, a
two-phase reservoir will have much the same potential for
binary plant operation as a liquid dominated reservoir.
The hot dry rock reservoirs are somewhat in the future as
far as utilization is concerned, but here also the binary
fluid cycle may apply if water can be recirculated through
the reservoir formation, picking up heat in the formation
and exchanging heat with a binary working fluid. In sum-
mary, the binary fluid cycle is potentially applicable to
the majority of geothermal resource types. To date, the
binary fluid cycle has been proposed for use with only
liquid dominated geothermal reservoirs with low salinity.
The most significant application of the binary fluid cycle
is at the Paratunka geothermal electric plant in the
U.S.S.R. In September, 1967 the Paratunka plant was com-
pleted with a 340-KW Freon turbine designed at The Thermal
Physics Institute of the Siberian Branch of the U.S.S.R.
Academy of Sciences. This plant is successfully operat-
ing using geothermal water at a temperature of 178°F.
Freon-12 is heated to a superheated state at 150°F and
202 psia where it is then expanded through a Shatura
HEPP-5 turbine. Geothermal water flow is 637,000 lb/hr
while the cooling water flow is 3,350,000 lb/hr. The
Paratunka power plant has recently been expanded to
1 000 KWe.
14
Although no geothermal power plants using the binary
fluid cycle have been constructed in the United States,
numerous designs have been proposed. In 1973, the Magma
Power Company received a patent on the Magmamax Process
which is an improved binary fluid cycle design using iso-
butane in a supercritical cycle. (33) A later design
called the Hutchinson-Holt Process has been developed
using isobutane, but the details are not known for pro-
prietary reasons.(34) Typical operating conditions, how-
ever, are shown for a binary fluid cycle operating with
400°F geothermal brine and isobutane in a supercritical
state.' Preliminary power plant designs have been pub-

lished by TRW, Inc., (35) Lawrence Berkeley Labora-
(36)
tories, the University of Hawaii, Aerojet Nuclear
(38) (39)
Company, San Diego Gas and Electric, and Roger's
(40)
Engineering. Some important features of these designs
are shown in Table 2. All preliminary power plant designs
have been made using isobutane in a 10 MWe size. There

are five sub-critical cycle designs and one super-critical
design. All designs except that of San Diego Gas and

Electric use the geothermal fluid in a compressed liquid
state.
In addition to the publication of binary cycle power
plant designs, there has been limited work done on compar-
ing the binary cycle with other geothermal plant designs
and with variations on the binary cycle design

TABLE 2. Proposed Binary Cycle Geothermal Plants
Geothermal Max Working Max Working

Size Working Fluid Fluid Fluid
Plant (MWe) Fluid Temp (°F) Temp (°F) Pressure(psia) Comments
TRW, Inc. 10.0 Isobutane 350°F 310°F 450 subcritical cycle with
regeneration; heat
rejection with air
cooled condenser.
Lawrence
Berkeley 10.0 Isobutane 392°F 370°F 600 simple supercritical
Labs Rankine cycle.
U. of Hawaii 10.0 Isobutane 350°F 320°F 400 subcritical cycle with
regeneration.
Aerojet 10.0 Isobutane 300°F 250°F 350 dual boiling system with
.Nuclear 190°F 160 high pressure and low
pres,sure turbine, series
geothermal flow through
high, then low tempera-
ture side, regeneration
used.
SDG &E 10.0 Isobutane 370°F 300°F 500 subcritical cycle; geo-
thermal fluid flashed
in four successive
stages; steam/iso-
butane heat exchangers
are used; for the
present, the turbine
is simulated by an
expansion valve.
Rogers Engr. 10.0 Isobutane 325°F 290°F 500 simple subcritical
Rankine cycle.
16
itself. (41)(42)(43) These studies, and the power plant

design, are in general proposing a single design at a par-
ticular geothermal source temperature or investigating a
particular component of a power plant. A comprehensive

and systematic method of selecting the best cycle for a
particular geothermal source condition over a wide range of
those conditions has not been reported in the literature.

This thesis is meant to address this need by providing
information on a computer code that has been developed to
simulate the geothermal binary cycle power plant, and an
optimization technique to be used for cycle selection.

17
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPUTER MODEL
III-1. Discussion
Research on the binary fluid cycle for geothermal
power plants has led to the construction of a computer
model which simulates the major components and the overall

design of the power plant. This binary cycle plant model
is part of an overall geothermal system model called
GEOCOST, which has been developed at Battelle Northwest

Laboratories. (44) GEOCOST is basically a simulation model
which calculates the cost of generating electricity from
geothermal energy, and is composed of two principal

sections: a reservoir model which simulates the explo-
ration, development, and operation of geothermal reser-
voir, and a power plant model which simulates the design,
construction, and operation of the power plant. In this
report, the power plant model of the binary fluid cycle

is described in detail. A general description of four
different types of power plants simulated in GEOCOST;
(a) flashed steam plant, (b) total flow plant, (c) binary
fluid cycle plant, and (d) a geopressured reservoir plant

is provided in an additional publication. (45)
Computer programs have been used to simulate binary

fluid cycle power plants for geothermal applications by
other researchers. A. Green and H. (46)
M. S. Pines are
currently developing a geothermal power plant model based
upon the original work of S. L. Milora. (47) This work

18
has been focused mainly on specific potential geothermal
sites under consideration by the Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratories, University of California. J. P. Abbin and
W. R. Leuenberger have published a report describing a
computer program called CYCLE which models various

Rankine cycle systems.(48) This work resulted from
research efforts at Sandia Laboratories on solar energy.
A number of different working fluids are available for
analysis of binary fluid cycles but unfortunately the

working fluid properties are calculated by the
Hirshfelder-Buehler-McGee-Sutton (HBMS) equation of

(49)
state. This equation does not accurately predict
thermodynamic properties for working fluids at high
reduced pressures (ratio of actual pressure to critical
pressure near or greater than one). A third publication

by T. Juul-Dann and H. F. Dunlop simulates the binary
fluid cycle in general terms but mainly emphasizes the
economic evaluation of a geothermal exploration and

production venture. (50) One final report still in publi-
cation is by S. L. Milora and J. W. Tester. This publi-
cation describes a binary fluid cycle model which selects

optimum working fluids for different geothermal resource
(51)
conditions. Important factors in geothermal energy
development are also discussed in this publication.
The present work in developing a binary fluid cycle
plant model is in part based upon S. L. Milora's original

19
work, but is mainly constructed on the basis of providing
an accurate and flexible simulation of this type of geo-

thermal power plant for cost prediction purposes. The
basic criteria for this power plant model are as follows:
capable of selecting binary cycle plant designs for

a wide range of geothermal resource conditions
ability to be operated by a user with a minimum of

training in thermodynamics
availability of numerous working fluids
capable of simulating both sub-critical and
super-critical cycles
ability to accurately compute thermodynamic and
physical properties of selected working fluids

simulation of all major power plant components
and their basic size
applicable to a wide range of power plant sizes

capable of performing thermodynamic cycle
calculations
ability to compute geothermal flow rates, working
fluid flow rates, and cooling water flow rates
capable of predicting overall design performance,

with the ability to perform sensitivity analyses
on selected operating parameters
capable of predicting an optimum plant design based
on maximum geothermal fluid utilization.

20
The current binary fluid cycle plant model meets these

design criteria, and can be operated independently or as a
part of the overall program, GEOCOST. The basic struc-
ture of the model and major plant components are dis-
cussed in the following paragraphs.
111-2. Structure of the Computer Model and Plant

Description
A typical binary fluid cycle power plant is dis-

played in Figure 1. This plant has been described
briefly in the Introduction. The computer program is
started at the point where the geothermal fluid enters
the heat exchangers and ends where the geothermal fluid

leaves the heat exchangers. All elements in the closed
working fluid cycle and the cooling water loop are
included in the program. On the basis of the power plant
size, the thermodynamic condition of the geothermal fluid
as it enters the heat exchangers, the selected working
fluid type, and the meteorological conditions, the com-
puter model selects key operating points of the working

fluid cycle. Once these selections have been made, the
properties of all fluids present (geothermal fluid,
working fluid, and cooling water) are computed at the
inlet and outlet of each major plant component. Knowing
these state conditions, the flow rates of all fluids and
the size of major components are determined. Thus, the
computer model can be divided into five major sections,

I K.O.
SUPER HEATER DRUM
A WATER
- -- REFRIGERANT COOLIN
TOWER
VAPORIZER
PREHEATER MAKEUP
WATER
=MP IIMI
FEED TURBINE
PUMP OIL HYDROGEN
COOLER
COOLER
CONDENSER
L4 CONDEN
SATE
COOLING
PUMP
WATER
PUMP
CONDENSATE
-r+
BOOSTER
RECEIVER
HOPNELL COLDWELL
V
PUMP
liWELL FEED
PUMP REINJECTION
PUMP
PRODUCTION REINJECTION
WELLIS) WELLIS)
FIGURE 1. Sub-Critical Binary Fluid Cycle Power Plant

22
(a) model input, (b) cycle selection, (c) property calcu-
lations, (d) component size and flow rate calculations,
and (e) model output. To provide a better understanding
of the simulated binary fluid cycle power plant, the
major components are briefly described below.
Geothermal Brine/Working Fluid Heat Exchangers -
Heat exchangers are required in a binary fluid cycle power

plant to transfer heat from the geothermal brine to the
working fluid, as indicated in Figure 1. The power plant
shown in the figure is composed of a sub-critical cycle,
in which the working fluid is passed through the heat

exchangers at a pressure below the critical pressure. A
supercritical binary plant is similar to the one shown in

the figure, except for the maximum working fluid pressure
being greater than the critical pressure.
The basic type of heat exchanger simulated for all
binary fluid cycle plants was a counter-flow, single-pass,

shell and tube unit with a fixed tube sheet. Standard
material of construction was assumed to be carbon steel.

In the sub-critical cycle, heat exchangers are required
for three different applications -- preheating, vaporiza-
tion, and superheating. In the superheater, the hottest
geothermal fluid exchanges heat with the working fluid to

bring the working fluid from a saturated vapor state to a
superheated state. The temperature difference between the
entering geothermal fluid and the leaving working fluid is

23
defined as the "approach to the heat exchanger." The
vaporizer receives the geothermal fluid from the outlet of

the superheater and provides the heat of vaporization for
the working fluid, bringing it from a saturated liquid to

a saturated vapor state. The preheater receives the geo-
thermal fluid from the outlet of the vaporizer to heat the
working fluid up to a saturated liquid state. The tempera-
ture difference between the entering geothermal fluid and
the leaving working fluid is defined as the pinch point of

the heat exchanger. This entire procedure is depicted in
Figure 2, with typical water and working fluid temperatures
attached.
The heat exchangers for the supercritical cycle are
similar in geometry to those in the sub-critical cycle,
except for the fact that no boiling section exists. The
working fluid is always maintained above the critical pres-

sure while in the heat exchangers; therefore, the working
fluid does not pass through the vapor dome.
Turbine - Generator - The turbine for the binary fluid
cycle plant is simulated as an isentropic expansion device

with an associated internal efficiency. By combining this
internal efficiency with the mechanical efficiency and
generator efficiency, the overall efficiency of the turbo-
generator set can be determined. Based upon the inlet,
exhaust, and saturated liquid enthalpies of the working
fluid, the isentropic and actual Rankine cycle

TO TURBINE
I
325°F SUPERHEATED VAPOR

FROM 355 °F
GEOTHERMAL SUPERHEATER
WELLS
At,
257 °F
SATURATED I
VAPOR
GEOTHERMAL
VAPORIZER BRINE
314°F
IM WIN _S NMI IOW
WORKING
257o F
FLUID
I SATURATED LI QU I D
PREHEATER
oF
272°F 177
oF
104 V TO DISPOSAL
SUBCOOLED LIQUID I
FROM CONDENSER
FIGURE 2. Typical Heat Exchanger Configuration for

Binary Cycle Plant
25
efficiencies can be determined, according to the follow-

ing relations.
IRankine, Hl-H2EST
isentropic Hl-H2SATL (1)
nRankine, Hl-H2
actual Hl-H2SATL (2)
Only one turbine for use with working fluids in a
geothermal application has been manufactured in the

United States. This turbine was designed for use with
isobutane and is a 9000 kWe three-stage radial inflow
turbine. It was manufactured by the York Division of
Borg-Warner Corporation for Magma Energy, Inc. (52)
Condenser - The working fluid condenser used in this

model is similar to the type of heat exchangers described
in the above section -- a counter-flow, single-pass,
shell and tube heat exchanger. The condenser is actually

two separate units. One unit is the desuperheater which
uses water as a cooling medium to bring the working fluid

from a superheated state at the turbine exhaust to a
saturated vapor state. The second unit is a condensing

heat exchanger which also uses cooling water to bring the
working fluid from a saturated vapor to a saturated
liquid state.
Pumps - The type of pump simulated in this model for
transmitting the geothermal fluid from the reservoir to
the power plant is a turbine pump. This is a pump driven

26
from the surface with turbine bowls submersed down in the

geothermal well. The pump should be carefully placed
deep enough in the well to prevent flashing of the geo-
thermal fluid. An electric motor is used to drive the
turbine pump.
Pumps for the cooling water and working fluid loops
are standard centrifugal pumps, and are assumed to be

driven by electric motors. Power consumption for all
pumps is determined according to the following equation

where (P - P ) is the pressure rise across the pump.
a b
M(P - P )(144)
a b
kW (3)
pump p(1.98 x 106)(.745)n
pump
System Cooling - In addition to the requirements for
cooling water to the working fluid condenser, some water
is required for the turbine oil cooler and the generator

cooler. These units are based on standard manufacturer's
designs and require a small percentage of the total cool-

ing water flow.
Cooling Tower - The cooling tower simulated in this
model is an induced draft evaporative heat rejection

device. Air is induced with large propeller-type fans to
pass upward through fill material which contains heated
water. Latent heat is passed to the air stream by partial
evaporization of the water stream. The design of this
cooling tower is dependent upon the relative humidity,
the wet bulb air temperature and the temperature

27
difference between the entering water temperature and the

wet bulb temperature.
With the basic structure and components of the model
described, the details of the model are described in the

following paragraphs.
111-3. Computer Analysis of the Binary Fluid Cycle for a
Geothermal Power Plant
The computer model which simulates the binary fluid

cycle plant consists of numerous sections. The working
fluids, their selection, and prediction of their thermo-
dynamic properties will be discussed initially. The
particular thermodynamic cycles chosen for use in this
computer program will be described after working fluids.
An explanation of the program control logic will follow.
The main body of the model description is in the perfor-
mance of thermodynamic cycle calculations using the logic

format established in the computer program. Final topics
discussed are the determination of physical properties
for existing materials and the determination of the
operating characteristics of the power plant itself.

Working Fluids - Numerous different working fluids
have been suggested for use in binary fluid cycles. The
halogenated hydrocarbons (Freons) have received a great
deal of attention due to their low boiling points and
high molecular weights. The following Freons have been
suggested for use in geothermal applications: R-11

28
(or Freon-11), R-12, R-13, R-21, R-22, R-32, R-31/114
(azeotrope of Chlorofluoromethane and Dichlorotetrafluoro-
ethane), R-33a, R-112, R-113, R-114, R-115, and R-116.(53'

54, 55, 56, 57)
Several light hydrocarbons have also been
promoted, including isobutane, n-butane, propane, methane,

propylene, and isopentane. (54, 56, 57) Other miscella-
neous selections have included ammonia, carbon dioxide,
methyl chloride, mercury, and aluminum bromide. (53, 54,

57, 58)
The large number of possible working fluids and
their variations in properties makes the selection of a
particular working fluid quite difficult. Ultimately,
the following criteria must be considered;

(1) low cost
(2) high molecular weight

(3) reasonable critical properties
(4) stability at high temperatures
(5) non-corrosive nature
(6) high thermal efficiency
(7) good heat transfer properties
(8) low toxicity
(9) low flammability

(10) availability of technical data.
In order to provide a range of critical temperatures
and pressures as well as molecular weights, nine working
fluids were selected for use in the binary fluid cycle

model. One additional consideration for selection was the
29
availability of thermodynamic property data. The work-
ing fluids are listed in Table 3, along with their crit-

ical properties.
This list of working fluids does not imply that

these are the best candidates. Most likely, different
applications and different resource conditions will cause
the power plant designer to select different fluids. Due
to the lack of geothermal power plant experience and
analytical analysis, and the general area of acceptance,
almost all proposed binary cycle plants for geothermal
applications have used isobutane, as is seen in Table 2.
For this reason, the sample output and optimization
analysis in this report will use isobutane as the working

fluid.
In order to accurately predict the thermodynamic
properties of these various working fluids, complex
equations of state were used rather than tabulated data.
This was done to minimize required computer memory and to
insure consistency and accuracy of the calculated

properties. The Martin-Hou equation of state was selected
for use with the halogenated hydrocarbons (Freons) and
ammonia. (59, 60, 61) The Starling equation of state was
chosen for use with the light hydrocarbons, isobutane and
(62)
n-butane.
The Martin or Martin-Hou equation of state was first
introduced in 1967, and was the result of an extensive

TABLE 3. Selected Working Fluids
Critical Critical Critical

Tem erature Pressure Density
Compound °F (psia) (lb /ft3)
Isobutane 274.96 529.06 13.80
n-butane 305.62 550.66 14.24
R-11; trichlorofluoromethane 388.4 640.0 34.6
R-12; dichlorodifluoromethane 233.6 597.0 34.84
R-21; dichlorofluoromethane 353.3 750.0 36.0
R-22; chlorodifluoromethane 204.8 721.9 32.8
R-113; trichlorotrifluoroethane 417.4 498.9 36.0
R-114; dichlorotetrafluoroethane 294.3 473.0 36.3
Ammonia 271.4 1657.0 14.6
31
study of the properties of real gases. The present form

of the equation, with 21 virial coefficients, predicts
properties quite accurately and has a superior fit to
experimental data in the super-critical region. Fortu-
nately, these 21 virial coefficients for the six Freons
and ammonia were made available through the efforts of

R. C. Downing and S. L. Milora. The Martin-Hou equation
of state involves the general form which can be solved
explicitly for pressure, as
P = f (V-b) (4)
i=1 i
wheref.is a temperature dependent function
fi = Ai + BiT + C. exp (-KT/T ). (5)

c
These equations reflect the original form of the
Martin-Hou equation; the present equation can be

expanded as follows;
A + B T + C exp(-KT/Tc)
RT +
2 2 2 (6)
P
(V-b)
(V-b)2
A3 B3T + C3exp(-KT/T,L. ) A4 + B4T + C4exp(-KT/Tc)
-,
+ '
(V-b)3 (V-b)4
A5 + B5T + C5exp(-KT/T,) A + B5T + C5exp(-KT/Tc)
L. L,
+ '
(V-b)5 exp(aV)(1 + C'exp(aV))
The letters A., B1, C., B, a, etc. represent the virial
coefficients. These coefficients are listed in Appendix I
for each Freon. A reduced form of this equation of state

32
can be used to determine the saturation pressure explic-
itly as a function of temperature.
log,...P . A + T + C logio(T)+ DT
lu (saturation)
+ E(Eil)logio(F-T)
(7)
The equations for enthalpy and entropy are also derived
from the original equation of state
2 3 4 A A
bT cT dT f
T + " V+
H= aT + -f- +
-7- + 4 (v-b) +
2(V -b)
A A A
+
4
+
5 6( 1
+ C'ln(1 + C'expl(aV) ))]
3(V-b)
3
4(V-b)
4 a exp(aV)
C C C
3 4
+ Jexp(-KT/Tc)(1 + KT/T )1.
(V-1) + +
c
2(V-b)2 3(V- b) 3
C C C C'
5 6 6 1
+ + ln(1 + )1 + x
4(V-b
)4 aexp(aV) a C'exp(aV) J
(8)
where J = .1851
X = reference enthalpy (based on -40°F for the

saturated liquid)
33
2 3
dT
= alnT + bT + cT
f
S + + JR ln(V-b)
7 3 2
2T
B B B
2 4.
3
+
4 65
- J .
(V-b) ' +
2(V -b)2 3(V -b)3 4(V-b)4
B
6( 1 1 ))]
+ C-ln(1 +
a exp(aV) C'exp(aV))
C ,. C C
JK 2 4 5
+ T- exp(-KT/Tc)[ + + +
(V-b) 2 3 4
c 2(V-b) 3(V-b) 4(V-b)
C C C-
6 6
+ ln(1 + + Y
aexp(aV) a C'exP (aV))]
(9)
where Y = reference entropy (based on -40°F for the
saturated entropy)
Expressions for liquid density, heat of vaporization,
and heat capacity are also available but not listed

here. All working fluids using the Martin-Hou equation
of state are based on a datum of the saturated liquid at

-40°F, where both the enthalpy and entropy are defined
to be equal to zero. In conclusion, this equation of
state is superior to any generalized equations of state
for the halogenated hydrocarbons, but is obviously

applicable to computer use only.
The Starling equation of state has recently been
developed for light hydrocarbons, and is an improvement

upon the original work of M. Benedict, G. B. Webb, and
L. C. Rubin.(63) The Starling equation is superior for
predicting thermodynamic properties at reduced tempera-

tures as low as T = 0.3 and reduced densities as high
r
as p = 3.0. The tabulation of data by Starling

r
34
complements the earlier work by Canjar and Manning on
the compilation of gas phase properties of light

(64)
hydrocarbons.
The Starling equation of state can be expressed
as pressure equal to a function of temperature and

molar density as follows:
Co Do E, 9 /
P = pRT + BoRT - Ao - + - Tu4 fp" + 0)RT - a - 4) p3
( )
3
+ a(a + STI)p6 + ti22-.(1
C + yp2) exp (-yp2) (10)
The letters Bo, Ao, Co, Do, E0, a, b, c, d, a, and Y
represent constant coefficients for a particular hydro-

carbon. These values are listed in Appendix I for
isobutane and n-butane. The expressions for enthalpy
and entropy are based upon this equation of state.
4C 5D 6E 0)
o o p
H = (B RT - 2A +
0 0 2 3 4 cp
T T T
,
p5
+ I 2( (2bRT
2
- 3A - 441) P + .a(6a + 410 i(F
+ C, [3 -
(3 ..___2 _2_4)exp(_ip2,]
TP T P ) + HO (11)
10T4 L
3
where (i) is the conversion from Btu/lb to psia ft /lb
m
mole and H is the ideal gas enthalpy at the temperature
o
in question;
H 2 3 4
0
= A00 + A10T + A T + A T + A T
20 30 40 ( 1 2)
35
2C0 30 4E 2
S = - 1ln(pRT) - VoR + 0 0 )p 1
(up +
d) p
T4 5
T (I)
5
+ adp 2C
+ [1 - + 12yp2)exp ( -yp2 )1 + So
2
5T (I) yT 3 (15
(13)
where S is the ideal gas entropy at the temperature

o
in question.
2 3 4
S
0
= B00 + B10T B T + B T + B T
+ 20 30 40 (14)
The calculation of the saturation pressure as a function
of temperature is more complex when using the Starling
equation than the Martin-Hou equation. An iteration is

required whereby an initial guess is made for P
saturation'
and then the density roots are found from equation (10).
Caution must be exercised since there is a possibility
of three or more real density roots to this equation.
The largest root is the saturated liquid density and the
smallest root is the saturated vapor density. Once these

two density roots are found at the
saturation estimate,
they are used to calculate the liquid and vapor fugacities
using the following equation,
C D E 0)
0 0 p
lnf = ln(pRT) + 2 BoRT - AO
A( - -
T2 4- T3 + T4 RT
+
3
-(DRT - a -
d) p
2
4. 6a( a + T
d) p'
2 T RT + 5 RT
11 41 -
Irp2 -
1,2p4)exp(_yp2)]
+
yRT3 L
36
At saturation, the liquid and vapor fugacities are equal.
the ratio of these computed fugacities can be used to

generate a better guess for The iteration
saturation
is continued until the fugacities converge within a
specified tolerance. The final

saturation guess is the
saturation pressure at the known temperature.
All working fluids using the Starling equation of
state are based on a datum of carbon (graphite) and hydro-

gen (gas) at 0 psia and 0 °R. At this point, the enthalpy
and the expression S + R In P are defined to be equal to
zero. The enthalpy of the working fluid at this tempera-
ture is equal to the standard heat of formation from
carbon (graphite) and hydrogen (gas). For isobutane,
this enthalpy is -783.04 Btu/lbm; for n-butane it is

-733.1 Btu/lbm. For this reason the enthalpies of these
fluids are always negative in the normal operating

(64)
range.
The set of Starling equations just described can be
used for other hydrocarbons like propane, methane, pro-

pylene, isopentane, and ethylene. The only requirement
for the computer model are the set of constant coef-
ficients for these fluids.
A detailed description of the Martin-Hou and Starling
equations of state has been given here since they are the
backbone of the thermodynamic cycle analysis, which will

be explained following the discussion of selected thermo-
dynamic cycles and program control logic.

37
Selection of Thermodynamic Cycles - The binary fluid
cycles selected for use in this computer model are based

on simple Rankine cycles. In other words, no provisions
have been made for reheat, regeneration, or combinations

of cycles. In most cases, the quality of the low pressure
working fluid does not warrant reheat. Also, the rela-
tively small temperature range in which this Rankine cycle
operates does not make regeneration practical. Both of
these phenomena exist because of the low-energy system

involved with a geothermal resource.
In many previous sections of this thesis, two differ-
ent types of simple Rankine cycles have been described.
These are the sub-critical and super-critical cycles.
Although there exist many differences in these two cycle

types, both have been proposed for use with geothermal
resources because of the wide variety of geothermal

reservoirs and working fluid types. (65,66) Figures 3
and 4 illustrate the basic sub-critical and super-critical

Rankine cycles, respectively.
38
CRITICAL
CRITICAL PRESSURE
POINT
12
ZEST VAPOR
DOME
ENTHALPY ENTHALPY
FIGURE 3. Sub-Critical Cycle FIGURE 4. Super-Critical

Cycle
The working fluid state points are indicated; this
nomenclature will be used throughout this thesis. In
these figures, the ordinate is pressure and the abscissa

is enthalpy. The working fluid vapor dome and critical
point are shown. The processes that make up these cycles
are as follows:
1-2EST: reversible adiabatic (isentropic)
expansion of the working fluid

in the turbine.
1-2: actual expansion path of the working

fluid in the turbine, reflecting
turbine inefficiencies.
2-2SATV: constant pressure heat extraction
from the working fluid between the
turbine exhaust and the saturated
vapor state.
39
2SATV- constant pressure removal of the

2SATL:
heat of vaporization from the
working fluid.
2SATL-3: compression of the liquid working

fluid.
3-1: constant pressure addition of heat

to the working fluid from the
geothermal fluid.
3-4: (sub-critical only) heat addition
to the working fluid between pump
exhaust and the saturated liquid
state at constant pressure.

4-5: (sub-critical only) additions of the
heat of vaporization to the working
fluid at constant pressure.

5-1: (sub-critical only) superheating of
the working fluid at constant pressure.
The thermodynamic cycle selected for a particular
set of conditions is dependent upon the geothermal fluid
temperature, the available sink temperature, and the

working fluid. This selection is based upon the opti-
mization technique to be discussed after description of

the model. For flexibility, an arbitrary cycle can be
chosen by specifying the maximum working fluid pressure,
the heat exchanger "approach," and the heat exchanger

pinch point.
40
Control Logic - The control of the binary fluid
cycle plant model is accomplished through the use of
three subroutines: DBINARY, BINARY, and OPBIN. The
following input data are supplied at the beginning

of the program:
type of plant - binary
super-critical cycle - false
working fluid type
pressure factor
geothermal fluid temperature
geothermal flow rate per well
plant size
well spacing
average well life
reservoir size
wet and dry bulb air temperatures
geothermal fluid pressure at plant inlet

cooling water pressures
geothermal fluid velocities through heat

exchanger tubes
heat exchanger tube diameters
fouling factors in heat exchangers.
Once this input data is loaded, subroutine DBINARY is
called. Subroutine DBINARY serves a threefold purpose; it
insures an adequate flow of geothermal fluid to the power
plant through the transmission piping from the geothermal

41
wells, maintains the pressure of the geothermal fluid
high enough to prevent two phase flow anywhere in the
system, and controls the design of the reinjection system
which returns the spent geothermal fluid to the reservoir.
Subroutine DBINARY also called subroutine BINARY, which
controls the design of the binary fluid cycle plant. Sub-
routine BINARY determines 1) the thermodynamic cycle state
points, and 2) the operating characteristics of the major

components of the power plant. The plant design made in
BINARY is based upon the optimum selection made by sub-
routine OPBIN, which is discussed in the fourth major

section of this report.
Collectively, these three subroutines control the

design of the binary cycle power plant and insure a
proper interface with the other sections of the total
geothermal power system.
Thermodynamic Cycle Calculations - The determina-
tion of the thermodynamic state points for the binary

cycle power plant is outlined in Figure 5. Once sub-
routine BINARY has received the optimum cycle charac-
teristics from subroutine OPBIN, subroutine SETCON is

called. SETCON loads for later use the values for the
coefficients used in the equation of state and other
equations discussed in the Working Fluid sub-section.
Only those coefficients required for the particular work-
ing fluid being used are loaded. The available working

42
I I I.I.
BUTANE
111ARy PLANT MIDI TOR PYCNN ARBON itu,D T RE ON BINARY PLANT uf sick EOk rwoRocAPsoN FLUID
I PT1T° It:PS PA EUNAUST PRESSURE COMPUTATION

1=1 TUP3 I NE ExttA,ST PRES SLPE COMPUTATION
SA .PAID LIOLOD ENTNALPY AT STATE

SA TORATED 110'110 OV.SIT AT STATE
1 cNi...A 1
IDEAL E,NALPY
I "I" 1 ITERATION TO .SFERMINT. SATURATED VAPOR
DENSITY AT EmAyST PRES SLR(
ELATION CF SIMI ROUTINE USED TO DETERMINE DENSITY AT STATE 0
ENNALPY El STATE 0
YES
IDEAL ENTNALPY
ENTNALPY AT STATE
ENTROPY AT STATE 0
DERIVATIVE CF PPESSOTE Nitro RESPECT TO
TEMPERATURE 10 DETERMI,1 KAT OF VAPORIZATION
IDEA: EVROPY
M.LiNEAR EOLAttoN SO, ROUTINE USED TO DETERtIE TEMPERATURE

CINSitv AI STATE 'OVATION a S7A1Rm..11% USED TO DETERMINE
DENSITY AT STAR
Cow
EINALPY At STATE
S
INTINAIPY Al STATE 0
IDEAL ENTNALPY
11:1111
I ewe. tYr0111/v at tiAn (71
Attn., Alm, PULL U ILUW NALL LALL.LIIAIIUN
NONLINCAR ETAATION SOLVING ROUTINE USED TO

11:21 CALCULATION C* TEMPERATURE AT STATE 0 DETERMINE TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY AT STAR
I "ST I ENTNALPY AT STATES 0 AV 0 ENTNIILPY AT STAR
WORKING FUND TIME SATE CALCULATION

IDEAL NNW.
Pun. WORE CALCULATION AND TEMpERAnNTE AND (WNW Y AT STATE YES
NONLINEAR EQUATION SOOTING ROUTINE USED TO

DETERMINE TEMPERATURE A.0 DENSI 11 AT STATE 0 NO
TION TO DETERMINE TEMPERATURE AT STATES

VPEST1 AND 0 F RCNI VAPOR PRESSURE ROUTINE
EON STATE POINTS. REFER TO r IGURE RI
1 ®1 ITERATION 10 DETERMINE DENSITY AT STAR IC)
VPS
.0
7
YTS
suptecTer TEAL CYCLE.

CoNTILIE TC ?um/ ROUTINE
ICII ENINALPY AT STAN (:)
1=1 PRESSURE DERIVATIVE LSED TO DETERMINE NEAT

CF vAPORIZATICe. At nLET PRESSURE
1 ..^ 1 DENSITY AT STATED
1=1 PUMP wNRK CALCULATION AND TEMPERATURE

AND ININALF AL STATE
1=1 rkv. INT AR FO:. A TIM SOLVI ROutl..1 USED

TO CETIRMINT IL.TERATURE AND DENSITY AT STATE 0
FIGURE 5. Computer Flow Diagram for Determination of

Thermodynamic State Points
43
fluids are isobutane, n-butane, R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22,
R-113, R-114, and ammonia. If the selected working fluid
is a light hydrocarbon, subroutine SETCON calls subroutine
BUTANE once the coefficients are loaded. If the selected
working fluid is a halogenated hydrocarbon (Freon) or
ammonia, SETCON calls subroutine FREON. Since BUTANE and
FREON are quite different in nature due to the dissimi-
larity of the equation of states, these subroutines will

be discussed separately. Subroutine BUTANE is described
first.
Subroutine BUTANE computes the thermodynamic state
points for a hydrocarbon working fluid, with either a
sub-critical or super-critical cycle. From subroutine

OPBIN and input data, the entering geothermal fluid
temperature and pressure, heat exchanger approach and

pinch point, maximum working fluid pressure, and minimum
cooling water temperature are known. Each of the state
points in the cycle are computed in the following stepwise

fashion. It will be helpful to refer to Figure 6 to
recognize specific points in the cycle.

44
) T3
H3 PREHEATER VAPORIZER SUPERHEATER
P3 T1
S3 iTH55 HI GEOTHERMAL FLUID CONDITIONS
H44 I, JP1 WTI :
1134 / D1 TEMPERATURE OF WATER
= IS4 ! 1SP55 / SI AT SUPERHEATER INLET

CM / WT2 . TEMPERATURE OF WATER
LJ / AT VAPORIZER INLET
iT2' WT3 . TEMPERATURE OF WATER
1H2
T2SATL' T2EST AT PREHEATER INLET
)H2SATL ( H2EST
P2 P2
D2,
iP2 WT4 . TEMPERATURE OF WATER
RHOL2 I D2EST AT PREHEATER EXIT
S2EST . SI
ENTHALPY
FIGURE 6. Sub-Critical Cycle State Points
A) The minimum working fluid temperature T2SATL,
at the outlet of the surface condenser is set
based upon the lowest cooling water temperature.
This temperature difference is defined as the

TTD of the condenser. Based upon this tempera-
ture, T2SATL, the saturation pressure P2 is
determined in subroutine PTWO. PTWO determines
through an iterative process the pressure at
which the largest and smallest density roots of

equation (10) have equal fugacities (eq. 15).
The density roots are determined in subroutine

RHOITR and the fugacities are calculated in sub-
routine FUG.
This iterative technique is described in the dis-
cussion of the Starling equation of state. The
largest density root at convergence is the

45
density of the working fluid at state 2SATL.
Once the saturation pressure P2 is known at
temperature T2SATL, the enthalpy at this state
point, H2SATL, is determined using subroutines

HEQST and HIDEAL. Subroutines HEQST and HIDEAL
are composed of equations (11) and (12),

respectively.
B) After the required thermodynamic properties at
state 2SATL are determined in step A, the prop-

erties at state 1 are determined in step B.
State 1 corresponds to the working fluid at the
turbine inlet. The pressure, P1, and the heat
exchanger "approach," APP, are known from sub-

routine OPBIN. The working fluid temperature,
Tl, is computed by subtracting the heat exchanger
"approach" from the inlet geothermal fluid
temperature, WT1. The density (D1) of the work-

ing fluid at State 1 is computed next from equa-
tion (10), which is listed in subroutine PEQST.
Since this equation is expressed as pressure
equaling a function of temperature and density,
the density is determined iteratively in the
following manner: An initial value of D1 is
calculated based upon an ideal gas at Ti and P1.
The pressure corresponding to the temperature Ti
and the guess for density D1 is computed in

46
subroutine PEQST (equation 10). This value of
pressure is compared with the known value of P1.
If the difference between P1 and the computed
pressure is less than 0.5 psia, the density D1
has been found. If this difference is greater,
a new estimate for D1 is found based on the

following equation,
1.0 + (P1 - P )/P1). (16)

Dlnew Dlold* ( guess
This new value of D1 is then used to compute a
new calculated value for pressure.
The iteration is continued until the convergence

criteria is satisfied. The enthalpy H1 at state
1 is computed with subroutines HEQST and HIDEAL
(equations (11) and (12)). The entropy, Si, at

state 1 is calculated using equations (13) and
(14) in subroutines SEQST and SIDEAL,
respectively.
C) This step is involved with the state 2EST, which
is an isentropic expansion from State 1 to
pressure P2. The entropy at state 2EST, S2EST,
is therefore equal to S1 computed in step B.
The temperature and density, T2EST and D2EST,
are calculated by simultaneously solving the
equations (10) and (13) with (14). These equa-
tions are of the form

47
P = f (T, D) (equation 10)
S = f (T, D) + f(T) (equation 13 & 14)
With the pressure (P2) and entropy (S2EST) known,
T2EST and D2EST are found using a subroutine

called RQNWT. Equations (10), (13) and (14) are
supplied to RQNWT through subroutine BFT2D2.
Subroutine RQNWT solves systems of nonlinear,
algebraic, or transcendental equations with
random initial estimates using a quasi-Newton

algorithm. Once the temperature and density of
state ZEST are known, the enthalpy H2EST can be
determined using subroutines HEQST and HIDEAL.

D ) In step D, the working fluid flow rate required
for the binary fluid cycle plant is computed
upon the basis of plant size GRKW, turbine inlet
enthalpy H1, ideal turbine exhaust enthalpy
H2EST, and the overall turbine efficiency. The
equation for this computation is as follows:
QISO = GRKW* 3414.43 / (H1-H2EST) / OEFF (17)
This calculation is performed in subroutine

WFFRT. The actual enthalpy at state 2, H2, is
also computed as follows:
H2 = H1 - (H1 - H2EST)(OEFF) (18)
In addition, the actual Rankine cycle efficiency
REFF is determined according to the equation

48
REFF = (H1 - H2) / (H1 - H2SATL) (19)
The enthalpy H2 and pressure P2 are now known at
state 2, which is the actual working fluid condi-
tion at turbine exhaust. The temperature and
density, T2, and D2, are determined using sub-
routines RQNWT, PEQST, HEQST, and HIDEAL in a
manner similar to that in step C, except for the
substitution of the enthalpy equations (11) and
(12) for the entropy equations (13) and (14).
Equations (10), (11), and (12) are supplied to
RQNWT through subroutine BFT2V2.

E) Step E is performed only if a subcritical cycle
is under consideration, since this step is
involved with states 4 and 5. The saturation
temperature at pressure P1 is determined using a
subroutine called TFOUR. This temperature is the

same at states 4 and 5 (i.e. T4 = T5). The
calculation of T4 = T5 is accomplished in a
manner similar to that described in step A,
except the pressure at saturation is now known
instead of the temperature at which the liquid

and vapor densities result in equal fugacities
using the known pressure P1. In the process, the
actual saturated liquid density D4 and saturated
vapor density D5 are found. Using these computed
temperatures and densities, the enthalpy at

49
states 4 and 5 are computed using subroutines
HEQST and HIDEAL. Likewise, the entropy at

states 4 and 5 are determined using subroutines
SEQST and SIDEAL. The pressures P4 and P5 are

determined based on P1.
F) After steps A through E the thermodynamic prop-
erties are known at states 2SATL, 1, ZEST, 2,
4, and 5. The conditions at state 3 are now
determined. The pressure at state 3 is based on

P1. The enthalpy and temperature at state 3 are
found in subroutine PUMP, which simulates the
compression of the liquid working fluid from
state 2SATL to state 3. The change in enthalpy

between states 2SATL and 3 is based on an
expression for pump work as follows:
off = H3-H2SATL (P3-P2)(144)(.00128509 Btu/ft lb)

D2SATL (pump efficiency)
(20)
then H3 = off + H2SATL (21)
The temperature at state 3 is determined from off
and the temperature at 2SATL as follows:
T3 = T2SATL + (tH)(Mol Wt)(K-1) (22)

(K) (R)
where K is the ratio of specific heats, and R is
the universal gas constant.

50
G) Step G is applicable to the subcritical cycle

only. The geothermal fluid temperature at the
inlet to the preheater, WT3, is computed based
on the sum T4 (from step E) and the heat
exchanger pinch point. The required geothermal
flow rate, QWAT, is also calculated in step G
according to the equation
QWAT = QISO(HI -H4

Cp(WT1-WT3) (23)
In steps A through G, all required thermodynamic proper-
ties of the cycle state points are computed for light
hydrocarbons. A similar stepwise technique is used to

determine state points for the Freons and ammonia. Sub-
routine FREON is used for this purpose, and a description
of the logic for this subroutine follows.
Subroutine FREON computes the thermodynamic state
points for the halogenated hydrocarbons and ammonia, with
either a sub-critical or super-critical cycle. As in
BUTANE, this subroutine is supplied with values for inlet

geothermal fluid temperature and pressure, heat exchanger
"approach" and pinch point, maximum working fluid pres-

sure, and minimum cooling water temperature. The genera-
tion of thermodynamic properties for each state point is

done in a step-wise fashion. The notation for each step is
in double letters to distinguish these steps from the

BUTANE subroutine.
51
AA) As previously noted for the hydrocarbons, the
minimum working fluid temperature, T2SATL, is
set based upon the lowest cooling water tempera-
ture available. The saturation pressure P2 at

this temperature is computed based upon equation
(7), which is listed in subroutine VPRESA. The
density of the working fluid (DSAT) as a satu-
rated liquid is calculated based upon one of the
following three equations.
TABLE 4. Saturated Density Equations

Working Fluid Subroutine
of Interest Called Density Equation 1
lb /ft3
m 3
R-11, R-22, NH3 DNLIQA p = AL + BL(1 - T/Tc)1/3 + CL(1 - T/Tc)2/3
+ DLO - T/Tc) + EL(1 - T/Tc)4/3
T)1/2
R-12, R-114 DNLIQB p = AL + BL(Tc - T) + CL(Tc
2
+ DL(Tc - T)1/3 + EL(Tc - T)
R-21, R-113 DNLIQC p = AL + BL(T) + CL(T)2
The coefficients Al, BL, CL, DL, and EL are pro-

vided as constants for the particular working
fluid of interest from subroutine SETCON. The
enthalpy at state 2SATL is computed based upon

the enthalpy at P2 as a saturated vapor, since
the saturated liquid enthalpy at low temperatures
is not computed accurately by the Martin-Hou

52
equation of state. The equation used to compute

the enthalpy at state 2SATL, H2SATL, is as
follows:
H2SATL = H2SATV - SDHVAP (24)
where H2SATV = saturated vapor enthalpy at P2
and SDHVAP = heat of vaporization at P2.
The first quantity to be determined in equation

(23) is H2SATV. In order to compute H2SATV, the
specific volume at this state, SVSATV, must first
be determined. An initial guess based on ideal
gas laws is made for SVSATV. This estimated
specific volume and the known temperature T2SATL
are used in equation (6) to calculate a pressure.
Equation (6) is positioned in a subroutine called

EQSTAP. The pressure computed in subroutine
EQSTAP is compared with the known pressure P2.
If the absolute value of the difference between
these two pressures is within 0.5 psia, a suit-
able value for SVSATV has been found. If the

convergence criterion is not satisfied, a new
estimate for SVSATV is found based on the follow-
ing equation
SVSATV = SVSATV + (P
calc -P2)/P2) (25)
x (1
new old
53
This new value of SVSATV is then used to deter-

mine a new calculated value of pressure from sub-
routine EQSTAP, which is then compared to P2.
Iteration continues until convergence is

accomplished.
The enthalpy at the saturated vapor state,
H2SATV is then computed using subroutine HVAP
which contains equation (8), based upon T2SATL,

P2 and SVSATV.
The heat of vaporization is the second quantity

to be determined in equation (24). This quantity
is defined by the following equation:
1
SDHVAP = Z * SDPDT * (T2SATL + 459.67)(SVSATV ----)
DSAT
(26)
In equation (26) for the heat of vaporization, Z
is a constant with the value of
2
in . Btu
0.185053 , SDPDT is the derivative
2
ft ft-lb
f
of pressure with respect to temperature, and

DSAT is the liquid density determined earlier in
step AA. SDPDT is listed as subroutine VPRESB,
and is defined as
54
r -ln 10 x BFR + EF x 1og10(F -

SDPDT = PI
T2
C E (27)
+ D In 10]
The constants B, C, D, E and F are provided in
subroutine SETCON. The enthalpy of saturated

liquid, H2SATL can now be computed by equation
(24).
BB) After the thermodynamic properties at state
2SATL are determined in step AA, the properties

at state 1 are determined in step BB. The pres-
sure P1 is known from subroutine OPBIN. The
temperature Ti is the difference between the
entering geothermal fluid temperature WT1 and the

heat exchanger "approach" APP. The specific vol-
ume at state 1, V1, is computed through an
identical technique used in step AA for SVSATV.

The enthalpy H1 is computed from subroutine HVAP
using equation (8). The entropy S1 is calculated

by using equation (9), listed in subroutine SVAP.
CC) As in the subroutine BUTANE, the thermodynamic
properties at state 2EST are computed after state

1. Again the entropy S2EST is equal to S1
because of the isentropic expansion from P1 to

P2. The temperature and specific volume at this
55
state, T2EST and V2EST, are found by simulta-
neously solving equations (6) and (9) (from sub-
routines EQSTAP and SVAP which are supplied
through subroutine EF2TV2) using subroutine

RQNWT. Subroutine RQNWT is the same one as
described in step C of BUTANE. The computed
values of T2EST and V2EST are then used with the
value of P2 to determine H2EST in subroutine

HVAP.
DD) Step DD is used to compute the following values:
QISO - working fluid flow rate
H2 - enthalpy at state 2
REFf - Rankine cycle efficiency
T2 - temperature at state 2
V2 - specific volume at state 2. These values
are computed in the same manner as indicated in

step D of subroutine BUTANE. QISO is found from
equation (17), H2 from equation (18), and REFF
from equation (19). The values for T2 and V2
are found from subroutines RQNWT, EQSTAP, and

HVAP. The access for subroutines HVAP and
EQSTAP is provided to RQNWT by subroutine FFT2V2.
EE) The properties at states 4 and 5 are computed in

step EE. The saturation temperature T4 = T5 is
found at pressure P1 using an iterative

56
technique with subroutine VPRESA (equation (7)).
An initial guess for this temperature is made.
This temperature guess is used in equation (7) to
determine a pressure. This computed pressure is

compared with the known value of P1. The value
of T4 = T5 is adjusted until the calculated pres-
sure converges to P1 within 0.5 psia. The spe-

cific volume at state 4 (V4, saturated liquid) is
computed as the inverse of the appropriate den-
sity equation listed in Table 4. The specific

volume at state 5, V5, is determined iteratively
using subroutine EQSTAP, similar to the method

used to locate SVSATV in step AA. The pressures
at states 4 and 5 (P4 and P5) are based upon P1.
Using T4 and V4, the enthalpy and entropy at
state 4 are computed using subroutines -HVAP and

SVAP. The enthalpy and entropy at state 5 (H5
and S5) are determined in a similar manner. As
in step E of subroutine BUTANE, step II is used

with a sub-critical cycle only.
FF) The calculation of properties at state 3 are
determined in the same manner as described in
step F of BUTANE.
GG) This step is identical to step G of subroutine
BUTANE. This step is only used for the sub-
critical cycle.
57
In steps AA through GG, all necessary thermodynamic
state properties are determined for halogenated hydro-

carbons and ammonia. Once BUTANE or FREON computations
are completed, the binary cycle plant program passes back
through subroutine SETCON to subroutine BINARY to compute
the remaining values required to describe the power plant.
These remaining values include the power plant component

descriptions and the plant operating characteristics.
Physical Fluid Properties - Prior to the discussion
of the remaining sections of subroutine BINARY, a descrip-
tion of the method used to determine the physical prop-
erties of the fluids in question is necessary. Throughout

the entire binary cycle plant program, values for the
physical properties of various fluids are required. This
information is provided in a single subroutine called

FLUID. Each physical property for a particular fluid is
expressed as a polynomial function of temperature in its
most elementary form.

Property value = K + K,T + K2T2 + K3T3 for
o
Tx < T < Ty (28)
These expressions are valid for the temperature range Tx
to Ty, which is dependent upon available data. These data

were amassed through a search of numerous reference texts
and publications. (67-76) When a physical property is
desired, the following statement is made in the program:

58
Property Value = FLUID (I, J. T) (29)
where T = temperature at which the property is desired in
°F, and:
I = 1, 13 - Property Index
= 1 - specific heat of liquid [Btu/lbm/°F]
= 2 - thermal conductivity of liquid
[Btu/hr/ft/°F]
= 3 - density of liquid [lbm/ft3]
= 4 viscosity of liquid [lbm/ft/hr]
= 5 - specific heat of gas [Btu /lbm / °F]
= 6 - thermal conductivity of gas [Btu/hr/

ft/°F]
= - density of gas [lbm/ft3]
= 8 - viscosity of gas [lbm/ft/hr]
g
- heat of vaporization [Btu/lbm]
= 10 - critical pressure [psia]
= 11 - critical temperature [ °F]
12 - surface tension [lbf/ft]
= 13 - molecular weight (lbm/lb mole]
J = 1, 10 - Fluid Index
= 1 - water
= 2 - isobutane
= 3 - n-butane
= 4 - R-11
= 5 - R-12
= 6 - R-21
59
= 7 - R-22
= 8 - R-113
= 9 - R-114
= 10 - NH
3
Within the specified temperature range, there is good

agreement between the actual and predicted values. For
those properties which are strong functions of pressure
as well as temperature, their use should be limited to
pressures near the saturation pressure. If a property
value is requested outside the specified temperature
range, a warning is printed out in output to indicate a

possible erroneous result.
Operational Characteristics - The operating charac-
teristics and plant component descriptions are described

in this sub-section. A logic flcwsheet for this part of
the binary cycle plant modeled in subroutine BINARY is

shown in Figure 7. Once the thermodynamic state points
are determined in subroutines SETCON and BUTANE or FREON,

the flow rates, sizes, and other pertinent information
are determined for various plant components.
Subroutine ACWRT computes the inlet and outlet cool-
ing water temperatures and cooling water flow rates of
the turbine oil cooler and the generator cooler, described
in section 111-2 of this report under System Cooling.
Water flow rates are determined through subroutine QCC.
The values computed in subroutine ACWFRT are based on

60
DB INARY BINARY PLANT CONTROL ROUTINE
1
BINARY - BINARY PLANT MODEL
1
OPBIN OPTIMIZATION ROUTINE
1
SETCON THERMODYNAMIC ROUTINE
ACWFRT - AUXILIARY COOLING WATER CALCULATION
YES
SUPER
? SUPHEX - SUPERCRITICAL HEAT EXCHANGER MODEL
\f NO
SUB HEX - SUB-CRITICAL HEAT EXCHANGER MODEL
----14
CNDNSR SURFACE CONDENSER MODEL
TOWER COOLING TOWER MODEL
4
LOSSES INTERNAL POWER CONSUMPTION MODEL
( 1
END )
FIGURE 7. Computer Flow Diagram for Binary
Fluid Cycle Plant Model
61
actual operating data for these components at existing
geothermal power plants.
The next step in the BINARY subroutine is to describe
the geothermal fluid/working fluid heat exchangers. The
physical nature of these heat exchangers is discussed in

Section 111-2 of this report. Two separate heat exchanger
subroutines are provided; SUBHEX for a sub-critical cycle
and SUPHEX for a super-critical cycle. Subroutine SUBHEX
is described first.
The sub-critical heat exchanger model in SUBHEX con-

sists of three separate heat exchanger types; a preheater,
vaporizer, and superheater. Reference to Figure 2 is

helpful in visualizing this configuration. The following
input information is provided to subroutine SUBHEX from
BUTANE
a) geothermal flow rate; QWAT [lbm/hr]

b) working fluid flow rate; QISO [lbm/hr]
c) geothermal fluid temperatures; WT1, WT2, WT3,
and WT4 [°F] where
WT1 = inlet temperature
WT2 = superheater outlet (vaporizer inlet)

temperature
WT3 = vaporizer outlet (preheater inlet)
temperature
WT4 = preheater outlet temperature

62
d) geothermal fluid pressures, WP1, WP2, WP3,
and WP4 [psia] (same nomenclature as in c)
e) working fluid temperatures; T3, T4, T5, and
Tl [ °F] where
Tl = superheater outlet temperature
T3 = preheater inlet temperature
T4 = preheater outlet (vaporizer inlet)
temperature
T5 = vaporizer outlet (superheater inlet)
temperature
f) working fluid enthalpies; H3, H4, H5, and H1
[Btu/lbm] (same nomenclature as e)

g) working fluid pressures; P3, P4, P5, and P1
[psia] (same as nomenclature in 3)
h) fouling resistance factors for inside and outside
of heat exchanger tubes; FOULFI, FOULFO [hr-ft2
°F/Btu]
i) inside and outside tube diameters, DIAL, DIAOL,

DIAV, DIAOV, DIAS, and DIAOS [ft] where
DIAL - preheater inside tube diameter
DIAOL - preheater outside tube diameter

DIAV - vaporizer inside tube diameter
DIAOV - vaporizer outside tube diameter
DIAS - superheater inside tube diameter
DIAOS - superheater outside tube diameter

63
j) geothermal fluid velocities through heat exchanger
tubes, WVELL, WVELV, and WVELS [ft/hr] where

WVELL - velocity in preheater
WVELV - velocity in vaporizer
WVELS - velocity in superheater

k) type of working fluid
Using the listed input data, the following characteristics
of each heat exchanger are determined
a) inside heat transfer coefficient

b) outside heat transfer coefficient
c) overall heat transfer coefficient
d) number of tubes
e) equivalent shell-side flow diameter

f) total surface area
g) effective heat e changer lennth
Subroutine SUBHEX determined the characteristics of

each heat exchanger in a similar step-wise manner. The
preheater is defined first, followed by the vaporizer and

superheater. The following steps indicate the logical flow
in subroutine SUBHEX for one exchanger:
1) The average of the inlet and outlet temperatures
is computed for both the geothermal and working

fluids. These average temperatures are determined
in subroutine AVGTMP and are used solely for the
determination of physical properties.

2) The thermal conductivity, density, specific heat,
64
and viscosity of the geothermal fluid are calcu-
lated at the average temperature determined in
step 1 using subroutine FLUID.

3) The Reynolds number and Prandtl number for the
geothermal fluid are calculated in subroutines

REYNO and PRNDTL, respectively. The equations for
these quantities are as follows:
pVD
Re (30)
P
C p
Pr -2-- (31)
K
where V is the geothermal fluid velocity and D the
inside tube diameter.

4) The inside heat transfer coefficient is determined
in subroutine HTCOEF, which contains the Dittus-
Boelter equation for fully developed turbulent

(77)
flow;
h.
0 023 K 0.8
D
(Re) (Pr)n, (32)
where n = 0.3 for cooling
n = 0.4 for heating.

5) The number of tubes required for the heat
exchanger in question is determined using sub-
routine TUBES, which contains the following

equation:
4
no. of tubes
2 (3-3)
TrpVD
65
The number of tubes is converted to an integer

value.
6) The total flow area and equivalent shell-side flow
diameter are calculated in subroutine QAREA. The
total flow area equals the unit flow area times

the number of tubes. The unit flow area is the
flow passage area for the working fluid calcu-

lated as
2 2
s sin 60° 1 D (34)
unit 2
In this expression, s is the equilateral tube
spacing in ft and D is the outside tube diameter.
The equivalent flow diameter is a hydraulic diame-

ter, as follows
D _ 4* Aunit
(35)
e Wetted Perimeter
7) Step 7 is unique for each heat exchanger type.
In the preheater, the specific heat, thermal con-
ductivity, density, and viscosity of the liquid
working fluid are computed using subroutine FLUID

with the average temperature found in step 1. In
the vaporizer, the saturated liquid specific heat,
saturated liquid thermal conductivity, saturated
liquid and vapor densities, and saturated liquid
and vapor viscosities are computed for the boiling

66
working fluid in subroutine FLUID. In the super-
heater, the specific heat, thermal conductivity,
and viscosity are determined for the gaseous work-
ing fluid using average temperatures and sub-
routine FLUID. The density is also calculated,

but is determined iteratively for hydrocarbons
using subroutine PEQST and for the Freons and
ammonia using subroutine EQSTAP.

8) The velocity of the working fluid in the shell
side of the heat exchanger is determined using
subroutine VELOCY, using this equation
V = (36)
p x total flow area
For the vaporizer, the velocity of the saturated
liquid is computed.
9) The Reynolds number and Prandtl number are deter-
mined for the working fluid using equations (30)
and (31), respectively. In the vaporizer, the

Reynolds and Prandtl number are based on liquid
working fluid properties.
10) The outside heat transfer coefficient for the
preheater and superheater is computed using

equation (32). The vaporizer involves boiling,
and a special technique for computing the heat
transfer coefficient is required. Chen's corre-

lation based upon two-phase properties is used
67
for this coefficient. (81) Chen states that a

reasonable boiling coefficient can be determined
using the following equation
K
L 0.8 0.4
hboiling
F x .023 x x (ReL) (PrL) (37)
where KL, ReL, and Pr are all based on saturated

L
liquid properties. F is a function of the

Martinelli parameter which is defined as
1 1
7 (''v )10
Martinelli Parameter = M = () .9,
(38)
A 1.19,
v
The factor F has been reduced to a polynomial;
F = 1.77 + 1.179M - .0075M 2 + .000029M 3 (39)
11) The overall heat transfer coefficient for each
heat exchanger is computed as a function of the

inside and outside heat transfer coefficients, the
tube wall resistance, and the fouling factors.
Subroutine OHTCOE handles this computation and

includes the equation;
1
U = (40)
D D
0 0 I (DO ) 1
Dihi 2K
n -7 + + FOULFO + FOULFI
wall Di h0
12) The required outside heat transfer area and the
resulting effective heat exchanger length are

computed in step 12. The heat transfer area is
68
found in subroutine HTAREA with the following
equation;
QISO x (Hout - Hin)

A
U x LMTD (41)
The factor LMTD is the log mean temperature dif-
ference, defined as;
(WTi - Tj) - (WTj - Ti)

LMTD = (42)
ln[(WT. - T.J /(WT - Ti)
.
where indices i and j correspond to specific state

points in question. The heat transfer length is
computed in subroutine HTLNGH with the following
expression;
A
Leng th (43)
7D
o
x no. of tubes
These twelve steps outline the procedure used to determine
the characteristics of the sub-critical heat exchangers. A
typical temperature profile for the sub-critical heat

exchanger assembly is shown in Figure 8.
The super-critical heat exchanger is modeled in sub-

routine SUPHEX. No boiling section exists in this heat
exchanger, indeed, the working fluid is always considered
to be in the gaseous phase because its pressure is above
the critical pressure. This heat exchanger cannot be
modeled as a single unit with only end-point data known

GEOTHERMAL FLU' D TEMPERATURES ( °F)
1
VVT1 SUPERHEATER INLET
GEOTHERMAL FLUI D WT2 VAPORIZER INLET
WT3 PREHEATER INLET
APP
Wf4 PREHEATER EXIT
0u- VVT3 -4-T1 WORKING F LUI D TEMPERATURES (°F)

w
WORKING FLUID T1 TURBINE INLET
PINCHP
(SUPERHEATER) T3 PREHEATER INLET
W14 T4 VAPOR 17ER INLET
(VAPORIZER) 15 T5 SUPERHEATER INLET
T4
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES
APP APPROACH TO THE HEAT

(PREHEATER)
EXCIIANGER
PINCHP PREHEATER PINCH POINT
T3
LENGTH, ft
FIGURE 8. Typical Temperature Profiles in Sub-Critical

Heat Exchangers
70
since the thermodynamic and physical properties of the
working fluid are quite variable and non-linear through-

out the heat exchanger. For this reason, the super-
critical heat exchanger was assumed to be a series of
twenty-five separate heat exchangers, with each unit hav-

ing an equal working fluid temperature difference. An
accurate calculation of total outside heat transfer area
can then be obtained by summating the 25 individual areas.
The input to subroutine SUPHEX is similar to the

SUBHEX input, except for the lack of intermediate state
points for the working and geothermal fluids. Also, the
variable names for tube diameters and fluid velocities are
different. The input list is as follows:
QWAT - geothermal flow rate
QISO - working fluid flow rate
WT1, WT4 - inlet and outlet geothermal fluid

temperatures
WP1, WP4 - inlet and outlet geothermal fluid

pressures
T3, T1 - inlet and outlet working fluid temperatures
H3, H1 - inlet and outlet working fluid enthalpies
P3, P1 - inlet and outlet working fluid pressures
FOULFI, FOULFO - inside and outside fouling factors
DIASC, DIAOSC - inside and outside tube diameters
DVEL - geothermal fluid velocity.

71
Seven different heat exchanger characteristics are deter-
mined in SUPHEX for each of the 25 heat exchanger sections:

1) inside heat transfer coefficient
2) outside heat transfer coefficient
3) overall heat transfer coefficient
4) number of heat exchanger tubes
5) equivalent shell-side flow diameter
6) heat transfer area
7) effective heat exchanger length.
For each of the heat exchanger sections, the following
computational steps are taken.

S-1) The temperature TT3 and enthalpy HH3 at the
inlet of the heat exchanger section are known from

the previous section. If the section under consid-
eration is the first one, TT3 and HH3 are equal to
the end-point conditions T3 and H3. Temperature TT1

at the section outlet is set equal to TT3 plus the
T T3
equal temperature increment ( ). If a hydro-
carbon working fluid is used, the density DD1 at the

section outlet is determined by iteration with sub-
routine PEQST. The enthalpy HH1 is then computed
with subroutines HEQST and HIDEAL using the values of

TT1 and DD1. If the working fluid is a Freon or
ammonia, the specific volume VV1 at the section out-
let is determined by iteration with subroutine EQSTAP

72
and known pressure P1. The enthalpy HH1 is then cal-

culated with subroutine HVAP using the values of TT1
and VV1.
S-2) In this step, the geothermal fluid inlet and
outlet temperatures are set. The outlet geothermal

fluid WTT4 for a section is set equal to the inlet
temperature from the last section. If the section

being analyzed is the first, this temperature WTT4 is
set equal to the end-point outlet temperature WT4.
The inlet geothermal fluid temperature for a section
is defined as follows:
WTT1 QISO (HH1-HH3)

QWAT CP + WTT4 (44)
With steps S-1 and S-2, the inlet and outlet tempera-
tures for both the geothermal and working fluids are
known for the heat exchanger section in question.
S-3) The average temperature for the geothermal and

working fluids in the section are computed in sub-
routine AVGTMP.
S-4) The thermal conductivity, density, specific

heat, and viscosity of the geothermal fluid are deter-
mined from subroutine FLUID using the average tempera-
ture from step S-3.

73
S-5) The Reynolds and Prandtl numbers are computed
for the geothermal fluid in subroutines REYNO and
PRNDTL, using equations (30) and (31).
S-6) The inside heat transfer coefficient is deter-
mined from subroutine HTCOEF using equation (32).
S-7) The number of tubes required for the heat
exchanger section is found in subroutine TUBES using
equation (33).
S-8) The total flow area and equivalent flow diam-
eter for the shell side of the heat exchanger section
are determined in subroutine QAREA with equations (34)
and (35).
S-9) The specific heat, thermal conductivity, den-
sity, and viscosity of the working fluid are calcu-
lated in subroutine FLUID using the average tempera-

ture computed in step S-3.
S-10) The Reynolds and Prandtl numbers are computed

for the working fluid in this section from equa-
tions (30) and (31), respectively. The working fluid
velocity used in equation (30) is found in subroutine
VELOCY.
S-11) The outside heat transfer coefficient is
determined with subroutine HTCOEF using equation (32).

74
S-12) The overall heat transfer coefficient is com-
puted using subroutine OHTCOE with equation (40).
S-13) The minimum temperature difference in this
section is computed. The lowest value of this
temperature difference for all 25 heat exchanger
sections is the pinch point, and is controlled by
adjusting the exit geothermal fluid temperature, WT4.
S-14) The heat transfer area and length of this sec-

tion are computed in subroutines HTAREA and HTLNGH,
respectively.
After the calculations in steps S-1 through S-14 are com-
pleted for all 25 heat exchanger sections, the heat trans-
fer areas and lengths are summed to obtain total values.
Average values for the three heat transfer coefficients
are determined.
This procedure describes the model of the super-

critical heat exchanger. A typical temperature profile
for this heat exchanger is shown in Figure 9.
After describing the heat exchangers in subroutine
SUBHEX or SUPHEX, subroutine BINARY calls CNDNSR to deter-

mine the characteristics of the desuperheater and con-
denser. These components are physically described in
section 111-2. The desuperheater uses cooling water to
bring the working fluid to a saturated vapor state from its
superheated state at the turbine exhaust. The condenser
simply condenses the working fluid to a saturated liquid

state.
GEOTHERMAL FUJI D TEMPERATURES (°F)
WT1 HEAT EXCHANGER INLET

WTTI INCREMENTAL HEAT EXCHANGER INLET
WTT4 - INCREMENTAL HEAT EXCHANGER OUTLET
WT4 - HEAT EXCHANGER OUTLET
WORKING FLUID TEMPERATURES ( °F)
WT1 Ti HEAT EXCHANGER OUTLET

GEOTHERMAL FLUD TT1 - INCREMENTAL HEAT EXCHANGER OUTLET
APP
TB INCREMENTAL HEAT EXCHANGER INLET
T3 HEAT EXCHANGER INLET
WORKING FLUID I
WM -4T1
OTHER WORKING FLUID CONDITIONS
PINCH POINT
WTT4
Hill ENTHAt PY AT INCREMENTAL HEAT
EXCHANGER OUTLET
DD1 DEN SI I Y AT INCREMENTAL HEAT
TTl EXCLIP-.1012 OUTLET
HH1 HH3 ENTI 'ALP AT I NCR.7MENTAL HEAT
DD1 EXCHANGER INLET
HH3 PINCHP HEAT EXCHANGER PINCH POINT
APP APPROACH TEMPERATURE TO THE
I
I I
HEAT EXCHANGER
LENGTH, ft
FIGURE 9. Typical Temperature Profiles in Super-Critical

Heat Exchangers
76
The input data to subroutine CNDNSR is listed as
follows:
CWT1, CWT2 - inlet and outlet cooling water

temperatures, °F.
T2, P2, H2 - temperature, enthalpy, and pressure of
the working fluid at turbine exhaust.
T2SATL, H2SATL - temperature and enthalpy of the
working fluid at condenser outlet.
DIAC, DIAOC - inside and outside tube diameters, ft.
FOULFO, FOULFI - inside and outside fouling factors.
QISO - working fluid flow rate, lb/hr.
CWVEL - cooling water velocity in tubes, ft/hr.

NFLUID - type of working fluid.
The output and computational steps used in subroutine
CNDNSR are the same as those in the vaporizer and super-
heater sections of subroutine SUBHEX, and are not repeated

here. The single difference between subroutines CNDNSR
and SUBHEX is the use of cooling water in the condenser
tubes rather than geothermal fluid. Typical temperature
profiles for the desuperheater and condenser are shown in
Figure 10.
After subroutine CNDNSR, BINARY calls subroutine
TOWER to obtain a description of the cooling tower. The
cooling tower assumptions are discussed in section 111-2

of this report. The input required for subroutine TOWER
is as follows:
COOLING WATER TEMPERATURES (°F)
T2
CW11 CONDLNSLR INLET
P2
CINT12 DESUPERVIEATER INLET
WORKING FLUI r 1-12
CWT2 DES UPERHEATER OUTLET
{T2SATL WORKI NG 111 D H MPL RA TURES Al

H2SATLj T2SATV
12 - SUPERHEATED VAPOR AT
TURBINE EXHAUST
CWT2 T2SATV SATURATED VAPOR AT
DESUPERHEATER OUTLET
COOLING (t:ATER (DESUPER !EATER) T2SATL SATURATED LIQUID AT
CONDENSER OWLET
CW112
OTHER WORKING LUI D CONDITIONS
CW11 (CONDENSER) P2 PRESSURE AT TURBINE EXHAUST

H2 ENTHALPY AT TURBINE EXHAUST
H2SATL ENTHALPY AT CONDENSER OUTLET
LENGTH, ft
FIGURE 10. Typical Temperature Profiles in Desuperheater

and Condenser
78
QCWAT - cooling water flow rate, lb/hr (computed
in subroutines ACWFRT and CNDNSR)

CWT2, CWT1 - inlet and outlet cooling water tempera-
tures, °F
WBAT, DBAT - wet bulb and dry bulb air temperatures,
°F
RI - relative humidity, %/100
B - barometric pressure, in Hg.
The basic cooling tower characteristics determined in sub-
routine TOWER include the air flow rate, evaporation rate,
make-up flow rate, and total head load. The cooling
water temperature into the tower is the mass-weighted
average of the exit cooling water temperatures from the
condenser, desuperheater, turbine oil cooler, and genera-

tor cooler as shown in Figure 1. The cooling tower is
modeled with the requirement that the approach tempera-
ture, i.e., temperature difference between the water exit
temperature and the inlet wet bulb air temperature, be at

least 8°F. The characteristics of the cooling tower are
calculated in the steps described below:
1) The saturated vapor pressure of the entering air

is computed at the dry bulb temperature.
2) The actual vapor pressure is determined from the
relative humidity and the saturated vapor
pressure.
3) Based upon the actual vapor pressure, the inlet
air humidity is determined.

79
4) Assuming saturated air at the outlet, the outlet
air enthalpy is determined.
5) Based upon water-weight balance and energy
balance equations, the required air flow rate and

water evaporation rate are computed.
6) The make-up water flow rate is determined based
upon the water evaporation and blow-down rates.

7) The heat load is computed based upon the
equation:
QT = QCWAT x Cp x (CWTin (45)

CWTout)
These steps identify the characteristics of a cooling

tower for the binary cycle power plant.
The final subroutine called from BINARY is LOSSES.

This subroutine determines the internal power requirements
for the cooling tower fans, working fluid pumps, cooling
water pumps, and the geothermal reinjection pumps. Flow

rates, pressure drops, and component efficiencies are
supplied to subroutine LOSSES internally or from other

subroutines. The total internal power consumed is
obtained by summing the individual component power
requirements. The net electrical output of the geo-
thermal power plant is then calculated by subtracting the
total internal power from the gross power output of the
turbine-generator.
In summary, the binary cycle power plant is simu-

lated through the use of the major subroutines BINARY,
80
OPBIN, SETCON, ACWFRT, SUBHEX, SUPHEX, CNDNSR, TOWER,
and LOSSES. All of these subroutines save OPBIN have been
described in this section in addition to numerous minor
subroutines. Prior to describing subroutine OPBIN and the
optimization technique, sample input and output of the
binary fluid cycle plant are provided.
Sample Input/Output - Numerous case runs have been
made with the binary cycle plant model for a variety of
input parameters. Output from these cases has been in
good agreement with available data on similar power
plants. The computer has been exercised for the following
parameter ranges and configurations:
a) use of all available working fluids
b) power plant sizes from 10 to 220 MWe
c) inlet geothermal fluid temperatures from
200-600°F
d) use of both sub-critical and super-critical
cycles
e) varying heat exchanger approaches and pinch

points
f) varying meteorological conditions
g) varying heat exchanger geometries
h) operation of a regenerative Rankine cycle
i) operation of condensing geothermal steam in the
geothermal/working fluid heat exchangers.

81
Input to this model is passed through subroutine
DBINARY. Sample input for a 55 MWe plant using isobutane
as a working fluid with a geothermal fluid temperature of
356°F is shown in Table 5. Output for this power plant
is shown in Table 6 and includes information on thermo-
dynamic state points, heat exchanger characteristics,
condenser and cooling tower characteristics, internal
losses, and overall results.

82
TABLE 5. Typical Input to Binary Cycle

Plant Model
TYPE OF PLANT BINARY
SUPERCRITICAL CYCLE FALSE
FLUID ISOBUTANE
PRESSURE FACTOR 2.0
FLUID TEMPERATURE 356°F
FLOW RATE PER WELL 500,000 1b/hr

PLANT SIZE 55,000 kWe
WELL SPACING 20 ACRES
AVERAGE WELL LIFE 15 YEARS
RESERVOIR SIZE 275,000 kW
WET BULB AIR TEMPERATURE 50.0°F
DRY BULB AIR TEMPERATURE 70.0°F
83
TABLE 6. Typical Computer Output for
Binary Cycle Plant Model
ISOBUTANE SUBCRITICAL BINARY CYCLE FOR 55 MWE PLANT
BINARY POWERPLANT SYSTEM AND. TRANSMISSION MODEL
THE HARKIN(' FON-) IS IS(IPUTANE
THE CYCLE IS sHm.rPITIcAL
COOLING wATE0
TURBINE OIL CHOLER
INLET TEmPEPATIMF (DEG. F) 6.200000Eou1
OUTLET TFAAPFRATuRE (DEG. F) 1.200000E+1,2
FLOU AATF (LH/HP1 1.616947E1,4
HYDP(.4FN CoOLER
INLET TEK4OFPATUPF (DEG. F) 6.200000Eu1
OUTLET TFHPERATIME (DEG. F) 1200000Ev?
FLOW PATE (L3 /HP) 6.14289°E.0u4
FINAL CYCLE crINDTTTnNS

voupKING FLUID CAAITIONS
TEMPEPATHPFS (DEG. F1
APRFx..HEAT EXCHANGER APPROACH 3000000Eul
II-TURBINE INLET 3.257216E1,2
T2ESI.JUDPINE OUTLET (InEAL) 2056035Eu2
T2-TURPImr OUTLET (ACTUAL) 224196REv2
T2SATL-cnNnENSEP OUTLET 9.200000E*1,I
Tl-PPEHFATFP INLET 9.9n696E01
T4-VAPART7EP INLET 2549341E.1,2
Ts-cupFRHFATER INLET 2.549341E1,2
PRESSURES (PSIA)
PI-TIIRBINF INLET 4.421796Eu?
P2-TuRRINF EXHAusI 6.4939194E+u1
P3-RPEREATFP INLET 4.421796Eu2
RA-YAPORTZER INLET 4421796EW2
Ps-SupERHFATER INLET 4.421796Eu2
SPECIFIC VOLUMES (CU.ET./LF6
VI-TUPRINE INLET 2.39281SE"v1
V2EST4TODPINE OUTLET (InEAL) 171442R8Evo
ENTHALPY (HTu/LR)
HI-TuPH/NF INLET - 5576894E1,2
H2-TURBINF EXHAUST - 5.V95865Eu2
H2EST4TUDIA/NE OUTLET (InEAL) -5.982943Eu2
H3-PPEHF010 INLET -IA886563E+1,2
H4-YAPOPT7EP INLET -6661859E.11?
Hs-SUPER HEATER INLET 6.IA9138E.00?
ENTROPY (KTU/LR/DEG. F)
SI-TuRH/NE INLET 1.251203Eu0
S2LST4THoP/NE OUTLET (InEAL) 1,251203E'1,O
GEOTHERMAL FLUID CONDITIONS

WATER TFNPFPITUPES (DEN F)
wTI-SUPEP HFATFP INLET 3.557216Eo2
wT2-vAPOPTZER INLET 3.164122Eu2
WT3-PREHPATER INLET 2. (49341E1
wT4-PPFHEATFR EXIT (PRESET) 1.800000E02
ESTA.T4-PPFHFATFA EXIT (ACTUAL) 10417415E.u2
DELPHI -TOTAL PPFSSuPE ()PAP 7.500000Ev1
TURBINE EFFICTENCY
IDEAL PANKINE EFFICIENCY 173.1092Eu1
ACTUAL RANKINE EFFICIENCY 10367049Eul
OVEPALL TURPINF FFFICIE1CY 70363236E-v1
84
HEAT EXCHANGERS SUP-CRITICAI CYCLE

TtmPERATURE (DEG. F) - PRESSURE (PSIA) - ENTHALPY (mTU/LB)
SUPER HEATER VAPORIZER PREHEATED
wupKTNG FLUID
INLET TEMPERATURE 2.549341E+02 2.549341E+02 9.590698E401
INLET PRESSURE 4.421796E+02 4.421796E+02 4.421796E02
INLET ENTHALPY -6.109138E*02 -6.661A59E.02 -7.886563E02
OUTLET TEMPERATURE 9.257216E402 2.549341E+02 2.549341E002
OUTLET PRESSURE 4.421796E+02 4.421796E+02 4.421796E+02
OUTLET ENTHALPY 5.576694E02 -6.10138E'02 -6.661859E+02
LitOTHERMAL FLUID
INLET TEmPFPATURE 3.557216E'02 3.1641-22E+132 2.749341E+02
INLET PRESSURE 2.297970E02 2.134707nE.02 1.797970E402-
OUTLET TEmPFRATURF 3.164122E.02 2 .749141E.02 1.837415E402
OUTLET PRESSURE 2.047970E+02 1 .797q70E.02 1.547970E02
INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER (FT) 1.000000E-01 1.0A0710AE-01 1.000000E-01
OUTSIDE TURF_ DIAMFTER(FT) 1.1O4n00E-01 1.104000E-01
NUMBEW OF TtIRFc 6.040000E*02 5.850000E02
FOUIVALFNT nuTS1DF DIAMETER (PT) 1.07/4814E-01 1.078814E -01 1.078814E-01
INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (8TU/HR/SO.FI./DEG, F) 2.8n0i56E.03 2.341804E403
OUTSIUE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (mTu/HR/SO.rT./DEG. F) 2,451701E4'00 7.199818E+02
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (BTU/HR/S00-7./DEG. F) 2.356702E402 3'35102E402 2.473775E+02
HEAT TPANSFFP AREA (SO.FT..1 3.030672E404 2.62800E+04 6.358126E+04
HEAT TRANSFER LENGTH (FT.) 1.411654E+02 1.25496AE402 3.133670E+02
85
MAIN CoNDENSFR
TEMPERATURE (DEG. F) - PRESSURE (PSIA) - ENTHALPY (m111/LB)
OESUPERHEATER CONDENSER
WORKING FLUID
INLET TEMPERATURE 2.24196RE02 9.200000E*01
INLET PRESSURE 6.493994E.01 6.49304E01
INLET ENTHALPY -5.895865E+02 6.531633E+02
OUTLET TEMPERATURE 9.200000E+01 9.200000E+01
OUTLET PRESSURF 6.493994E*01 6.493q94E*01
OUTLE1 FNTHALPY 6.531033E02 v7.886j83E02
COOLING WATER
INLET TEMPERATURE 7.908658E+01 6.200000E+01
INLET PRESSURE 5.145814E+01 5.500000E401
OUTLET TEMPFPATORE 8.700000E01 7.90458E+01
OUTLET PRESSURE 4.500000E+01 5.145814E401
INSIDE TORE DIAMETER (FT) 7.500000E-02 7.500;00E-02
OUTSIDE TURF DIAMETER(FT) 8.330000E-02 8.330000E-02
NUMBER oP TURES 5.957000E+03 5.944000E403
EQUIVALENT OUTSIDE oIAmETE0 (PT) 8.139963E-02 80139863E402
INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER CoEFFICItNT (pTU/HR/SO.F1./bEG. F)
2.014879E03 1.99703E+03
OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER CoEFrICIENT (8TU/HR/SO.T./DEG. F) 1016453E02
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (ITU/HR/SG.T./DEG. F) 18583434*03
9.715224E01 3.000001E.02
HEAT TRANSFER AREA (SO.FT.) 7.318839E4'04 1334;99E05
HEAT TRANSFER LENGTH (FT.) 4.694818E*01 8579133E,001
SoRROOT/NE TOWER -- COOLING TOWFR
APRCY-APPROACH TO COOLING TowtR (F) I.200000e'01
COOLING TOWER AIR FLOW RATE (CFM) 0022239E+06
COOLING TOWER EVAPORATION DATE (LB /HR) 9.445719E.05
WET BULB AIR TEMPERATURE (F) 5.000000E.01
DRY BULB AID TEMPERATURE (r) 10000000E+01
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (IN. Hs) c.992000E01
HUMIDITY RATIO e000000E-01
HEAT LOAF (RTU/HR) 1.154438E+09
COOLING WATER REOuIREmENTS (L8 /NR)
TURBINE OIL COOLER 1.616547E4'04
HYDROGEN COOLER 0.142880E+04
APPCON - APPROACH TO CONDENSER (F) 4.000000E.01
RANGE-COOLING WATER RANGE (F) e.500000E.01
FLOW RATE IN CONDENSER 4020735E+07
MAKEUP FLOW PATE TO CoOLINs TOWER ".445719E05
KILOWATT LOSSES
FANS 1.220970E03
CONDENSATE DUMPS TO COOLING TOWER 1.046766E03
COOLING WATER PUMPS e.146313E.03
REINJECTION PUMPS 4.857460E+02
BOOSTER pUMPS TO OVFRPRESSHPIZE WATER /.993104E01
pOWNHOLE PUMPS TO PREVENT TWO PHASE FLOW U.
BOOSTER PUMPS e.191199E02
FEED RUMPS J.913915E03
OVERALL RESULTS
GROSS KILOWATT OUTPUT OF THE PLANT 0.500000E+04
GEOTHERMAL FLUID FLOW PATE (Lb/HP) 0.057497E+06
(INCLUDING SALT)
FLOW RATE (LA/HR) OF 7S0BUTANt b.887471E+06
COOLING WATER FLOW PATE (La /HR) 4.728494E4,07
TOTAL KILOWATT LOSSES 9.112761E+03
NET KILOWATT OUTPUT 4.588724E+04
NET HEAT PATE (GTO/wW HP) 5.259607E+04
86
IV. OPTIMIZATION OF THE BINARY FLUID CYCLE
IV-1. Introduction
Geothermal energy has been identified as a potentially

large source for electrical power production, and efforts
in plant construction have helped in the realization of
this potential. It is unfortunate that the conversion pro-
cess from heat to electricity is limited by the temperature

of the resource and the prevailing ambient conditions for
heat rejection. This is especially true in geothermal
resources where the temperatures are usually below 250°C.

For this reason, there are strong economic incentives for
optimizing the performance of the conversion processes used

for geothermal energy.
Developments in recent years have suggested that the

use of working fluids other than water would be more suit-
able to electrical power consumption from low-temperature

heat sources. Even though these alternate working fluids
may be superior, the conversion process must be carried out

in a manner such that the geothermal resource is utilized
as efficiently as possible. In the following paragraphs, a

technique to obtain an optimum cycle for a binary power
plant is discussed. The optimization technique is
described, and the results of optimizing a binary fluid
cycle using isobutane are given.

87
IV-2. Discussion of Theory
The maximum work that can be produced from any heat
source is specified by the second law of thermodynamics.
The second law states that the efficiency by which work OW
can be produced by transferring heat AQ from a high tem-
perature source at T in a Carnot heat engine and rejecting

h
heat to a low temperature sink at To is as follows:
T -T
AW h o
n (46)
AQ T
h
More specifically, the maximum work available can be

expressed in an integral form as a summation of heat trans-
ferred to an infinite number of small Carnot heat engines
between the source temperature Th and the sink tempera-

ture T . The net maximum work for a geothermal liquid
o
source at temperatures varying between Thin and T can

h,out
be expressed as:
dQ (47)
Wmax 1.1- T
h,in h
By expressing dQ as a function of enthalpy, the following
equation can be written, assuming constant specific heat

dQ = dHl = C dT (48)
p p h
88
Substituting equation (48) into equation (47);
flhh,out( T h -T o
W
max T T ) C ph
dT (49)
, in h
or Wmax fh,out _2 AT
max T ' T ul
h,in
T dT
h out
or W
max
=
T
' CpdT +C T f h,out h
. h p
h,in
At constant pressure, by the definition of enthalpy and
entropy, equation (49) can be expressed as:
T
W h ,out
max
= - [ AH - T AS] (50)
o Th,
in
This quantity represents the maximum reversible work that
can be produced, and is commonly referred to as the change

(82-84)
in availability, LB. Knowing AH = C dT and
p h
T
h in
AS = C in T ' ,
equation (50) can be reduced to
P Ih,out
Thin
W = C (T - T ) - To C ln '
(51 )
max p h,in h,out p T.
n,out
The term W
max is expressed in Btu/lbm. The maximum total
work that can be produced by a geothermal reservoir is
equal to QWAT x Wmax. The actual work produced by the con-

,
version process is the gross turbine output minus the
internal power consumption, of Pnet. By dividing by

net
(QWAT x W ) an expression for the efficiency of the
max
89
geothermal system can be found, and is identified as the
utilization efficiency:
(52)
P - P
net total internal use
i
n
u QWAT x W
max Th in
QWAT x C T . - T - T ln '
p h,l n h ,out 0 Th,out
This expression is the basis for the optimization study.
Temperatures in this expression are i4 units of °R. This
efficiency should not be confused with the thermodynamic
cycle efficiency, n defined as

cycle,
P
net
Icycle QWAT x C x (
(53)
Th,in Th,out)
The cycle efficiency does not accurately reflect the effi-
cient use of the available energy in a geothermal resource
because the geothermal fluid which is reinjected after use
in the power plant is not considered as a loss in n

'cycle'
Because of high cost of drilling wells and laying transmis-
sion piping to and from the power plant, one cannot afford
to disregard the available energy in the rejected geother-

mal fluid.
The utilization efficiency was used in conjunction
with the binary fluid cycle model to determine the optimum

cycle for any particular resource temperature, sink tempera-
ture, and working fluid.
VI-3. Optimization Results
The utilization efficiency can be employed to estab-
lish an optimum cycle by locating the particular values of

90
turbine inlet pressure, turbine inlet "approach," and heat
exchanger pinch point which result in the highest nu. The
values of the inlet geothermal temperature and sink tem-
perature are required to locate these cycle characteris-

tics. This location can be found by operating the com-
puter code to calculate n for a range of the values of
u
P1, APP (APP = WT1 - Ti), and PINCHP. The results of

these iterations can be illustrated on a plot of nu versus
P1, with APP as the parametric variable. The following

figures - -11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 --indicate the results of
these computations for the inlet geothermal temperatures
of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500°F.
An example of the effect of the turbine inlet pres-
sure P1 and the "approach" to the heat exchanger APP is

shown in Figure 11. A geothermal fluid temperature of
300°F with a minimum working fluid (isobutane) temperature
of 100°F was chosen. Other pertinent parameters include

a heat exchanger pinch point of 15°F, a turbine efficiency
of 78.5%, and a plant size of 100 MWe. For all five
"approach" values, the utilization efficiency increases
rapidly with increasing turbine inlet pressure at lower

values of P1. Each of the "approach" curves were termi-
nated when the state point 1 reached an isentrope of
S = 1.18 Btu/lb/°F on a pressure versus enthalpy diagram
for isobutane. This was done to prevent operation in the
two phase region during expansion. For the "approach"

91
.36 APPROACH TO THE HEAT

EXCHANGER (°F
20
.32
40
60
,28 -- 80
- 100
.24
.20 /4
.16
WORKING FLUID 1SOBUTANE
GEOTHERMAL FLUI D TEMPERATURE 300°F

.12
TURBINE EXHAUST PRESSURE - 72 psia
MINIMUM WORKING FLUID

TEMPERATURE 100°F
.08
PINCH POINT -15 °F
TURBINE EFFICIENCY - 78.5%

.04 POWER OUTPUT -100 MWe
0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
TURBINE INLET PRESSURE, psia
FIGURE 11. Utilization Efficiency versus Turbine Inlet

Pressure; Geothermal Temperature = 300°F
92
values of 60, 40, and 20°F, a maximum utilization effi-
ciency is found around P1 = 312 psia. The optimum cycle

for this example exists at an "approach" of 80°F and a tur-
bine inlet pressure of 312 psia, where the utilization effi-
ciency is approximately 27.3%.
In Figure 11, the curve which represents an "approach"
of 20°F decreases after reaching a maximum at

P1 = 312 psia, but then begins to increase again at around
480 psia. The explanation for this behavior is in the
definitions for utilization efficiency and the geothermal

flow rate.
P
net (54)
nu
QWAT (AB)
QIS (H1-H4)
QWAT (55)
C ( WT1-WT3)
In the pressure region between P1 = 480 and P1 = 529, the
enthalpy of the saturated liquid H4 is rapidly increasing
as the saturated liquid curve approaches a zero slope at

the critical point. The quantity (H1 - H4) of equa-
tion (55) is decreasing rapidly in this region, resulting

in a decreased geothermal flow rate. This causes an
increase in the utilization efficiency.
The example case of geothermal fluid at 300°F indi-
cated an optimum operating point can be selected for a

binary cycle. This point establishes the optimum turbine
inlet pressure, P1, and inlet temperature, Ti = WT1-APP.

93
In Figure 12, "approach" curves on a plot of utilization
efficiency versus turbine inlet pressure are shown for geo-
thermal temperatures of 200°F and 250°F. These curves are

similar to those in Figure 11, showing an optimum cycle.
For a geothermal temperature of 200°F, an optimum exists
at an "approach" of 40°F and a pressure of 142 psia, where

= 10.3%. For a geothermal temperature of 250°F, an
u
efficiency of 18.6% is found at APP = 60°F and

P1 = 212 psia. The curve with a 20° "approach" does not
increase again after reaching a maximum as in Figure 11,
because the pressures are far below the critical pressure

of 529 psia\.
When the geothermal temperature is raised to 350°F,
the plot of utilization efficiency versus inlet turbine

pressure changes dramatically. Figure 13 displays this
plot with the same fixed variables as Figures 11 and 12.
None of the five "approach" curves reach a maximum before
the critical pressure is reached. However, they do exhibit
the same behavior as in Figure 11 where the slopes
increase rapidly as the pressure nears the critical point.
At 350°F for the geothermal temperature, the first super-

critical points are shown. The 20°F "approach" curve
reaches a maximum at 862 psia where the S = 1.18 Btu/lb/°F
isentrope is met. This is the recommended operating point
rather than selecting a 60°F "approach" at 492 psia, even
though the latter point has a slightly higher utilization

94
GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE - 200°F AND 250°F

WORKING FLUID I SOBUTANE
TURBINE EXHAUST PRESSURE - 72 psia

TEMPERATURE 100°F
PINCH POINT 15°F
TURBINE EFFICIENCY 78.5%

.20
POWER OUTPUT 100 MWe
0
tot
.16 // GEOTHERMAL
TEMPERATURE APPROACH TO THE HEAT
//fr 250 °F EXCHANGER (°F)
u.1
20
40
.12
w
60
O
_ 80
100
.08
.08
GEOTHERMAL
TEMPERATURE
200 °F
.04
.04
0 -0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Pressure; Geothermal Temperature = 200, 250°F
95
APPROACH TO THE HEAT

.50
EXCHANGER ( °F)
20
.4 5 40
60
.40 80
/
O
47.
.35
100
////
=
.30
/7,
/r/
.25
.#4/ WORKING FLUID 1SOBUTANE

= .20 Al GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE 350°F
TURBINE EXHAUST PRESSURE 72 psia
.15 MINIMUM WORKING FLUID
i
TEMPERATURE _ 100 °F
PINCH POINT 15°F

.10

.05
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

96
efficiency. This point is selected for two reasons. The
equations of state are inaccurate near the critical point,

resulting in questionable computer output. Also, the
vaporizing section of the heat exchangers may cease to
operate as a boiling heat exchanger if slight fluctuations
in the working fluid state exist, i.e., the working fluid
may exist at a super-critical state with a slight rise in

pressure.
Figure 13 illustrates a key difference between the
sub-critical and super-critical cycles. There exists a
discontinuity at the critical point for the "approach"

curves of 20, 40 and 60°F. The explanation for this dis-
continuity lies in the location of the heat exchanger

pinch point. In the sub-critical cycle, the pinch point
(minimum temperature difference between the working fluid
and the geothermal fluid) always exists at the point where

the working fluid is a saturated liquid. This is indi-
cated in the sub-critical heat exchanger temperature pro-

file of Figure 8. The pinch point exists at the pre-
heater exit or vaporizer inlet. As the inlet turbine
pressure nears the critical point from below, the pinch
point location rapidly moves toward the critical isotherm.
Very near the critical point, the slope of the vapor pres-
sure curve is close to zero, and the pinch point
approaches the critical isotherm. This is depicted on a
P-H (pressure versus enthalpy) diagram for isobutane in
Figure 14, where the locus of pinch points are shown for
1 !Ill! 71Ift 1 iii_frr r rr i.
ISODUTANE TTTITITTT f :Ttl, '17 rrer. 171' 71 I r'T 77' T r-7, 17 '7.7,-" ^-":"
,o
VCR%)
II
PRES LEE -ENTHALPY DIAGRAM !
aK :11P-VMJ ro,,t.1.711.7G Onto
4500
I '1
4050
'
r- . 7. ',_ / \s \., ,\
0 -s0 s-a
:!. '?' 7,
-...\\' 1
1 t \ /----'1 / '` i \., 4 X,....7' ''.1 'i ,/ \ \ >,
!
a) vs 'NYttN./. ih 1P' )1, 1f : ,v--.../ 1... V

SHIFT OF PINCH POINT LOCATION
c+ 1-4 US
It (/) C
00S WITH INCREASING PRESSURE
i'
1 SUPER-
.... ,,.
/
CRITICAL
r _.,.
-47--.1"?'7-J"-
,
v.
-
k.._
R
'li. '7-1- ''-ii7-'',': /:: Y .\
../.
s
, ,
....v 1, / \ `. Z-\'.V
,', "/\E\ \-
)
500
600
\ ';\
.
i i .1--
CT (D TT 1! ,i 4 .../ . , .\ Go,
,.\'
50,
<
f
1,
--ii\
\ r \ /7 \ \ , 400
fIS fD 1 1
a
114 ,.
, 3 's
' ,\ 54,
CD V) -: t
f
t 1 9 1; I
li
V) I
/ ,
Cr) I
0 ',..
f
r
.
, .1
CL) co r
I
o r
i
I
50
0
so
ci- cz, 10
10
-/
ly ,
? ./v
DILL IA; N it AN I
GO I, !LI fl. , ,.it! dr, .1.1;
GD -4 10 1.17 60 40 .0
:11.14 :Z.f.!..50: ...
at...17 1 UA. y7,1- 1W. 0/1 771.1.01, C....., .11 COG Nay.
98
increasing working fluid pressure. As soon as the cycle
goes super-critical, the pinch point location tends to
follow the critical isotherm. In directional terms, it is
moving rapidly back in the opposite direction as the sub-
critical pinch point, mainly because the slope of the
critical isotherm is near zero around the critical point.
When Figure 11 was discussed, it was pointed out that nu
increases rapidly as the critical pressure is approached.
The opposite effect is exhibited for the super-critical

cycle. The geothermal flow rate increases rapidly as the
pressure is increased just above the critical point, thus

causing a sudden decrease in the utilization efficiency.
However, the recovery is rapid, and the utilization effi-
ciency again rises as the pressure P1 is increased a bit
more. This is explained by the rapidly increasing slope of
the critical isotherm to the left of the critical point

in Figure 14.
Plots of utilization efficiency versus turbine inlet
pressure with varying "approach" temperatures are shown
in Figures 15 and 16, for inlet geothermal fluid tempera-
tures of 400 and 500°F. At these high temperatures, the
logical choice is a super-critical cycle. Both figures
show that a maximum utilization efficiency is not reached
when the maximum turbine inlet pressure is set at 1500
psia. However, the highest value of nu is reached at this
pressure; therefore, this pressure is the suggested turbine
inlet pressure. For the geothermal temperature of 400°F

99
.45
10
"
.40
1
/ ./ j ----
/ //.. ,-'-
ni//:,,--
.35
itil /;;,
.30 WORKING FLU ID IS OBUTANE
GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE 400°F
TURBINE EXHAUST PRESSURE 72 psia

.25
MINIMUM WORKING FLUID TEMPERATURE 100°F
PINCH POINT 15°F

.20
.15
APPROACH TEMPERATURE TO
THE HEAT EXCHANGER, °F
.10
20
40
.05 -60
- -80
100
0
100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500

100
.45
.40 ea
----- -----
.35
.30
0
a4t
>:
c)
WORKING FLUID I SOBUTANE
.
c.J
.25
GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE
TURBINE EXHAUST PRESSURE

500°F
72 psia
o .20 MINIMUM WORKING FLUID TEMPERATURE 100°F
PINCH POINT 15°F
= TURBINE EFFICIENCY 78.5%

J5
.10 APPROACH TEMPERATURE TO

THE HEAT EXCHANGER, IF
20
.05 40
60
0
100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
FIGURE 16. Utilization Efficiency Versus Turbine Inlet

101
in Figure 15, the recommended operating point is an
"approach" of 20°F at 1500 psia, where nu = 46.4%. At a
geothermal temperature of 500°F, the recommended operating
point is at an "approach" of 40°F and 1500 psia, where

n
u
= 43.4%, as shown in Figure 16. At these high geo-
thermal temperatures, a general rule can be followed for
the selection of a proper turbine inlet operating point.
The highest allowable turbine inlet pressure and "approach"
values should be selected to locate the cycle with the

highest utilization efficiency.
The turbine inlet pressure is limited by a maximum,

in this case 1500 psia. The "approach" temperature is
limited by a phenomenon that cannot be shown on a plot of
versus P1. The general rule states that the highest

u
"approach" temperature possible should be used. As the
"approach" temperature increases, the difference between
the inlet geothermal temperature and the maximum working
fluid temperature increases by definition. At the same

time, the temperature difference between the exhaust geo-
thermal fluid temperature, WT4 and the inlet working fluid

temperature T3 is decreasing. There is a limit to how
small this temperature difference (WT4-T3) can be, and
when this limit is reached, higher values of "approach"
are not practical. This phenomenon dictates the maximum
practical value of "approach." For Figure 15, this limit
is 20°F; for Figure 16, it is 40°F.

102
In Figures 15 and 16, the "approach" curves for the
geothermal temperatures of 400 and 500°F are similar to
those in previous figures, with the exception of their
increased slope. The discontinuity near the critical

pressure is evident.
Prior to a discussion of the implications of Figures
11-16, some mention of the effect of minimum working fluid
temperature T2SATL (related to the sink temperature To)

and the pinch point is necessary. In Figures 11-16 the
values of T2SATL and PINCHP were set at 100°F and 15°F,
respectively. Selecting a base curve with WT1 = 300°F,

APP = 40°F, and PINCHP = 15°F, the effect of the minimum
working fluid temperature on the utilization efficiency
and cycle selection is shown in Figure 17. Three differ-

ent values of T2SATL are shown: 90, 100, and 120°F. As
expected, the highest utilization efficiency occurs at the
lowest value of T2SATL. At low sink temperatures, more
energy per pound of working fluid can be extracted by the

turbine due to the higher temperature difference between
the source and sink temperatures. In addition, the effi-
ciency maximum gradually shifts to a higher turbine inlet
pressure as T2SATL (and the sink temperature) rise; the
optimization technique is increasing turbine inlet work-
ing fluid enthalpy to compensate for the higher amount of

wasted energy at the turbine exhaust. A high utilization
103
.24
.20
TEMPERATURE (°F)
120
100
90
iWORKING FLUID I SOBUTANE

.08 _ GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE 300°F
I
IEXCHANGER 40°F
PINCH POINT 15°F

.04
I TURBINE EFFICIENCY - 78.5%
IPOWER OUTPUT - 100 MWe
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
FIGURE 17. Utilization Efficiency Versus Turbine Inlet

Pressure; Effect of Sink Temperature
Variation
104
efficiency can be best achieved by using low temperature
sinks, and by keeping condenser and cooling tower tempera-
ture differences low.
The effect of heat exchanger pinch point PINCHP on
utilization efficiency and cycle selection is shown in
Figure 18. The same base curve as in Figure 17 was used.
As the pinch point increases from 15°F to 25°F, the utili-
zation efficiency decreases rapidly. The optimum pressure
selection also decreases gradually at the same time.
Operation of heat exchangers at low pinch points is recom-

mended, although a value less than about 15°F causes heat
exchangers to become more costly due to small temperature

difference.
Figures 11-18 indicate how the values of turbine
inlet pressure, turbine inlet temperature, and heat
exchanger pinch point should be selected for an optimum
utilization efficiency, knowing the inlet geothermal fluid

temperature and the prevailing sink temperature. Figures
11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 indicate the optimum turbine inlet
temperature and pressure for the geothermal fluid tempera-

tures of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500°F. Figure 17
indicates the importance of maintaining a low value for

the minimum working fluid temperature. Figure 18 illus-
trates the importance of minimizing the heat exchanger

pinch point. If the optimum values for turbine inlet
temperature and pressure are plotted on a pressure versus

105
.28 PINCH POINT (°F)
15
20
.24 25
O
O
.20
U- .16
11
.12
WORKING FLUID ISOBUTANE
GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE 300°F

.08
TURB INE EXHAUST PRESSURE 72 psia

TEMPERATURE 1000F

.04
EXCHANGER 40 °F
POWER OUTPUT 100 MW

e
100 200 300 400 500 600

FIGURE 18. Utilization Efficiency versus
Turbine Inlet Pressure; Effect
of Pinch Point Variation
106
enthalpy diagram of isobutane, the locus of optimum tur-

bine inlet points can be seen. With selected values for
turbine and pump efficiency, the entire Rankine cycle is
fixed by the determination of turbine inlet conditions.
The locus of optimum turbine inlet operating points are

shown in Figure 19.
Using a PINCHP of 15°F, T2SATL = 100°F

turbine
'
= .785, and isobutane as a working fluid, these optimum
points are shown for each geothermal temperature con-

sidered on a P-H diagram. All optimums lie on the isen-
trope S = 1.18 Btu/lb/°F except those cases where the
maximum pressure limit was reached. This isentrope is

also the limit for operating in the superheated region.
The operating point for state 1 (turbine inlet) cannot
shift any further to the left in Figure 19 and still pre-
vent two-phase flow during turbine expansion. For those

cases that reach the maximum pressure limit (400°F and
500°F), the optimum point is at 1500 psia and the maximum

"approach" that satisfies the minimum geothermal fluid
exhaust temperature criterion discussed with Figures 15
and 16.
The summary in Figure 19 indicates that a binary
fluid cycle for a geothermal system should contain as
little superheat for the working fluid as possible. The
geothermal flow rate tends to increase as working fluid
superheat increases, because of the extra energy to be

c-' ! - . .
I .7 ' ;DITT17177111'rtrT I-4771 I Ilt 4TT1111.11_47TID, I
-- ; ISOBUTANI
-ENTHALI" DIAGRAM
1 !D;;!,,,I;;;;;;,,' !!!!!,;" t ":t!!,;;;: -!:;!!!1:;: r, ' '; ' :!!!1; '' !;;; 1 i'' :
'
', ; ; : ... %,''',,,
ex...
rn 4040 , 0110.* Cl........141,11,Ai OP 1 61041
I
I
RJI10
-11
;
I
I
4,0
0 : . I
.I'r ..,,.. Ak 1
...,.\ / ,out.
0 -5
-5 CD
-17
r1
r =400 F.
0
. /
/ , I. '.-.'
.
,k.
1 I 1 WT1 = 500°F (.. ;'.

,. .
i
I
.
P-4 CA
VI
0-s
4,00 1t
1i.1 '\
..;
f: \
J.:, \,),P. ,.,_ -...., ,., , ., \ - ,,,
/\ \--,-/ '''
_.
s, /
I. ! 7 ,:. f ,
/
I I \'' VVT1 .350 F ..,/ -. , -, : ,/ , ., ' / /''''.
\
C- , . . .
\"
. I ,1
c+ < S.)6
i
t,
i. , it
!
;;;
1
It'
..
",1
1
' 1 :/t f.
i I \,/ \I
i
;,./ -./. -., ,:, ,- -,
,
,
,,, / .
'.. i
A, \A . \
' \
.\
' \ '',,V
\ r' \
\7" !" ..
A
13) CD
:i
I ; :4 '7::::: .1'
1 / '\
(D(fl
. 300 :
.
1 i
, ,
,
Ili
,
:
I
i:
.:-/-_.
il INT1 .300°F
-, ,,,../
/ ,\,
/
...,\ /\ , ..
,..-
\
.
...,\
41L.
C-)
(1)
ZOO
,,,
,
,.
1 .. :
\\". \A.
rn ,1,1;.
. , : ...
V ,
WT1 = 251)6F t
:
WT1 = 200(IF !,\, ,,- : / 1.
CD
/.-,-rifi:11:'t q 1/ \ i . ,, \ .. 11.
70
.4: ,- .. ,..- -- , - i'\ ),,.'/ 4--, 2 I.' I ,
.1:
'V 13
a. / l .t...f k, 14,- ..
,
caaco
c,
/
'--..--
/f
,
a.
-; ti:.-4-1
1-' /4-/YI _ /V-/ 1/ 4:f % 1
v) , '°
,-;,..- OPTI MUM TURB I NE INLET CONDITIONS ,1 i'l, 1
.
-s /... k-, 1 .---1

co . FOI VARIOUS GEOTHERMAL INLET TEMPERATURES (1111T1)
a .1
:.--- ':,_ ./"11 ' / : 17 :,
i.. il ,1 i ;/; ./:'; ii ','' liii ,

, i 1:: :t ,/; ::::
:- i: i .1: ,i, r. ,n00 ;!." 11....: It :./:,:,Mi 1,; IL /- :',".
,f 1
bO 40 1 .0 ... : ::
20 WO
;; :: ":i.! !IA. :_::11
... U
ii;'; .,4::
OA I
108
added between states 3 and 1 (compressor outlet to tur-

bine inlet). Also, as superheat increases at a constant
turbine inlet pressure, the turbine operates at a slightly
higher working fluid enthalpy difference due to the
decreasing slope of the isentropes. However, this

increase in extracted energy of the turbine does not com-
pensate for the increase in geothermal flow rate. The

available energy in the geothermal fluid must be used con-
servatively, and a minimum of working fluid superheat

accomplishes this.
IV-4. Optimization Subroutine
The optimization subroutine OPBIN discussed in sec-

tion III is based upon the results of sub-section IV-3.
The subroutine OPBIN selects an operating point on the
isentrope S = 1.18 Btu/lb/°F which results in a maximum
utilization efficiency, within established internal

boundaries. These boundaries are
(1) maximum turbine inlet pressure = 1500 psia
(2) minimum possible heat exchanger approach = 20°F
(3) minimum exit temperature of the geothermal
fluid = T3 + 25°F (T3 is the working fluid
temperature at the inlet to the heat exchangers

(4) maximum "approach" = 100°F
The optimum value is reached by slowly decreasing
"approach" from a maximum of 100°F until a maximum value

109
of utilization efficiency is reached. The selection of a

turbine inlet pressure within 20 psia of the critical
pressure is avoided to prevent heat exchanger operation

near the critical point. If the subroutine passes the
critical pressure while attempting to locate a maximum
nu, and "approach" of 20°F is selected, and the operating
point is located at Tl = WT1 - 20°F and S = 1.18 Btu /lb / °F.
If this point results in a pressure P1 exceeding the maxi-
mum allowable pressure, the operating point is selected at

P1 = 1500 psia and the minimum value of Tl, limited by
boundary condition(3).
Input to subroutine OPBIN is as follows:

(a) geothermal fluid temperature at inlet, WT1
(b) minimum working fluid temperature, T2SATL
Output of this subroutine is as follows:
(a) turbine inlet pressure, P1
(b) heat exchanger "approach", APP
(c) turbine inlet temperature, Ti
(d) heat exchanger pinch point, PINCHP
Subroutine OPBIN provides the necessary information to
subroutine BUTANE for completion of the binary fluid

cycle design. This optimization scheme is currently
applicable to the working fluid isobutane only.
110
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Currently, 380,000 MW of electricity are produced in

the United States. Of this total, only 396 MWe are gener-
ated from geothermal sources. The prospects for wide-
scale use of geothermal resources are however quite promis-
ing as evidenced by the existing power plants around the
world, the proposed power plants, and the presence of
numerous geothermal reservoirs. The utilization of the

large number of low temperature reservoirs with the binary
fluid cycle plant will significantly increase the power
generation capabilities of the United States and other

nations.
A computer model which describes a geothermal power
plant using the binary fluid cycle has been developed.
This model can be used to assess the potential of binary
cycle power plants, and to assist in designing power

plants for specific geothermal sites. The computer model
provides information on the major power plant components,
fluid properties throughout the power plant, type of
power cycle used, expected net power output, and plant per-
formance and design.
The computer solutions have indicated that a binary

fluid cycle can be designed to generate electricity from
a geothermal reservoir containing water at a wide range

of temperatures. A sample case with a geothermal fluid
temperature of 356°F is shown in Table 6. Using isobutane

111'
in a sub-critical cycle, this sample case indicates that
45,890 kilowatts of net power can be generated with a geo-
thermal flow rate of 8,000,000 lb/hr. This quantity of

power is determined by subtracting internal power require-
ments from the gross output of a 55,000 kWe turbine-
generator. The utilization efficiency for this plant is
32%.
The computer model has been exercised over-a wide
range of design conditions. Power plant sizes from 10 to
220 MWe have been considered for geothermal source tem-
peratures ranging from 200 to 600°F. All the available
working'fluids have been used to generate geothermal power
plant information. Varying cycle designs and 'heat
exchanger configurations have been considered during the
operation of this computer code. When data have been
available, comparison of the computer program output with
published plant designs has resulted in good agreement.
This computer model is useful for identifying the

potential of the binary fluid cycle in a geothermal power
plant. Due to the relatively low energy state of the

available geothermal fluid, it is important that this com-
puter program generates a power plant design which effi-
ciently converts the geothermal energy to electricity. A
technique has been developed which maximizes the use of

available energy contained in the geothermal fluid. This
technique has been usea with the computer program to

112
generate an optimum plant design on the basis of maximizing
the following quantity called the utilization efficiency:

p
net
n =
u
QWAT x C x EWT1-T -T xln(WT1/T0)]
o o
The utilization efficiency is based upon the second

law of thermodynamics, which specifies the maximum work
that can be produced from a heat source. The utilization

efficiency should not be confused with the thermodynamic
cycle efficiency,
ncycle' defined as
P
net
ncycle QWAT x C x (WT1-T )
o
The thermodynamic cycle efficiency does not accurately
reflect the efficient use of the geothermal resource
because the geothermal fluid which is reinjected after
use in the power plant is not considered as a loss in
ncycle' This loss must be considered due to the large

cost of providing the geothermal fluid and the relatively
low energy state of that fluid. The utilization effici-
ency accurately reflects this loss.
Using the utilization efficiency as the basis for

maximizing the conversion of energy from the geothermal
fluid, the computer program was used to determine optimum
binary fluid cycles for a variety of geothermal resource
conditions. Two quantities were required to perform this

optimization: the inlet geothermal fluid temperature and
the prevailing minimum temperature for heat rejection.

113
The minimum heat rejection temperature dictates the lowest
working fluid temperature and the turbine exhaust pressure

for a particular working fluid. The utilization effi-
ciency was used to provide the following information on
the optimum cycle.
working fluid pressure at the turbine inlet
working fluid temperature at the turbine inlet
pinch point temperature difference of the heat

exchanger
These computed values dictate the binary cycle selected.
Optimized cycles were found for inlet geothermal
fluid temperatures ranging from 200 to 500°F using the

utilization efficiency. Isobutane was the working fluid
used in these computations, mainly because of its wide-

spread use in geothermal plant design. The following
conclusions can be made concerning these optimum cycle
selections:
(a) The utilization efficiency increases with

increasing geothermal fluid temperature. At a
geothermal temperature of 200°F, the utili-

zation efficiency of an optimized cycle is
10.3%. The highest utilization efficiency
for a power plant using geothermal fluid
entering at 400°F is 46.4%. The rise in
utilization efficiency is due to the increas-
ing temperature of the geothermal fluid.

114
(b) The turbine inlet pressure and temperature com-
puted for an optimized cycle both rise as the
inlet geothermal fluid temperature increases.
The following results indicate these trends.
Inlet Geothermal Selected Turbine Selected Turbine

Fluid Temperature Inlet Pressure Inlet Temperature
200°F 142 psia 160°F
250 212 190
300 312 220
350 862 290
400 1500 380
500 1500 460
At the higher geothermal fluid temperatures,
the turbine inlet pressure was limited to

1500 psia.
(c) Below an inlet geothermal fluid temperature of

' 350°F, the most efficient cycle is of a sub-
critical type, i.e., the turbine inlet pres-

sure selected is below the critical pressure of
529 psia. At inlet geothermal fluid tempera-
tures of 350°F or above, the super-critical
cycle is recommended when using isobutane as a

working fluid.
(d) The maximization of utilization efficiency for
a wide range of inlet geothermal fluid tempera-
tures has indicated a general rule concerning
the recommended working fluid state at the

turbine inlet. The working fluid should con-
tain a minimum of superheat at the turbine
115
inlet. In other words, it is not advantageous
to add sufficient energy to the working fluid

to create a highly superheated vapor before
expansion through the turbine. Even though a
highly superheated working fluid results in a
more efficient extraction of energy in the

turbine, this increase in energy extraction
does not compensate for the increased geother-
mal fluid flow rate required to raise the work-

ing fluid to that high energy state. It is
costly to provide geothermal fluid to the power
plant; therefore it should be used as conser-

vatively as possible.
This general rule results in the state of the
working fluid at the turbine inlet always being
fixed at a point slightly to the right of the
saturated vapor line on an isobutane P-H dia-

gram, with a small amount of superheat. This
rule applies to all inlet geothermal fluids

considered.
(e) The results of cycle optimization with the uti-
lization efficiency indicate the best pinch
point temperature difference to use in the geo-
thermal fluid/working fluid heat exchangers.
The pinch point temperature difference should

116
be as low as possible without adversely affect-
ing the design of the heat exchanger surfaces.
If this pinch point is too low (below 15°F) the
surface area required for heat exchange will
become excessively high. A pinch point tem-

perature difference of 15°F is recommended.
(f) The prevailing minimum temperature for heat
rejection, or the sink temperature, is of
course fixed for a particular power plant.
However, results of the computer code optimiza-
tion indicate that the difference between the
sink temperature and the minimum working fluid
temperature should be as small as possible.

The closer the minimum working fluid tempera-
ture is to the sink temperature, the higher the
utilization efficiency will be. At low values
for the minimum working fluid temperature, the
energy per pound of working fluid that can be

extracted by the turbine is near its maximum.
If the guidelines suggested in the conclusions of
(a) through (f) are followed, the optimum binary fluid

cycle can be obtained for a wide range of geothermal
fluid temperatures, with isobutane as the selected work-
ing fluid. Although extensive investigations on the
optimization of other working fluids have not been per-
formed, the guidelines established in this section are

most likely still applicable.
117
The overall computer code of the binary cycle power
plant for geothermal applications can be used to obtain
plant design information under optimized conditions. The
code is applicable to a wide range of input data on geo-
thermal resources. With minor additions the computer

model is applicable to more complex types of binary
fluid cycle designs and to plant optimizations using a
variety of working fluids.

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APPENDIX I
COEFFICIENTS FOR LIGHT HYDROCARBON,

FREON, AND AMMONIA EQUATIONS
126
APPENDIX I
Coefficients for Light Hydrocarbon Equations

Isobutane N-Butane
Coefficients for
Equations (10),
(11), (13), & (15)
4 4
A
0
3.7264 x 10 3.25447 x 10
B 1.8789 1.56588
0
C 1.01413 x 10 10 1.37436 x 10
10
0
11 11
D 8.53176 x 10 3.33159 x 10
0
13 12
E 8.4086 x 10 2.30902 x 10
0
4 4
a 4.7991 x 10 7.11818 x 10
b 8.58663 9.14066
10 10
c 4.06763 x 10 7.00044 x 10
7 7
d 2.16863 x 10 3.64238 x 10
a 4.23987 4.00985
Y 7.11486 7.54122
R 10.7335 10.7335
Coefficients for
Equation (12)
A -776.11 -739.77
00
A 0.06872 0.22389
10
-4 -4
A 3.071 x 10 -0.601 x 10
20
-7
A 0.0 3.93 x 10
30
-10
A 0.0 -1.594 x 10
40
127
Coefficients for
Equation (14) Isobutane Ft-Butane
00 0.86401 0.9008
-4 -4
B 9.079 x 10 10.060 x 10
10
B -2.073 x 10-7
20 -3.006 x 10-7
830 0.885 x 10-10 0.846 x 10-10
640 -0.241 x 10-13 0.0
Coefficients for Freon and Ammonia Equations
Coefficients R-11 R-12 R-21 R-22 R-113 R-114
for Equations NH
3
(6), (8), & (9)
R .078117 .088734 .10427 .124098 .05728 .06278 .63006

b .0019 .006509 0.0 .002 0.0 .005915 .001247
A -3.1268 -3.4097
2 -7.316 -4.3535 -4.035 -2.3857 -96.1215
B -3
2
1.3185 x 10 .001594 .004642 .00241 .00262 .00108 .0711
C -35.77
2 -56.7628 0.0 -44.0669 0.0 -6.5644 -2.5418
A -0.02534 .06024
3 -.20382 -.01746 -.0214 .03406 11.04125
83 4.4751 x 10-5 -1.8796 x 10-5 .000359 7.6279 x 10-5 0.5 x 10-4 -5.3336 x 10-6 -.011
C 1.22037 1.3114
3 0.0 1.48376 0.0 .16367 -5.2232
A -3 -4
4 1.6873 x 10 -5.4874 x 10 0.0 .00231 0.0 -3.8575 x 10-4 -0.8923
8 -6
4
-1.8051 x 10 0.0 0.0 -3.6057 x 10
-6
-4
0.0 0.0 9.7686 x 10
C 0.0 0.0
4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.744
A -5
5
-2.359 x 10 0.0 0.0 -3.724 x 10 -5 -6
0.0 1.6018 x 10 .02435
B -8 -9
5 2.4483 x 10 3.4688 x 10 0.0 -8 -10
5.355 x 10 0.0 6.2632 x 10 -5
-2.691 x 10
C -4 -5
-1.4784 x 10 -2.5439 x 10 0.0 -4
5 -1.845 x 10 0.0 -1.0165 x 10 -5 -3.1814
A 8
1.0575 x 10 0.0 0.0 8
6 1.3634 x 10 0.0 0.0 0.0
B -4
6 -9.472 x 10 0.0 0.0 1.6726 x 10
5
0.0 0.0 0.0
C 0.0 0.0
6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Equations (6), R-11 R-12 R-21 R-22 R-113 R-114 NH
(8) & (9) 3
(Continued)
K 4.5 5.475 0.0 4.2 0.0 3.0 6.424

a 580.0 0.0 0.0 548.0 0.0 0.0 210.691
C- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
X 50.5418 39.5566 76.27 62.4 25.198 25.34 195.933
Y -0.0918 -.01654 -.11057 -.0453 -.4055 -.1151 -1.4
Coefficients
for Equations
(7) and (26)
A 42.147 39.8838 42.7908 29.3575 33.0655 27.0713 25.5744

B -4344.344 -3436.6322 -4261.34 -3845.193 -4330.98 -5113.702 -3295.125
C -12.8460 -12.4715 -13.0295 -7.8610 -9.2635 -6.3087 -6.4012
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4
D 4.0084 x 10 4.7305 x10 3.985 x 10 2.1909 x 10 -4
2.654x 10 6.913 x 10 -4.1483 x 10
E .03136 0.0 0.0 .44574 -6
0.0 .78142 1.476 x 10
F 862.07 0.0 0.0 686.1 0.0 768.35 0.0
Coefficients R-11 R-12 R-21 R-22 R-113 R-114 NH
for Equations 3
in Table IV
AL 34.57 34.84 116.38 32.76 122.872 36.321 14.7
BL 57.638 .02696 - .03107 54.6344 -.0128 .02178 22.7685

CL 43.6322 .8349 -.00005 36.749 -.0000636 .6365 28.9739
DL -42.8236 6.0268 0.0 -22.2926 0.0 6.7183 -23.456
EL 36.7066 -0.6555 0.0 -6
20.4733 0.0 1.97 x 10 15.1727
APPENDIX II
BINARY FLUID CYCLE COMPUTER PROGRAM

131
SUBROUTINE DBINRY
SURPOUTINt DRINPY
COMMON /NAMLST/ LL1 , LL2 t LL3LLS , , LL6
LL4 9
LL7 LLB LL9 Lt-10 LL12 NumFTFo ITEMS

LL11 0
*ACRES PwoPTH, OINJW CANWC0 FIWTPW, RWOIA PF WDEPTH,
'DEPTH AMWEPW, AVGWL WkrS PwTEmP, PREST DIA FLORA'',
.00S Pm CAC03 WtIPPS CASF9Co PooRAT, NMATYP, wELSPC
.PMWTH STMFRC, FRCNRW, FHcEPW NYC NC IPLANT PSALVG
NFLASH, PCOND GRKW WI5AT OHAT 80 RI ICI
TCOINT, TCOAFT, TCO TLOOC TCOHC GASEJ CINLAB INJW
INJP ,RINJW PLTNJW PL/NJP ISCPUP MIX PCTS LFLASH
5TEEPR, PHFACT, IJPUMP, rien WPCO? WPCH4 WPONCGo TOTNCG9
*IGF0P HtTHSL, OLmETH, LIPHAS, IDHPIJM, DNOEP IDPILL, IORPNT,
CM4RAT, STATUS, SLNCST, IuRIQS DPILRRo
I4VwEL, OCPW DCNPW OLTNjw GROUP(5U) ITEX(50)
.LAGTYM(2892) UNIT(50) FTF(5u) 0(35)
.PERCNT (2) ONITO(80) STRATA(d10) TYPE(10)
.DINPUT"(70) LAGS(25,2) EVALUE(d)
EQUIVALENCE (RmWEDmW0(8)) (YpstO(2)) (800(4))
ORR0(5) (RRE,D(6)) (VOU,D(10)) (POTPAT90(27))
IWDEPTw,PWCLEN)
EQUIVALENCE (FRCNPWWORY) (AVGWL,WLIFE) (WELPRSPWHO)
EQUIVALENCE (0(28),TMAINT) (0(29)UMAINT) IWELSPCMISP)
EQU/VAIENCE (STFRPCSTMFRL)
INTEOED GROUP GASEJ STSEPR
REAL Nr
COMMON /FLASH/ TF(5) , PPF(8) HFG(S) X(8) WH TCOND
HCOND NPLOW JFLASH, SkwHe ''BIN PPIN SP8IN RPFACT
COMMON /STEAM/ I , Pk WP 0 QT OS
051(s). ON/ INHRIq) TKWO TKWLOSO MOSS SSKW
.NOITEP9 ONA
COMMON /INTRAN/ FLOW Twm0 wExTpA FLoWIN PAVAIL PETEmP
PEPRES, PEFLOW, IEFFL HRATE(6) NTITER, OHPKW , SDHDEP,
.ISALT
COMMON /OUTRAN/ NTRANS, T6cOST occnsr. TmCOST "'CAPP
0CAPR AVFLOW(6) , T1N(6), PIN(,) HIN(6) (F)727:T: OFLOw(2),
NPW , NUW NIW(2) WACPE PL RPCOST, 8PKLOS PCCOST,
TEGUIP(10) LTYPE(6) LTYP DTIN(2) DPIN(2)
0FIN(2) NTRANI, NWTATE SQUAL . PTWAT PPWAT PHWAT
RJCOST
COMMON /PO/NT/ MO Ku LD LNODE LNAW LNAWUP,
LTWH LMwH LVWH LuwH LFWH LTN , LPN LVN 9
.LoN , LUOP Lio( Lts

COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NtxT FLAG1
INTEGEo FLAG FLAG'
COMMON /RINARY/ SUPER NTLUID WTI WT7 WT3 WT4
.ESTWT4, Wmi WP1 CloTI CWT2 CWP1 CWP? Ti
TeFST T2SATL Tj 14 Ts P1 P2
P3 P4 P5 H2 MPFST HpSATL, 043
aHA Hb , Si 53 54 SVSATL 01
.Op OeEST vl veEST PINCHP WVELL
DIAOL DIAL
.WVELV OIAVDIAOV DIAS DIAOS WVELSC OIASC
0IAOSC. PVELC DIAC 4tEA;; FOULFI FOULFQ BAP ()ISO
4TAEX(1) HTACON, TAPPCH WTFOUR APPCON APPCT
9 APPMX o
.0FLPHX, PINSUM, PINSUR purvEP RANGE

LOG/CAL SUPER
C
IF(FLAr;.EO.0) GO TO 110
132
SUBROUTINE DBINRY
CALL PAGE(0)
0PITE(A1100)
100 FO0mAT(1100/NAPY PO 4EPPLANT SYSTFR AND T P
ANS41SSION RODEL"1
Ii(LL6.E0.1) FLAG z 0
r. INITIPIIZt VARIABLES
110 PAVAIL a J65.324..PF
SPKLOS = 0.0
NTITER z 0
RPFACT = HPFAcT
MO=PS
Koz25
LO21
TwHD a OEUC(PWIFUP)
TWHO 2 TWP4ne1eA J2.
StT GEnTHtPNAL FLOM PRESoPE AT wELLHFAO. INCLUDING ANY
OvEoPAFSSUPIZAT/ON
C COMPUTE SaToPATION POESSUmF OF GEOTHEPHAL FL'In
PSAT = PSATT(TWHO)
C SAVE SATURATION PPESSURE °'HIOP TO OVEPOWF5SUPIZATION
SPWHO m °SAT
SPRIN = PSAT
PwHD 2 PWFACT PSAT
PyIN 2 PoHn
C CONPUTr ENTHALPY OF GEOTHcRMAL FLUID AT SATURATION
IF(SPWw0-PSAT)S,6,7
5 WMO a wPTU(SPWHOITWHO)
GO TO a
6 Wm0 a wFT(T2040)(1.-STFPAt.) HGT(TWHD)0STFRAC
GO TO 1
7 WHO 2 wPTL(5PWHOTWHO)
A CONTINI1E
C COMPUTr FMTHALPY OF GEOTHcPmAL FLUID AT OVERPOESSUPI7ATION
IF(pWoin-P5AT)9110.11
q WM = HOTn(PWMn,TWMn)
GO TO T2
10 Wm a HrT(TwH0)(1.-STFRAC, HGT(TWHO)diSTFPAC
GO TO j2
11 Wm 2 moTLiPwsDITMHO)
12 CONTINIfF
WP = Pwl-in
TIN(1) a TWHO
PIN(1) a WWHO
C
199 NCOONT z 0
OOLr) 2 080
200 CONTINHE
NCOUNT,NcOUNT1
NPITEP = NrOUNT
IF(NCOHNT.EO.11) GO Tn 22"
CALL GTNAmY
C
20 NTITER = BITTER 1
CALL TmANS (NU, KU, LP)

IF(NEX7.Nt.n) GO TO 999
IF(0PFAcT.LE.1.0) GO TO 21nn
mINIMI7E OVEPPPESSIMIZATIun REQUIRE() F00( FLUID LINE TO PLANT
133
SUBROUTINE DBINRY
IF(NTITER.GT.1) GO TO 210"
PSAT 4 PSATT(TIN(NTRANS))
DELTP g RIN(NTRANS) - psAl
SET oVrpPRESSUP/ZATTON TO ALLOW FOR GEOTHERMAL FLUID PRESSURE
C DROP ArROSS HEAT LxCHANGEHS
DELPOV UELPHX 10.
RwHn PWHO DELTP OEL0TV
Pwmoo PwHn
PPFACT: PWHD/Spwoin
PREs0 s SPwm0
PRES1 R04n
209m IF(FLAn.NL.0) wRITE(6.2091) PRLSO.PRFACT0PFACT.RRESI
2091 FORmAT00.1,04mINImiZATIoN uF WATER OVERRNESSURIZATIONawsiv/
.1x.fiORTGINAL WATER PRESSUmF mul1eE1561
*IxotORyGNAL PRESSURE FACIoP w.1ME15.6/
slx,wREnuCto PRESSURE FACTOR wH,IREI5.6/
s1x,010VeRPREsSURIZto WATER PRESSURE =11.1PEIS.67
,004.4PcSImULATF TRANSMISSION MODEL...V)
GO TO ,n
21on CONTIN,,E
CALL CrINVMG(OOLD,ONAsICONv)
OOL020mA
GO TO (200.240.250),ICONV1
220 WRITE(.2)
2 FORMAT(1110LANT DRIVER FA1LEn TO CONVERGE. AFTER 10 ITERATIONS"/
011)(."60 TO NEXT CASE* ...)
NEXT * 3
Go TO 0914
C SET FLAG INDICATING NEXT ITERATION WILL 9E THE FINAL ITERATION
240 ICONV 2
FLAG s LL6
GO TO '00
C POwERPIANT-TRANSMISSION ITERATIONS COMPLETED
250 CONTINHE
IF(FLAn .ME. 0) WRITE (6. 260) NCOUNT
26(1 FOPMAT("0 NUMBER OF POWEHPLANT FLUID TRANSMISSION ITERATIONS",
) T6A. y2)
PmwTm FLORAT.(WMO-HFT(C*T1))/3414.43E4
CALL INJECT (MO. KO. LO)
999 RETURN
ENn
134
SUBROUTINE CONVRG
SUPPOUTINt CONVRG (00LO,OmLANT,ICONV)

COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NExT FLAG1
INTEOEm FLAG FLAG1
DATA Pr.CONV /7./
TEST FmP mOWERPLANT-TPANSTSSION CONVERk,ENCF B;SEn UPON NELY
C ITFPATrO mnWERPLANT GEOTHLRmAL OFmANO PATE ARISING Fwom
C NEWLY TTEwATE0 TPANSMISSImn FLUID rJEGRAUATION
01F2OFT1 ANT-OOLO
PCO/F=ASS(OIF) /ORLANT*100.
IF (FLAG.NF.n) WRITE (6'I o) OOLD,GPLANT,OTF+PCOIF,PCCONV
In FORMAT (IHIOTPOWERPLANT -FLUTE) TRANSmISS I
ON coNVER5FNct TES TowlAtuPPEvInUS
RATE nEmANDEO HY PLANT (LmmiHR)m.T55OHE15.6/n
GEoTHp0mAL (-Low
CURRENT GF0TmFRm
,AL FLOw PATE OrmANnED BY mLANT (Lom/HP),T6591 PEIS.6/fin DIFFv.4FNC
.E (LOM/MP)u.T65,1 pE15.6/flo DIFFERENCE (PER CENTIII,Tf,5,IRE15.6/440
CONVEnGFNCF CRITtRION (Rtw cENT)".T651RF15.6)
IF (PCnIF.(T.PCCONV) Gn Tu 40
C HAS NOT CONVERGED
ICONV=m
?A IF (FLAG.NF.n) WRITE (6,30
in FORMAT ("u PETTEWATE ROWt1.0LANT ANC TRANSMISSION mOnELS Tr. ilETFRm
INF NEw OtMANU PATE AND Kitt% FLUID nEGRAIJATTONH/1
GO TO Trl
C CoNvERnENCF
4n IF (ICnNV.F(.2) GO TO 50
ICONV2
GO TO ,t1
sn IF (FLAGNF.0) WRITE (616u)
fin FORMAT ( "j ROWERRLANT ANu FLUID TPANS'LSSTDN MODELS SATISFY (y)rVF
RUENCE CPITFPION"/1
7n RETURN
ENn
135
SUBROUTINE ACWFRT
SURpOUT/NE AcWrPT(OCOC OL0,C. TCI. TCOOC. TCOHC GPKW)

COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NExT FLAG1
INTEGE2 FLAG FLAG1
C
C ROUTINE rALCuLATFS 7HE AuXIL.L/ARY COOLING WATER FLOW PATES
C
OUTPUT VALUES
C OCOr- TURBINE OIL COOLFP COOLING wAIEQ FLOW PATE
C OCHr- COOLING WATER FLOW RATE OF THE HYDROGEN COOLER
C
C INPUT VALUES
C TCI. COOLING WATER INLET TFMPFRATUHE
C TCOEIC- OIL COOLER EXIT COOLING wATEP TFHPEPATUPE
C TCOHC- HYDROGEN COOLER EXIT COOLING WATER TEHPFRATURE
C GRKw- GROSS KILOWATT
C
OIL COOLER
TOCKW2 GRKw n.005
OCOC2 ncc(rocKw. Tci, TCOuC)
C HYDROGEN COOLER
HCKws GPKW * 0.019
OCHc2 mCC(HCKW, TCI, TCOHL)
C
IF(FLAil.EU.n) RETURN
WR/TE(A1)
wPITE(A.7) TCI, TCOOC OCuC
WRITE(A.3)
WRITE(A17) ICI, TCOHC OCmC
RETURN
FORMAT(T601COO)_IN8 WATERH/TgOTURBINF OIL COOLER ")
7 FORmAT(TOOINLET TEMPERAluPE (DEG. F)" T40.1PE1405/
I TI0 mOTLFT TEmPERATupE (UEG. F)", T40, E14.6/
2 TI0OrLOw RATE (LA /HR)", T40, E14.6)
FORmAT(Tg "HYDROGEN COOLE")
ENn
136
FUNCTION AVGTMP
FUNCTIrN AVGIMP(INPI IMP')

C
C FUNCTION TO AVERAGE TwO TENwFRATURES
C
AvGTm12, (T,API IMP?) / 2n
C
RETURN
ENn
137
SUBROUTINE BFT2D2
SURROUTINt 9FT?02(X, N, K, P, P)
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NitxT FLAG1
INTE8Er9 FLOG FLAG1
DIMENSION X(?), g(?)
C'* COMMON FmR THE boTANF CONSTANTS
COMMON /RUTANE/ Ad. A7EPO' Afil+ A829 Anj, AR4. HS9 FIZE°O, P41,
* gE42 0430 R849, CZEPO OZLPn. EZEPC, SmAl qmPIE49 SUC. SMO, ALOHARs
GAMMA, 0,419 BUTmw9 QH
COMMON /RWNCOM/ TEOMie TE0100?, SAVTV(2). JFLAG, DEL(?). OLDOI
P(I)sPro5T(X(1), X(2). TE"*1)
P(2)2SrOST(X(1). / Pi.,1 SIDE/11_001n - TRg"?
IF(FLAn.E610) PRINT 19Px
FOPmAT00"920X0HOT202 REzIOUALS="052E14,A/34XOT,V="910?E1496)
RETURN
ENO
138
SUBROUTINE BFT2V2
SURROUTINt BFT2V2(Xo N, K. Po P)
C*DETEAMINr Td AND V2
DIMENSION X(2), R(2)
CCOMmON FrIR THE WUTAME CONSTMITS
COMMON /AUTANE/ Ado A7ERO. AB1. A82 A43, AR4, R8o RZERO, PRI.
(484. CZEPOI DItROo EZERO, SmAt SPARS. SMC, SMD. ALPHAno
AA?, 11.83.
GAMMA, PH/, BuTmw, OR
COMMON /RONCOM, TERM'. TE"m2, SAVIV(?), JFLAG. DEL(2). %DPI
R(1):PrOST(X(1)1 X(2). TEmmlY
R(2) wEOST(X(1), X(2))/Pril HIOEAL(X(1)) - TFPm2
RETURN
END
139
SUBROUTINE BINARY
SUPROUTINt RINARY
C
C THIS IS THE MAIN SUBROUTINE FOR THE ;UNARY FLUID CYCLE CALCULATIONS
C FnR THE nEOTHERHAL POWER PLuKT
C
C
REAL IDEFI,
C
COMMON /NAmtST, LLI LL? LL3 LL4 LL5 LL6
aLL7 . LLP LLR LLIO LL1I LL12 NumFTF ITEMS I
ACRES PWUPTH. DINJW CiNwC FIWTPW, PwOIA pF wDEpTH

*DEPTH AMWFPW, AVGIL WTS PwTEmp, PPFST , DTA , FLORAT,
.00S , PH CAC03 CASFRC PPOPAT NINTYP MELSPC
OitLPRS
PmWTH STmERC FROPw, FmcEPw NYC MC IPLANT PSALVG
NFLASH, PCOND GlIwW WoAT
OHAT e RI TCI
TeO/NT. Tc0AFT Ten TCOHC
TLCOC GASEJ CINLAA INJW
/NJp R1Njw PLINJMo PLINJP ISCPUR, MIX PCTS LFLASH
STSEPR. PMFAcT fjPUMP WO'H2S WPCO2 wf2CH4 WPONCG. TOINCG
/GE0P MtTHSL OLMETH, OMMAS /OHPUm OHOEP IORILL IORPNTt
CHARAT, STATUS, SLNCST, IuP/GS, !PUNCH, DRILPR
IAVwEL, ocPw ncNmw DLINJw GROUP(0) ITEX(5m)
LAGTYM.(25,p) UNTT(SU) FTF(50) D(35)
"CNT(2) UN/TO(o) STPATA(olo) TYPE(1m)
0INPUT(70) LAGS( 5.2) EVALOF(e)
EOUIVALENLE (PmWEnmw,D(8)) CIPS0(2)) (RNDD(4))
IRRB(S)) (RRE0(6)) 9 (VOU0(1(0) (ROYPAY0(27))
(WDEPTHPWCLEN)
EOU/VA1ENLE (FATNPWoWOPY) (AVGWLwLIFE) (WELPRSMMD)
EOU/VAtENCE (D(78),TMA/NT) (0(214)JMAINT), (WELSPCtwSP)
EOUIVAtENCE (STFPAcSTmFRL)
INTE8E, GROUP, GASEJ STsepR
REAL Nr
COMMON /FLASH/ TF(5) , PrF(5) MFG(5) X(5) WH TCONO
HCOND NPLOW JELASH SPwHO THIN PorN SPgIN RPFACT
COMMON /STEAM/ T PM WP 0 GT OS
.051(5), OM/ TNHR(q) TKWO TKWLOS OmSS SSKW
NP/TER, ONA
COMMON /IP/IRAN/ FLOW TwrD I WEXTPA FLOWIN PAVAIL PETEmP
EPPES. PEFLOW, IEFFL HRMTE(5) NTITER DHPKW SCIMDEP
+ISALT
COMMON /OUTRAN/ NTpANS TLCnST OCC05T TmCOST "COSTO TCAPR
.0CAPR AVFLOw(6) TiN(6), PIN(6), HIN(6), FIN(6)9 DFLOW(2),
Mow Nuw , NIW(2), WMCRE PL 8000ST, BPKLOS PCCOST
TE0UIPiln) LTYPE(61 LTYP DTIN(2) OPIN(2)
ORIN(2) NIRAN1, NOTATE, SQUAL PTWAT PPwAT PHwAT
+RJrnST
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NtXT FLAG1
/NTEGEo FLAG FLA(1
COMMON /BINARY/ SUPER NPLUID WTI WT2 WT3 wT4
ESTwTA, WP1 WP3 CwTI CWT2 CWP1 C"P2 It
Tp TeEST T2SATLt TJ T4 TS PI P2
03 , P4 PS H2 H?E5T M2SATL, H3
HA , H5 SI SeEST S3 S4 SVSATL 01
VI VeEST PINCHP WVFLL DIAOL DIAL
WvELV orAov 9 WVELSDIAS DIAOS WVELSC DIASC
DIAOSC. PVFLC DIAC 9 DIA0CFOULFI FOULFO RAP GIS° o
HTAEX(1) MTACON, TaPPCM wTFOUR APPCON APPCT APPHX

140
SUBROUTINE BINARY
DELpmx, PINSuB, RINSuP, PUNEP 0 RANGE

LOGICAL_ SUPER
COMMON /WEER! / /REEF , RtFF + OEFF
COMMON /HAnuT / HXPSLT(9,J)
C nFScR/PTinN OF COMMON BINARY ELEMENTS
C
C suPrp -LOGICAL VARIABLL SET TO ,TRUE IF SUPER- CRITICAL CYCLE
C GRKw -GROSS KILOWATT utTPUT OF PLANT
C NFLIIID-INDEX OF WORKINU FLUID BEING USED
C wri -WATER TEMPERATURE AT INLET TO SURER HEATER
C wT3 -WATER TEMPERATURE AT INLET TO PREHEATER
C wT4 -WATER TEMPERATURE AT OUTLET FROM PREHEATER
C WP1 -WATER PRESSURE AT INLET TO SUPER HEATER
C wP3 -WATER PRESSURE AT INLET TO RRtHEATER
c Coal' -COOLING WATER INLET TEMPERATURE
C CWT, -COOLING WATER OUTLET TEMPERATURE
C cwPT -COOLING WATER INLET PRESSURE
C CwP7 -COOLING WATER OUTLET PRESSURE
C TCOmc -OIL COOLER ExIT COOLING WATER TEMPERATURE
C TCOHc -HYDIMGER COOLER EXIT COOLING WATER TEMPERATURE
C TI - WORKING FLUID TtmpERATURE AT TURBINE INLET
C TO sE DETERMINED FY PUMP WORK SURROUTINE
C T3 - WORKING FLUID TtmPERATURE AT PREHEATER INLET
C T4 - WORKING FLUID TtmPERATURE AT VAPORIZER INLET
C TS - WORKING FLUID TtmRERATURE AT SUPER HEATER INLET
C P1 - WORKING FLUID PRESSURE AT TURBINE INLET
C P2 -WORKING FLUID PRESSURE AT TURsINE EXHAUST
C P3 -WORKING FLUID PRESSURE AT PREHEATER INLET
C P4 - WORMING FLUID PRESSURE AT VAPORIZER INLET
C PS - WORKING FLUID PRESSURE AT SUPER HEATER INLET
C HI -WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT TURsTNE INLET
C H2 - WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT TURBINE EXHAUST
C TO BE DETEIHINEu BY PUMP WORK SUBROUTINE
C H3 -WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT PREHEATER INLET
C H4 -WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT vAROVTZER INLET
C HS -WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT SUPER HEATER INLET
C 53 -WORKING FLUID ENTROPY AT PREHLATER INLET
C SA - WORKING FLUID ENTROPY AT VAPORIZER INLET
C T2EeT -WORKING FLUID TtmPERATURE AT SATURATION AND P2
C m2Ecy -WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT TuRsTNE EXHAUST (ESTIMATED)
C S2EeT - WORKING FLUID ENTROPY AT TURBINE EXHAUST (ESTIMATED)
C H2SATL-ENTMALPY OF WORKING FLUID AS A SATURATED LIQUID AT P2
C SVSATL-SPECIFIC VOLUME OF THE SATURATED LIQUID AT Pp
C PTAO!HP-DIFFERENCE IN INLET WATER AND OUTLET WORKING FLUID
C TEMPERATURES OF LIQUID HEAT EXCHANGER
C WVEiL WATEP VELOCITY LN THE LICUID NEAT EXCHANGER (PREHEATER)
C DIAL -INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN PREHEATER
C DIAmL -OUTSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN PREHEATER
C WVELV -WATER VELOCITY IN VAPORIZER
C DIA" -INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN VAPORIZER
C DIA#V - OUTSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN VAPORI7ER
C wVE1S -WATER VELOCITY 04 SUPER HEATER
C DIAe -INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN SUPER HEATER
C DIAmS - OUTSIDE TUBE DIAmETER IN SUPER HEATER
C WVELSC-WATER VELOCITY I. SUPER-CYCLE HEAT EXCHANGER
C DIAQC -INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN SURER-CYCLE HEAT EXCHANGER
C DIAmSC-OUTSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN SUPEH-CYCLE NEAT EXCHANGER
141
SUBROUTINE BINARY
C RVEic -VELOCITY OF COOLING WATER IN LONDENSER

C DIAr -INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN CONDENSER
C DIAnC OUTSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN CONDLNSEP
C FOUIFIINSIDE FOULING l'ACTOR FOR HEAT EXCHANGER
FOUIFO-OUTSIDE FOULING FACTOR FOR HEAT EXCHANGER
C weAT -wFT BULB AIR TEMPERATURE
C ORA+ -DRY PULE AIR TEMPERATURE
C RAR BAROMETRIC RRESbuRE
C RI ..HUMIDITY PATIO
C WP -PRESSURE OF GEOTHERMAL FLUID AT THE GROUND
C
C
DIMENSTON FLU(10)
REAL KwLBR, KWLFP
C
DATA CmN / 5.4233E-5 /
C
DATA(FLU(1),I*2+10)/"ISO8wTANEHON.ABUTANE mOR-11
mR412 "OP-2I ","P-22 "OP-11J "t"R114
"AMMO ,jIA "/
WTI s yIN(I)
WP1 a mIN(1)
CALL OPBIN
vi wsueRouTImE SETCON DETERMINED IF SUHROUTINt BUTANE OP FREON SHouLO BE

C=ICALLED AmD MAKES THE TRANSFLR
CALL SrTCON(NFLUID)
C PRINT DEgIGNATED VALUES
IF(FLAt .t0. 0) GO TO 200
WPITE(A,I) FLU(NFLUID)
IF(.NOT. SUPER) WmITE(6.2'
IF( SUPER) WRITE(6,3)
200 CONTINfiE
C
C OFTERMINc GtOTHERMAL FLUID PLOW RATE
C
C***OETERMINr GtOTHERMAL WATER PLOW RATE
WT2ESTwTe.
IF(SUP04) WTARTA
TsAV6TmP(RTiv WT)
CRESTarLU10(110 19 TI "BINARY AT CREST CALC ")
= Gig() (HIH3) / CPES1 / (wTI-WT)
oNA10/(1.-wp0/100.)
woo2=WRi-DELRHX/3.
""="i'20ADELPHX/3.
WID4sWP140tLPHX
C.
IIETERmINe AUXILIARY COOLING WATER FLOW PATE

C
CALL ArMFHT(OCOCIP OCHC,C)411, TCOOCe TCONC, GRKW)
C
142
SUBROUTINE BINARY
C HEAT EXCwANWFP CHARACTERISTICS

C
C sue-cRITTcAL CYCLE
C
IF(SUPA.R1 GO TO 250
CALL SuRHEX(0, WTI* WT29 99739 tsiwT4, oisn. T1, T3, TA, T5 PA
HI, H39 H4* M5, FOULII.
FOULFH9 *VELL, DIAL* DIAUL, WVELV* nIAV9 OIAOV, WVELS, OIAS,
UIAOS, NPLUID* HTAEX* P10 ONA1 WPOS)
C
r
IF(FLAn 9E09 n) GO TO 370
WRITE(494) APPHX* TI, T2ET, T2o T2SATL
WRITE(41) 139 T49 T5
WRITE(AoS) PI, P2
WRITE(Ao51) P3o P4, P5
WPITE(A96) V1, V2EST
WPITE(4*7) HI, H2, H2EST
WRITE(Ao71) H3o H49 H5
WRITE(AoR) Si, S2E5T
WPITE(A,9) WTI, W729 WT3* W74, ESTWT4* UELPHX
WRITE(A10) IREFF, REFF* UEFF
WPITE(A911)
WRITE (A,12)
WRITE(A,1j) TS, 149 73
WRITElsolA) P5, P4, P4
WRITE(Aolb) HS, H4, Ml
WPITE(A,lb) Ti, TS, TO
WRITE(A*17) P1, P5o P4
WPITE(4,116) H1, HS, H4
WPITE(A,34)
WPITE(Ao13) WT19 W72, WT3
WPITE(A914) Olt WP2, WP3
WPITE(4916) WT2* IIT31 EST*T4
WPITE(A*11) WP2, WP3,
WP4
GO TO lel
2Rn CONTINHE
C
C SUPER CRITICAL CYCLE
C
CALL SIIPHtx(lo WTI, WT4. w/S09 T1* 11, H1* H3* wVFLSC. OIASC9
OIAOSe., Fnuo.r, FnuLFo, NFLum, RI. HTAEy. nwA, wPos. PrsisuP)
C
C
IF(FLAn .tn. 0) GO TO 370
WRITE(494) APPHX* T1* T2ETo T2, T2SATL
WRITE(Ao4d) 73
WRITE(A*5) P1. P2
WRITE(A05) 93
WRITE(006) VII V2EST
WPITE(A*7) HI, H2o H2EST
WO/7E(A97e) H3
WRITE(,98) SI, S2EST
WPITE(4991) WTI* WT4o DELHX
WRITECA*101 IREFF, REFFt 'JEFF
WPITE(A,20)
WRITE(Ao12)
143
SUBROUTINE BINARY
WRITE(4.1J) T3
WRITE(4,14) P3
WRITE(4.15) H3
WRITE(0016) T1
WRITE(4,17) P1
WRITE(4,16) HI
WRITE (4.34)
WRITE(4,13) wT1
5RITE(4,14) WP1
WRITE(406) WT4
WR/TE(4,17) WP4
32n CONTINUE
153
IF(SUPrR) I51
WRITE(42I) CHXRSLT(10J)
WRITE(4,2e (MKRSLT(2',J)
WRITE(4.23) (MXRSLT(3,J)
WRITE(474) (MXRSLT(4,J)
WRITE(4126) (MKRSLT(S,J)
WRITE(0026) (HKRSLTletJ)
WRITE(4'27) (RXRSLT(7,J)
WRITE(0028) (MKRSLT(81,1)
WRITE(4,29) (HKRSLT(RoJ)
370 CONTINnE
C
DETERMINE THE COOLING WATER FLOW RATE FOR THE WORKING FLUID
C CONDENSE° ANO FROM THAT THE CONDENSER CHARACTERISTICS
C
CALL CmONSR(OCWATocWGPMtCPT1 C5T2,H2H2SATL,T2sT2SATLR2oNFLUIO.
ovEtx OiAC, OIAwc, FOULFI, FOuLFO. ors°, HiAcoNH2sAiv
CWT12.CWPI$C011312tCwP2)
IF(FLAn.EQ.0) GO TO 40
WRITE(4i30)
WRITE 160n)
WRITE (6.13) T20.2SAIL
WRITE 16'14) P202
WRITE (6'15) )42H2SATV
WRITE (6'16) 2SATL,TESATL
WRITE (6'17) P2Pe
WRITE (6.1R) H2SATV'M3
WRITE( ,19)
WRITE (6,11) CWT12C5T1
WRITE (6,14) CwP12,Cwpi
WRITE '(6,16) CWT2,CWTI2
WRITE (6.17) CWR2,C5R12
WRITE .(4021) HXRSLT(1,1)roxpSLT(12)
WRITE (6'22) HKRSLT(2.1),m*RSLT(2.2)
WRITE (6'113) HKRSLT(3.1)mxRSLT(32)
WRITE 16.24) HKRSLT(4,11,mXRSLT(42)
WRITE (doodS) MXPSLT(Sol ).nxRSLT(50P)
WRITE (69e0 HXPSLT(41)PixPSLT(4#2)
WRITE (6027) HXPSLT(7,1),HxPSLT(7,2)
WRITE tfoell MxQSLT(R.1).mxPSLT(8,2)
WRITE (6'29) mxPSLT(9,11,mxPSLT(92)
40 CONTINIIE
C DETERmINkTION OF COOLING TOWER CHARACTERISTICS

144
SUBROUTINE BINARY
C
C OC TOTAL COOLING WATER FLOW RATE
C
OC. QCWAT ocnc OCHC
C
C TOC TEMoERATURE OF DC
C
TOON (mCWATCWT2 OCOCTLOOC OCHCTCOMC) / OC
CALL TmmER(cTA, OLA, DC, IOC, 04BAT. DRAT, BAR. PI, CWT1, APPCT)
C
IF(FLAI.Nt.n) WRITE(6,31) GCOC. GCHC, APPeON, RANGE. OCWAT, OLA
C
C CALCULATIONS OF GENERAL ELELTPICAL LOSSES
C
C ORI REINJECTION RATE
C ALL OF TwE GEOTHERMAL FLUID IS REINJECTED
C
OPIIONA
CALL LnSSES(TKWLOS,CTA.00OCORI.SPWHD.IJPUMPfRPKLOS.NPWOHPKW
.FRCERm)
C
C ELECTRICAL LOSSES TO OTHER tQUIPMENT
C
DEL. FLUID(3.NFLUID.T1OBLNARY AT DEL CALC ")
DELIMEL(1.0075660WPOS)1.0)
C KWLFP-WOoKING FLUID BOOSTER PUMPS
C
POELTP 20.0
KWLBP s ()ISO CON PnEL1P / OEL / 0.85
C
C KWLFP.40oKING FLUID FEED PUMPS
C
PDELTPS (P3 ' P2 ' 20.0)
KWLFP s QISO CON PDEL1P / OEL / 0.85
C
C NET HEAT RArE
C
WTWHD a FLUIO(1.1ewT1f"BINARV AT TNHR CALC ")
WCWTI s FLU/D11.1.cW71084NARY AT INHR CALC ")
TNHo(F) a (*(w.rwHOw71 - CsT1CsT1)/fGHKs-KsLRpK3LFP-TKWLOS)
HPATE(1) TNHP(1)
C
C
TKWLOS s TKWLOS KWLFP KWLFP
ANKWO = GKKW TKWLOS
IF(FLAn .E0. U) GO TO 450
WRITE(0032) KWLBP, KWLFP
WRITE(A04) GRKW.ONA. FLm(NFLUID),O/SOTOC.TKWLOS,ANKWO.TNHR(I)
450 CONTIN6E
PEFLOW s UR//3600.
PETEMP 2 LSTWT4
IF(SUPcP) PETEMP t WT4
PEPRES r WP4
C OVEPPRrSSURIZE SPENT GEOTHERMAL FLUID FROM PLANT HEAT EXCHANGERS
C FOR REINJECTION IF IJPUMP IS NONZERO
IF(IJP,IMP.NE.0) PEPRES s REPRE5 SA.
145
SUBROUTINE BINARY
RETURN
1 FeIRMAT'OOTHE WORKING FLUID IS "IPA9)
2 FORNATi THE CYCLE IS SUBCRITICAL"1
3 FORmAro THE CYCLE IS SUPtRcNITICAL")
4 FORMATim0i/NAL CYCLE CONOITIONS"/" WORKING FLUID CONDITIONS " /
1 T60"TOMPERATORES (DEG, F),
T10.10APPMX.HEAT EXCMANGEm APPROACH, r40,1PE14.6/
2 710,14+1.7UR8INE INLET'', -- T4P,1PE14.6/
3 T10072E5TTURRINE GUILE! (IDEAL)", T40,1PE14.6/
4 T10 T2TURBINE OUTLET (ACTUAL)", T40,1PE14.6/
5 710T2SATLCONDENSER OUTLET, T40,1PE14.6)
41 FORMAV(T1o,1T3-PREHEATER INLET", T40,113E146/
TIOOT4VAPOR/ZtR INLET", TO,IPE14.6/
TIOenTSSUPERHEATER INLET'', T40.1PE14.6)
42 FORMATiT10T314EAT EXCHANGER INLET", T40,1AE14.6)
A FORmAT(TwPRESSUNES (PSIA) IV
1 TIOODI-TURBINE INLET", T40,03E1496/
2 T100o2TURAINE EXHAUST" T40,1PE14.6)
51 FORMAr(710P9PREHEATER INLET ", T40,1PE14.6/
TIOOP4VAPORIZER LNLET", T401PE14.6/
TIOOPSSURERMEATEK INLET", t40,101E146)
52 FORNAT(719P3HEA7 EXCHANGER INLET", T40,1PE14.6)
6 FORMATiT6.SPECIFIC YOLUMtS (CU.FT./LR)m,
1 Tiot"viTURBINE INLET", T400,1AE14.6/
2 T100v2E1TTURBINE OUTLE) (IDEAL)" T40,1PE14.6)
7 FoRNATi760"ENTHALRY ( BTU/LH)e,
1 ,100H1URBINE INLET,, T40,1PE14.6,
2 '100142tUABINE EXHAUST". 140 ,10E14.6/
3 T100w2ESTTOR5INE OUTLET (IDEAL)", T40,1PE14.6)
71 FoRNAT(71.00H3.pREHEATER INLET", T40,140E14,6/
TIO0H4.VAEORIZER INLET '., T40,1PE14.6,
110 H5-SUPER HEATER INLET", T40012E14.6)
72 FORMAT(TI00H9HEAT EXCHANGER INLET", T40,101E145)
A FORMAT.C76.mENTROPT (ATU/L00/DEG. F)"/
1 7101 'MI...TURBINE INLET, T4P,IPE14.6,
2 T1001N2ESTTORBINE OUTLET (IDEAL)", T40.1PE14.6)
9 FORMIT'OOGEOTHERMAL FLUID CONDITIONSm/T6 9WATER TEMPERATURES (DEG
IF)m,
2 710,04111-SUPER HEATER INLET., T40,1PE14.6/
3 T10. "wT2- VAPORIZER INLET", T4°,101E14.6/
4 T10"wT3-PREMEATER INLET". T40.113E14.6/
S T100wT4PPEREATER EXIT ( RESET)". T40.1PE14.6/
6 TIOOFSTAT4PREHEATER EXIT (ACTUAL)", T4641PE14.6/
71000MELPHXTOTAL PRE55UmE DROP ", T40,1PE14.60
91 FORMAT(uOGEOTMERMAL FLUID CONDITIONSH/T60KATER TEMPERATURES (DEG
F)"/
TI0 wT1HEAT EXCHANGER INLET", T40.1PE14.6/
T10ON74HEA7 EXCHANGER tKIT" IA0.112E14.6/
TloonELPHXJOTAL PRESSURE OROPu, T40,1PE14.6)
in FORMATiTlsomTUNR/NE EFFICItNcy,
1 TIO TOENL RANKINE EFFICIENCY", T40,1RE146,
2 T10 4CTUAL RANKINE EFFILIENCT", T40 EI4.6/
3 Tlo mVERALL TURBINE EFFICIENCY, 140, E14.6)
11 FORMAT.01mEAT EXCHANGERS" 5X0SUBCRITICAL CYCLE"/
1 " TEM0ERATURE (DEG. F) PRESSURE (OSIA) ENTHALPY (BTU /LB) "/
2 T720qUPEA HEATER"0921"APORIZER",T1131mPREMEATERm)
12 FORMAT'(" 4ORKING PLUM")
SUBROUTINE BINARY 146
50 FORMAT (T7IODESUPERHEATER".793000NOENSEP"./." WORKING FLUID")

13 FORMAT(6)(0"/NLET TEmPERATRRE" T7093(IPE14.6.0))
14 FORmAT'f6X RINLET PRESSURE",-- 770.3(1(20 4.6,6X))
15 FORMAT'6X 9u/NLET ENTHALPY ",
!
770,3(1PE146,6X))
16 FORMATOSX,"OUTLET TEMPERAI(,PE", T71.3(1PE14.66F))
17 FORmATi6X. "OUTLET PRESSURtu T7093(10E14601)
1R FORmAT'(6X,ROUTLET ENTHALPYR 770.3(IPE14.6.6X))
19 FORMAT'OK.RCOOLINO WATER'',
20 FORMATO1HEAT EXCmANGERR.K.ASUPERCRITICAL CYCLE"/
" TEMPERATURE (DEG. F) - PRESSURE (PSIA)
1 ENTHALPY (RTU/Lp)R)
21 FORmAT16X.R1NSIDE TUBE DIARETER (FT)", T70,3(1RE14.6.0))
2? FoRmATf6X,"nUTsIDE TUBE DiAmETER(FT)", T70.3(1PE14.6.6x))
23 FORmATi6X.RNURBER OF TuBEPut (1PEI4696X))
24 FORMAT(6Ft"EODIYALENT OUTbIDE DIAMETER (FT)".T70,3(IRE14.6.6X))
25 FORmA1(6X.R/NSICIE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (EITU/HR/SO.FT./OEG. F)
0( T70.3(1RE14.6101)
PA FoRMAT(6Xs"OUTSIDS HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (RTU/MR/SO.FT./DEG, F
.0)" T7m,3(115E14.6+0))
27 FoRmArf6X RoVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (ATU/HA/So.FT./OEG, F
) " 17ne3(1PE14061400)
FORMAr(6X.RHEAT TRANSFER AREA (SU.FT.) ", 770.3(IPE14.6.6X))
24; FORRAT(0,"HEAT TRANSFER LENGTH (FT.)". T70.3(IPE14.6.6X))
30 FoRmATfRlmAIN CONDENSER"/
1 " TEMPERATURE (DEC,, F) - PRESSURE (,51A) ENTHALPY (ATU/Lg)u)
31 FORHArOoLOOLING WATER RERU/REmENTS (LR/MR)R/
6XOTHRRINE OIL COOLER". T5091RE14.6/
6X,RHOROGEN COOLER", T50 E14.6/
6X,uAl,PCONAPPROACH TO CUNCIENSER (F), T5o, E14.6/
6X,RRANGt-COOLING WATER RANGE (F)", TSO, E14.A/
3 5)(1,"F1Ow RATE IN cONDENSLAR. T50 E14.A/
4 6X0944KEUP FLOW RATE TO LOOLING TOWER", T50, E14.6)
32 FORmAT(6X,5005TER PUMPS". T50,0'1E14.6/
OX.RFrE0 PUMPS", T50. E14.0)
33 FORmATfROUVERALL RESULTS",
16X.RORm5S KILOWATT OUTPUT OF THE PLANT" T509113E14.6/
26X,HOEnTHLRMAL FLUID FLOW RATE (LB /HP)'., T51, E14.6,
6X.R(IHCLUDING SALT)"/
36X,"FL,.,W RATE (LB/HR) OF "91)9. T50, E14,6/
46x,RCOnLING WATER FLOW RAZE (LB/HR)u, 150, E14.6/
56)(01TOTAL KILOWATT LOSSES". T5n E14.A/
66K RNEy KILOWATT OUTPUTR, T50, E14.A/
75X,RNET HtAT RATE (BTU/KW HO", T50, E146)
34 FORMAT'(RObEOTHERMAL FLUID")
END
147
SUBROUTINE BUTANE
SUAROUTINt AUTANE
EXTERNAL bFT2020 GFT2V2
COMMON /NAmLST/ LL1 , LL2 1 LL3 , LL4 , LL5 . LL6 9
LL7 LLA , LL9 LL10 LL11 LL12 9 NUmFTF, ITEMS
*ACRES , PWoPTH, OINJW t CINWCL FIWTPWo RWOIA , Pc o WOEPTH
DEPTH , AMWEP111$ AVGWL t WfrOS PWTEmPt RPEST , DIA o FLORAT
00S , PM , CAC03 WtLPRS. CASFRC PRDRATo NUmTYP, WELSPC
PMWTH , STMFRC, FRCNPW, FKCEPW NYC NC IPLANT$ PSALVG
*11FLASH, PCOND , GRKW WbAT DBAT 9 . RI ICI
TCOINT, TCOAFT. TCO TLOOC TCOHC t 5ASEJ CINLAAt /NJW
INJP RINJW PLINJW, PLINJA
, ISCRUR, MIX o PCTS o LPLASH
STSEPR. PWFACT, IJPUMP, WPH2S , WPCO2 WPCH4 , WPONCG, TOTNCGt
IGEOP MtTHSL OLMETH, LIPH4S IDHPUM, DHDEP IDPILL IDRPNT
,
CH4PAT. STATUS. SLNCST IuRIGS IPUNCHt DRILPR

+ IRVWEL DCPW DCNPW
t DLINJW GROUP(b0) ITEx(sn)
,
LGTym(2s,2) UNIT(50) $ FTF(50) , 0(35)
.PERcNT.(2) UN/To(50) STRATA(410) , TypF(1,,)
INPUT(70) L4GS(25,2) EVALUE(2)
EQUIVALENLE (PMWE.OMW,0(8)) (YRSt0(4)) t (ANOt0(4))
(RRS0(5)) (RRE0(6)) (VOUt0(10)) (ROYPpet0(27)),
(WDEPTHoPWCLEN)
EQUIVALENtE (FRCNRWIWORY) t (4VGWLwL/FE) (WELPRSoPWHD)
EQUIVALENCE (0(28)Im4INT) (D(29)*UMAINT), (WELSPc,t4SP)
EQUIVALENCE (STFRACSTMFRL)
INTEGER GNOUPt GASEJ STbEPR
REAL NC
INTESED FLAG FLAG1
COMMON /AINA RV/ SUPER NPLUID WTI WT2 t WT3 , WY4
ESTWT4, WP1 1 WP3 C*T1 CWT2 9 CWP1 CWP2 T1
T2 9 TdEST 9 T2SATL9 1.4 T4 Ts R1 P2
P3 P4 . P5 HI ° M2 , M2EST
9 9
t
014 9 1.45
S1 o S4tST S3 S4
02 . 02EST t V1 t VGEST PINCHP, WVELL DIAL o DIAOL
WVELV . DIAV o DI4OV WYELS DIAS OI4OS WV ELSC. DIASC
,
OIAOSC, PVELC DIAC 0140C FOULFI, FOULFO BAP 4 OISO

HTAEX(3) HT4CON, TAPRCH WTFOUR APPCONo APPCT o APPHX
OELPHX, PINSUS, RINSUPe PuNEP RANGE
LOGICAI. SUPER
C***COMNON FmR THE BUTANE CONSTANTS
COMMON /BUTANE/ At', A7EPO ABI A82. ARJ, A84 881).BZEPO, 881
* MB20 1281 RA4 CUR°. OZLRO EZERO, SMA SMAR, Sm C, SmO ALRHAR,
* c3AMMA FINN BUTmW RH
COMMON /RWNCOM/ TERM', TEmm2 SOTV(p) JFLAG DEL(2) OLOR1
DIMENSION FX(2), IP(8), FA(2,8)
C
InNT.m
PoLoso.0
NIT2go
DELOLD10.0
PINCHP a M/NSUM
PCRITIIFLUID(10, NFLUID on uSUBROUTINLH. " BUTANE)
TcR/IsFLUIn(11. NFLUIO. 0.0$ "SUBROUTINE ", " BUTANE")
P224Sm
1222R7Vm(R1. T2SATL459.67 RHOL)
SVSOL=1.0 /PHOL/RUTmM
H2SATLHEUST(T2SATL.4566 1. PHOL)/PHT MinEAL(T2SATL.459.067)
148
SUBROUTINE BUTANE
2 PnNEP
PI
IF(PONcP.(iT.0.) GO TO 200
C.$10ASSUME A STARTING VALUE FOR INLET PRESSURt PI TO BEGIN ITERATION
P1=300.
IF(T1 ,LT. 250.) P1=100.
200 CONTINUE
IF(.NOT. SUPER) GO TO 203
IF(PONEPOT.0.1 GO TO 201
P1=100m.0
IF(1.5.PCNIT LT. 1000.0) PI=1.5*PCRIT
201 PINCHP = WINSUP
203 CONTINIIE
NIT2IoN'T2.1
IF(FLAg, .t0. 2) PRINT 83. KIT2' P1. PINCHP
83 FORmAT( IITERAT/ON NO.u.Ip. FOR PI "/"On'21 XONEW VALUE OF Pl=".
1 IPE14.6/31XOPINCmps".1PL14.6)
NIT120
01=1.0/(RUs(T1.459.67)/P1)
220 CONTINUE
NITIoNITI*1
PESTVapEOST(T1+459.67. 01' 0.0)
Ir(ABS(pEsTv.P1) .LT. 0.5 GO TO 240
)
IFINIT1 .(0T. 40) STOP "DI FAILED TO CONVERGE"

0120141(1.0*(P1-PESTVI/P1)
GO TO 220
240 CON/P.01E
IF(FLAn.E0.2) PRINT 80, Nino 01
q0 FORNAT("0NUNBER OF ITERATIONS TO DETERMINE 016".I5/35x001a"
1 IPF14.6/"OITERATION TO DtTERMINE TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY AT STAGE
2 2F T. ")
MI2MEW(T1.459.67, D1)/Pm1,HIDEAL(71459.67)
S1oSEOcT(TI.459.67. DI) / PHI SIOEAL(T1.459.67)
CsesROLvE FOo T2EST AND D2E5T(KNOWING P2 AND S2EST)USING THE MATPLIB
SeEST'ql
N=?
FA(1.021000.
TOLou.01
PRNT=0
IP(1)100
Fx(1),ITI 459.67 - 100.
Ex(2)31n.4 /RuTmw
TERm1=02
TERm2=c2EST
CALL RnNwT(FX, No 9FTP020 PRNT, TOL, IF, RMS. FA)
T2ESTArA(1) - 459.67
02ESToFX(2)
IF(FLAA .LO. 2) PRINT 81 T2EST. D2EST
FORmAi("0".25X."TeEST.02EbT=.0.1P2E14.6)
M2ESTewEO5T(TGEST45967 02EST) /PH / 041UEAL ( T2EST.45q.AT )
CALL WEERT(OISO. M2. SUPEM. GRKol, Ti. H1. H2EST. m2SATL TCRIT)
IF(SUPFR) GO TO 290
C
CssiF PI MAc NOT CHANGED, NO NLED TO RECALCULATE 14
IF(POLn .NE. PI) T4=TFOUR(P11 OLIO, ovA.1, NFLuto)
280 CONTINUE
T5214
P4=P1
149
SUBROUTINE BUTANE
P9=PI
H4sHEOsT(T4 454 .67.0LI0)/wHI4HIDEAL(T4459.67)
H5wHEOGT(TS *09.67o DVAP)/PHIHIDEAL(T5'459067)
CostolDFTERMINF T3 ANO H3
290 CONTINHE
P33121
CALL PIIMP(T3. H3, T2SATL. H2SAIL. P2. P.i, NFLUID, SVSATL)
IF(SUPF.R) GO TO 400
WT3wT4*PINCHP
ESTWT4eWT.Sio(HI-H3)/(H1...H4)WTIo(H3mH4)/(NI-H4)
TwAVGTmP(wTI.ESTWr4)
CPWATarLUID(1.10)
OWATwOTS0*(H1=14.5)/cPWAT/(10T1wESTWT4)
IF(FLAn .t(. 4) PLAINT 1. "4112. GIS°. °WAY, II, T2E5T, T3, T4, Tso
1 PI. R7, P4 Pg. Olo 02E51
FORMAT .00CTCLE CONDITIONS FOR ITERATION NO,",Is/unOTSO.NORKTNn FLU
IO FLOw RATE (LR/110)".T4001PEI4,6/00wATGEOTHERMAL FLUID FLOW RAT
,E (L8/wR),T41,IPE13.6/6X.A(EXCLUDING SALT)/
"OWORKTNG FLUID COND/TIONbA/OOTENRERATUMEsn,
2 TIOOTIIURAINE T40,1PE14.6/
3 TIO0y2EST-.TOR8INE OUTLET (IDEAL)m, T40,1171E14.6/
4 TIOOT3-PREHEATEN INLET", T40,IPE14.6/
5 T10,"/.4.VAPORIZER INLET"' T40,1PE14.6/
6 TIOOT5 A5UPER HEATER INLtT", T401PE146/"OPOESSURES"/
7 T10."plATUR8INE INLET", T4011pE14.6/
9 110 04,2...TURBINE EXHAUST, I40,IPE14.6/
9 TI001,4VAPORIZER T40,1PE14.6/
A TIMOrismSUPER HEATER INLtT", I40,1PE14,6/"ODFNS/TY",
8 TIOOMIATURRINE INLET". T40,IPEI4.A/
C TIO. D2E5T.TURBINE OUTLE( (IDEAL)", I40,1PE14.6/A0ENTHALPY)
IF(FLAA .tO, 2) PRINT 2, HI, H2, H 2EST. H3, H4. HS, Sl, S2EST,
1 "I, WT3. WT4. ESTWT4
2 FORMAT(
1 TIO ml-ToRRINE INLET". T40.IPE14.6/
2 T1000m2TURBINE EXHAUST T40,IPE14.6/
3 T1now2EST-TURBINE OUTLEI (IDEAL) ", T4A.IPEI4.6/
4 TI00w3PREHEATER INLET"' T40.1PE1406,
5 TI00H4..VAPOO/ZER INLET" T40,112E14.6/
6 TIO,AmS..,SUPER HEATER INLtTn, Tion,IREIA.OrploEmTRORYm,
7 110c1-TURBINE INLET". T4ne1PE14#6,
T10o"s2EST-TURBINE OUTLET (IDEAL)... TAn,10E14.6/
1(03E0..1.1E10-4AL FLuzr, CONDITIONS"/ "'WATER TEMPERATURES " /
A 7100mTISUPER HEATER INLFT". T4n.IRE14.6/
A TI0,mw13PAEHEATER INLET". T4MIPEI4,6/
C TI0,mwT4PREHEATER EXIT (PRESET)", T40,IPE14.6/
O 71m0FSTwT4RREHEATER EXIT (ACTUAL)", T4A,IPE146)
IF(PONFP.(aT,O.) GO TO 400
CAvoltHAS 01 CmmvtaGEO
CALL PnmEtDELOLD, DELNEW, POLO, PI, PcPiT, WT4, ESTWT4, PINCHP,
IFLAG. TPCNT)
GO TO(3001 200o 400)' /FLAG
3m0 CONTINIIE
C++.1ASSUNE PTNCHP CAN NOT REACH mAXIHUM WITHOUT PI ALSO REACHING MAX
PINemRs(mT4*(Hi-H4)-wTi(m3-m4)-T4i(ml-P13))/(mi-M3)
IF(PINCHP .LE. 30) 80 TO ?00
C*11+SUPERCRITICAL CYCLE
IF (FLAG.L0.2) PRINT 3, PINCHP. PI
150
SUBROUTINE BUTANE
3 FORNAT(HoSHPERCRIT/CALH/HuRiNCHPIRI="t1F'2F14.6)
SUPERs.TRUE.
GO TO 500
40n CONTINUE
C***KNOWING 02, ANO HP+ nETERPAINE T2 AND V?
TtRmiso2
TERM2=m2
N*2
FACIt1i=1000
TOLTU +01
PRN
Pato:Inn
Fx(0211.2EST459.67
FX(2)xn.4/9UTNw
CALL RONWT(FX. Nt RFT2V2, PANT+ TOL+ /P0 RMS. FA)
T2=FX(T)-459.67
V281.0/FX(?)/BuTNW
V121.0/01/RuTMw
V2EST21.0/D2EST/BUTmW
RETURN
ENn
151
SUBROUTINE CNDNSR
SUGRoUyINL CNONSR(aCWAY,C64.pM,CWIIIICWY2sH202SAIL.T2.T2SATL,p2,
NFLUID, RVELC, DIAC, DIAuc, FOULFI, FOULFO, ()ISO, HTACON,H ?SATV,
CWT1E,CWPICMP12CWP2)
C
C ROUTINE mrtRm/NES ROTH THE COOLING WATER FLOW RATE FOP THE WORKING
C FLUID CON1DENSER AND THE cONuFNSER CHARAcTERTSTICS, THE WORKING FLUID
C IS CONTATNEu IN THE cONDENSL-R TUBES.
C
C INPUT ' ARAMETERS
C Cval- COOLING WATER INLET TEMPERATURE
OJT,- COOLING WATER OUTLET TEmPEPATUOF
C H2- WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT TURBINE EXHAUST
C m2S.TL-WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT CONDENSER EXIT
C 12- WORKING FLUID TtWPERATURE AT TURBINE EXHAUST
C T2SATL-WORKING FLUID TtmRERATURE AT CONDENSER OUTLET
C P2- WORKING FLUID PRESSURE AT TURdINE EXHAUST
C NFLu/D-INDEX OF WORKINu FLUID
C CWVEL- COOLING WATER VELOCITY
C DIAr.- INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER
C DIAnC- OUTSIDE TUBE DIAMETER
C FOULFI-INSIDE FOULING FACTOR
C FOUIFO-OUTSIDE FOULF/m2 FACTOR
C OISD- WORKING FLUID FLOW RATE
C RvElc- VELOCITY OF COOLING WATER IN CONDENSER
C
C OUTPUT PARAMETERS
C OCWAT- COOLING WATER FLOW RATE
C CW(3000* COOLING WATER FLOW RATE GALLONS PER MINUTE
C
REAL KALUm, KAY, MARTPA
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NexT FLAG1
INTESED FLAG FLAG1
CoMmON/Hx00T/ HxRSLT(9.3)
COMMON /BUTANE/ AB, AZERO AB1* A82, AB.N BB. BZERO, BBI
RRP. R830 884. CZERD. 02tWO. EZERO. SMAs SM8d. SMC. SMO. ALPHAR,
GAMMA, PHI. BUTMW, RP
COMMON /FaECON/ AL,RL.CLsuLtEL A.8FR.C.UFR.E.F.R.S8.A2.82.C2.43,83
issC3014.94,C4.AS.85.C9.A61106.C6IKAY,ALRHA,HCA.HCBIHCC,HCDOICF.XFR
soYFROr,TC.VC
C
C CONSTANTS
DATA KALUm/30./
C
C
C DESUPERmEATER
C
C ITEDATION TO YIELD THE COOLING WATER TEMP ASSOCIATED WITH THE
C SATURATED VAPOR (CRT12) AND THE AVG SPEC HEAT OF THE COOLING
WATER WHILE THt WORKINt, FLUID IS SUPERHEATED (CWCP)
C
CWVEL = PVELC
CWT = AVGTMR(CWTI.CWT2)
CREST = OLUID(1.1.CWTO OESUPERHEATER AT CREST")
CP1 = PLUID(11,CwTI oESUPERHFATEP AT cwT1R)
CP2 = FLUID(1,1,00.2 DESUPERHEATEP AT CWT2")
MFG eLUID(9NFLuIONT2SAILODESUPERHEATER AT MEG")
152
SUBROUTINE CNDNSR
HPSATV: H2S4TL HFG

OCWAT a UISC) (H?M2SATL) / (CP2 COI Cpl CWT1)
TOLD = -(42-H2SATV). OIbo / GCWAT / CPEST CWT2
1 CREST = PLUI0(1+1.TOLD 00ESUPERREATER AT CPEST fl)
TNEA = CWT2..(Hd-H2SATV)*OI5O / OCWAT / CPEST
IF (ABs( TOLD TNEW).LT.u.5) GO To 100
TOLD s INEW
GO TO i
100 CONTINUE
CRT12 = TNFW
CWCP = CPEST
DETERMINr PROPERTIES OF COOLING WATER AT plain

C
CwTlf2 a AVGTMP(CRTI2oCWT4)
CWCON = FLUID(2,I.CWT122 DESUPERHEATER AT CWCON
CwRHO a PLUID(310CWT122 DESUPERHEATER AT CWPHO ")
CWVIS a PLUID(4,1,CWT122"DESUPEPHEATER AT COVIS ")
CWPPAN s FRNOTL(CNT122/10u.)
CWREYN s REYNO(CWOHO,CWVEL.O/AC,CWV/S)
C CONVERT TO bALLONS PER MINUIF
CWGPMU OCWAT / CWRHO 0.1246753
C
C NUMBED OF TUBES IN OESUPtAHEATER
C
DSTUBE a TUBES(OCWAT,CWPHu.CWVEL.DIAC)
C
C INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
RTC/ = HTCOEF(CWCON,DIALICWPR4N,CWPEYN..4)
T2VAVG = AVGIMP(TeSATL.T2(
C
C wORKINS rLUID PMOPERTIES (VAPORS) AT T2VAVe
C
PCPV= FLOID(9. NFLUIDITevAVG,HDESUPERHEATER AT PCPV")
PCONDV =FLIII0(6. NFLUID.TevAVG,"DESUPEPHEATER AT PcoNDV")
IF (NFLuI001.3) Go TO 50u
NITS a 0
DR 2 1.0 / (RB (T2VAVG 459.67) / P2)
480 CONTINI1E
NITA a Nits
PESTV = PE05T(T)vAvG 4=9.671 08. m.n)
IF(ABS(PESTv-P2) 0.5( GO TO 490
Ir(NITA 401 STOP "SUDHEX--DB FAILED TO CONVERGE"
De a 014(1.0 (Pd-PESTV)/P2t
GO TO 4RO
AAA PPHOV a MO:MTH=
GO TO =20
50n CONTINUE
Ve a R,(72VAV9 459.67) / P2
MAXM s 0
510 CoNTIN1T
MAX pi a MAX R 1
PESTV = EQSTAP(T2VAVG 4,41.67,V8,40)

if(ABS(PESTVP2) .T. 0.5) GO TO 5I5
IF(MAXA .(0. 40) STOP "SUDHEX--VD FA/LEU TO CONVERGE"
VA a VA(1.0 (PtSTV12)/P2t
153
SUBROUTINE CNDNSR
GO TO g10
Sig CONT/NHE
PRHOV s 1.m/V8
Spn CONTINoE
CALL OAPEA(OIAOCIIDSTUREEk.OIA.FLAREA)
PVISV* FLU/D(q, NFLUID, IpVAVGODESUPERHEATER AT PVISV")
RVEL= VELOCT(QISOI FLAREA PRHOV)
REYNOVs REYNO(PRH0V, PVEL, EmOIA, PVISV)
PVEL m PVEL / 360U.
PRANOViRCHV PVISV / PCONOV
C
C OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFicIENT
Pacns mTCOEF(RCONDV. EODIA. PRANOV, REYNOV, 0.3)

C
C
C
C OVERALL NEAT TRANSFER cnEFFLciENT
US OHTcOE(OIA0C, HTCI, DIAC. KALUM, HTCO, FOULFIt FOULFO)

C
C
C
C HEAT TRANSFER AREA
C
T2SATV s T2SATL
MT m T2SATV CWT12
FT m Tp - CWT2
IF (MT,LE.FT) GO TO 5
HTA = NTAHEA(OISO, H2. H2sATV.U,WT.FT)
GO TO 7
5 MT
FT s -FT
HTA m wTAHEA(OISO. H2. H2bATIO.U.FTIIWT)
HTA = ..HTA
7 CONTINUE
C
C HEAT TRANSFER LENGTH
C
HTLg HyLNOH(HTA, DIAOC, DbTU8E)
C
C
HxRsLT(1.1)2DIAC
HXRSLT(2.1)*DIA0C
HXR5LT(3,11mOSTUBE
HXR5LT(4.1)21EQ0/A
HicR5LT(5.1)=HTcI
HXR5LT(61)2HTO
HXR5LT(71)=U
MXR5LT(o.1)=HTA
HXR5LT(9.1)mHTL
HTA1 = HTA
MTL1 = HTL
FLAR1 a FLAREA
EGDIA1 m LoniA
C
C
154
SUBROUTINE CNDNSR
C
C
C CONDENSER
C
C PPOPERTIFS OF COOLING WATER AT CWT112
C
CWT112 = AVGIWP(CRTI,CWT1g)
MON OLUID(eg1,CW7112
= CONDENSER AT CWCON ")
CWRHO = PLUID(3+101T112 CONDENSER AT CWRHO ")
CWVIS = FLUID(4,1,CWT112," CONDENSER AT CWVIS ")
CWPRAN = PRNOTL(CWT112110V.)
CwREYN s REYNO(CWRHO,CWVELDIAC,CWVIS)
C
C
HTc! = HTcOEF(CWcONOIAL.c4PRANcwREYN..4)
C
C
C
C NUMREp OF TUBES IN CONDENSER
C
CTURE = TURES(OCWATvCWRHu'DWVEL,DIAC)
C
C
C
C PROPERTIES OF THE TWO PHASE WORKING FLUID AT T2SATL
C
PCPL = PLUID(It NFLUIDO25ATL," CONDENSER AT PCPL")
PCONOL = FLUID(29 NFLUIDO2SATLO CONDENSER AT PCONDL")
PRHOL s FLIJI0(30 NFLUID,I2SATL," CONDENSER AT PRHOL")
PVISL = FLUID(4, NFLUI0,12SATL0 CONOENSER AT PVISL")
IF(PVISL LT. 0.0) PVISL=vol
C
C VAPOR PRnPERT/ES
C
PRHoV FLUTE:1(7, NELUID, T?SATL, " CONDENSER AT PRHOV u)
PVISV sFLUID(R, NFLU/D. T2SATL, " CONDENSER AT PVISV ")
HVAP s FLUIU(9$ NFLUID, T2SATL, " CONDENSER AT HVAP
PCP!? = FLU/0(10,NFLUID, T2SATL, m CONDENSER AT PCR/T m)
SIGMA 2 FLUID(12,NFLUID, T2SATL, " CONDENSER AT SIGMA 'I)
DELTAls PcH/T - P2
C
C TOTAL FLoW AREA
C
CALL OAREA(DIAOCICTUBE , LODIAo FLAREA)
PVEL= VELOCY(OISO, FLAREA PRHOL)
REYNOL= PeYNO(PRHOL PVEL EODIA, PV/SL)
PRANOLs PCP(_ * PVISL / PCuNDL
C
C SOILINn HtAT TRANSFER -- ASSUME mACROcONvLCT/VE HEAT TRANSFER ONLY
C
C PARTINEti I PARAMETER
C
MARTPA= (PRHOL/PRH0v),5 (PvISV/PVISL)*.1
C
C mULTIPLIrATION FACTOR
155
SUBROUTINE CNDNSR
C
Fs1,76(191 1.179312HART1A 0.0074A65.0ARTPAst2 2.45855EA5
mARTPArirj
C
C MACROCnNVLCT/VF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
FTHICO2F.10.0234,REYNOL.0.q.asPRAN00...0.4*PCONDL/EnOIA
30 CONTINIIE
C
C OVERALI HLAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
U s OHTC1E(OIA0C,HICI,DIAL.KALUM,FTHICO.FOULFIeFOULF0)
WT z T2SATV CwTI2
FT s T2SATL COTI
C
C AVEPAGr HEAT TRANSFER AREA
C
PITA = uTAMFA(QISO, H2SATV.025ATL9 U, WT, FT)
C
C
C HEAT ToANSFER LENGTH
C
14/1, s wTLNGH(MTAo DIA()C,CIURE)
C
C
45r CONTINuE
MxP5LT(I,L)20IAC
POP5LT(2.2)20I4OC
mxRSLT(3,2)=CT0RE
MXP5LT(4.2)=E00/A
MxR50(5.2)=HTC!
tar450(6,2)2FTH7c0
Hx145LT(7.2)=U
wm50(0.2)=HTA
ml(PSLT(c),2)2HTL
TOTHTA s HTA NTAI
TOTHTL s ?TL MTL1
AVGFLA s(PLAREA FLAPI) / 2.
AVGE00 s EGOIA EODIAI / 2. )
NTACON = TOTHTA
CW012 - CwRi - (CI4P1-CsP2).(HTAI/TOTHTA)
REJOIN
ENO
156
FUNCTION DNLIQA
FUNCTInN UNL/QA(T)
C*10.USED Fly FPEON-11, FRFON-22 (NFLUID=4,7)
REAL KAY
C40,0CMMmON FmR THE FREON CONSTANTS
COMMON /FmECON/ ALIRL CL,HL.ELIIA,HFRIcuFRIE,F0,SR,A2.82,C2*A31182
111,C39A4040C4.ActRbICSA6056,C6IPKAY,ALPHA,HCA,MCEPMCC,MCOINCF,XFR
*00F17,Pm.Tt.VC
AA=1.0T/TC
ONL/QA=AL 81-*A0,*(1./3.) CL*AA**(2./30 DL*AAEL*A4**(4./31
RETURN
ENn
157
FUNCTION DNLIQB
FUNCTIP1N UNLIQR(T)
CsesUSEU RY cREON-12, FREON-114 (NFLUI0=5.9)
REAL KAY
Ce**COMmON 'FIR THE FREON CONSTANTS
COMMON /FRFCON/ AL,BLICLotil,E0A,SFR,CIUFD.E,F.R,SH.A2.82.C21,A3033
11,,C3,A4,84.C4.A.9039,CS,A6vrIn,C6,KAY,ALPHA,HCA.MCSOICC,McO,MCF.XFR
TCMT2Te T
ONL/GB:AL 8LIIITCMT CLAIRORT(TCMT) DL*TcmT**(1./3.) EL*TCMT**2
RETURN
ENn
158
FUNCTION DNLIQC
FUNCTInN UNLIGc(T)
C410UCEO RV FREON21, FREON"I13 1NFLUID26,8)
C"*COMmON FrOR THE FREON CONSTANTS
COMMON /FRECON/ AL,ROC uleE04,18FR.C.UFP.E.FoRtSRIA2.8a9C2sA3033
sloC3,A4,64.C4.41505,C9sA611of,,CE0KAT,ALPHA,HCA,HCA,HCC,HCO.HCFXFP
stYFRoProTLvC
ONLIOCsAL 8L+T CLIPT**e
RETURN
ENn
159
SUBROUTINE EFT2V2
SUPROUTINt EFT2v2(x. Ne Kg P. P)
vossnE TtpmINFs 72EST AN" V2EST
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG . NrAT FLAG1
INTEGED FLAG FL4G1
COMMON /RuNcOM/ TERM1, TEKm2+ SAVTV(2), JFLAG, DEL(2)10 OLDP1
DIMENSION x(2).Pte)
IF(A8S(X(1)) 'GT. e0000 oc TO 240
IF(x(2.) .LT. .007) GO TO e20
R(1).EmSTAP(x(1). x(2), Temml)
P(2)2SvAIDIX(1), X12). TERM?_)
SAMTY(1)2A(1)
SAVIVC,Imx(2)
2nel CONTINHE
IF(FLAq .t1. 2) PRINT 1, me X
FORMAT ("0",20X,"EPT2V2 REbIOUAL51",1122E14.6,34x0I,V=".1P2E14.6)
RETURN
22n CONTINIIE
c.010ATNu5 VOIUmL OR SLOW cONVERW.NCE
jFLAR21
DEL(1)10SAVT)/(1)-X(1))/24v
DEL(2)3SAVIV(2)/g.0
GO TO ion
24n CONTINuE
X(2)3150+Tv(2)
X(I)=5AVTV(1)
25n CONTINHE
ORsECISTAPIX(1)$X(2),TERm1i
IF(48S(GP).LE.110) GO TO Jno
Xc1)sx(1)*(1.-Gp/7ERm1)
GO TO 251
inn CONTINHE
P(I)20.0
R(2)310.0
IF(FLAn .t0. 2) PRINT 1. 0/4 X
RETURN
ENO
160
FUNCTION EQSTAP
FuNCTImN GosTAR(Ttu,P)
COMMON /BINARY/ SUPER NrLuID, WT1
, , WT2 ,
WT3 WT4
ESTWT4, WP1 1R3 C0111 CwT2 9 CWPI CWP2 T1
.T2 !GEST T254TL, TJ I 14 T5 P2
, P4 , P5 9 Hi H2 H2EST H2SATL H3
.114 , H5 SI , SeE5T S3 S4 SVSATL DI
.02 OeFST VI VdEST PINCHP. WVELL DIAL OIAOL
WVELV OLAV DIAOV W)(ELS DIAS DIAOS WVELSC. DIASC
/AOSC PVELC 01A0C
DIAC FOULFI FOULFO, BAR GISO
HTAEX(1) HTAcON TAPRcH wTFOUR. APPCON, APPCT APPHX
DELPHX, PINSUR, PINSUP. PuNEP RANGE
LOGICA1 SUPER
REAL )(AV
CllisCOMmON FmR THE FREON CONSTANTS
INTEGER FLAG
COMmON/FLAGS/FLAG, NEXT, LAG1
COMMON /FmEcON/ AL0L CLouL E A.BFR,C.UFRE.F,RISR.A2,82,C2.A3,83
w ilC3,A4,84.C4.A5,25,C5,46.0h,C6,mAY,ALpHw.HC4.MCP.MCC,MCD,HCF,xF14
,,,YFR,Pm,TC,VC
VmS8wV.SR
PARTIsp*T/VMSB
EFPWAYI;EXP(..KAv*T/TC)
PART2m(A2 82.1 C2,0EXPRAY)/vmS8**2
PAPT3w(A3 83T c3EXP1AY//VMS8**3
IF(NFLHID.E0.1n) GO TO 10u
PART4u(A4 84.T) / VMSB**4
GO TO 150
inn PART4m(A4B4*TC4,0EXPKAY)/vMSB .04
150 CONTINHE
PART5s(A5 85.1T C510EXP&AY /VmSB*1.5
PART620.0
ExPAVw0.0
AVwALPHA V
IF(AV GT. 120.) GO TO 20u
C***FOP P120 P21. P113 ANO P114. A60 86 AND ALPHAR0.0
IF(A6 .EO 0.0) GO TO 200
EXPAV=01P(AV)
PART6wfA6 8641T) / EXPAV
200 CONTINHE
EGSTAPTPANT1 PART2 PANT3 PART4 WARTS PAPT5 - P
RFTuRN
END
161
SUBROUTINE FFT2V2
SUPROUTINt FFT2V2(X N K+ p, P)
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NtXT , FLAG1
INTEGEo FLAG FLAG1
COMMON /aGNcOM/ TERmi. TEm2, SAVTV(2), JFLAG DEL(2), %DPI
DIMENSION X(2), R(2), RESITV(2)
IF(ABS(X(1)) GT. 20V00 uC TO 240
IF(X(2) LT, u,0) GO TO 2en
CsesOFTEPmINFS T2 AND V2
F1(1)=EmSTAP(X(1) X(2) Ttmml)
P(2)smvAP(x(1). X(2), TERml) - TERM2
SAVTV(1)2A(11
SAVTV(,)2x(2)
ABSPI2A3S(P(1))
IF(ABSDI .GT. °LORI) GO Tv 200
OLDP1sABSm1
SESTTV(1)2X(1)
BESTTV(7),X(2)
2nn CoNTINHE
RETURN
22n CnNTINHE
JFLAGal
DEL(1),B(SAVTV(1) - X(1)) / 2.0
DeL(p):(SAvTv(2) x(p)) / 2.0
GO TO 3u0
24n CONTIN,,E
X(1)2BESTTV(1)
X(2)213FSTIV(2)
25m CONTIMIE
GRI=EOSTAP(X(1), X(2), TERP11)
IF(ABS(GP) .LE. U.5) GO TU 300
X(1)=X(1)*(1. Om/TERml)
GO TO 25n
30n CONTINI1E
P(1)20,0
R(2)20.0
RFTuRN
END
162
FUNCTION FLUID
FUNCTION PLUID(NPROP, NFLuID, TEMP, LCCAT)
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NcxT FLAG1
INTESEp FLAG FLAG1
LT)GICA1 WARN
OIMENSTON LOCAT(2)
DIMENSION COLLAJ(10,14,8)
DIMENSION FLUfinf; PROP(14.3)
C
CoLLAJ(NFLulu, NPROP, IcLA)
r NFLUID - FLUID INDEX
C s 1 WATER
C s 2 /SUPUTANE
C s 3 - N-mUTANF
C = 4 R-11
C = 9 - P-12
C s 6 - P-el
7 R,12
C = A R..113
C 2 9 R-114
C = 10 - AMMONIA
C
C NPROP - PROPERTY INDEX
1 SPECIFIC HEAT (LIQUIu) (BTU /LA DEGREES F)
C = 2 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (LIQUID) (ATU/MR.FT DEGREES F)
3 - OrNSITY (LIQUID) (LB/CO$FT.)
C A 4 - VISCOSITY (LIQUID) (LH mASS/FT.HR)
C = 5 SPECIFIC HEAT (GAS) (HTU/L8 DEGREES F)
C 2 6 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (ATU/HR.FT DE(,REES F) (GAS)
C = 7 - OrNSITY (GAS) (LP MASS /CU.FT)
C s A - VTSCOSITY (GAS) (LA mASS/FT.HR)
q - HcAT OF VAPORIZATION (RTU/L8)
C =10 CoITICAL PRESSURE (ROTA)
=11 - CoITICAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F)
C Al2 SURFACE TENSION (LB rCRCE/FT)
C =13 - MOLECULAR WEIGHT (LB/LB.M0LE)
C
C CoLLAJ(NrLUO.IA.ICLA) CONTUTNS ADDITIONAL COEFFICIENTS. THESE
C ARE NECEcSARY BECAUSE OF Twu SETS OF COEFFICIENTS To DETERMINE
C THE DENSITY OF GAS POR ALL uF THE FLUIDS txcEPT WATER ANn R-21.
C
C
C TCLA - CnEFPICIENTS, LIMITS AND ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
C = 1 - FIRST COEFFICIENT
- SrCOND COEFFICIENT
C = 3 - THIRU COEFFICIENT
C = 4 - FrURTH COEFFICIENT
C s S - LnWER TEMPERATURE LIMIT
6 - UpPEw TEMPERATURE Limn.
C = 7 - FIRST ADJUSTMENT EAclop, ADDEn TO TEH0ERATumE
C = SECOND ADJUSTMENT FALTORs DIVIDED INTO TEmPEPATURr
C
C VALUES FoR MATER
C
DATA ((COLLAJ(IIII,J), JA1TH), I=1+A) /
163
FUNCTION FLUID
C LIQUID SPECIFIC HEAT (1,19J)
0.991&2R 0.U216'9 -0.015377 , 0.0037,4 8 32.0
* 860.0 0 0.0 100.0,
C LIQUID THERMAL comoucTivill, (1.2,J)
0.312721 6.025394E-4 A1.055707E"'6. 0.0
. 8 32.0 o
500.0 9 0.0 1.0 9
C LIQUID DENSITY (1.3J)

62.87418 . A3.01818E8'4- A4.909U9EA 0.0 50.0
550.0 U. , 9
r-
LIQUID VISCusiTi 7114.J)
9 A0.A26103 0.0318 1 . 0.0 0 100.0
65090,
650.0 8 0.0 9 100.0
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS (1.59J)
0.011731 9 0941305B A0.122424 0.013467 200.0
600.0 0.0
THERMAL CONuLTIP°449OF GAS (186J)
08012437 A5.9866EA6 , 601775E8 0.0 200.0 9
600.0 0.0 1.0

C (NOT USED GOTTEN FROM STEAA COVE) OENS/TY OF GAS (1079J)
* 0.0 09 0.0 0.0 0.0
* 090 9 0.0 0.0 9
C VISCOSITY Or GAS (iaJ)
0.02074 2 4.0142F-5 1/489eE-8 0.0 , 200.0
* 600.0 1 0.0 9 101 /
C
DATA ((COLLAJ(ItI,J).J210), I=9,13) /
C
C HEAT OF VAPuR/EATION (1,9j)
1089.113d A0.489748 . A3.40511E8'1_9 . 0.0 100.0
250.0 0.0 10
C CRITICAL PPLSSURE (1.10J)
3208.0 0U 9 0.0 9 0.0 9 705.479
705.4 7 0 .Q 180
C CRITICAL TEmPERATURE (1.11j)
* 705.47 0.0 080 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 t 1.0 o
C SURFACE TENbION (1.129J)

4.03577E-1 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 212.0
212.0 0.0 1.0
C MOLECULAR WcIGHT (1913,1)
lao , 0.0 0.0 9 090 9 0.0
0.0 0.0 9 1.0 /
C
C VALUES FnP ISOBUTANE
C
DATA ((COLLAJ(2,1J),J*Ite). 121.81 /
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUIn (4.1.J)
* 0.4r5,38 t 0.d56242 0 AO.1340,6 0.044606 75.0 9
250.0 0.0 100.0,
C THERMAL CONU(,CTIVITY OF LIQUID (2.2.J)
6.8484EA2 A2.266111E'28 1004707FA2 tA?.51871E3 0 75.0 9
* 250.0 0 000 100.0.

C nFNSTTY OF LIQUID (2.3,J)
* 37,82039 , -6.218378 , 2.90839 , -1.150899 , 0.0
* 270.0 9 0.0 100.0,
VISCOSITY Or LIQU ID (2,4,J)
* 0.1 0.0 080 0.0 0 A50.0 t
164
FUNCTION FLUID
10.0 0.0 1 I)
SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS (?.59J)
.0.020254 1.82434E-3 -7.69141E-1 9.64716E11 31.4
* 953.0 460.0 1.9
THERMAL CONuLcTIV/TY OF GAS (2o6J)
/*169q51 9 2.63969E3 3.41480E-4 -1.75174E-5 -100
422.0 0.0 -1-100.0
DENSITY OF 'AS T *LE. 120.0 (2oTJ)
0.139992 0.310967 0.203362 0.147278 0.0
120.0 0.0 100.0 t
VISCOSITY Or GAS (2(10J)
1.61316E..2 3.u4277E-3 -1.53836E-6 50.0
450.0 0.0 100.0/
DATA f(COLLAJ(2IJ)1J3113), I:9e14) /
HFAT OF VAPuWI2ATION (2.9.J1
160.8c45 ..0.257)43 4.14892F4 -3.69485E-6 0.0
* 175.0 , 0.0 1.0 t
CRITICAL PRLSSURt (2,11,J)

529.1 r 0.0 0.0 0.0
9 274.96,
274.9" 0.0 1.0
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (Polltj)
274.96 0.0 , 0.0 0.0 0.0
* 0.0 o 0.0 1.0
SURFACE TENbION (2112J)
* 1.0r1011E3 t , 8.23889E"4, 2.01793E5 -30.0
74.0 0.0 100.0
MOLECULAR *LIGHT (2134J)
58.134 0.0 0.0
* 0.0 : 0.0
0 0 1.0
DENSITY OF '3AS T .GT. 120 DEGREES (2o14.J)
* 120710432 24.092837 14.230271 3.046614 120.0
t70.0 0.0 100.0 /
VALUES FoR H..RUTANE
DATA((rOLLAJ(3IJ)J=1.8). I=1.8) /
SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUID (J,1,J)
0.353469 1.57717E-3 1.73737E8 o m220.0.
* 180.0 460.0 1.8
THERMAL CONut:cTIvITT oF 1.191110 (3,2tJ)
0.11412 -1.7519E4 0.0 0.0
, -10.0
350.0 , 460.0
OENSITY OF LIQUID
U16(3:3,J)
38.99f826 ..5.901689 2.448276 -0.1,175489 0.0
300.0 0.0
VISCOSITY Or 110(2J7009(3.411J)
0.60016 ...0.343A4 0.11616 0.07744 t 50.0
25.0 0.0
SPECIFIC MEAT OF
0.0564796 1.22083E3 1.00571E-7 2.72977E'10 20.0
962.0 460.0 1.9
THERMAL CONuICTIVITY OF GAS (3,6.j)
6.91907F3 , 2.8R543E-5 , 1.16297F-9 , 0.0 f.10.0 9
440.0 0.0 1.0
DENSITY OF OAS T .LE. 180. DEGREES (3t7o,j)
165
FUNCTION FLUID
8.59446849E2oPo3864896E1.6.458133258E2 .0161856569 , 0.0
180.0 t 0.0 100.0,
C VISCOSITY OP' GAS (3otj)
'10:160,18ta4 t 6.1393E5 ...3.0593F..11 0.0
300.0 460.0 9 1.8 /
C
DATA ((COLLAJ(3I,J),Julte). 1=9.14) /
C
C HEAT OF VAFWMATION (1,99J)
173.8e16995 t 31.679476 12.64604 5.491606 t 0.0 o
290.0 t 0.0
C CRITICAL PRLS;URE0(3:10.J)
550.7 , 0.4i 0.0 0.0 t 305.620
a 305.67 t 0.0 1.0
C CRITICAL TE0WERATURE (3,11j)
305.6, 9 0.0 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0.0 1 0.0 190
C SURFACE TENSION (3.12tj)
14.16072E"3 t ..4.48193E".4 a1.454.37E 3.080388Ea5 '"30.0
Ai 85.0 , 0.0 100.0
C MOLECULAR WtIGHT (3$13J)
98.134 t 0.0 . 0.0 o 0.0 0.0
0.0 , 0.0 g 1.0
C DENSITY OF t2A5 I .GT. 180.0 (3.141J)
7.1110872e7 121.99685 . "15.04783Q. 8.48773310 180.0
0.6
10
30090 1 100.0 /
C
C VALUES FM8 H -11
C
DATA ((cDLLAJ(4.1,J)J=1,2) I81.8) /
C
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUID (4,10J)
015917 11 2.6813Ea4 a7.30278E7. 1.41282E9 "160.010
180.0 460.0 1.8
C THERMAL CONuUcT/V/TY OF LIQUID (4,2j)
0.11017 1148678E* 0.0 0.0 . -190.0.
.. 170.0 , 460.0 1.8
C DENSITY OF LIQUID (4.3J)
99.008881 9 -11.259941 2.978?4a -0.878413 . 0.0
480.0 . 0.0 10000
C VISCOSITY Or LIQUID (4,4,J)
a 1.55816 -6.782099E-3. 0.0 . 0.0 5.0
86.0 0.0 1.0
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS (4,5t,J)
0.0221277 6.19827E -4 ..9.74217El S.A9557E-10 "300.0.
422.0 460.0 1.8
C THERMAL CONIA-cTIVITY OF GAS (46J)
3.523g9E-1 . 1.320139E-2 -4.30365E-10. 0.0 -10.0 .
440.0 , n.0 . 1.0 ,
C DENSITY OF u4S I .LE. 180. (4,7,J)

0906945447 0.d23924 . 0.0977718 . 0.173871 0.0 .
180.0 0.0 9 100.0,
C VISCOSITY Or GAS (4.8,j)
46.27m09L3 10591F-4 .1.18liciF-8 0.0 60.0
460.0 460.0 1.8 /
C
DATA (fCrILLAJ(4I,J)Jc1b), 1=9,14) /
166
FUNCTION FLUID
C
C HEAT OF VAPuQIIATION (40,J)
45.085232 -14.186106 . 5.308430 -1.546601 000 o
300.0 0.0 9 100.0.
C CRITICAL PgtSSURIE (4.10J)
635.0 0.0 , 0.0 , 0.0 . 388.4 9
306,4 , 0.0
C CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (4,11,J)
388.4 . 0ou , 0.0 , 0.0 , 0.0
no 0.0 1'0 0
C SURFACE TEN6ION (412J)

1.253qE-J 0.4.) t 0.0 . 0.0 77.0 .
77.0 t 0.0 1.0
C MOLECULAR *t1OHT (4.13J)
137.30 0.0 090 0.0 0.0 t
0.0 0.0 1.0
C DENSITY OF "AS T .GT. Igo.
'92.1A8045 t 65.654767 w26.858A0q :4;10/43:847 1ens0
380.0 0.n 100.0 /
C
C VALUES FrR K -12
C
DATA ((COLLAJ(5I,J)J*16). 121.8) /
C
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUID (91,J)
0.00963113 2.32124E-3 -9.72540E-6 1.49532E -8 -140.0.
190.0 460,0 , 1.8
C THERMAL CONJLcTI V/TY OF LIQUID (5.2.J)
0.1191956 -2.64869E-4 , 0.0 . 0.0 -190.9,
170.0 460,0 101
C DENSITY OF LIQUID (9.3,J)
91.360742 -16.508114 , 8.107744 , -4.011931 0.0 .
230.0 0.0 100.0
C VISCOSITY Or LIQUID (5,4.J)
0.8227986 -2.41975E-3 . 0.0 0.0 5.0
m6.0 0.0 . 1.0
C 5rECIFIC HEAT OF GAS (5,5.J)
0.0270826 , 5.68820E-4 , -7.04559E-1 , 3.28112E-10 , -280.0,
620.0 460.0 1.8 ,
C THERMAL CONIATT/vITY OF (AS (5.6.J)
4.32403E-3 1.56487E-5 4.49608E-9 0.0 -10.0 .
422.0 n.0 1.0
C DENSITY OF "AS (5.7,J) T L.E 120.
0.618185 1.-118030 u.657718 , 0.657372 0.0
120.0 0.0 o 100.094
C VISCOSITY Or GAS (5.d,J)
-1.42232L-4 102202E'.4 -6.579E-6 0.0 -20.0
30090 460.0 1.A /
C
DATA t(COLLAJ(5IJ).J016) 1=9.14) /
C
C HEAT OF VAPu0ILATION (5,QJ1
69,75077 -19.608576 12.259566 '69112320 0910
220.0 0.0 100.0,
C CRITICAL PPLSSURE (5,10,J)
87.0 0.0 0.0 , 232.7
232.7 0.0 1.0
167
FUNCTION FLUID
C CRITICAL TEmkERATURE (5.119J)
232.7 0,0V t 0.0 , 0.0 0.0
Oen 0.0 1.0
C SURFACE TEN3ION (5.12,j)
6.076AF -4 r 0.0 0.0 0.0 770 ,
77.0 0.0 1.0
C MOLECULAR WtIGHT (51131J)
* 120.9, 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
Q. 0.0 1.0
C 11FNSITY OF itAs T.GT.120. (5.14J)
-91.1420.37 185.09023 -118.060571 26.021600 120.0
G30.0 n.o 100,0 /
C
C VALUES FnR 8..21
C
DATA l(COLLAJ ("IJ)"21.0). I21.8) /
C
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF LiQuIn (6.1.J)
0019511 1.14996E".4 000 0.0 9 -40.0
* 200.0 460.0 1.8 .
C THERMAL CONuUCTIVITT OF LIQUID (6,2+J)

0.121A04 *1.97276E** 0.0 0.0 t ..22600
26000 460en 1.8 9
C DENSITY OF LIQUID (6.3.J)

* 91051a567 *7.718318 '0.493034 . *2.574979E*1 00
160.0 0.0 100.0
C VISCOSITY Or LIQUID (6.6.J1
0.7744 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.0
77.0 0.0 . 1.0 .
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS (65JI
a 0.0537464 3.47156E".4 - 1.58035E -7 *6.39513E*11 '280.0o
802.0 460.0 1.8
C THERMAL CONuUcTIVITY OF GAF (8.8J)
3.970A69t-3 1.u96313E-s 1.7010668E-8. 0.0 -10.0
350.0 0.0 ,
1.0 0
C DENSITY OF uAs (6,7.,j)
0.0941431 , 0.2819718 0.142221 , 0.2096422 , 0.0
160.0 0.0 100.0.
C VISCOSITY Or GAS (6.0.J)
0.03872 4.49346E-4 -1.062081F-6. 1.014839E-9 t 20.0
J60.0 460.0 1.8 /
DATA I(COLLAJ(6tItJ).J210), 129.13) /

C
C HEAT OF VAPuPI2ATION (6.9j)
110.1A8107 1-1.949326 , 3.385672 . *2.340429 0.0
* 160.0 0.0 100.0.
C CRITICAL PRLSSURE (8.1n...)
* 75000 0.0 , 0.0 9 0.0 353.3
353.3 0.0 100
C CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (6.11.j)
353.3 9 0.0 . 0.0 , 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 1.0
C SURFACE TENSION (6.12,J)
1.2331F*J 0.0 000 0.0 770
+ 77.0 0.0 1.0
C MOLECULAR wt/GHT (8.13J)
168
FUNCTION FLUID
102.9,4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 n0 co 1.0 /
C
C VALUES FmR
DATA f(COLLAJ(7.1.J).Ji1vo1. 1=1.8) /

C
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUID (1.1J)
* 0.267,65 3.22637E5 1.93112E'"6 t 7.26552E*9 .'240.0t
* 180.0 460.0 1A
C THEWmAL CONut.CTIYITY OF LIAIII0 (7,2,J1
n*126,7gf t 2oc50075E4, 0.0 0.0 190.0
170.0 460.0 1.8
C DENSITY OF LIOUIU (703.J)
M4.371757 "16.502815 8.823d6Q 1.0779496 0.0
* 200.0 0.0 100.0
C VISCOSITY Or LIQUID (7,4J)
0.731118 ".2.031605E'3. 0.0 0.0 5.0
a 86.0 On 1.0 o
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS (705J)
* 0.071,69 2041204E*4 2.42847Ew7 3.99893E+10 II
280.0.
* 602.0 460.0 t 1.8
C THERMAL CONULCTIVITY OF GAS (7.6.J)
4.772788L-3 1.59521E''5 o 1o10618E-8 0.0 . '10.0 o
440.0 o 0.0 1.0
C DENSITY OF 'AS (7.7J) T LE. 100.
0.726772 1.S14130 , OoR51965 , 0.795574 0.0 11
* 100.0 0.0 100.0.

C VISCOSITY Or GAS (7' ,J)
7,950o896E-3. 108301E4 *1.075J3E'r 0.0 . 20.0
2000 460.0 1.8 /
C
DATA ((COLLAJ(71tJ),J*1.0). 1=9,141 /
C
C HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (7,9J)
95.1846695 28.174453 9 1601038944 9 w10008A017 0.0
200.0 0.0 . 100.0.
C CRITICAL PRESSURE (7.109J)
716.0 9 0.0 , 0.0 0.0 , 204.8 ,
204,8 0.0 , 1.0 9
C CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (7,11,J)

.9 204.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9
0.0 0.0 190
C SURFACE TENSION (7912.J)
9.7/1137tA4 , 0.0 , 0.0 , 0.0 , 77,0
77.0 0.0 1.0
C MOLECULAR WLIGMT (70139J)
I.86.48 t 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
* 0.0 . 0.0 9 1.0 9
C DENSITY OF uAS (7914,J) T .r,T. 100

52.5691 125.343439 , 9.1.8(321P , 24074907 100.0
e00.0 0.0 100.0/
C
C VALUES Or 0-113
C
DATA I(COLLAJCAIUlJ*1.61. 1=198) /
C
169
FUNCTION FLUID
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUID (8.1.J)
* 0.29901 ''J,.(1N126E*J 5.21678E-6 ,- 5.34447E -9 -20.0
180.0 1.8
C THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUID (9.2.J)
0.078151 0 '1.199158E''40 0.0 0.0 46.0
* 260.0 1.8 .
C sOWSiTY OF LIQUID (893,J)
104.416019 , -11.238686 , 2.953967 , -0.801080 , 0.0
410.0 0.0 100.0,
C VISCOSITY Or LIQUID (84J)
* 3.193504 0 *1.98074EAe 0.0 5.0
86.0 0 000 1.0
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS(8.50:
0.23405 0 *105032E4 t 3.6830E*8 A3.58501EA9 t 120.0
* 380.0 t 460.0 1.8 o
C THERMAL CONuLcTIVITY OF (AS (8.6J)

3.445m7E-3 9.912188E-0 3.1489375E-8. -2.04205E-11. -10.0
* 280.0 0.0 1.0
C DENSITY OF 'AS (80,j) T.L.E. 220.
* 0.025a934 0.1618394 0.0234743 0.1688063 0 0.0
220.0 0.0
. 0.022441e
VISCOSITY & GAS 41J)
, 3.258854E-4 .1.085246EA4, 5.184766E -6 , -20.0 ,
* 240.0 0 0.0 10()03,
C
DATA OCOLLAJ(81,J),J81,0) 1=9914) /
C
C HEAT OF VAPuRifATION (89J1
72.29c345 -14018336 4.676693 '1.272312 0.0
40000 ° 000 100.0
C CRITICAL PRtSSURE (810.J)
495.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 417.4
417.4 0.0 1.0
C CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (At 110J)
417.4 0,0 , 0.0 , 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 , 1.0 ,
C SURFACE TENSION
1.18518E-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.0
* 77.0 0.0 10 .
C MOLECULAR WtIGAIT (8013,J)

1P7.30 0.0 . 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 1.0
C DENSITY OF uA5 T .GT. 220.0 (8.14.J)
*169.A98621 179.724263 . 64.0237576 7.694612 220.0
* 10.0 ° 0.0 100.0/
C
C VALUES FAR R -114
C
DATA f(COLLAJ(9.Ij)J21.6),I=18) /
SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQuIn (9.1.J)
0.246 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.o
86.0 0.0 1.0
C THERMAL CONut,cTIvITY OF LIQUID (92J)
0.0811028 *1.4641E-4 0.0 0.0 0 -154.0.
260.0 460.0 1.8
C DENSITY OF LIOU/U (9.3.j)
170
FUNCTION FLUID
99.33425 t - 14.659307 5.8332145 . 2.234793 , 0.0 .
290.0 I 0.0 100.0
C VISCOSITY OP LIQUID (9,4J)
* 1.524442 7.709395E 0.0 0.0 5.n
go M6.0 o 0.0 1.0
c SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS (905J)
'0.02,24JA 1.0/4849E°.3 1.82865Eb 1015928E.09 600 9
"60.0 460.0 o 1.8 o
C THERMAL CONULDTIVITY OF GAS (9.6J)
9.18242E".3 t
4.194768E"'50 1015288E7 0.0
440.0 -10.0 ,
1 460.0 , 1.8 .
C DENSITY OF UAS I .LE.150.0 (9,7J)
* 002064509 1 005626075 0.292U512 U..1750146 0.0 t
150.0 1 0.0 100.0,
C VISCOSITY OP GAS (9.d.J)
* 0.017423 t 0.6.59571E0. 4.85185RE7 ''50151454E"'10. m1000
to
* 500.0 o 460.0 9 1.8 /

C
DATA ((COLLAJ(9I.J)Js101 I29.14) /
C
C HEAT OF VAPuR/fAT/ON (9,90J)
62.36408 1 I2.82155 5.44204 , 2.24406 0.0
* 280.0 0.0 100.0
C CRITICAL PRLSSURE (9.10J)
* 474.0 O.0 0.0
0 0.0 294.4
* 294.4 , 0.0 1.0
C CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (9.11,J)
* 294.4 O.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 -
0.0 + 0.0 1.0
C SURFACE TENSION (9,12,J)
04.222,8E."4 0,U , 0.0 0.0 , 77.0 ,
77.0 0.0 1.0 ,
C MOLECULAR WtIGHT (9.13.J)
17004 0.0 OU 0.0 000
0.0 0.0 100
C DENSITY OF "AS T .GT. 15010 (914J)
95.4,69b9 149.450850 o 76.087139 13030255 150.0
C90.0 0.0 100.0/
C
C VALUES FAR AMMONIA
C
DATA C(COLLAJ(10I.J)JIgA)I=1,81 /
C.
C.
SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUID (10,1J)
* .143504063 3.48930744 3022260957 .881624728 35.0
* 865.0 0. 100.
C THERMAL CONULCTIVITY OF L10ur0 (10.2.J)
* 005,1 o. 0. 80.0
220 1
C DENSITY OF LIQUID (10.3J)
4 45.8113641 ."2v.279378.0 14.3689381 ''4.06246371 . 40.0
270.4 t 0. t 10n.
C VISCOSITY OP LIQUID (1004J)
.63331198-J7 .'.17084935", .0334006820 -.00310940153,320 ,
400.0 0. 100.
C SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS (100J)
* .4657R0 1.09343E0.4 4.01395E -7 .1.48539E10 584,0
171
FUNCTION FLUID
675.0 469. 1.0
C THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GAS (106,j)
*3.9392,703E-.2,6.28272634E"3. 2.73493078E- 3, -3.1J9 72323E -4, 40.0,
500. , O. 100.
C DENSITY OF wAS (1017.J)
*4.58842441 1.61884660,1011.4401.8326L1 3.91848841 , 40.0
* 270,4 , O. 100.
C VISCOSITY OP GAS (10.8J)
* P.078A6234E2.4.d3037181134-3.07623940E4.03.8.7125531F°5o 32.0.
* 900.0 .0. ,100.0 /
C
DATA OCOLLAJ(10J)J.118),I=9.13) /
C
C HEAT OF VAP00/2ATION (10'99J)
* 8.50891319E203.509303912 2.454v35J9E2°7.39137416E1 40.0
* 270.4 9 0. 100.
C CRITICAL PRtSSURE (10100J)
1636417 0. 0 0. 21009 .
170.34 O. , 1
C CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (1011,J)
270.34 0. O. 0. O.
0. 0 I.
t
C SURFACE TENSION (1012,J)

6.094F-3 . +9.78E°6 o 0. 0. , 50.0 ,
100. 1 460.0 1'
C MOLECULAR WtIONT (10.13.J)
17.03p t 0. 0. O. 0. t
* 0. 0. 1' /
DATA (FLU4IllI51110)/"WATtRoo.RIS08UTANE".*N-RUTANEu OR°11"'"R'12"'
* "R..21*,"H0221609113".R°11*"."AMMONIA"/
C
DATAMIROP(IJ),J*1.3) I1.13)/
* "SPECIFIC HmemEAT OF LIQ"."UID U
41
THERmAL'CO"o"NDOCTIVITY".* OF LIQUID"
* 110ENSTTY OF"" LIQUIM "9"
* *V/SCmS/TY nssOF LIQUID "."
* "SPECIFIC H".EAT OF GAS".fl
"THERMAL COHONDOCTIVITY". 0F GAS
"DENSITY OF,,,,, GAS uo
*VTSCPIS/TY ", "OF GAS 110.
* UMW OF VA"onROR/2ATION"."
" CRITTCAL RuoIRESSURE ".
UCRITTCAL T"o"EMPERATURE"."
"SURFACE TEH NSION
* "MOLECULAR ", "WEIGHT Hos
C
C
C CHECK FO4 THOSE FLUIDS THAT HAVE TWO SETS OF COEFFICIENTS FOR THE
C DENSITY nF GAS
NPROP
NY. NFLUI0
C
IF(NF.F0.1 .08. NK.E0o6 .uR. NF.E0.10) GO TO 200
IFINP NE 7) GO TO 260
IF(TEND .RT. COLLAJ(NF.NPt)p NP:14
200 CONTIN,,E
172
FUNCTION FLUID
C
C CHECK RAmGEt 00 NOT CHECK CRITICAL PRESSURE OR CRITICAL
C TEMPERATURE
WARN* .FALSE.
IF(NP ER. 10 .OR. NP .EQ. 11) GO TO 220
IF(TEMo COLLRJ(NF,NP,A)) WARN: 'TRUE.
IF(TEM0 UT. COLLAJ(NF.NP+6)) WARN. .TRUE
22n CONTIR1tE
C
C ADJUST TrmPtPATURE
Ts (TEmPCOLLAu(NF,NP7))/COLLAJ(NF,NP,a)
C
FLU/D COLLAJ(NFOR,I) + LCLLAJ(NF,NP,2) *T + COLLAJ(NF,NP03)*Tg1+2
COLLAJNFoNP,4)*Ta,13
C
IF(.NOT, WARN) RETURN
C
C TEMPERATIIRE OUT OF RANGE, PINT WARNING
C
IF(FLA(; .NE. 2) RETURN
MOITE(A,I) TEMP, (PROP.(NPROP.I),IRI,3).
FLUID, FLU(NFLuID). COLLAJ
,i(NF,NPDOR,S), COLLAJ(NF,NwPOR,6),LOCAT
1 FORMATOW1,0,0WARNING**ow/
all THE INPUT TEMPERATURE (".F8.31") FOR DETERMINING THE
R (60.01,3 )o/ ".3A10,
*R FOR ;;,A901 IS OUTSIDE THE RANGE OF 10,t8.3,11 TO ", F8.3/
aft THE (-ALL TO FLUID WAS IN ",2A10 //)
C
RETURN
ENn
173
SUBROUTINE FREON
SURROUTINt FREON
EXTERNAL EFT2V2 FFT2V2
REAL KAY
COMMON /NAMLST/ LL1 LL3 LL4 LLS LL6
LL7 LLA LL9 0-10 LL11 LL12 o NUMFTF, ITEMS
.AC9FS , POIDATM DINJW CiNWCO FIW7PW, PWDIA
DEPTH PF WDEPTH
ARWEANt AVGWL t WeDS o PWTEMP, PREST DIA FLORAT
.ODS , PM CAC03 -11cLARS, CASFRC PRORAT NUMTYP WELSPC
MWTH STMFRC, FRCNPW, FmcEPW NYC , IPLANT, PSALVG
NFLASM. PCOND GRKW WaAT , 08AT t RI TCI
TEO/NT, TCOAFT, TCO
INJA
TLOOC TCOHC
RINJW , ALTNJW, PL/NJP 'SCRUB/ MIX
usu CINLAR INJW
PCTS
o
.STSEPR, PMFACTo IJPUNP WeN2S

o
LFLASH
WPCO2 WPCH4 WPONCG TOTNCGo
.ISEOP MtTHSL DLMETM, LIPHAS IDHPUM OHDEP IORILL IDRPNT
CMARAT, STATUS, SLNCST, IUR/GSo !PUNCH, DRILPR,
IAVWEL, DCPW DCNPW DLINJW, GROUP(50) t
LAGTYM(25,2) , UNIT(50) FTF(.50 D73::") .9
PePCNT(2) UN/T0(50) STRATAtdlo) TYPE(11) 9
INPUT.(70) LAG5(252) EVALUE(2)
EQUIVALENCE (PMWEOMW0(8)) (YR5,90(2)) (BN090(4)1
(RRRD(B)I (ORE(6)) (VOU0(115)) (ROYPAY0(27)),
(WDEPTH, "CLEM)
EQU/VAIENCE (FPCNPW.WORY) (AvGWLwLIFE) (WELARSIPWHO)
EQUIVALENCE (D(28)TMA/NT) (0(29)UMA/NTlo 4WELSPC,WSP)
EQUIVALENCE (STFRACSYmFRL)
INTESED GROUP, GASEJ STtEpR
REAL Nr
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NeXT FLAG1
INTEOED FLAG FLAG1
COMMON /BINARY/ SUPER NPLUIO WTI t
WT2 WT3 g 104
ESTWT4, WP1 wp3 CI's% CWT2 CWP1 CWP2 T1
72 TEST 1.25AYL T4 T4 TS PI P2
o 04 t PS , Hi M2 H2EST M25ATL 43
H4 , H5 g SI 5dEST 53 34 SVSATL 01
02 02EST t VI VeEST PINCHP, DIAOL WVELL DIAL
.WVELV . DLAVDIAOV WVELS o DIAS DIAOS
,
WVEL5C DIA5C
DIAOSC. PVELC t OIAC DIAOC FOULFI
FOULFQ BAR 0I50
NTAEX(1) HYACON. TAPRCH WTFOUR, APPCOR APPCT APPHX
GELPHX, PINSUB, PiNSUP, PUNE', RANGE
LOGICAL SUPER
C"ICOMMON FmR THE FREON CONSTANTS
COMMON /FNECON/ AL BL CLmL ELoA BFRoCUFR,E,FRioSBA2,82C2A3,83
stE3,A4,84oC4tAS,139,C9tA6006,C60KAT,ALPHA,HCA,NC8oMCCoNCOOCF,XFR
reYFR,Pc,71.,VC
COMMON /RQNCOM/ TERM1 TEP1m2 SAVTV(2) JFLAG DEL (2) OLDRI
DIMENSION FX(2)9IR(3),FACeet
IPCNTwl
DELOLDu0.0
2'0.16i0S3
PINCHP5PINSUB
RCRIImicLUID(10 NFLUID 0.0 usueRourrNt, m FREONH)
TeprtarLuio(11, NFLUID 0.0, uSUBROUTINts m FREONw)
CA0e4DETERNINF PE, SVSATL AND H2tATL
P2LOG0vPRtSA(T2SATL459.6()
P2'10tooULOG
IF(FLAn .E0. 2) PRINT 12 P2
12 FORmAT("0P2TURBINE EXHAUST PRESSURE (PSIA0,651PE14.6)
174
SUBROUTINE FREON
IF(NFLUID.E0.4 .00. NFLUIu.E0.7 .OR, NFLUIO.E0.10)

OSAT ONLIOACT2SATL+4590671
IF(NFLUID .E0. 5 0R. NFLuID .EO. 9) OSAT:ONLIOB(T2SATL499.67)
IF(NFLuID .E0. 6 .0R. NFLuID .E0. 8) DSAYNONLIOC(T2SATL459.67)
SVSATL1.0/0SAT
SVSATVRol(T2SATL459.67)/°2
MAX420
1R0 CONTINUE
ESTP2IgrOSTAP(T2SATL+459.6(o SVSATV, 0.0)
DELPmEsTP2-P2
IF(A9S(DELP) .LT. 0.9 )GU TO 185
MAX4aMAXA +1
IF(HAX4 40) STOP FRLON1WAX4"
SVSATV:SVSATV*(1.0+DELP/Pd)
GO TO 180
185 CONIINHE
H2SATVIIHVAP(T2SATL456;67 SIFSATV. P2)
SDPDTHyPRES5(P2o T2SATL409.67)
SOHVAP:210SDPOTo(TiSATL45v.67)*(SVSATVSVSATL)
M2S4T1.2)42ATVSOMI,AP
IF(FLAG IBM). d) PR/NT 1133. H2SATL
13 FORHAT(H0M2SATLSATURATED LIOUID ENTHALMY OF WORKING FLUID (BTU /L8
)".T65,1Pt14.6)
P1 a PrNEP
IF(PONFP.RT.0.) GO TO 199
C ** *ASSUME A VALUE OF INLET PRESSURE P1 TO 9E(itN ITERATION
Pla100.0
IF (NFLUIO.EG.8) 012200.
IF (NFLUIU.EGo10) P111600
IFUNFLUI0 .E9. 4 .01. NFLUID .EQ. 8) Ti ,LT, 25nf
199 MAXs0
200 CONTINUE
IF(.NOT. SUPER) GO TO 203
IF(PONFP.(1T.0.) GO TO 201
Pl°1000.0
IF(1.9*PCR/T 1000.0) PIA105 PCRIT
201 PINCMPaPINSUP
203 CONTINUE
MAX vo mAX1
IF(FLAm.E12.2) PRINT 3. MAA. Pit PINCHP
3 FORMAT( "WERATION NO. ".I'." FOR P111/
1,0121THRBINE INLET PRESSURE tPS/A).T55IPE14.6,
100pINEwpNEAT ExEFIANOER PANCNpOINT (DEG. F).;65t1pE14.6)
Cotio.REFOPE OFTERMINING MI, NEED TO FIND VI
C*ESTIMATE VI USING IDEAL GAS LAW
VIaRe(TI459.67)/P1
MAXI*0
220 CONTIM,,E
PESTV*FOSTAP(T1499.67. V. 0.0)
IF(ABS(PESTV P1) .LT. 0.5 / GO TO 240
MAXIaMAX1 1
IF(PAAX1 .GT. 40) STOP "MAAI"
VIHVI*(1.0(RESTVPI)/P1)
G0 TO 2E0
240 CONTINUE
H1sHVAP(T1459.67o VI. P1)
SINSVAR(T1459.67, V. 0.u)
175
SUBROUTINE FREON
IF(FLAII.E0.2) PRINT 2, Vlo Hlo Si

2 FoRmei"ovi-TURBINE INLET SPECIFIC VOLUME (CU.FT/LB)"T65IPE14.6/
v00410TR9INE INLET ENTHALPY 413TU/L8$01T65.1PE14.6/
1051THP5INE INLET ENTROPY (IITU/L8 /DEG.-F)",T6501PE14406/
10ITERATION TO DETERMINE TEMPERATURE AND SPECIFIC VOLUME AT STAGE
aeSTOf
S'EsTel
Clooloi5OLYE FOP T2EST AND w2EST USING MATHLIB KNOWING P2 AND S2EST
N=2
FA(1 11)=10000
FA(2,I)=0.1
TOLs0.01
PRNy=0
IP(1),I00
FX(I)=559.67
IF(NFLI/D .EG. 4 .OR. NFLUID .EQ. 5) FX(1)=659.67
FX(2)=1.0
TERM12122
XXS2EST
254 CONTINE
SAVTV(1)=0.0
SAVTV(7)80.0
JFLABRA
CALL RONWT(FX, N. EFTPV2. PRNT. TOL. /Po RMS. FA)
IF(JFLAG 'EQ. of BO TO 255
em*ERROR
MAXE=MAXEAI
IF(MAXF .07. 10) STOP =MON MAXE"
"(1)°=AVTV(1)DEL(11
Fx(2)snEL(21
GO TO ?54
255 CONTIN,,E
TEESTAFX(1) 459.67
V2EST=FX(2)
IF(FLAn .t.40. 2) POINT 1, 12EST. V2EST
I FORMATi=0T2ESTIDCAL TURBINE EXHAUST TEMPERATURE (DEG. F)moT65
IPE14.0V
100v2EST-WEAL TURBINE EXHAUST SPECIFIC VOLUME (CU.FT/L8)",T65.
IPE14.6)
H2ESTsmVAP(T2eST459.67, V2EST, P2)
CALL wFFRT(GISO. M2. SOPEm, GPKW. T1, His M2EST, H2SATLe TcR/T)
IF(SUPFR) GO TO 34.0
Cis ileETeRmINF T4 ASSUME STARTINU VALUE OF 100.
T4=100.
MAX2110
IF(FLAn .E0. 2) POINT 9. w/SO. H2EST. HZ
q FORMAT'OGOISOWORKING FLUID FLOW RATE (LB/1-00.765o1PE14.6/
=0P42ESTIUEAL TURBINE EXHAUST ENTHALPY (IITU/LO)",T6511PE14.6/
0M2TBINE EXHAUST ENTHALPY (STU/L5)"765.1PEI4.8)
260 CONTINE
:14.::;sV7RESA(74.459.67)
00*PLOG
IF(ABS(P4CST PI) .LT. 0.5 P GO TO 280
MAX2=MAX2 I
IF (MAX? *UT. 4n) STOP "MAA2"
T4sT4*(10 0.5(P1P4EST)/P1)
176
SUBROUTINE FREON
GO TO '60
280 CONTINUE
75wT4
PAIPP1
Psupl
C".1OETeRM/NE. Vb TO RE kSED IN CALCULATING PS
V9oiR*(T5459.67)/P5
MAX340
300 CONTINUE
PESTVFOSTAP(7548987, Vb, 0.0)
IF(A8S(PE5TVP5) .LT. 0,5) GO TO 320
MAX3aMAX3 1
IF (MAX, *(UT. 40) STOP mMAA3u
V5vg.(1,0 4PESTVP5)/Pb)
SO TO 300
320 CONTINUE
MbeHVAP(T5459,67, VS. PS)
OPOTRVPRES8(PS, T549967)
IF(NFLOIDEG.4 OR, NFLUIUEGO .OR. NFLOID.E0.10)
0L5 oNLIQA(7049987)
IF(NFLUIO ,EQ. 5 R NFLUID EG 9) OLbwONLI08(T449967)
IF(NFLU/D E(2 6 OR NFLCIO E0. 8) OL54ONL/OC(T4.459.67)
VI:Sa1p/0LS
DPVAP**OPOT4,474459067)*(vS4VLS)
/44aPS'6OHVAP
CeOETERM/NE H3 AND 73
340 CONTINUE
P3wPI
CALL PuMP(T3. H3, T2SATL, H29A7L, P2. P3, NFLO/D, SVSATL)
IF(SUPFR) GO TO 400
WT3wT4P/NOHP
ES7104WWT3*(HI H3)/(MI.H4)WT1*(113H4)/(RIH4)
GRATuOiSO4(H1°H3)Y(W71ES)WT4)
IF(FLANER.2) PRINT Alo V5 HS. OPOTo OLS VLS, DMVAPo H4. 1073.
ESTW74, GMAT
4 FORMAT(P0VsSATORATED VAPUR SPECIFIC VOLUME (CUFT/L8)",765.1PE14.
6/110M5.SATURAVED VAPOR EN)mAPY (STU/L8)R.T6bo1REI4W
400OPOT.DERIVATIVE of PRESSURE AS FUNCTION OF TENPERATUpEN065
RE14.6/HOOL5.SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY (LO/CUFT)w.T65,IPE14.6/
0VL9"IATISRATED VAPOR SPECIFIC VOLUME (CU.FT/L8)e.T65,1PE14,06/
110DHVARHEAT OF VAPORIZATION (8TU/L8)".785,IPE1406/
0H4- SATURATED LIRUI0 ENTHALPY (8%/01)".765,1PE4406/
ROWT3wATER TEMPERATURE At pREMEATER INLET orl.,Te5w1pE14.6,
0EsTifT4AcTuAL MATER TEMPERATURE AT PREMEATER EXIT (F).T65,
IPEI4.6/"0GWA7.WATER FLOW RATE (LEI/HR)01165,IPE146)
PRINT yo MAX, ()ISO GMAT, T1, TlEST. T3. 14 ;S. Ply P2o P4. PS,
V2rSTo V5
7 FoRwAT:(10CYCLE CONDITIONS FoR ITERATION NO,".IS/MOGISOWORK/NO
ID FLOW RATE (L8/MR)0.,40.1PE146/400WATMOTNERMAL FLUID FLOW RAT FLU
(LE/mR)v,T41,1RE13.6/6XH(EXCLUDINO SALT)"/
A0WoRKtNO FLUID CONOIT/ONsA/A0TEMPERATURES",
2 TIOOTITURGINE INLETw, 140,1m4.6,
3 T100T2EST-TURSINE OUTLE) (IDEAL) ", t40,1Pe14.6/
4 TIOOT3PREPEATER INLET ".
S T10074VAPOYIZER INLET"
6 71007SSUPEa HERTER INLET". .6_ wo PRESSURES"/
7 71001217UREIINE INLET", 4' 4010E1406/
177
SUBROUTINE FREON
8 T10. Ap2ATURRINE EXHAUST.', 40,111E1446/
9 T100P4-YAPOR/ZER INLET" 140 1RE1496/
A 710 A5-SUPER HEATER INLET "' T40.1PE1016/
HOSIDECiFIC VOLLJNEA/
9 T10. tIvl-TURBINE INLET ,., 14041RE1496,
C Tle0v2EST-TORBIFIE OUTLET (IDEAL)", T40,1PE14.6/
E T10 "v5-RUPE HEATER INLtTH9 T40,1PE146/FOENTWALPY)
PRINT 109 HI, H2. H2EST "3, HA, S. 51+ 92E919 WT1 1113
EgTva
16 FORMAT"(
1 7100HI-TURBINE INLETu4 T4040E14.6/
2 710042-TURBINE EXHAUST". T40.1PE14.6/
3 T10 w2EST-TURBINE OUTLET (IDEAL) ", T40.1PE14.6/
4 T100,43-RREHEATER INLET", T40,1PE14.6/
5 T10 11144-VAPORIZES t40.1Pe1496/
6 7100,45 -SUPER HEATER INLLTH)
7 T100c1-TURBINE INLET ", ;:::1::1:::/s0ENTRopyft,
8 710 92EST-TORSIME OUTLET (IDEAL) ", T440,112E146/
9 "OGEOTHERNAL FLUID C0NDIII0NS"/"OWATER TEMPERATURES/
A T10,INT1ASUPER HEATER INLET*, T4041PE1446/
9 T10003wPRENEATER INLET". T40.1FE1496/
C TIOONTAIPPREMEATER EXIT (PRESET)", t40.1PEI496/
D T10FSTFT4ARREHEATEP EXIT (ACTUAL)", T40,1PE1446)
IF(PONEPOT404) GO TO 400
CALL RmNEIDELOLD DELNEW. POLO, PI. PcR17, WT4 ESTINT44 PINCI4P
IFLAG, IPCNT)
1F(MAX .GT. 40) STOP "MAX"
GO TO(360* 200. 4110)9 IFLAG
360 CONTINUE
PINcHR;(wY4,0(HI H4)-uTis(m3-W4)-T4(41.,13))/(HI-N3)
SF(PINcHP .LE. 3091 90 TO 200
coossuPeRcwItnAL CYCLE
IF(FLA9 .EQ. g) PAIN! II. PINCHP, PI
11 FORmAT00SUPERcRIY/CALuPtvPINcHPIR121",1P2E14.81
SUPERu.TR6E,
AO TO ?00
400 CONTINUE
CsioKNOuING (22 AND H2 DETERMINE T2 AND V2
Nu2
TERM10122
TERN2uN2
IA(1.1)=10064
TOL:0.01
ItIRNTu0
IF(1)11-100
Fltt1lit12EST 459.67 25.0
FX(2)4w2EST
460 CoNT1NuE
SAVTV(1)2040
SAVTV(p):0,11
OLA840
MAXF0
OLORIlon40
CALL RnNwT(FX. N. FF72V2, PRNTI TOL, IP, RMS, FA)
IF(JFLAG tEQ. 0) GO TO 47v
mAXFamAxF1
178
SUBROUTINE FREON
IF(MAXF .0T. 10) STOP FRtON MAXF
FX(11egAVTV(1) 0E01)
FX(21cAVTV(21 DELI2)
IF(FX(p) LE. 0.0) FX(2)=SAVTV(2)
GO TO 460
470 CONTINUE
Ta,X(1) 459.67
14:FX(p)
RETURN
ENO
179
FUNCTION FUG
FUNCTInN FUG(RHOoTeS1oS2,S3,S455,GAMMA)
CAlseFUGAS/TY EQUATION
AAND2snAmNA*RMOlo2
FI*1.0..5*GAMB2GAMMA**2*mM010.4
FtsEXP(GAM02)
FUGaS1*ALOG(RHOsSI).2.*RHW*S21.5*RHO,0*d*S31.2*RHO**5*S4.S5/
1 OANNA:(1.0-F1giF2)
RETURN
ENO
180
FUNCTION HEQST
FUNCTION mEOST(To 0)
CcoENTMALPY EQUATION OF STATE
CioCOMMON FmR THE BUTANE CONSTANTS
COMMON /BUTANE/ AO. AZERO, A-819 A82. A83. A841. 88. 8ZER0. 88Io
11429 R83, 884, CUR°. OZtPO. EZERO, SMA, SMRS, SMC. SMD. ALPHAS.
GAMMA, PM/. 8UTMW. RP
TS030*.12
OSQ1102
RT:ReT
8AM02=mAMMAOS0
IF(GAMm2.6T.225.) EXRGAMau.
IF(000m2.LT.0.001) EXPGAM81.
IF(9AMo2.LE.2d5 ANO. GAm02.GEo06001) tXPOAMOEXP(OAM02)
NECIST*mill(dZERO*RTm2.40AZERU41*CIERO/TSQ*S.*OZEPO/T10030.6o*EZERO/T
6.4).mS0)02.*(2.415MSR*RT...4.41SMA4.*SMO/T).ALPMA8010,0105/501(6,*SMA*
p tSMm/T) SMC/QAMMA/TS0(3.( 3. .5GAM02OAMMA*24104)EXPGAm)
RETURN
ENO
181
FUNCTION HIDEAL
FUNCTInN mI0EAL(T)
GAc ENTHALPY
CoCOMMON FrIP THE BUTANE CONST*NTS
COMMON /BUTANE/ AU, AZERO. A81. AB2, ABJ. A134. BB, BZERO, BRI*
* 892. 083+ B84, CUP°. DZLRO, EZERO, SMA. SM819. SMC, SMO, ALRHABI,
GAMMA, PH/, BUTMW, RR
HIDEALIRAR ARIIPT AR2*T**2 AB3*T**3 AB4*T**4
RETURN
ENO
182
FUNCTION HTAREA
FUNCTIrN mTAREA(GISO NI, H2 U, wT FT)

C
C FUNCTION DETERMINES AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER
C AREA
C GISn- FLUID FLOW RATE
C HI- ENTHALPT AT /NLtT
C He- ENTHALPY AT EXHAUST
C U OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C. TLMn- LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
%MD a (WT-FT)/ALOG(WT/FT)
MTAREA a WISO * (N1-$21/U/TLM0
C
RETURN
END
183
FUNCTION HTCOEF
FuNcTInN HTCOEF (COND, DIA, PRANO, REYNU, EXPN)
C
C FUNCTION DETERMINES HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIFNT
C CONn- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
C DIA. DIAMETER
C PRANO- PRANoTL NUMBER
C REYNO- PEYNOLDS NUMBER
C EXPIN -EXPONENT. a 0.3 WHEN FLUID IS BEING COOLED.
C 2 0.4 WHEN FLUID IS BEING HEATED
C
HTCOEF = 0.023 COND / DiA PPANOEXPN REYND*0.8
C
RFTuRN
ENO
184
FUNCTION HTLNGH
FUNCTION HTLNGH(HTA 0/A01 TUBLN)
C
C FUNCTION COMPUTES THE HEAT IRANSFER LENGTH
C HTA. AVERAGE HEAT TRUNSFER AREA
OIAm- OUTSIDE DIAMETER
C TusFN- NUHOEP OF TURES
C
HTLNGH HTA / 3.1416 / DIA() / TUBEN
C
RETURN
END
185
FUNCTION HVAP
FUNCTI,,N NVAP(TV9P)
COMMON /BINARY/ SUPER , NLUI09 wTI WT2 WT3 , WT4
ESTWT4 WW1 wP3 C*T1 CWT2 CwP1 CWP2 T1
11 TeEST T2SATL9 T4 TS P1 P2
P3 P4 P5 Hi MPEST , Hp5ATL9 043
H2
H4 Hb S1 ScEST 54
r 53 SVSATLI DI
02 OdEST V 9 PINCHP, WVELL
YctsT OTA DIAoL
WVELV DIAV DIAOV ir
wvELs
DIAS WVELL SC, nIASc
DIAOSC, PVELC DIAC FOULFI FOULFQ, BAR
olAoc GIS()
MTAEX(1) HTACON ImpacH ierFouR ApPCON APPCT AppHX
.DELPHX PINSUO, PINSUP PVNFP RANGE
LOGICAL SUPER
REAL JAY
REAL KAY
C***COMPION F,P THE FREON CONSTANTS
COMMON /FRECON, AL,P CL049EL A,BFP9C9UFP,E9F9P95139A2,1329O2A3983
.99C39A4,849C49As9B59CB9A69069C6 9KAY9ALPHA,HCA9MCR9HCC9HCD9HCF,XFP
itYFRoPe9TL9V0
JAY9091(6053
ONEsVcR
TWOmeen*ONE4.92
THRFE=1.0*ONF+9,3
FOUR=4.0*ONEw904
EXPAVwm90
PART4*()0
AVwALP4A * V
IF(AV .GT 230.) 30 TO 22u
C**91FOR R129 R21 P1139 AND P114 A6 AND ALPHAIRO.n
IF(ALPwA EG. (I.') GO TO eco
ETPAVrXP(AV)
PART499(190/EXPAV)*(A6/ALPmA)
220 CONTINUE
PAPTIsmCA*T (HCE09T.912)/e9 4 (HCC *T * *3)/3. (HCD*T**4)/49HCF/T
1 JAV.p4v
PAPT5*A2/ONE A3/TWO + Aw/THPLE 45 /FOUR
PAPT6=JAY*EXP(KAYsT/TC)*(190KAY*T/TC)
PART7sM2/ONE C3/TWO C5 /FOUR
IFINFLu/0E0.10 PAPT7 *PAKT7C4/TMPEE
NVAPwPAPTi JAT4(PAPTSPAR14)PAPT6*PARTFXFP
RtTURN
END
186
SUBROUTINE LOSSES
SURROUT/NE LOSSES(T WLOS LIAOwIQcooRIINHD.L.IPUPAP,RPKLOS.
aNPW,DMDKW,FRCEPW)
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG , NL)4T FLAGI
INTEGER FLAG FLAG'
C
C
C THIS POUTINt CALCULATES THE TOTAL KILOWATT LOSS (TKWLOS)
C ATTRIRUTABLL TO
C I. COALING TOWER FANS (FAvoRt
C 2. COmOENSATE PUMPS (CPKw)
C 3. COOLING WATER PUMPS (LKWK)
C 4. RETN.JtCT/ON PUMPS (RJAw)
5. 80mSTtP PUMPS FOR OVEAPPESSURIZING WATER (8PKLOS)
C 6. DOWNHOLE PUMPS TO PREVENT TWO PHASE FLOW (OHPKWT)
C
INPUT PARAMETERS
C CTA COALING TOWER AIR FLOW PATE
C OWI - COOLING WATER FLOW RA1F INTO THE TOWER
C nc - TOTAL COOLING WATER RtGUIREMENT
C OR/ RETNJLCTION RATE
c WP PRESSURE OF WATER LEAVING GROUND
C
REAL m0FOEFF
C
C CONSTANTS
C PT TOTAL PRESSURE
DATA PT / 100 /
C EFFT TOTAL FAN EFFICIENCY
DATA EFFT / .79 /
C MPF POWER FACTOR
DATA MoF / .90 /
C MEFF COOLING TOWER FAN MOIOR EFFICIENCY
DATA MEFF / .90 /
C CP0m CONDENSATE PUMP PRESSURE (FT. OF H201
DATA Co0H / 45.n /
C CWEFF cONUENSATE RUMP EFFICIENCY
DATA CWEFF / 0.85 /
C CWOM COALING PATER PUMP PRESSURE (FT. OP Hp())
DATA CwDM / 92.269 /
C CWEFF COOLING WATER PUMP cFFICIENCY
DATA CwFFP / 0.85 /
C FACTOR -
DATA FACTOR / 2.6572E6 /
C RJEFF REINJECTION PUMP EFFICIENCY
DATA RJEFF / *Al /
C
C
C
C COOLING rOWtR FANS
C FAN RRAKF HORSEPOWER
FSHPwCTA * PT / 6356.n / ti-FT
C KW PEOUIoED FOP FANS
FKWRsFAHP 0.7457 / (MEEt * MPF)
C CONOENSA+E PlimPS TO COOLING TOWER
CPKWw0w/ * CPUH / CPEFF / FACTOR / MPF
C COOLING wATLR PUMPS
CwKWwQc * CWOH / CWEFF / "'ACTOR / MPF
187
SUBROUTINE LOSSES
C PEINJECTTON PUMPS
C OJDM RFINJECTION PUMP PRESSURE
C OnNVt0T FROM PSIA TO FT6 OF 20
RjOm s SO 27.6807 / 1241
PJKWwo.
Ii(IJPWAPNF0)PJKW=OPPIRP.JOH/PJEFF/F4CTUP/MPF
C DOWNmoLE PUMPS
DMPKWT = FLMAT(NPW)wOMPKW/i16FRCEPW)
C
C TOTAL KIIOWATT LOSS
TKWLOS-FKwp CPKW CWKW PJKW RoKLUS OHPKWT
C
IF(FLAn6Nt6n) WPITE(6.1) KWR6CPKwoowKwogjxwoilPKLISOMPKWT
RETURN
1 FORmAronK/LOWATT LOSSES,
I AXOFANS, iSn'1PE1466/
2 6X, "C,.NDtNSATE PUMPS TO COOLING TOWER" ISA, E14.6/
3 eX,wOmOLING WATER PUMPS, TSO, E140.6/
4 6XORFINJECTION PUMPS", ISO, E146/
9 00 108,10SIFp PUMPS To ovEmppEsSuRIZE WATEgo T5O, E14.6/
6 6X,"OnWNHOLE PUMPS TO pRtvENT TwO pHAst clown, ISO, E14.6)
ENO
188
FUNCTION OHTCOE
FUNcTInN UHTc0E(DI4O. Hici. DIA, KALUM, HTc0,1 FOULFI, FOULFO)

C
C FUNCTION DETERMINES OVERALL--,4EAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
DIAn- OUTSIDE DIAmETEK
HTcT- INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C OIA- INSIDE DIAMETER
C KALUm- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CARBON STEEL
HTCn OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C FnULFI,INSIDE FOHLINu FACTOR
Fnuo,n-ouTsToF FOULING FACTOR
REAL KALUm
c
OHTCOE, (UIAO/HTCi/DIA u/A0/2.0/KALUm ALOG(DIAO/DIA)
1.0/H,C) FOULFI FOULF0)(-1.n)
C
RETURN
ENO
189
SUBROUTINE OPBIN
SOHROUTINt nPHTN
EXTERNAL bFT20?
COMMON /NAmLST/ LL1 , LL2 LL1 LL4 LL5 LL6
LL7 LLB , LL9 LLIO t LLI1 LLI2 NUMFTFt ITEMS
AepEs AmwEpw, AvGwL WPOS PwTEmP PpFST DIA FLORA'',
OUS Pm caul
wtt.pRs, CASFPC, PPDRAT, NUMTYP, WELSPC,
PmwTH STmERC, FRCNRW, NYC
PmWTm STMFRC, FIPcNR F0cFPw, NYC NC , !PLANT, PSALVG
NPLASk. PLOND GRKW wo4T OBAT R RI Tel
TcOiNT. TLoAFT. ILO TL(,0C TcoHc GASEJ EINLAB INJW
INJP R1Nj4 PLINJW PLINJP ISMS, MIX PCTS LFLASH
STSFPW. PNFACT TJPUMPo *"2S 9 WPCO2 9 WPCH4 WPONCGt TOINCG
IGFoP mtTHSL. OLMFTH, LTMHAS, IDHP0m DmDEP 'DRILL, /DRpNit
+CHAPAT, STATUS, SLN(7ST, Io),(I6S IPUNcH gpioR
IAVwEL, DuPw OLNPW DLINJW, GROuP(50) ITEX(50)
LAnTYf?So2)
14 UNII(50) FTF(S0) 0135)
DINPUTOn) LAGS(25,2)
, EVALUE(2)
EOUIVAIENLE (RmwEtDmw,D(8)) (YRSD(k)) , (OND90(4))
(PPRD(5)) (RPE0(6)) (VOU.D(10)) (POYBAY90(27))
(wDEPTuoPlICLEN)
EOUIVAIENLF (FPCNAW,MORY) , (AVGwL.*LIFE) (WELPBS,PWHO)
EOUIvAIENCE. (D(2B)TMA/NT) (0(29)UMAINT). (WELSReWSR)
EOUIvAIENLE (STFRActSlmFBc)
INTEGED GWO('P, GASEJ. STStMP
RtAL Nr
INTEGEO FLAG FLAGI
COMMON /BINART/ SUpEW NI'LuID wTI WT2 liT3WT4
ESTwT4 WP1 wR3 CwT1 CWT2 CWP1 CWP2 , Ti
P1 P4 PS kl H2 H?EST o M2SATL, H3
H4 kb S1 Sel-.ST S3 S4 SVSATL Ol
O2 DeEST VI BINCHP. WVELL
VitST DIAL DIAOL
.WVELV (114V DT4OV , OIASWVtLS
OTAOS wVELSC1 DIASC
+OIAOSC, PvEIC (MAC FOULFI, FOULED, OAR
01A0c OISO
HTAFX(1) HTAeON. TAHRCh wTFOUR, APPCON APPCT APPHX t
+0tLPHX. PINSUB, P1NSUP, PuNEP RANGE
LOGICAi' SUPER
COMMON /BUTANE/ Ali, AlEBO, 48I A82t AB3t AB4. 88, FIZEPO. 881,
PP?' 0E:43, EIP4o CUP°. DZERS .ZERO, SMA, smse SMC, skip. ALPHAR.
5AmmA, PM!, BUTPW, OP
COMMON /RWNCOM/ TEpml TERM ? SAVTV(2)4, JFLAG DEL(2), OLDP1+
OIMENSiON FX(2), kP(8). FA(P,8)
TrEPOse.wT1
PZ=45.
Pw=PTon(De.T2S4TL459674HOL)
SVSOLvi.o/PHOL/mUTw
WeS4TL=HEQST(T?S4fL+459.6,0PHOL)/PHIHIUE4L(T2SATL*459667)
!F(OT), .AT. 350.) GO TO lou
UEFFMamo
SPI=0.
ST120.
Pl=PP*10.
In CONTINmE
S1=1.14
444?
Fol(1o1I=Iu00.
190
SUBROUTINE OPBIN
TOL=0.11
PMNT20
IR(1)210i
IF( 141 .Lt. 150.) FX(1)=II.A.P1+500.
IF( P1 .01. 150.) FX(1)=0.3P8*P14,575.
Fx(2)=0.36
TF.RM1=P1
TjAt14-2P1%*r(rX,NtriFT2DP.PRNT,TOL,IP*RMSO.A)
T12 FX(1)459.67
01=FX(?)
H1=MEGST(114459.67,01),PHI.HIOEAL(T14.454,67)
S2EST=;1
N22
FA(1.1)=10(10.
TOL=00n1
oRNI=0
TP(1)210%)
FX(1)25597
FX(2)2.01J
Th9M12P2
TERM2252E5T
CALL RON*T(FX,NOFT20?.PRNTIITOLoPeRMSO'A)
TdEST2FX(1)459.6I
02EST=FX(d)
142EST=HE'45T(T2EST4459.67,07EST)/PMI,MIOLAL(T2EST4.459,67)
CALL 2FFRT(OIS0012,SUPEP,GRKW.T1,141tH2EST,H2SATOTCR/T)
T42TFOI1R(P1eOLIGOVAPNFLUIO)
H4=HEOST(T44459.67,0LI0) /0414MIDEAL(T4.0059.67)
PINCHP=15.
OW21/S0*(m1. H4)/(MTIT4-PINnHP)/101
WT4=WT1C4ISO*(-11.*M2SATL5.)/OW
;JEFF2()T50*(41 M2(P1 P2)*SVCATL*.2198(1.12.-(2SATL) III,024917)/01,101
40.01*(WTIT7ER0(T7E(40+459.67).ALOGUWT1+459.671/(TZEPO+459,67)1)
IF(OEFF *LT. UEFFM) GO TO en:
uEFFmallEF0
SP1=01
sT1=T1
012P12n
/F(01 .GT Gn TO IOn
GO TO 10
Pn pONFTP=NSPI
coN/ur
T=sT1
I
o NSmiiPINC.412
5012042.F'
G0 TO ?no
lot) SIPER=.T
TimtwT1.20.
PINsuP=Icn.
IF(*TI .0!. 400.) GO TO Ion
5121.1k
N5=0
Ol2.23
11n r:ONTINIT
NS2N54.1
s1kT=sEuST(T14,459.67.01)/wHI+5I0EAK
191
SUBROUTINE OPBIN
S1ESTmcF05T(T1 459.67,01)1)4HISIDEAL(T1.459.67)
IF(AUS/SILST51) .LT. 0.01) GO TO I2n
IF(Ns .6T. 10) STOP "NS MAXI'
p1=01(1...(51EST-S1)/51)
0 To 110
170 CONTINHF
PI=PFOQT(r1.459.6T.01.0.)
PnNrP=n1
IP(P01 .LT. )500.) Go To 2uo
140 PONFP=150)).
2mn cnwr INHE
1.1kTuRN
FNP
192
FUNCTION PEQST
FUNcTInN PEOSI(1.9 Ot P)
C***COMMON FnR THE BUTANE CO4STANIS
COMMON /BUTANE/ AU, AZEPO ASP A82, A83 A84, 86, BZERO. 8919
BR2o o83, 994s CZERO, 07cRO, EZEPO, SMA, SMB8, SmCt SMO, ALPMAR,
* t3AMMA, DnI, BUTMW, RR
RT:1413111T
ISO:70.2
OSOle0**2
GAM2DAAMMA*041.2
IF(GAN,D.GT.225.) EXPGAMsu.
IF(GAMpn.LT.0.001 EXPGAM=1.
IF(OAM,O.LE.2e5. .AND. GA.,2n.GE.0.001) t2PGAMaEXP(GAMp0)
PEOST0nirRI OSOIRZERO*RIAfEROCZERO/TS002ERO/T003EZERO/I**4)
1 D",*(SM8B0RTbMASMO/11 4 ALONABons*614(SMASMO/T)
2 SmCions+J/TS0.0(1.0640420)+EXPGAM P
RETURN
ENO
193
SUBROUTINE PONE
SUBROUTINE PONE(OELOLO, OLLNEW POLD, P1, PCRIT, wTA, ESTWT4,

PINCH'', IFLAS, IRCNT)
C 4PoUTINE nETERM/NES IF P1 IS CONVERGING ANU IF IT ISN'T, THE PrNcHP
C4 4/5 INCREISEU,
ORLNEW:ESTWT4 - WT4
POLD8P1
IF(OEL,ILD .E0. 0.0) GO TO 200
IF(A8S(DELNEW) .LT. 1n.) uC TO 300
IF(SIOOlooDELOLD) ,NE. SLGN41.,OELNEW)) GO TO 240
IF(A8S(OELOLD) AFIS(DtLNEW)) GO TO e40
C***STILL COlyVFMOING PROPERLY
200 CONTINHE
DELOLD2OELNFW
P121,1(1,0 (WT4mFSTWT4)/WT4)
IF(P1 LE. n.v4PC8rT) GO [0 280
C ,01.01 IS OUT Or RANGE
P1w,9,0DCRIT
IPCNT2TPCNT 1
IF(/PCmT .EO. 1) Go TO 28u
240 CONTIN uE
C41,0*ESTPT4 Ie MOVING AWAY FROM "T4 OR THE 2 DELTAS NO LONGER HAVE THE
C 40SAPIt SIGm
IPCNTmn
DELOLOT0.0
PINCMP2P/NCHR 10.0
IF(PINcHP .LE. 30.) GO TO 280
IFLAG*
RETuRN
28n CONTINuE
RETURN
N
300 CONTINHE
IFLA8s,
RETURN
END
194
FUNCTION PRNDTL
FuNcTInN PQNOTL(T)
C
C FUNCTION TO DETERMINE RRANOIL NUMBER AT TEMPERATURE T
C COEFFICIENTS WERE OETERmINEu pY MARTHA
C
PRNDTL2 1.1.0612 ,,In.47801 miT 2.86576INT*102 -.25099*T**3
C
RETURN
ENn
195
FUNCTION PTWO
FUNCTIrN PTWO(P, T, RHOL)
C$IN*FUNCT/ON TO DETERMINE SATURATION PRESSURE
Coc,RHOL IS IISEU RY MAIN PROGRAM TO OETERMINE SVSATL AND H2SATL
C*SSCOMMON FnR THE BUTANE CONSTANTS
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NLXT FLAG1
INTESEo FLAG FLAG1
COMMON /BUTANE/ Ali, AZER94 AB', A82. ABJ. AB*. BB, BZERO, 881,
882o oB3+ 894. CURS, CatP0. EZERO, SMA. SWAB. SMC, SRO, ALPHAs
GAMMA, PMI, BUTMG, 1114
200 CONTINtlE
C*sCALCULATF CONSTANTS USED BY SUBROUTINE PHUITR
SI*P8 * T
S2=BZE005 1RAZERO ZERO/T*240ZERO/T**3-EZEPO/T.0104
S3iSMBooS1 SMA SMO/T
S4RALPHAB*(SMA 5140 /T)
SSRSMC/Tillp
C***DETERMINF /VIOL
BEGAM0s0.7
ORHOw0,01
IFLASw.1
CALL R140/TP(RHOLIIIFLAGoTeoS102,S3.544SS.GAMW4I8EGRHO.DRHO,PR)
IF(IFLAG.E0.1)STORRPTWORRmeL FAILED TO CONVERGE WHILE DETERMINING
1P2"
C***DETERM/Nr RMOV
BeGRM010.001
OPHO=0,0001
IFLASw1
CALL RwO/TP(RHOV.IFLAG.T.R.S1,S2oS3,54.5S.GAMMA.BEGRHOOPHO,PP)
IF(IFLAG.E0.1)STORRPTWOAmOV FAILED TO CONVERGE WHILE DETERMINING
1P2"
C***OETERM/Nr FUGASITIES
FV FUG(RHOV,T.S1,62.53,54055.GAMMA)
FVmEXPIFV/P4 /T1
FLATU(70PHOL.TISI.S2.53,540S5oGAMMA)
FLuEXP(FL/R8/T)
FRATIOSL/FV
IF(A8S(10-FAATIO).0.0.0u1) GO TO 300
comp,*(0.9FRATIO/1ue)
60 TO ;00
inn CONTIN,,E
IF(FLAO otO. 2) PAINT m. 79 RHOL, PHOV, FL. FV, FRATIO
4 FOPMATOOFTERMINATION OF SATURATED DENSITIES AT TURBINE EXHAUST P
RESSURFR/R0 FINAL VALUEbR/
wo
pp.TelpAINE EXHAUST PRESSURE (PSIA)",T6011PE14.6/
w0 TcATLTEMPERATURE OF SATURATED WORKING FLUID (DEG, R)u,T60,
112E14.0.,
+1'0 Rw0LwSATURATED LIQUIu DENSITY (LB mOLE/CU.FT)R.T6011PE14.6/
1'0 RHOVRSATURATED VAPOR DENSITY (LR MOLE/CU.FT)RiTA0,1PE14.o/
0 FlLIOUI0 FUSACITY",)(1091PE14.6/
0 Fv14(APOR FUGACITY011T00.1)2E14.6/
R0 FoATIORATIO OF LIQUID TO VAPOR Fu(AcITY$4,T60,1PE14.6)
C
PTWOuP
ReTURN
END
196
SUBROUTINE PUMP
SUBROUTINE PUMP (T3, H3, I2SATL, H2SATL P2, R3, NFLUID, SVSATL)
C
C PUMP WORK IN COMPRESSING THE WORKING FLUID
C SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE WORKING FLUID TEMPERATURE AND ENTHALPY AT
C PREHEATER INLET
C OUTPUT VALUES
C T3 - WORKING FLUID TEMPERATURE AT PREHEATER INLET
C H3 - WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT PREHEATER INLET
C
C INPUT VALUES
C T2SATL-SATURATED LIQUIu TEMPERATURE AT I=2
C H2SATL-ENTMALPT OF THE LIQUID AT SATURATED LIQUID AT T2EST
C P2 -ROOSTER PUMP INLET PRESSURE
C P3 -HEAT EXCHANGER INLET PRESSURE
C NFLuID-WORKING FLUID INDEX
C SVSATL-SPECIFIC VOLUME OF THE SATURATED LIQUID AT T2EST
C
C VALUES ACQUIREu VIA FLUID FUNCTION
C WM - MOLECULAR WEIGHT
C CPL -SPECIFIC HEAT Or THE LIQUID AT T2EST
C CONSTANTS
C PWCnN -144 TY0 102/FT2 '00128509 RTU/FT-LB * 0.185053
.1.986 dlli/(LB MULE DEGREE R.)
C ETA "PUMP EFFICIENCY = 0.90
C
C SET CONSTANTS
C
PWCON = 0.185053
R 1gais
ETA 2 m.90
C
C ACQUIRE VALUES FROM FLUID FuNciToN
C
WM a F1 UIO(13, NFLUID. 0.u. *PUMP AT WM CALC
CPLa FlUILI()oNFLUID. T2SAIL, "PUMP AT CLP CALC
C
C CALCULATE DELTA H ANO THEREBY. H3
C
DELTH a SVSATL (P3 - P2) PWCON / ETA
H3 x H2SAIL DELTH
C CALCULATE SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO (SHRAT) AND TmEREBT, T3
C
SmRAT r CPL / (CPL - R / am)
T3 = TPSAIL DELTH WM (SHRAT-1.n) / SHRAT /
RETURN
END
197
SUBROUTINE QAREA
SURROUTINt OAREACOIAO. TU0EN EQDIA, FLARFA)

C
C ROUTINE CALCULATES TOTAL FLO). AREA OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBES
C OUTPUT VALUES
C UFLAR AREA OF STREAM '.ROSS SECTION
C PERTM- WETTED RERINETEm
C !ROTA- EOUIVALtNT DIAMETER
C FLAPEA-TOTAL FLOW AREA
C
INPUT VALUES
C DIAm OUTSIDE DIAMETER
C TUBFW NUMBER OF TUBES
C
S = 1.75 DIAD
C 0.86601=SIN11.0472 pADIANb OR 60 DEGREES)

Rs Si #1.866n3
UFLAR= ne5 *S4R (3.1416 DIA02) / 860
pepim 3.0 (s-okAo) (.3.0* 3.L416 * pig)) / 6
MITA° 4.0 * UFLAM / PERIM
FLAREA2 UFLAR TUREN
RETURN
END
861.
NOI1.010J 000
NollONn4 ,040)000 101 (11)(101

O
3NI1nOu sAivinOlVj 3141 9NT1000 d31voi SIN3143NTn03d 1104
D V JNIedn1 1TO d31000 dO V N300d04,H
(000) d3tilI3
d31000
0
3
IndNI S213130470Vd
3 -040 10Mu1IN 11431WAVIO3 JO 11134 03ADN3d
3 -101 nNlloo0 d3IVM 131N1 3dn1VW3Jw31
3 -11x301 113100-) 110 9NI10U0 8311/01 Itin1Vd3d431
0 -dD 01.1103d$ 101-1 30 d31Voi 1B TO1

1 IJ1) (1Ix301 / 0°2 / 0001
1-3E1,9106 i.2-3/91? 211114.2-3/2CSI Esopc.aprZiE
ODO MHO Evl,ThE / dO) II001) ((T01
ON3
199
FUNCTION REYNO
FUNCTInN BEYNO(WRMO, WVEL DIA. wVISC)

C
C FUNCTION TO DETERMINE REYNOLDS NUMBER
C
C WRMm- DENSITY
C WVE1 - VELOCITY
C DIA- DIAMETER
C WVIcC- VISCOSITY
C
RkYNO= WRMO a WVEL ./, DIA / WVISC
C
RETURN
END
200
SUBROUTINE RHOITR
SUBROUTINE RHoITRIRHO IFLAG,T,P,S1,S2,0,s4SS,GAmMA,BEGRPOORHO'
*Pm)
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG NeXT FLAG'
INTEGEo FLAG FLAG'
c sROUTINE TO UETERmINE DENSITY OF EITHER VAPOR OR LIQUID
comsWHEN DETFPMINTNO RHOL (tFLAus.1). THE VALUE OF P IS APPROACHED FROM
C"0/ALUES GOEATER THAN ITSELF. WHEN THE SIGN OF PESTP BECOMES
C ioNEGATIVE, TME VALUE OF RHO IS INCREASED BY THE VALUE OF THE LAST
C IIIDELTA Rhin AND ORHO IS REDUCtO 8Y 10
C".THE OPPOSITE HAPPENS WHEN OtTERMINING RHOV (IFLAG=1) BECAUSE P IS
C*PEING APPROACHED HY VALUES LESS THAN ITSELF. SO. WHEN PEST-P BECOMES
CS**POSITIVE. PHr, IS DECREASED tlY oReq0 WHICH IS SUBSEQUENTLY DECREASED
MAX:0
S/FLAGsIFLAG
RHO:8EnRHO.DRM0
2nn CONTINnE
MAxsomAx1
IF(MAX .GT. 2000) GO TO 240
RHosRlin S/FLAG*ORHO
GAMD2onAHMAINRH0mse
56wEAP(wGAM02)
ST*1.0 GAm02
PESTIRSI*RH0,52,RHO**2310H0*3*S4sRH0111106*S5*S6*S710PHO.413
POwsPESTP
IF(RHO .LT. 0.3 'AND. 'FLAG .EQ. wI) GO TO 220
IF(ABS(PP) .LT. .0 GO TO 260
.NE. SIGN(L.SIFLAG)) GO TO 200
C"*mISSED GO BACK ONE ITERATION AND DECREASE DECREMENT
RmOsRHm SIFLAWTRHO
ORHOwDoH0/100
GO TO '00
22m CONTINHE
colopRHO IS BELOW THE RANGE FOR HHOE (.54-0) ADJUST THE TEMPERATURE AND
csalliTART OVER
IFLAsa,
RFTURN
240 CONTINuE
C* *100/D NOT rONVERGE
IFLABwf
RETURN
26m CONTINnE
IFLAB=m
RETURN
ENn
201
FUNCTION SEQST
FUNCTImN SEOST(T,D)
Cs**ENTROPY FOUATTON OF STATE
C***COMmON FnP THE BUTANE CONSTANTS
COMMON /AUTANE, Ali, AZERO A81, A82, ARJ. A84, 8R. R7E00. 8810
982, Qt13, 884 CZERO. DZtPO, EZERr, SMA, SMR8, SmC, SmOs ALRHApp
GAMMA, PHI. BUTMW, PR
TS0mT+1.2
TCUPE4TA*3
CISOR8**2
GAMO2*nAmmA*OSO
IF(GAMn2.(iT.225.) EXPGAM=y.
IFCGAMn2.LT.0.(101) EXPGA0"1.
IF(GAmn2.1-E.2e5. ANOGAmu2.GE.0.001) EAIMAM=EXP(-GAm02)
SEOSTx.RRALOG(DoggleT) 0*(#47ERO*R82.CZEP0 /TCUBE-3.*07EP0/
1 T. *4 4.*EZERO/T0+5) vS(3/2**(Sm8B*Pd SmOITS01 AL0HAvismns
7 oir9 /./)50.2.305MC/OAMMA/TcURE*(1-(1...0.5*nAm02)*EXP(;AH)
RETURN
ENO
202
SUBROUTINE SETCON
SURROU+INt SETCON(NFLUID)
C**ROUTINE cUPPLIES THE PROPER CONSTANTS TO tITHER COMMON FPEON OR
CIIIBUTANE OFPENOTN$ ON THE TYPt OF FLUID
C
COMMON /FRECON/ FREN(40)
--
COMMON /BUTANE/ RLON(24)
DIMENSION ALLFRG(40.7). ALLBTN(24.2)
C* *AL
OATA(ALLFRO(11I),181,7)/3.57, 34.84. 118.37962. 32.76. 122.872.
36.3265, 14.09940 /
C***RL
DATAIAILFMG(20).1=1.7)/51.63811, .02696, .03106808, 54.63440930
.p12A. 021776. e2.76841 /
C***CL
DATACAILFMG(31IIIIx1,7)/4.1.6322, .8349210 -.0000501, 36.748921
....0006616. .03645. 2807.191 /
C**OL
DATA(4LLFMG(40).41.7)/.02.823560 6,02b93. 0.0, 22.2925657, 0.0,
* 6.718,6, .23.455V4 /
C* *EL
DAT4 (AI_LFRO(5,I),I1g10)/3070663$ ''0.650949E5. 0.0. 20.47328862'
0.01 f.91E6, 15.17268 /
C *A
DATA(AILFRG(6W*190)/44.14702865, 39'8A381727 42.790A+
* 29.35754453, 330365541 27°071306' 2.5574413E1 /
C *8
OATA(AILFMA(71I1912101/4344.343807, 3436.632228, 426104
'3845.19J152+ "'43.$0.980 '511307021. "3124512,3E3 /
C **C
DATACA(LFM6(812)1I21 .7)/i2.84596753. ''12.471522289 "1340285o
* 7.86,03122, *9.46301 *003086760 - 6.4012471 /
C**0
DATA(ALLFM6(9./),1 x1 .7)/000040083T2SOT, 0.0047304424420 .0039851'
0.002190070044, 0.002053", 6.913003F4' ...4.1482788E.=4
C **E
DATAIAILFWG(10,I),I21,71/0313605356, 0$00-040, .445746703' 0.31
* 0.7814210002. 1.47599531 6 /
C***F
DATA(ALLFRG (11,1).1x1,7)/062.071 0.00 0.0, 686.11 0.00 768.35.
0.0 /
C**1
DATA(A(LFMG(1211I)or=1.7)/078117. .0$487J4. .10427. .124098,
.0572A. .06271400 7. 0.63v0640 /
CSR
DATA(A(IFMG(13.1).r=1.7)/00190. 00650v188610 0.0+ ;0021 04100
0.005014907. 1.2*722E3/
C* *07
DATA(AILFmG(14.1),I=1.7)/*3.126789. .m3.4097271341 "1.316.
* "4.45154/0 4.035, '2.3°067041 90.1214, /
C***R2
DATAIAO_FRG(19.1),1=1,71/1.318523E.3. U0159434848. .014642101
* 0.002407e521 n 261P, 100801207E-3, 607109334 /
C***C2
DATACALLFWG(16.1),I*117)/'35.769990. ..,56.76276711 0.01 -44.0663680
0.01 6.0643648. ..2.541/.1E3 /
C *A3
DATA(A1LFMG(170),1=1,7)P0.025340 .060,39446549 '.20382376$
203
SUBROUTINE SETCON
0.017464. 171.0214. 0.034.0556871 11.041.25 /
DATACALLFWG(180),Is1o7)/4.875121E'S. w1.A7961B431E0.51 .0003593,

7.6r7p9E5 *5.33.16494E-6 0.01119A766 /
C **C3
DATAtAILFwG(190).1=1,7)/122067# 1.111399014, 0.0' 1.483763o
0.0. (1.V:11166057, .5.P2316"E2 /
DATA(ALLF)G( 20),I=1,7)/1.687277E3. .48737007F'4,
000+
.00E310142, 0.0. -3.,571601E"4 -0.8923-47 /
C*S.P.
DATA(ALLFRG(210),I=1,7)/-1.805062E-A, 0,n, 0,0, .3,605723E-6,
0.0. n.0+ 9.76A631F-4 /
C***C4
cA5 OATA(A)LF4G( 22011012197)/ 0.0. 0.0, 0.0+ 0.0. 0.0. 0.0.9.374398E1/
DATA(A(LFwG(23.1),T=1,7)/-2.358930E-5. 0.0, 0.0 -3.724044E-5'

0.0+ 1.6017699E6. 0024J502 /
C*AK
DATA(A)_ LFHG(240),/21,7)/d.448.303E-8, 3461834E-9' 0.0
9.3*5465t-8, n.0+ 6.2632J41E-10, -2.691487E5 /
C**Cs
DATA(A(LFW;(2511).121,7)/-1.478379E-4, -2.5439067AE-5. 0.0.
* '1.80051E-4' 0. -1.0105314L-5+ -3.181424 /
C***A6
DATA( ALLFwG(26.1)+I=1.7)/1.057504E8. 060, 0.0s 1.363387E08, 0,00
* 0.09 0.0 /
c* *;16
OATA(A)_ LFMG(270),T=1,7)P"9.472103F*4. O.°, 000v '14,672612E410
* 0.0* 0.0t 0.0 /
C***C5
DATA(A(LFRG(28.1)*I2107), 0.00 0.0o 0.00 0.0, 0.0. 0.0o 0.0 /
C**KAY
DATA(A)LFWG(29.I)o!=1,7)",50. 5,475, 0.0, 4.2. 0.0. 3.0. 6,4?419/
CogioALPmA
DATA(ALLFRG(300I),I=1,7)/*4(10. 0.0. 0.0. 548.2, 0.0. 0.0.
2.106Q14L2 /
Cl°HCA
DA1A(ALLFWG(31.I)0I=1,7)/U238150 0080949. 0.0427. 0.02812836.
* 0.of9A3+ n.0175, o.3'522* /
CsioHcs
DATA(ALLFwG(32,i),T=1.7)/e.798s23E-4. 3.32662E-4. 1.4E-4,
* 2.25540ft4, 1.09E-4, 3.49F-4. 4.94209F4 /
C***HCC
DATA( ALLFRG(33,I),I=1 0)/-2.123734F-7, ."2.413896E-7, 044.
* 106.0460IF8, 0.0. '"1.67t-7. 7.00581E-q /
DATA(ALLFRG(340)0=1.7),D.999018E.11, (2.72363F-11. 0.0, 0.0,

* 0.0, *2.94921E10 /
C***HCF
DATA(ALLF146(35eI),I*17)/'336.0i070300 001, 0001 257.341v 0.0v 0.0.
'1.10F5 /
C**X
DATA(A)_FH(:(36.1),I=1,7)/0.5418, 39.55b55122+ 76.26996, 62.40090
25.19A, 15.3396" 11. 195"933 /
C***Y
DA1AtAILFWG(37.1),1=107),'"fl.0918395. 080165379361, 0.1105727
204
SUBROUTINE SETCON
-0,04-
0.04533:15, -0.40552. -0.1151,371756. -1.40 /
ciow.PC
DATA(A104G(380),I=1.7)/039.5. 596.9. '50.0' 721.906. 495.26.
473.1A7. 16360 /
C,07C (DEGRFES RANK/N)
DATAIA(_LFWG(390),1 =117)/648.07. 693.309 812.9. 664.509 877.0,
753.95. (29.8 /
C$10VC
DATACAILFRG(400),I219701)90289279 0902d70 090306759 09030525
090r74109 0.027 .11, n,06e03 /
C**PUTANES
C
col*AR
DATA (aLL8TN(1.1),I=192)/-776.11 -739.17 /
C"*AZERM
DATA CALLOTN(20)0=1,21/J.7264E4, 3.25447E4 /
C'sAR1
DATA (4LL8TN(3.1),T=192)/u06872 0.723d9 /
C104,4482
DATA (AlLtITN(41/),I212)/..071E-4, 0.601E-4 /
C***A83
DATA (ALLt.TN(5.1)./=1,2)/u.0. 3.93E-7 /
cr**A84
DATA (aLLOTN(810),I=12)/u09 -19594F-10 /
C41.10FIR
DATA (ALLuTN(7,I),I=1,2)/u.86401 0.9008 /
C * * *RZERO
DATA (ALLbTN(8.1).1n12) /1.87899 1.565ad /
DATA (ALLINTN(9.1),/.1,2)/14079E-4, 10.060E-4/
O014141482
DATA (ALL8TN(10.1),I*1.2) /-26073E-71 311008E-7 /
C10,48143
DATA (ALL8TN(11,I)./81.2), 0.885E-10. 0'846E-10 /
est.pc:14
DATA (aLOTN(120),/.11,2), 0,241E-13. 0,0 /
C01CZERO
DATA (ALL8TN(13.1).111192), 1101413E109 1.37436E*10 /
C***07EPO
DATA (ALLbTN(14.I),I11192), 8a83176E11 3.33159E+11 /
Cs*EZEPO
DATA (ALL8TN(15,I),I=12)/ 8.40860E13 2.30902E12 /
C41.15mA
DATA (ALUITN(16/)./21.2)/ 409907E,04+ 1.11818E+4 /
CliosSm88
c5MCDATA tall.6TN(17.1),I=1,21/ 8.58663. 9.14066 /
DATA (ALLITN(18,I),I8192), 4.06763E10 7.00044E+10 /

DATA (ALLIITN(19.1)./21.2)/ 2.16863E4,7. 4.64238E7 /
cesALPI4A8
DATA (ALLIsTN(20.I)031,2), 4.23987. 4.009A5 /
CA,.GAMmA
DATA (ALLeMit .2 T19-.1 11T _992)/ 7.11486. 7.5412? /
c***pHr
DATA (ALL8TN(22.1).121.2)/ 313.8731773. 313.8731773 /
C***RUTmW
205
SUBROUTINE SETCON
DATA (aLLOTN(23,I).121,2) /58.121. 58.121 /

C***RB
DATA tALOITN(201I),IzI2)1 10.7335* 10.7335 /
IF(NFLIII0 'GT. i) GO TO Sun
C***FLUID IS ONE OF THE BUTANES
INFLUTO-1
DO pa Ja1,24
BCON(J)sALLRTN(J,I)
22n CONTINUE
CALL 811TANE
RETURN
30n CONTINHE
C .41FLUI0 IS ONL OF THE FREONS
ImiNFLUTO-3
DO 320J211,40
FREN(J):ALLFRG(J,I)
321, CONTINUE
CALL FoFON
RETURN
END
206
FUNCTION SIDEAL
FUNCTION smEAL(T)
CitiosIOEAL OAc ENTROPY
CseeACOMMON PFIR THE BUTANE CONSTANTS
COMMON /BUTANE/ Ad, *ZERO ABI A82, ARJ, ABA' 89, BZETTO.
Bralo
P82 RBI' R84. CZERO. OZWQ0, EZERO, smA, smes. SMC, SMO, ALPHAB,
GAMMA, PHI, EIHTMW, RP
SIOEALIISB 881T 882107 883T3 98400.464
ReTuRN
ENn
207
SUBROUTINE SUBHEX
SUBROUTINE SUBHEX((. WTI. oiT2o WT3 WT4o
()ISO, Tiq 131 To Ts, PO HI, H3o H41 RS, FOULFI, FOULFO,
WVELL, DIAL, DIAOLI WVELV, t/AVo DIA0Vo WVELS, DIAS, DIAOSo
NFLUIrloHTAEXoPloONAowPDS,
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG , NtxT FLAG(
INTEOEB FLAG , FLAG(
COMMON/HXOUT/ HXRSLTt9,3)
COMMON /BUTANE / AR, AZERuo AR1, 0420 Add, A84, BB, BZERO, Selo
41 91321P 1183 B84o CZER0o DZtRO, EZERO, SMA, SHAG, SMC, SmO, ALPHAB,
GAMMA. PHI, (WIMP, RS
COMMON /FBFCON / ALOLoCL'OLIPEL,Ao9FP,C,OFRoEoFoRoSBoAR,B2oCRoA3,
to3 oC3,44 +84,AB 015 1C90A6106 oKAT +ALPHA oH!.:404C8oHCCINCD,HCFoXFR,YFR,
PC,TC.VC
DIMENSION HTAEX(3)
C
C DETERMINrS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUB-CRITICAL CYCLE HEAT
C FXCRANGEBS
C INPUT PARAMETERS
C 0WAT- GEOTHERMAL FLUIu FLOW RATE
C WTI- WATER TEMPERATURE AT INLET TO SUPER HEATER
C WT3. WATER TEMPERATURE AT INLET TO PREHEATER
C WT4. WATER TEMPERATURE AT EXIT OF PRFHEATER
C WP1 WATER PRESSURE AT INLET TO SUPER HEATER
C wP2. WATER PRESSURE MT OUTLET OF SURER HEATER
C WP3 WATER PRESSURE MT INLET TO PREHEATER
C WP4. WATER PRESSURE AT OUTLET OF PREHEATER
C OISm... WORKING FLUID FLOW RATE
WORKING FLUID TtmPERATURE AT TURBINE INLET
C T3- WORKING FLUID TcmPERATURE AT PRFHEATER INLET
C T40 WORKING FLUID TLMPERATURE AT VAPORIZER INLET
C Ts- WORKING FLUID TLPPERATUPS AT SUPER HEATER INLET
C P1- WORKING FLUID PRESSURE AT TURBINE /FILET
C P4 WORKING FLUID PRESSURE AT VAPORIZER INLET
C Hlm WORMING FLUID ENTHALPY AT TURBINE INLET
C H3- WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT PREHEATER INLET
C H4 WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT VAPORIZER INLET
C HS.* WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT SUPER HEATER INLET
C FOOF//NSIDE FOULING ACTOR
C FOU)FOOUTS/DE FOULING FACTOR
C WVELL WATER VELOCITY IN THE LIQUID HEAT EXCHANGER (PREHEATER)
C DIA! INSIDE TUBE DIARETER IN PREHEATER
C DIAoL OUTSIDE TUBE DIAmETEB IN PREHLATER
C wVELV- WATER VELOCITY IN VAPORIZER
C DIAv INSIDE TUBE DIARETER IN VAPORIZER
C DIAmV OUTSIDE TUBE DIMMETER IN VAPORIZER
C WVEI.S.. WATER VELOCITY IN SUPER HEATER
C DIAe INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN SURER HEATER
C DIAmS OUTSIDE TURF DIMMETER IN SUPER HEATER
C NFLuIDINDEX OF wORKINu FLUID
C
C OUTPUT PARAMETERS
C
C wT2. WATER TEmPERATUmF AT EXIT OF SUPER HEATER
C
REAL KALUm, MAPTPA
C
C CONSTANTS
208
SUBROUTINE SUBHEX
C THERMAL mONUUCTIVITY OF CARPON STEEL
DATA KALUm/30./
C GRAVITY IN FT/HM.42
DATA GoAV / 4.17ES /
VS(WPDolT) = (m.30161 204.217/T 253Z.A/T+2)*(1027610WPOSI
C
C 100110**210.1 *********** *LIQUID HEAT-EXCHANGER (MGEHEATER) soirossossass..10*
C
WT343AvGTMP(WT1.WT4)
7343 AvGTMR(T1.T4)
C
C PROPERTIES OF WATER AT W734
C
WCOND* FLUIO(2, 1, WT34, "LIG MT EX AT 2COND ")
wRHos FLu10(3, 1, WT34. "LID HT EX AT wMAO *)
WRH0wW0H016((.007566*WPOS11,0)
IF (upD,E1,1.0.) WVISC = FLuID14.1,WT34."LIo MT EX AT WVISC II)
IF(WPDe.GT.0.) WVISC = VS(wPDS,WT34)
WREYNOu RLYNO(wRHO, WVELLt DIAL. WVISC)
TMPa 1014 / 100.0
WCPL = FLUI0(1, 1+ WT34, "LID MT EX AT WCPL ")
WPRANO w WCPL WVISC / WLONO
C
C
HTC!* HTCOEF(PCONO. DIAL. wPRANO. WREYNU. 0.1)
C
C NURSER OF TURES IN RREHEATEw
C
TUREN2TURtS(ONA,WRHO,RVELL.DIAL)
C TOTAL FLmW AREA
C
CALL GAREA(DIAOL, TUBEN, tODIA. FLAREA)
C
C WORKING FLUID PROPERTIES AT T14
C
PCPL- FLUID(1. NFLUID. T34. *LIG HT EX AT PCPL "1
RCONOL=FLUID(2, NFLUID, Ti4, "LID HT EX AT PCONDL ")
PRHOL* FLuTo(3, NFLUID, TJ41 "LIG HT EX AT PRHOL ")
PVISL FLUIO(4, NFLUID, T.14. "LIG HT EX AT PViSL "1
IF(PVIcL LT. 0.01 RVISL2v.1
PVELLa VELOCY(QISQ, FLAREA, PRHOL)
REYNOL,i RtYNO(PRHOL, PVELL, EODIA, PVISL)
PRANOL= PCPL PVISL / PCONDL
C OUTSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

C
HTCOw wTCOEF(PCONOL. EGDIA. PRANOL, REYNOL, 0.41
C
C OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
U=OHTCmE(UIAOL. Hid!, DIAL. KALUM, HTCO, FOULFI, FOULF01
C
C AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER AREA
C
WT 2 27.4 ". T3
209
SUBROUTINE SUBHEX
FT = W3 T4
HTA s wTAKFA(OISO, H4, H3 U, WT, FT)
MTAEX(i) 2 HTA
C
C HEAT TRAmSFER LENGTH
C
HTLN(iH(HTA, DIAOL, TUHEN)
C
HXR5LT(1.3)20IAL
HXR50(293)1eDIAOL
HXRSLT(39312TUREN
HXRsLT(As3)=E0nIA
HXPSLT(5,3)=HTcI
HXRSLT(6.3)2HTCO
HXR5LT(793)=0
HXR5LT(8.3):HTA
HxR50(993)11HTL
C
C VAPOR mEAT EXCHANGER ***** * ***** ******** ***** ***
C
C ITERATE TO DETERMINE CPEST AT tWT2 w13)12.0
C FINISHED WHEN WT2 HAS NOT CHANGED MORE THIN n.s DEGREES
C
CPESTa FLUID(1, I. T3 VAH WT EX AT CPtST1 U)
TOLD 0150 * (H5 -H4) / CHEST / 0 WT3
200 CONTINI1E
Ts AVGTMP(TOLD, T3)
CPESTe FLutn(i, 19 T9 'WA," HT EX AT CPEST2 ")
TNEW OISO (H5 '"H4) / CHEST / 0 WT3
IF(ABS(TOLOwTNEW) .LT. 0.3) GO TO 300
TOLDR TNEw
GO TO 200
un CONTINUE
WT2:TNFW
WT23: OGIMPOIT2, WT3)
T45: 4VGTmP(T4, T5)
C
C PRORERTIrS OF WATER AT WT23
C
WCONDs FLUID(29 19 w1239 "VAP HT EX AT WCOND ")
WRHow FLU/D(31 le WT23, "VAP HT EX AT wRHO ")
WRHosWoH01((t0n7S6AWPDS)1.0)
IP(WROC.EW.0) WVISC FLuI0(401,10T230VAR HT EX AT WVISC ")
IF(WPO.GT.0.) WVISC = VS(wPDS,WT23)
WCPL FLU/0(19 19 WT 3, "VAP MT EX AT WCPL ")
WPRANO = WCPL * WVISC / WcOND
WRETNOR PLTNO(wRHO, WVELt, DIAV. WVISC)
C
C INSIDE HFAT TRANSFER COEFFILIENT
C
HTCI NTCDEFOICOND, DIAV, WPRANO, wREYNO. 0.31
C NUMMER Or TUBES IN THE VAPORIZER
C
TUREN TUBES(ONA.WRHO.wVELLIDIAL)
C
C HFAT TRANSFER IN VAPORIZER
210
SUBROUTINE SUBHEX
C
MTVAPs OISO * (H5 -H4)
C
C THICKNESe OP WALL
C WALLTHs (UIA0VDIAV) / 2.0
C
C PROPERTIES OF Until)) AND VAHOR WORKING FLUID AT TO
C
C LIQUID P0oPLPTIES
PCPLw FLUID(1. NFLUID. 145. "VAP HT EX AT PCPL ")
PCONDLa FLU/Dlp. NFLUID. 145o "VAP HT Ex AT PCONDL ")
PWHOLa FLUID(3, NFLUID, 145 "VAP HT EX AT PRHOL ")
PVISL: FLU/D(4, NFLUID. 1454 "VAP HT EX AT PVISL 2)
IF(PVIeL LT. 0.0) PVISL*2.1
C VAPOR PRmPERTIES
C
PPHOVII FLUID(T. NFLUID. 'Ns. "YAP MT EX AT PRHOV ")
PVISV* FLUID(8, NFLUID. T49. "VAP HT EX AT PVISV ")
HVAps FLUIDt9. NFLUID, T5, "VAP HT EX AT HVAP "1
PCRIT* FLUIn(10, NFLUID, 145, "VAR HT EA AT RCRIT "1
SIGuAs FoIn(12, NFLUID, IAS, "VAP HT EX AT SIGMA 2)
C
DELTP, PCHIT P4
C
C TOTAL FLm2 AREA
C
CALL 04REA(DIAOL. TUSEN. tGOIAI FLAREA)
C
PVEL* "ELOC7(OISO4 FLAREAI PRHOL)
REYNOL: RONOPRH0L, RVEL+ E0DIA4 PVISL)
PRANOL PCPL PVISL / PCuNDL
C SOILINr4 HEAT TRANSFER.ASsOME mACROCONVtCT/VE HEAT TRANSFER ONLY
C mARTINELI I PARAMETER
C
MARTPAs (PRHOL/PRMOV)**.S 1PV/SV/PVISL) *41
C
C MULTIPLImATION FACTOR
Fs1.76098 10179312*MARTwA 0.0074865*WARTPA.1.2 2, 5855E -5 *
MARTPA * *3
C
C
C MACROCANVtCTIVE MEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
FTHTCO2F*0.023 PE7NOL**().2PRANOL**0.0PCONOL/EODIA
30 CONTINUE
C
C
C OVERAL1' HtAT TRANSFER COEPPICIENT
U 2 OHTCOEMI2OVOTCI DIAVOKALUM,FTHTOFOULFIIIFOULF0)
C
WI s Wy2 TS
FT s Wy3 - 74
C
C AVERAGE HtAT TRANSFER AREA
211
SUBROUTINE SUBHEX
C
MTA s wIAREA(O/SO. HS. HI. Up WT, FT)
NTAEX(,) a HTA
C
C HEAT ToANSFER LENGTH
C
MIL a OINGH(HTA. D/A0Vp IUBEN)
C
45n CONTINUE
C
HXRSLT(1,2)=OIAV
IORSLT(22)=OIA0V
HIRSLT(3.2)=TUREN
HXRSLT.(4.2)2E0DIA
HXRSLT(542)04TCI
MXRSLT(6.2)=FTHICO
MXRSLT(Tte)wU
HXPSLT(Al2)*HTA
HXRSLT(912):HTL
SUPER "EATER
TISB AvGTPAP(TI,T5)
WT1211 AVGImP(WTIOT2)
C
C DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF WATLR AT WT12
C
WCONOa FLUTD(2, I+ WTI2, "SUPER HEATR AT WCONOm)
IMMO= FLUID(3. WT12 "SUPER HEATR AT WRHO ")
WRHOw1W0H0a((.00756640POS)1.0)
IF(WPOSPE0.0) WVISC a FLUID(4.1tWT1200SUIPER HEATR AT WVISC")
IF(WPOROT.0.) WVISC a VS(WPDSWT12)
WCPL a FLUTD(1, 1, WT12, "SUPER HEATR AT WCPL ")
PRANO WCPL s WVISC / WCuND
WREYNOm REVNO(WPHO, WVELS, DIAS, WVISC)
C
C INSIDE MEAT TRANSFER COEFFIUIENT
C
HTCIZ mTCOEF(WCOND. DIAS, PRANO, WREYNOI 0.3)
C
C NUM/E0 Of TUBES IN SUPEAmEATER
C
TuAENuTURLSCONA.wR140.wVELhOIAS)
C
C WORKIN8 pLUID PROPERTIES (VAPORS) AT TIS
C
PCPVw FLU/D(5. NFLUID. (15, "SUPER HEATR AT PCPV ")
PCONPV2 FLU/0(6. NFLUID, IIS, "SUPER HEAT AT PCONDV ")
IF(NFLI;ID.GT.J) GO TO 500
NITA w 0
DR a 1.0/045.(715.459.6()/P11
4A0 CONTINuF
NITA a NITA 1
PESTVa PEQST(I15459.67, LIM, 0.0)

IF(ABS(PESTV-PI) .LT. 0.5) GO TO 490
IF(NITA .0T. 40) STOP "SUoMEX...'08 FAILED TO CONVERGE"
212
SUBROUTINE SUBHEX
08 m 00(1.0 (P1.PESTV) /P11
GO TO 4R0
490 PRHOV n Dtl BUTMW
00 TO C20
SAO CONTINHE
V8 = R(715 459.67)/Pi
MAXA 8
Sin CONTINHE
mAxA = MAX 8 1
Pe5Tv 2 EOSTAP(T15+459.679VA, 0.o)
IF(OS(pE5Tv-R1) 0.5) GO TO 51S
IF(MAXQ .(tT. An) STOP "SUmHEX-V8 FAILEU TO CeNVERGE"
V8 m Vp(1.0 (PESTV.P1)/P1t
50 TO c10
S15 CONTINHE
PRHOV s isn/ve
52n CoNTINIT
PVISV* FLuTot, 001uTo, 115 "SUPER HEATP AT PVISV")
PVEEs yELOCY(Q/SO. FLAREA PRHOV)
REYNOVII REYNOIPRHOV, PVEL EWA PVISV)
PRANOVMPCPV PVISV / PCONOV
C nUTSIDE NEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
HTCOs wTCOEF(PCONOV. EGOIA. PRANOV, REYNOVI 0.4)
C
C OVERALL wEAT TRANSFER COEFFLCIENT
C
Us OHTrOE(DIAOS, NTCI, DIMS. )(ALUM. HTCU. FOULF/ FOULFO)
C
C HEAT TiAmSFER AREA
MT = MT2 TS
FT WTI " T1
C
HTA s wTAREA(QISOt Hlt H54, U ST, FT)
HTAEX(1) = HTA
C
C HEAT TRAmSFtR LENGTH
C
HTL: MTLN4H(HTA, DIAOS, TUREN)
C
HXRSLT(1.1)m0I45
HXP5LT(2,1)=DIAOS
PORSLT(301)sTUREN
MXRSLT(41)=EGOIA
HXRSLT(5,1)2HICI
HXRSLT(6,1),HTCO
HXR5LT(7.1)m1J
HXRSLT(A1)=HTA
HXRSLT(901)*HTL
RETURN
ENn
213
SUBROUTINE SUPHEX
SURPOUT/Nt SUPHEX(09WT19W490ISO9T19T3019H39WVELSCOIASC.D/AOSCI
VOULFT9 POULF09 KFLUIDt P1, HTAEX, RNA, wPD59 PINSUP)
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG , NtxT FLAG1
INTESEB FLAG FLAGS
C
COmmON/HXUUT/ HXRSLT(4.3)
C
COmMON/FRtCON/AL.OL,CLOLIFL,A,BFR.00FR.E.F9R.SB.A2.829C2+439639
AC39A49A49A5.89C59A5tS69KAY,ALPHAtHCm9HCBOCC.HCDIHCF9XFROFR.PC9
91TC.VC
C
COMMON/BOTANELAB,A2ERO ARI,AB29A83,014,BR,RZER00:181,HB2,883,R84,
*CZEROomZER09EZERO, SMA:SMBH9SMC.SMOIALPHAR9GAMMAOHI.BUTHWOR
DIMENSION HICI(25).TUBEN(e5),HTC0(2),0(25).HTA(25)9HTL(25)
DIMENSTON HTAEX(3)
C OETERMINcS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 5UPLM.cRITICAL CYCLE HEAT

C EXCMANGEm
C
C INPUT eARAMETER5
C 0WAT GEOTHERMAL PLUIu FLOW RATE
wTi. WATER TEMPECATUHE AT HEAT EXCHANGER INLET
C WT4 WATER TEMPERATUNF AT HEAT EXCHANGER OUTLET
C 0/SA- WORKING FLUID FLOW RATE
C Ti- WORKING FLUID TtMPERATUR E AT iNLET TO TURBINE
C 13- WORKING FLUID TtmPEPATUPE AT HEAT EXCHANGER INLET
C Pl WORKING FLUID PRESSURE AT TURBINE INLET
C H1R WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT TURBINE INLET
C H3- WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT HEAT EXCHANGER INLET
C WVELSCMATER VELOCITY IN HEAT EXCHANGER
C DIA4C- INSIDE TUBE DIAMETER IN HEAT tXcHANGER
C DIAMSCOUTS/DE TUBE DIAMETER IN HEAT EXCHANGER
C FOULFIINSIDE FOULING PACTOR
C FOULFOROUTSIDE FOULING FACTOR
C NFLtlIORWORKING FLUID INDEX
C
REAL "ALUM
C
CONSTANTS
THERMAI CONDUCTIVITY OF CARRON STEEL
DATA KALUM/30./
VS(wP0e.T) z (..30361 2LA.277/T 253e.A/Tmm2)*(1..m276WPOS)
C
ITEP a 1
IF(ITEp.Euel, GO TO 200
lmn WT4 a wT4
60 TO 120
Ilm WT4 a wT4 - 5.0
120 ITER a ITLP 1
IF(/TEo.E0.1e) STOPuSUPHEA ..SUPERCRITICAL HEAT EXCHANGER FAILED

A TO COmVEKGE"
T m AVriTmlatMTI,WT4)
CREST A FLUI0(1.1,TOPECALC WT4")
O a aian (H -H3) / CREST / (011-00T4)
ONAmO/(i .-wP05/100.)
2n0 HTAEX(1) a 0
C DETERMINE DELT FOR TWENTY FIVE SERIFS HtAT EXCHANGERS
214
SUBROUTINE SUPHEX
C
DELT 3 (TI-T3)/25.0
FTM/N = 100.0
C
DO 100n 1t25
TT1 = T1 OELT(I-1)
TTI TT1 DELT
C
IF(NFLUIDGT.3) GO TO 260
C CALCULATE ENTHALPIES FROM HuTANE
IF(/.Em.1) HH3 = H3
IF(I.GT.1) HH3 = HH1
IF(/.Em.2*) GO TO 400
C
NIT) = 0
is(111.0r.I.10=FLur0(111,Nrui10,TTIoTcPiT)) GO TO 215
001 = cLUInt3INFLUTOTT1OSUPHEX AT 001 CALC "1/FLUID(13,NFLUID,
TT1OSIIPHLX AT DDI CALC ")
60 TO 'on
215 CONTINUE
001 = 10/(PR(TTI459$67),P1)
220 CONTINUE
NIT1 = NIT1I
PESTV 2 PLOST(TT1459.67,u01,00)
IF(ABS(PESTVP1).LT.0.5) 00 TO 240
IF(NITIOT.40) STOP "SUPHtX 001 FAILL0 TO CONVERGE"
001 m r)01(1.0.(P1-PESTV)/121
60 TO 22n
240 CONTINUE
HMI = HEOST(TT1.459,1974,001)/PMI H/OEAL(TTI459.671
80 TO 400
C
C
260 CONTINUE
C CALCULATE ENTHALPIES FROM FREON
IF(I.EmI) HH3 a R3
IF(/*GT1) HM3 2 HH1
C
Pox], = 0
VV1 w(TTI+459.67)/e1
280 CONTINUE
MAXI = mAx14.1
PESTV EGSTAP(TTI459.67,VVI.0.0)
IF(48S.(PESTVRI).LT.0.5) 00 TO 300
IF(MAX1.GT.40) STOP uSuPHtx VV1 FAILLE) TO CONVERGE"
VV1 * vV1(1.0(PtsTV-P1)/F1
60 TO 26n
300 CONTINUE
Hog = HVAM(TT1459,67,VV1tPl1
C
400 CONTINUE
IF(T.En.26) HH1 = HI
C
C WATER TEMPERATURE CALCULATION
C
IF(I.Em.1) PTT4 2 WT4
IF(/.07.1) WTT4 2 Will
215
SUBROUTINE SUPHEX
IF(/oEn.2R) GO TO 500
C
WTT1 OISO(HHIHH3)/0 /FCLID(1o1owTT4, "SUPHEX AT WTT1 CALC ")
WTT4
Soo IF(I.Em.25) WTT1 s WTI
WTI4 s AVOTwP(wTTI$WTT4)
713 s AVOTwP(TTIITT3)
C
C PROPERTIES OF WATER AT WTI4 DEGREES
C
WCnN04, FLUID(2o 11 wT14. "SUPHEX AT WCOND CALC")
WRHOa FLUI0(3, 19 WT14, "SUPHEX AT wRHU CALC ")
Wpwoaw0m0((o0o7566WRDS).1.0)
IF(WPOsoE(ooe) WVISC = FLuI04491,ST140SUPHEX AT WVISC CALC")
IFOOPOs.GT.o.) WV1SC a VS(WPOS.WT14)
WCPL s FLuin(1, 1, WT14, "SUPHEX AT WCPL CALC ")
PRANO a WCPL WVISC / WCUND
WREYN0a REYNO(WRHO, WVELSLo DIASCo WVISC)
C INSIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFF/LIENT
C
HICI(11 a HroFF(wcomnotAscipPRAN0,wpEYNo,0.3)
r
C NUMBER Or TUPES IN MEAT EXCmANGER
C
TUBEN(T)2TURES(ONA,W(1HOoWvELSC,DIASC)
C
C TOTAL FLmw AREA
C
CALL GAREA(DIAOSCI TUBEN(1), EGOIAo FLAREA)
C
C VAPOR WORKING FLUID PROPERTIES AT T13 DEGREES
C
PCPVa FLUID(so NFLUIDo 113, "SUPHEX AT RCPV CALC ")
RCONOVa FLU/D(6, NFLUIDo I)30 "SUPHEX AT PCONOV ")
01440V a 001FCUI0(13oNFLUI0o7130SUPHEX AT PRHOV CALC")
PV/SVa FLU/0(R, (FLUID, II3 "SUPHEX AT PVISV CALC")
PVELa vELOCT(G/S01 FLAREA, PRHOV)
REYNOVI; RLYNOPRSOV, PVE0 EODIA, PVISV)
PRANOV PCPV PVISV / PCUNDV
C
C OUTSIDE wEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
MTCO(I) a HTCOEF(PcONOV, tOD1A, PRANOV, RFTNOVo 084)
C OVERALL NEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C
U(I) a OHTCOEIDIAgSCo HICI(I), 0/ASC. '<ALUM, HTCO(I), FOULFI,
FOULF0)
C
C HEAT TRANSFER AREA
C
MT a WTT4 TT3
FT a WTT1 TT1
IF(FTMTNo(iT.FT) FTwIN s Fl
C CRECK F SUPERCRITICAL PImcH POINT IS LESS THAN M/NiwUw
C ALLOWABLE PINCH POINT DEFINED IN THE INPUT DATA
216
SUBROUTINE SUPHEX
IF(FTMTN.LT.PINSUR) GO TO 100
C CHECK TF SUPERCRITICAL PINCH POINT IS GREATER THAN MAXIMUM
C ALLOWAQLE PINCH POINT
IF(I.En.b .ANn. FTMIN.GT.(RINSUP10.)) Go TO 110
IF(FT.nT.01T) On TO 55r
HTA(I) 2 INTAREA(OISO9HHI mm3U(I).2TFT)
GO TO Au°
SSn Hiatt) a HTAREA(OISOHHI.mm3,U(I),FTWT)
6n0 HTAEX(1) a HTAEX(1) HTA(I)
C
C HEAT TnANSFER LENGTH
C
HTL(I) a mTLN8H(HTA(I) D1AOSC TUBEN(/))
IF(FLAn.E(,1.2 AND. /.E0.1) WRITE(6,2090) TIER
209n FORmAT(10(1,2ITERATTON NO.".I4OFOR SUPERCRITICAL HEAT EXCHANGER)
IF(FLAn.E0.2)
01(RITE(003000)I.ITER.2TT4,173.2TTIoTTI.FTW/N.U(I)oHTA(1).HTCO(I)
9mTL(I),HTAEX(1)Dn104M1
3000 FORMAT001 21.914.=ITER°H,I5o2X9=WTT4 211RE14.6o2X0=TT1
ai1Pc14.6gIOTT3 O
=".IPE14.6/IXTTI
mTcoort .1"101T14.b.exoNIL(/)
2xolo01 s,1PtI4.6,1x,.HNI
C
="10E14.6)
tor(z.En.2b .ANo. FTmINOT.2840) GO TO 110
1000 CONTINHE
HTCIT a O.
TURENT a 0.
HTCOT = O.
UT = O.
HTAT a 0,
MILT a O.
DO 200n I a 1.25
MTCIT a mToIT HICI(I)
TM:TNT a TO =ENT TUREN(I)
MTCOT a HTCOT HICO(I)
UT a UT UtI)
MTAT a HTAT HTA(I)
HILT a mTLT HTL(I)
2000 CONTINUE
HicrT a Hio/T/25.0
TURENT a TURE(OT/22.0
HTCOT a HTCOT/e5.0
UT 2 UT/25.0
MXRSLT(1.1)=0IASC
HXR5LT(21)=OIAOSC
HXR5LT(3.1) a TURENT
MXR5LT(4.1)=EGOIA
Mxp5LT(5.1) 2 HTCIT
MXP5LTI6,1) = HTCOT
MXR5LT(791) 2 UT
MXR5LT($11) = HTAT
HXRSLI(911) = HILT
RETURN
ENn
217
FUNCTION SVAP
FUNCTION SVAPITV,S)
COMMON /BINARY/ SUPER NPLUID WT1 WT2 WT3 wTA
ESTWT4, wR1 WO3 r Cott1 CWT2 CWP2 T1 9
.12 , TiEST T2SATL, Ts T4
123 P PS r H, m2 M?EST
1111 , P2 9
*H4 , HS SI Se.ST 53 Si, 1

1.03 9
()ZEST VI VEST PINCHP. WVELL
DIAOL DIAL
WVELV , DIAV DIAOV WVE(S OIAS BIAOS
WVELSC DIASC s
DIAOSC, PV ELC DIAC DIAOC FOULFi FOULFO BAR
.NTAEX(1) OISO 0
HTACON, TAPPCH WIFOUP APPCON APPCT APPmX
DELPMX, PINSUB9 PLNSUP, PUNEP o RANGE
LOG/CAI SUPER
REAL JAN'
REAL KAY
Css*CIRMON FcR THE FREON CONSTANTS
COMMON /FdECON/ AL LCL ulEL,A,BFRCOFREERtS9A2082,C2,A3,83
*.C3A4,841,CA,AsoRnCSA6on6,C6,KAY,ALPHAHCA,MCB,NCCMCO,HCF,XFp
iliVFRtPrTC,VC
JAYI.U.I85053
ONE$Vc8
TWOR2mINONE**2
THREE*1.0.ONF.03
FOURw4,0*uNE"4
EXPAVain90
PART4enO
AVSALPHA * V
/F(AV ,GT 230.) 50 TO 22U
CassFOR RIV 14210 8113 AND P114' 86 ANO ALPHA30o0
IF(136 ,E00 00) GO TO 220
EARAVwFXP(AV)
RART4s(10/EXPAV).(86/ALRNA)
220 CONTINUE
RART1 m HCA AL08(T) HCooT (HCC*7.10e)/2. (HcosT**3)/3
/(290411,2) HCF
1 JAY*R10ALOt2(ONE)
RART5w942/0NF 83/TWO 8w/ THREE + 85 /FOUP
RARTEwjATKATEXP(-KAYT/IC)/TC
PART7Pc2/ONE C3/TWO Ca /FOUR
IF(NFLODE0.10) RART7mPAT74C4/THREE
SVAP=P4RT1-jAtio(PART5PAR14)PART610PART7NTR-S
RETURN
ENO
218
SUBROUTINE TOWER
SUBROUTINE TOWER(CTA. (ILO DWI. TQw/. MOAT. DRAT. B. RI. ICI,
APPCT.)
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG 9 NtXT FLAG1
INTESED FLAG FLAG1
C
C THIS ROUTINE RETURNS TM THE CALLING PROGRAM THE FOLLOWING
C I. CTA. COOLING TOWER AIR FLOW RATE
C 2. %A. EVAPORATION RATE
C
C INPUT PARAMETERS
C
C COnLING WATER FLOW pplE
C !OWL- TEMPERATURE OF OW!
C wRAT WET BULB AIR TEMPERATURE
C DRAT.. ORA; BULB AIR TEMPERATURE
C R- BADOMETRIC PRESSURE (1N. HG)
C RI- HUuIDITY RATIO FROM PoYcHROMETRIC CHART (BRAT AND DopT)
C TCI- COnLING WATER EXIT TEMPERATURE
C
Rem. MA
C CONSTANTS
C CRP* SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR
DATA CoA / 0.2404 /
C
C
C C ENTH FUNCTION TO DETERMINE ENTHALPY OF MIXTURE CORRESPONDING
C TO SPECIFIC HUMIDITY (w) AND TEMPERATURE (T)
ENTH(T,W)* CPA Y W (1062°0 0.44 T)
C HUMID- FuNCTION TO nETePmiNt SPECIFIC HUMIDITY CORRESPONDING

TO ACTUAL VAPOR PRESSURE (AVP)
HUM/WO/PI' AVP / (1.61 - AVP))
C
C POI- AIR INLET SATURATED VAMP PRESSURE AT nHAT
Po/ s oSL(DRAT)204177
PVI2RII.PD4
C SPECTFIC HUMIDITY AT INLET
WIsHUMT0(Pm
C HMI* ENTHALPY OF MIXTURE AT INLET
HMIs ENTH(DRAT.WI)
C TLA TEMPERATURE OF SATURATtO AIR AT EXIT OF TOWER
TLAs DoAT 29.0
PVO p5L(TLA)2.04177
WOs HUMID(PVO)
HMOs ENTOTLAw01
C
C MA- LEIS mF AIR ENTERING TOWtR PER LB OF COOLING WATER ENTERING
C
C X- LEIS OF WATER EVAPORATED ER La OF COOLING WATER ENTERING
C
C cOLVE SIuULTANEOUSLT
C )(A MA 19 (WO -WI)
C
C (TOWI-12.0)mAHMI = (1.0mX) (TCI-32.0)MA Hm0
C
MAs (TAI -TOWI) / ((HMI -HMu) 4 (TCI-32.0) (WO-WI))
Xs MA (WO - WI)
219
SUBROUTINE TOWER
C
RMOAI a (PPVI)/(04AT459467/1.3223
C
C CIA- O00) /NO TOWER AIR FLOW PATE
CTA= Ow/ MA / (60.0 1414vAI
C
C EVAPORATION RATE
OLA= Ow/ X1/1
C
C ML- MEAT LOAD (STU/NP)
C CPI- SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER AT TEMPERATUPt
C CP2 SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER AT TEMPERATURt 2
C WTAVI AVERAGE OF EA/T COOLING WATER TEMPERATURE AND INLET COOLING
C WATER TEMPERATURE
C WTAV2. AvERAGE OF EXIT COOLING WATER TEMPtRATURE AND TEMPERATURE
C Or SATURATED AIR AT tx/T OF TOWER
C
C CALCULATION OF CPI AND CP2
WTAVIa (TOW/ TCt) / 2.0
WTAV2 = (ILA ICI) / 2.0
C
T a WTAV1 / 100.0
CPIs 9.916dRE1
* Tvoi
2.167E-e * T - 1.532IL2 I2 3.7245E3
C
T a WTAV2 / 100.0
CP2a 9.91648E1 2.167E-e * T 1.532It2 T**2 3.7245E-3
* 1 0-1
C
C
IF(TCI.WEIAT.LT.8.0) STOP "TOWER -- COOLING TOMER APPROACH IS INSUF
I.FICIENT"
C CALCULATION OF HEAT LOAD (B1U/HR)
PL = Owl CP1 (TOW/ ICI> OLA CP2 (ILA - ICI)
C
IF(FLAG.Nt.0) WRITE(6,1) APPCI, CIA, OLA, WBAT, °PAT, Re RI, ML
1 FORMAT("OSURROUTIME TOWER COOLING TOwEP/
6XlmApPOT-APRPOACM TO COOLING TOWER (F)m.T54r1PE14.6/
6X,"CmOLING TOWER AIR FLA. RATE (CFM)"11T50,114E10.6/
6X,aCmOLING TOWER EVAPORATION RATE (LG/MP)a,T50.1PE14.6/
6X,"WrT WULF) AIR TEMPERATURE (F) "0'50+0E14.6/
6X,"DoY BULB AIR TEMPERATURE (F)".T50110F14.6/
6XOSAPOMETRIC PRESSURE (INi HG)",T50IIRE14.6/
AX0046MIUTTY RATIOH,T50,1PE14.6/
6X0MrAT LOAD (8TH/HR)11,150,1PE14.6)
C
RETURN
END
220
FUNCTION TFOUR
FUNCTI,N TFouR(P, RHOL, Rmov, NFLUID)

*FUNCTION TO DETERMINE T4 (SATURATION TEMPLRATURE)
COMMON /FLAGS/ FLAG N.XT FLAG1
INTESEp FLAG FLAG
COMMON /BUTANE/ Ad, AZER0 A81 482, ARJ. A840 B8. PZEPO. 881,
* 1012, 0330 P84, CZERO, DZ.PO, EZERO, SMA, SM88. SMC, SAO, ALPmAR0
GAMMA, PHI, BUTMW, RP
DIMENSION COEF(26)
CrMEFFICIFNTS FOR ISOBUTANE
DATA (m0EP(III), 1=1,6) / 22.4875, 260.82392. .q88,331621
56.23m490 -9.64944, 0.6304923 /
C*COEFF/CIrNTS FOP N-BUTANE
DATA ((tOEF(2,I), 1=116) / 13493680 210.3286 '106633710
33,2964. - 5.23b9, 0.3193 /
ClocONSTANTg GOOD ONLY FOR /S060TANE AND N-BUTANE
IuNFLUTO'q
PN01/110,
12COEF(/1)
00 180 Jud6
TuT m.OEFII.J1 PN (u.01,
1$10 CONTINUE
C***CONVERT TO DEGREES RANIIN
TsT.450,67
2n0 CONTINUE
CoCALCULATF CONSTANTS
Slgf*T
S2'8LEoo*SI-AZEPO-CZEPO/Ts2402ERO/Te*3-EZERO/To*4
S3sM81351 - SMA SMO/T
S4ALRwA8*(SPA 500D/T)
S8uSMC/T*2
opoFTERmINF RHOL - LIQUID DENSITY
SEGPM0s0.6
DRH020.01
IFLARs..1
CALL RwOrTP(RHOL,IFLAG T'051,52,53,S4058,GAMMABEGRHO,DRHOoPP)
IF(/FLAG E0. 1) STOP "RHuL FAILED TO CONVERGE"
C */FLAG2 CALCULATE A NEW TEMPERATURE
IF(IFLAG .NE. 2) 50 To 23u
TsT (15.P))
GO TO '00
230 CONTINUE
coETEcim/Nr PHov - VAPoP DENSITY
SEGO:WO:0.013
ORH020.001
IFLA80
CALL Rwo/To(RploveIFLAG T e.51.52,51.54,5g0AmMAoSEGPHOgroPmoopp)
IF(IFLAG .E0. 11 STOP "RHuV FAILED TO CONVERGE"
C"DETERMINr FUGASITY OF THE VuPOR (FV) AND LIQUID (FL)
FVuFUG(RHOV.T.SI.52,53.54S5GAMMA)
FVuEXP.(FV/PP/T)
FL FliG(RHOL,TS1052,53.540S8,GAMMA)
FLuEXP(FL/PP/T1
FRATIO s PV/FL
IF(A8S(1.0...FRATIO) .LT. °gnu) GO TO 260
TuT(0.qPPATIO/10.)
GO TO i00
260 CONTINUE
221
FUNCTION TFOUR
IF(FLAt .L0. 2) PRINT 5, I. T. RHOL, RHOV, FL. FV, FRATIO
5 FORNAT(uouETERm/NATION OF SATURATED DENSITIES AT TURBINE INLET PRE
SSUPE"/"0 FINAL VALUES",
0 PlTUp8INE INLET PRESSURE (pSIA).T60.1pE14.6/
0 T4..TtmPEOATURE OF SATURATED WORKIN(7 FLUID (DEG. R)H,T60,
IPE14.A/
10 RHOL'SATURATED LIQUILJ DENSITY (LA mOLE/CO.FT)10,T6r1.1PE14.6/
10 Rw0VSATUPATEo VAPOR DENSITY (LA HOLE/CU.FT)H.T60.1PE14.6/
FL- LIQUID FUBACITY10,160 +IPE14.6/
4.110 FvVAPOR FUGACITYft.Trp).1PE14.5/
10 FPATIO-PATIO OF VAPOIK TO LIQUID FUGACITV",T60.1PE14.6)
TWOURIIT 4547067
RETURN
ENn
222
FUNCTION TUBES
FUNCTION TuBES(G, WPHO WvEL DIA)
C
C FUNCTION DETERMINE NUMBER Or TUBES IN THE HEAT EXCHANGER
C
C 0- WATER FLOW PATE
C wRNn- DENSITY
C WVEL- VELOCITY
C DIA. DIAMETER
C
TUBES 4.0 0 / wRNO / wvEL / 3.1416 / D/A2
X s AINT(TUBES)
IF(ANOn(TURES.X) .NE. 0.0) TUBES X
al lo
C
RETURN
END
223
FUNCTION VELOCY
FUNcTInN VELOCYCQISO, FLAmEA. PP4OL)
C
C COMPUTES VELOCITY
C GISn- FLuIn FLOW PATE
C FLAWA-FLOW AREA
C PRNnL- FLUID DENSITY
C
VELOCTOISO / FLAREA / PRrOL
C
RETuRN
ENO
224
FUNCTION VPRESA
FUNCTimN vPRESA(T)
COMMON /BINARY/ SUPER , WLUID WTI WT2 WT3 WT4
.ESTWT4. WFI , wP3 , C0TI CWT2 CWPI , CWP2 TI t
.12 , TGEST T2SATL TJ
, T4 , TS , PI P2
.P3 . P4 9 PS 9 Hi H2 142EST M2SATL H3
.H4 , NS , Si , SCEST 53 , 54 SVSATL DI
.02 , D2EST , VI VgEST PINCMPt WVELL DIAL nimm.
.wvE0 , DIAV , otAov wvELs DIAS DIA05 WVEL5C DIASC
OTAOSC, PYFLC DIAC DLAOC FOULFI FOULFO, BAR , 0150
+MTAEX(3) MTACONt TAPPCH WTFOUR APPCON APPCT APPHX .
DELPMX, FUNSUB PINSUPt PuKEP RANGE

LOG/CAI SUPER
REAL KAY
C*COMmON FmR THE FREON CONSTANTS
COMMON /FRECON, AL BL CL uLtEL A IORCUFP,EirRtSBA282,C2A3,83
etC3tA4.840C4,As.(35,C546,06 .C6OCAYtALPHA,HCA,HCBMCCoNCDOICFoXFR
YFoPmoTLVC
AA=Po0
IF(NFLIIIDoE0.10) AA=E*T *e
IF(NFLuIDE0o10) 60 TO 20u
IF(E FO. 1.0) GO TO 200
AAwE((F.)/T) ALOGIO(F1)
200 CONTINIIE
VPRESAwAt1FR/T.CALOGIO(T)*OFRTAA
RETURN
END
225
FUNCTION VPRESB
FuNCTIDN YPPESP(Po T)
COMMON /BINARY/ SUPER , NrLUIDo WTI , WT2 , 213 WT4 o
.ESTWT4, .Ww1 , WP3 C*TI
t CRT2 CWPI , eMP2 TI
.12 TeFST T2SATL T., TO
t TS 01 P2
P3 , P4 t P5 Hi t 42 t M2EST
t
H2SATL, m3
H4 H5 SI , ScEST , 53 9 S4 SVSATL DI
02 , OdFST VI , VeEST
PINCHP, WVELL ,
DIAL OIAOL
WVELV DIAOV t
DIAV ores WVELS
DIAOS t WVELSC, DIASC
.01AOSC PVELC DIAC , DIA0C
FOULFI, FOULFgt BAP o (ISO
IP
.HTAEX(3) HTACOM TmmRCHt mTFOUR APPCON APPCT 9 APPHX

DELPHX. P1NSU8 PiNSUPt PmKEP RANGE
LOGICA1 SUPER
REAL KAY
C***cOMMON FmR THE FREON CONSTANTS
COMMON /FRECON/ ALRL,CLtmLELtAt8FRoptUFRoERPtSEItA2,82C2A3,83
ocoE3tA4.54,C4tAstEiboCS,A6ochtC60KATtALPHA,HCAtHCRIHCCoHCDoMCF0(FR
oloYFRoProTL.VC
PART120.0
C***FOR R12+ P21 AND R113 F AND E APE w 0.0
IF(F or0. (1.0) GO TO 220
PARTIBF.FINAL0810(F-T)
220 IF(NFLH/n.E0,10) 80 TO 30u
VPPES8sP*((-ALOG(In.0)* (SrP.PARTI))/T**e*(CmE)/T*DFR*ALOG(1°.0))
GO TO 999
300 VPRESB 2 P * ALOG(in.) * -BFR/T**2 (
C/I/ALOG(10.)OFP.2,4E4T)
999 RETURN
ENO
226
SUBROUTINE WFFRT
suppouT/Nt WFFRT(Q/SO. H2' SUPER, GRKW. Ti. Hl N2EST H2SATL.
TCRITi
COMMON/WFFRT/IREFF, OFFF, OEFF
C
C suBPouTiF in CALCULATE THE woRKING FLuin FLOW RATE
C OUTPUT VALUES
C OISn WORKING FLUID FLOW--RATE
C H2 WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT THE TURBINE EXHAUST
C
C INPUT VALUES
C SUPER- LOGICAL vARIABLt = TRUE IF SUPER- CRITICAL CYCLE
natcw- nPOSS KILOWATT uLTPUT
C WTI.. WATER TEMPEPATUKE AT INLET OF SUPER HEATER
C P1- WORKING FLUID PmESSURE AT TURBINE INLET
C Tr' WORKING FLUID TOJPERATURE AT TURBINE INLET
C WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT TURdINE INLET
C WORKING FLUID PmESSURE AT TURBINE EXHAUST
C T2EpT- WORKING FLUID Ttp.PERATURE AT TURBINE EXHAUST (ESTIMATED)
C M2EST- WORKING FLUID ENTHALPY AT TURBINE EXHAUST (ESTIMATED)
C S2ERT WORKING FLUID ENTROPY AT TURBINE EXHAUST (ESTIMATED)
C H2S4TLENTHALPY OF WORKING FLUID AS A SATURATED LIQUID AT P2
C TCRIT- CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF WORKING FLUID
C
REAL IDEFFOEFF
LOGICAL SUPER
C
C CONSTANTS
C EATImATEn INTERNAL EFFICIENCY OF THE TURAINF
DATA IpFF / 0.A /
C
IF(.NOT. SUPER) GQ TO 300
C SUPER - CRITICAL CYCLE
IF(T1 .LT. TCR/T) STOP uTI.LT.TCPIT"
D(10 CONTINUE
C
C OIDEAL- IDEAL WORKING FLUID FLOW RATE
OIOEAL23414.43 / (141-H2Esi) GRKW
IPEFF- InEAL RANKINE CYCLE EFFICIENCY

C
IREFFIHI-H2EST) Y (H)-H2BATL)
C
C MECNANICAL LOSSES
C
PCMCLOT n / AoRT(GNKw/1un.0)
IF(GRK4 .UT. 25000.) PcMCLO:PCMCLO 1.25
C
C pPAKE EFFICIENCY
C
BEEF TEFF / (1.0 (PCMCL0 / 100.0))
C
C OVERALL EFFICIENCY
C
OEFF2 AEFP 0.9R5
C
C woRKINO FLuin FLOW RATE
227
SUBROUTINE WFFRT
mIOLAL / OEFF
hipm 11.3414.43 GRKW / QLSO
REFF2 (H1-42) / (P11,012SATL)
RETURN
ENO

Walter Ronald A1976

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Walter Ronald A1976

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF

Ronald A. Walter for the M.S. in Mechanical Engineering

Date thesis is presented April 5, 1976

Title MODELING OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS USING THE BINARY

the utilization of the immense reserves of geothermal

energy is being actively pursued. The thermal energy con-

but is also held in liquid water and/or steam. The genera-

tion of electrical power from these geothermal reserves is

currently limited. The majority of operating geothermal

power plants either use available dry steam or steam

flashed from hot water. If this resource is to make a

significant impact on the world energy market, successful

most promising methods proposed to date for efficient use

of this thesis is the formulation of a computer model of a

geothermal power plant using the binary fluid cycle.

In the binary fluid cycle plant, geothermal fluid is

extracted from a geothermal reservoir and transmitted to

exchangers where thermal energy is transferred to a work-

ing, or power fluid such as a Freon or a light hydrocarbon.

This working fluid is brought to a superheated state and

then expanded through a turbine which is coupled to a

generator. After expansion, the working fluid is condensed

cooling tower. This fluid is subsequently repressurized

The objective of this thesis was to develop a com-

puter program which effectively simulates the binary fluid

determination of the size and nature of power plant

determination of geothermal fluid flow rates, working

a variety of geothermal source temperatures, pressures

and water conditions, and plant sizes

calculation of geothermal fluid and working fluid

thermodynamic and physical properties

thermodynamic cycle calculations

overall design performance with the ability to perform

sensitivity analyses on various operating parameters.

working fluid, isobutane, was selected for an in-depth

study of the binary fluid cycle power plant. The optimum

power plant designs for a range of available geothermal

cient plant performance.

Using the Binary Fluid Cycle

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY

the requirements for the

Redacted for Privacy

Head f Department of Me hanical Engineering

Redacted for Privacy

Dean of Graduate Schrol

Date Thesis is Presented

II. LITERATURE REVIEW 5

II-1. The Geothermal Resource 5

11-2. Power Production from Geothermal Reservoirs 9

11-3. The Binary Fluid Cycle Geothermal Power Plant 11

111-2. Structure of the Computer Model and Plant 20

111-3. Computer Analysis of the Binary Fluid 27

Cycle for a Geothermal Power Plant

IV-2. Discussion of Theory and Approach 87

IV-3. Optimization Results 89

IV-4. Optimization Subroutine 108

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 110

Freon, and Ammonia Equations

1. Operating Geothermal Power Plants 10

2. Proposed Binary Cycle Geothermal Plants 15

3. Selected Working Fluids 30

4. Saturated Density Equations 51

5. Typical Input to Binary Cycle Plant Model 82