Part I : Estimating Quantities and Costs

Lumber
3
1 bd-ft = 1 ft x 1 ft x 1 in thick = 144 in

length(in )  Area(in 2 )
Volume of a lumber member (bd − ft ) =
144 in 3 / bd − ft

Masonry: Area of one brick with mortar:

Ab = (hb + tm)(Lb + tm) for stretcher
Ab = (wb + tm)(Lb + tm) for rowlock stretcher
For other layouts, use the proper dimensions for the visible surface

Number of bricks needed

A net
Q=
Ab

Rebar:
dimension - concrete clearance
Number of rebars = +1
Rebar spacing
Rebar length = dimension of cross section – concrete clearances
 Material Unit
Asphalt tons
3
Concrete yd
2
Concrete forms SFCA (ft of contact area)
2 2
flooring ft or yd
3
lumber bd-ft (1 bd-ft = 144 in )
Masonry (brick) brick
nails lbs
paint gallon
pipe ft
plywood Sheet (4 ft x 8 ft)
Reinforcing rebars lbs
3
soil yd
Structural steel lbs
Weight of Structural steel within designation:
Example for W18x108 section, the weight is 108 lbs/lft

o For Paint: always round up to the next gallon… Do not use partial
gallon.

o For roofs: Gable roofs and hip roofs are assumed to use the same
amount of plywood. Do not use partial sheets of plywood.
 o Concrete forming SFCA: No forms underneath are needed if
structure is built on grade directly. Also there is no need for forms
for the top surface. Include end closures for walls.

Perimeter of structures

OP = 2(Xo +Yo)

IP = OP + 4 x (2 x (- t))
MP = OP + 4 x (2 x (-t/2))

Perimeter of structures with Recessed walls:

OP = 2 x (Length + Width + Recess)

IP = OP + 4 x (2 x (- t))
MP = OP + 4 x (2 x (-t/2))
The general form to find one perimeter based on the offset to
another perimeter:

Perimeter2 = Perimeter1 + 4  2  (  offset dis tan ce from P2 to P1 )

Crew Hour vs. Labor Hour rates

Crew Hour (CH) Rate = Total hourly rates of all crew members
Total hourly rates of all crew members
Labor Hour (LH) Rate =
Number of members in the crew

Total Area or volume to complete project

Total labor hours =
Pr oduction Rate per hour

Truck Fleet needed

Truck Cycle = Loading time + Travel time to dump site + dumping time
+ Return time.

Truck Cycle Time (minutes)

# of trucks =
Loader loading time/truck (minutes)
Part I - Scheduling
Forward Pass
EF = ES + activity duration
For a following activity, ES = EF of the preceding activity. For multiple preceding
activities,
ES = maximum EF’s of all preceding activities.
Backward Pass
LS = LF – activity duration
LF = LS of the following activity
If multiple following activities, LF= minimum LS’s of all following activities.

Total Float: TF= LS – ES = LF – EF

Free Float: FFi = min(ESj+1) – EFi
Duration of project is duration of the critical path. Run Forward Pass only.
Lag or Lead can be applied to Finish-Start, Finish-Finish, Start-Start, Start-Finish
activity relations.
When multiple activities are connected to one specific activity always check all
relations and choose the one that controls whether in the forward or
backward pass.
Resource Leveling: Manipulate activities that are not on the critical path to
minimize impact on the project duration.
Schedule Crashing or Compression: Reduce durations of critical activities to
reduce project duration.

PERT: Weighted average

(optimistic+ 4  Most likely + pessimistic
Expected duration: t e =
6
pessimistic − optimistic
Standard Deviation =  =
6

 pessimistic − optimistic
2

Variance =  
 6
CV = BCWP – ACWP = EV – AC (CV>0 good saving)
SV = BCWP – BCWS = EV – PV (SV>0 schedule advantage)
BCWP EV
CPI = = (CPI>1.0 good saving)
ACWP AC
BCWP EV
SPI = = (SPI>1.0 schedule advantage)
BCWS PV
ETC = (BAC – BCWP)/CPI
EAC = ACWP + ETC
 Part II – Means and Methods
Permanent Loads:
D = Dead Load: weight of the permanent construction in-place at the particular
time in the construction sequence. It includes non-structural loads such as
cladding, partitions, ceilings and railings.
L = Live Load: load produced by the use or occupation of a structure that is under
construction.
Construction Loads:
CD = Weight of temporary Structures
CFML = Fixed Material Load
CVML = Variable Material Load
CP = Personnel and Equipment loads
CH = Horizontal construction load

ASCE 37-14

Minimum concentrated loads for personnel and equipment

(Table 4-1):
❑ 250 lbs per person
❑ 500 lbs per wheel of manually powered vehicle
❑ 2000 lbs per wheel of powered equipment.
Concrete Pressure on formwork:

Chemistry Coefficient
Concrete Coefficient

0.5 1 + ( w /145) 
Lateral pressure on Formwork:
Minimum pressure of 600 pounds per square foot, but in no case greater than
p = w x h.
Pc
Maximum pressure in formwork is reached at depth d: d =
w

Rigging and Slings

Equal Length and symmetrical Slings
WL
F=  
2 H

Equal Length and unsymmetrical Slings

WDB L A WD A LB
FA = FB =
H ( D A + DB ) H ( D A + DB )

Unequal length and unsymmetrical Slings

WDB L A
FA =
( DB  H A ) + ( D A  H B )
WD A LB
FB =
( DB  H A ) + ( D A  H B )
 Sling Factor
Angle
90̊ 1.000

75̊ 0.966

60̊ 0.866

45̊ 0.707

35̊ 0.574

30̊ 0.500

Vertical Hitch WLL x Number of legs x Sling Angle Factor

Truck Cycle time:
Loading + Travel to dump site + Unloading + Travel back to excavation site
Number of trucks needed to keep up with excavator:
Truck Cycle Time (min utes)
# of trucks =
Loader loading time / truck (min utes)
Three ratings have been established as per OSHA regulation
1910.28(a)(9)
2
• Light-duty loading: Maximum loading of 25 lbf/ft .
• Medium-duty loading: Maximum loading of 50 lbf/ft2.
• Heavy-duty loading: Maximum loading of 75 lbf/ft2.

What is the maximum deflection of a platform?

The platform must not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when
loaded. 1926.451(f)(16)
 Soil Mechanics 2 Equations

Concentric Loading (M=0), No Ground Water

Wall (Continuous) Footings

B
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
L
Square/Rectangular Footings
𝐵
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 (1 + 0.3 ) + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 B
𝐿
𝐵≤𝐿

Circular Footings
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 + 0.6𝛾𝑅𝑁𝛾
R = Radius of the Footing

Revised
Effect of Ground Water on Ultimate Bearing Capacity (Depth)
Type Of Relationship of Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Footing Depths of
footing (D) and
water (d)
OG Continuous D=0 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + [𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 + 𝐹 𝛾𝑇 − 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏) 0.5𝐵𝑁𝛾
Surface Footing Footing
d≤D 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + [𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝐷 + 𝛾𝑇 − 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏) 𝑑 𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝐵𝑁𝛾

D < d ≤ (D+d0) 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝑇 𝐷𝑁𝑞 + [𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 + 𝐹 𝛾𝑇 − 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 ]0.5𝐵𝑁𝛾

OG
d Water Rectangular D=0 𝐵
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 (1 + 0.3 ) + [𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 + 𝐹 𝛾𝑇 − 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏) 0.4𝐵𝑁𝛾
D Footing 𝐿

d≤D B
qult =cNc 1+0.3 + γsub D+ γT −γsub d N +0.4γsub BNγ
L q
D < d ≤ (D+d0) 𝐵
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 (1 + 0.3 ) + 𝛾𝑇 𝐷𝑁𝑞 + [𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏
𝐿
OG + 𝐹 𝛾𝑇 − 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 ]0.4𝐵𝑁𝛾
Circular D=0 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + [𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 + 𝐹 𝛾𝑇 − 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏) 0.6𝑅𝑁𝛾
Footing
D
d≤D qult = 1.3cNc + γsub D+ γT −γsub d Nq +0.6γsub RNγ

d D < d ≤ (D+d0) 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝑇 𝐷𝑁𝑞 + 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 + 𝐹 𝛾𝑇 − 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 0.6𝑅𝑁𝛾

Water
Also in Depth Cheat Sheets
 Part VI: Geometrics Cheat Sheet

HORIZONTAL CURVES


T = R tan
2
Arc Length (La):

 100
La = R = = R(radians)
180 D

5729.58
D= (Arc Basis)
R
50
Sin (D ) = (Chord Basis)
2 R

Long Chord Length: LC


LC = C = 2 R sin
2

M = R(1 − cos )
2

E = T tan
4

1
For any sliver within a horizontal
curve:

Length of a small arc of a horizontal

curve

LD = RD = 100 ft
180
Length of a short Chord
D
LSC = 2 R sin
2

Deflection Angle α at any point along the arc:


 = (Sta. at A − PC) 
2L

2
Stationing: Sta. PT = Sta. PC + L

Sta. PC = Sta. PI - T

3
 VERTICAL CURVES

Equation of simple parabolic vertical curve:

r(x) 2 g − g1
Y( x ) = YBVC + g1 ( x ) + r= 2
2 L
(g 2 − g 1 )
m = d0 = L
8

x 2 (g 2 − g1 ) 4m( x 2 )
2
 x  d = Vertical distance from any point
d= = = m  on the curve to tangent grade.
 L/2
2
2L L
x is the distance from BVC if point is left of VPI and from EVC if the point is on the
right of VPI.

g 1 ( L)
DL = DL or DH = Distance to low or high point from BVC of the curve
g1 − g 2

100(YH − YP )
D=
g1 − g 2

x (g 2 − g 1 )
S = g1 + = g1 + r(x ) S = slope of the tangent to the curve at any point on the curve
L

4
 Vertical curve through a fixed point:
Fixed point in space

g1 offset
g2

VPI
 2  offset   A(offset)  offset  2  A
L = 2 A + +4  +   
 g − g 2 
  1
g − g  1
g − g 2  
(stations)
1 2 

5
 TRAFFIC

q (veh/hr) = Speed (mile/hr) x Density (veh/mile)

Number of vehicles
q = Flow ( veh / hr ) =
Time Interval

Density (veh / mi) =

5280 ft / mile 5,280
Spacing (ft / veh) =
Density ( veh / mile ) spacing (ft / veh)

Spacing 1
h = Headway (sec/ veh) = =
Speed Flow rate

Flow rate (veh / hr ) =

3,600
headway (s / veh)

Design Hourly Volume

DHV = AADT*K K = 0.09 for urban
K = 0.10 for rural
Directional Design Hour Volume: DDHV
DDHV = AADT x K x D D: Directional split

V
PHF = V15 = maximum 15 minute-count
4  V15

1 N
ut =  ui Time Mean Speed
N i =1
n
us = n
1

i =1 u i
Space Mean Speed

6
Materials 2 Equations
Part VIII - Site Development
Earthwork
Calculate earth volumes using:

( A1 + A2 ) 1yd 3
Average End Area Method: Volume ( yd ) =  L
3

2 27 ft 3

( A1 + 4 Am + A2 ) 1 yd 3
Prismoidal Method: Volume ( yd ) =  L
3

6 27 ft 3

Conversion unit :1 yd 3 = 27 ft 3

Status of Soil: Bank (natural), Loose and Compacted

Convert between soil status:

 % Swell  BCY
Volume: LCY = 1 +  BCY =
 100  LF

 % Shrinkage 
Volume: CCY = 1 −  BCY
 100 
If soil unit weights are given: DL (loose), DB (bank), DC (compacted)

( DB − DL)
Swell % =  100%
DL
( DC − DB)
Shrinkage % =  100%
DC
Soil Piles
1/3
(h / 3)d 2  7.64V 
Conical Pile: V ( Loose) = Base diameter: d =  
4  tan  
d
Cone height h = tan 
2
 0.5
1  4V 
Triangular Pile: V ( Loose) = b  h  L Base b =  
2  L  tan  
b
Height h= tan 
2
Mass Haul Diagram Equations
Total Haul Distance = FHD + OHD
Limit of Economic Haul (LEH) = FHD + Economic OHD

Cost of Borrow
Economic OHD =
Cost of Overhaul
Haul (CY.Sta.) = Haul Volume (CY) x AHD (Sta.)
Overhaul (CY.Sta.) = OH Volume (CY) x (AOHD - FHD)
Differential Levelling:
HI = BS + Hub Elev. Back Sight
TP = HI – FS Fore Sight
Part VIII - Site Development - Safety
Excavation:

Type A are cohesive soils with an unconfined, compressive strength of 1.5 tsf or greater.
Type B are cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf but less
than 1.5 tsf
Type C are cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf or less
Egress ladders must be provided every 25 ft and excavated materials must be placed no
closer than 2’ from the excavation
Fall Protection

Each employee on a walking/working surface with an unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet or
more above a lower level shall be protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety
net systems, or personal fall arrest systems
For Steel erection, the trigger elevation for fall protection is 15 feet. For workers on scaffolds,
the trigger elevation for fall protection is 10 feet.
Guardrails

Top edge of guardrail must be 42 inches high

minimum and must withstand a force of at least
200 lbs without deflecting to a height less than
39 inches above the working area.
Mid-rails, must be provided at 21 inches high
and must withstand a force of at least 150 lbs.

Scaffolding: Horizontal ties and braces are installed at intervals as shown below:

Light-duty loading: Maximum loading of 25 lbf/ft2.

Medium-duty loading: Maximum loading of 50 lbf/ft2.
Heavy-duty loading: Maximum loading of 75 lbf/ft2.
Power line: Equipment minimum clearance.

Incident Rate
Number of injuries/ il ln esses  200,000
IR =
Employees hours worked

Work Zone
Warning signs distances

MUTCD Table 6C-3

MUTCD Table 6C-4

W S2
For speed limits of 40 mph or less: L=
60
For speed limits of 45 mph or greater: L=WxS

The spacing between cones, tubular markers, vertical panels, drums, and barricades
should not exceed a distance in feet equal to 1.0 times the speed limit in mph
when used for taper channelization, and a distance in feet equal to 2.0 times the
speed limit in mph when used for tangent channelization.
Delineators can be cones, tubulars or drums.
Roadside Clear Zone Distances

Backslope
Foreslope
Drainage Channel