Macrinus: Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus (/M

Macrinus
Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus (/məˈkraɪnəs/; c. 165 –

June 218) was Roman Emperor from April 217 to June 218,
Macrinus
reigning jointly with his young son Diadumenianus. As a member
of the equestrian class, he became the first emperor who did not
hail from the senatorial class and also the first emperor who never
visited Rome during his reign. Before becoming emperor,
Macrinus served under Emperor Caracalla as a praetorian prefect
and dealt with Rome's civil affairs. He later conspired against
Caracalla and had him murdered in a bid to protect his own life,
succeeding him as emperor.
Macrinus was proclaimed emperor of Rome by 12 April 217

while in the eastern provinces of the empire and was subsequently
confirmed as such by the Senate; however, for the duration of his
reign, he never had the opportunity to return to Rome. His
predecessor's policies had left Rome's coffers empty and the
empire at war with several kingdoms, including Parthia, Armenia
and Dacia. As emperor, Macrinus first attempted to enact reform to
bring economic and diplomatic stability to Rome. While Macrinus'
diplomatic actions brought about peace with each of the individual
kingdoms, the additional monetary costs and subsequent fiscal
reforms generated unrest in the Roman military.
Bust, Capitoline Museums
Caracalla's aunt Julia Maesa took advantage of the unrest and Roman emperor
instigated a rebellion to have her fourteen-year-old grandson,
Reign 12 April 217 – 8 June
Elagabalus, recognized as emperor. Macrinus was overthrown at
218
the Battle of Antioch on 8 June 218 and Elagabalus proclaimed
himself emperor with support from the rebelling Roman legions. Predecessor Caracalla
Macrinus fled the battlefield and tried to reach Rome, but was Successor Elagabalus
captured in Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia. He sent
his son to the care of Artabanus IV of Parthia, but Diadumenianus Co-emperor Diadumenian (218)
was also captured before he could reach his destination and
Born c. 165
executed. After Macrinus' death, the Senate declared him and his
son enemies of Rome and had their names struck from the records Caesarea, Mauretania
and their images destroyed. Caesariensis
Died June 218 (aged 53)
Cappadocia
Contents Spouse Nonia Celsa
Issue Diadumenian
Background and career
Reign Names
Downfall Marcus Opellius Severus

Execution Macrinus[1]
Damnatio memoriae
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
Background and career

Macrinus was born in Caesarea (modern Cherchell, Algeria) in the Roman province of Mauretania
Caesariensis to an equestrian family of Berber origins.[2][3] According to David Potter, his family traced its
origins to the Berber tribes of the region and his pierced ear was an indication of his Berber heritage.[4] He
received an education which allowed him to ascend to the Roman political class.[5] Over the years, he earned a
reputation as a skilled lawyer; and, under Emperor Septimius Severus, he became an important bureaucrat.
Severus' successor Caracalla later appointed him a prefect of the Praetorian Guard.[5][6]
While Macrinus probably enjoyed the trust of Emperor Caracalla, this may have changed when, according to
tradition, it was prophesied that he would depose and succeed the emperor.[5] Macrinus, fearing for his safety,
resolved to have Caracalla murdered before he was condemned.[7]
In the spring of 217, Caracalla was in the eastern provinces preparing a campaign against the Parthian
Empire.[8][9] Macrinus was among his staff, as were other members of the Praetorian Guard. In April,
Caracalla went to visit a temple of Luna near the site of the battle of Carrhae and was accompanied only by his
personal guard, which included Macrinus.[8] On 8 April, while traveling to the temple, Caracalla was stabbed
to death by Justin Martialis, a soldier whom Macrinus had recruited to commit the murder.[8][10] In the
aftermath, Martialis was killed by one of Caracalla's men.[8]
For two or three days, Rome remained without an emperor.[7][10][11] On 12 April,[12] Macrinus proclaimed
himself emperor and assumed all of the imperial titles and powers, without waiting for the Senate.[7] The army
backed his claim as emperor and the Senate, so far away, was powerless to intervene.[13] Macrinus never
returned to Rome as emperor and remained based in Antioch for the duration of his reign.[14] Macrinus was
the first emperor to hail from the equestrian class, rather than the senatorial and also the first emperor of
Mauretanian descent.[15] He adopted the name of Severus, in honor of the Severan dynasty, and conferred the
imperial title of Augusta to his wife Nonia Celsa[note 2] and the title of Caesar and name of Antoninus to his
son Diadumenianus in honor of the Antonine dynasty, thus making him second in command.[15][17][18][19][20]
At the time of Diadumenian's accession he was eight years old.[21]
Reign
Despite his equestrian background, Macrinus was accepted by the Senate for two reasons: for the removal of
Caracalla, and for having received the loyalty of the army.[13][22] The senators were less concerned by
Macrinus' Mauretanian ancestry than by his equestrian social background and scrutinized his actions as
emperor.[7] Their opinion of him was reduced by his decisions to appoint men to high offices who were of
similarly undistinguished background.[7] Only the Senate had the constitutional power to choose the emperor
from among the senators and Macrinus, not being a senator and having become emperor through force rather
than through traditional means, was looked down upon.[13]
Macrinus had several issues that he needed to deal with at the time of his accession, which had been left
behind by his predecessor. As Caracalla had a tendency towards military belligerence, rather than diplomacy,
this left several conflicts for Macrinus to resolve.[23] Additionally, Caracalla had been a profligate spender of
Rome's income.[24] Most of the money was spent on the army; he had greatly increased their pay from 2,000
sesterces to 3,000 sesterces per year.[25][26] The increased expenditures forced Caracalla to strip bare whatever
sources of income he had to supply the difference.[24] This shortfall left Rome in a dire fiscal situation that
Macrinus needed to address.[27]
Macrinus was at first occupied by the threat of the Parthians, with whom Rome had been at war since the reign
of Caracalla. Macrinus settled a peace deal with the Parthians, after fighting an indecisive battle at Nisibis in
217.[28] In return for peace, Macrinus was forced to pay a large indemnity to the Parthian ruler Artabanus
V.[29][30] Rome was at the time also under threat from Dacia and Armenia, so any deal with Parthia would
likely have been beneficial to Rome.[31] Next, Macrinus turned his attention to Armenia.[32] In 216, Caracalla
had imprisoned Khosrov I of Armenia and his family after Khosrov had agreed to meet with Caracalla at a
conference to discuss some issue between himself and his sons. Caracalla instead installed a new Roman
governor to rule over Armenia. These actions angered the Armenian people and they soon rebelled against
Rome.[33][34] Macrinus settled a peace treaty with them by returning the crown and loot to Khosrov's son and
successor Tiridates II and releasing his mother from prison, and by restoring Armenia to its status as a client
kingdom of Rome.[35] Macrinus made peace with the Dacians by releasing hostages, though this was likely
not handled by himself but by Marcius Agrippa.[36] In matters of foreign policy, Macrinus showed a tendency
towards settling disputes through diplomacy and a reluctance to engage in military conflict, though this may
have been due more to the lack of resources and manpower than to his own personal preference.[23]
Macrinus began to overturn Caracalla's fiscal policies and moved closer towards those that had been set forth
by Septimius Severus.[27] One such policy change involved the pay of Roman legionaries. The soldiers that
were already enlisted during Caracalla's reign enjoyed exorbitant payments which were impossible for
Macrinus to reduce without risking a potential rebellion. Instead, Macrinus allowed the enlisted soldiers to
retain their higher payments, but he reduced the pay of new recruits to the level which had been set by
Severus.[37][38] Macrinus revalued the Roman currency, increasing the silver purity and weight of the denarius
from 50.78 percent and 1.66 grams at the end of Caracalla's reign to 57.85 percent and 1.82 grams from Fall
217 to the end of his reign, so that it mirrored Severus' fiscal policy for the period 197–209 A.D.[39][40]
Macrinus' goal with these policies might have been to return Rome to the relative economic stability that had
been enjoyed under Severus' reign, though it came with a cost.[41] The fiscal changes that Macrinus enacted
might have been tenable had it not been for the military. By this time, the strength of the military was too great
and by enacting his reforms he angered the veteran soldiers, who viewed his actions in reducing the pay of
new recruits as a foreshadowing of eventual reductions in their own privileges and pay. This significantly
reduced Macrinus' popularity with the legions that had declared him emperor.[41][42]
Caracalla's mother Julia Domna was initially left in peace when Macrinus became emperor. This changed
when Macrinus discovered that she was conspiring against him and had her placed under house arrest in
Antioch.[43] By this time Julia Domna was suffering from an advanced stage of breast cancer and soon died in
Antioch, possibly by starving herself.[15][43] Afterwards, Macrinus sent Domna's sister Julia Maesa and her
children back to Emesa in Syria, from where Maesa set in motion her plans to have Macrinus
overthrown.[15][22] Macrinus remained in Antioch instead of going to Rome upon being declared emperor, a
step which furthered his unpopularity in Rome and contributed to his eventual downfall.[44]
Downfall
Julia Maesa had retired to her home town of Emesa with an immense fortune, which she had accrued over the
course of twenty years. She took her children, Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea, and grandchildren, including
Elagabalus, with her to Emesa.[45] Elagabalus, aged 14, was the chief priest of the Phoenician sun-deity
Elagabalus (or El-Gabal) in Emesa.[45][46] Soldiers from
Legio III Gallica (Gallic Third Legion), that had been
stationed at the nearby camp of Raphanea, often visited
Emesa and went to see Elagabalus perform his priestly
rituals and duties while there.[45][47] Julia Maesa took
advantage of this, to suggest to the soldiers that
Elagabalus was indeed the illegitimate son of
Caracalla.[15][45] On 16 May, Elagabalus was
proclaimed emperor by the Legio III Gallica at its camp An aureus of Macrinus. Its elaborate symbolism
at Raphanea.[48] Upon Elagabalus' revolt, Macrinus celebrates the liberalitas ("prodigality") of Macrinus
travelled to Apamea and conferred the title of Augustus and his son Diadumenianus. Inscription: IMP. C.
onto his son, Diadumenianus, and made him co- M. OPEL. SEV. MACRINVS AVG. / LIBERALITAS
emperor.[21] AVG.
Execution
Macrinus realised that his life was in danger but struggled to decide upon a course of action and remained at
Antioch.[49] He sent a force of cavalry commanded by Ulpius Julianus to regain control of the rebels, but they
failed and Ulpius died in the attempt. This failure further strengthened Elagabalus' army.[49][50] Soon after, a
force under Elagabalus' tutor Gannys marched on Antioch and engaged Macrinus' army on 8 June 218 near
the village of Immae, located approximately 24 miles from Antioch.[44] At some point during the ensuing
Battle of Antioch, Macrinus deserted the field and returned to Antioch.[44] Macrinus was then forced to flee
from Antioch as fighting erupted in the city as well.[44] Elagabalus himself subsequently entered Antioch as
the new ruler of the Roman Empire.[51] Macrinus fled for Rome; he traveled as far as Chalcedon before being
recognized and captured.[52] His son and co-emperor Diadumenianus, sent to the care of Artabanus V of
Parthia, was himself captured in transit at Zeugma and killed in June of 218.[15][21][52] Diadumenianus' reign
lasted a total of 14 months, and he was about 10 years old when he died.[21] Macrinus, upon learning of his
son's death, tried to escape captivity, but he injured himself in the unsuccessful attempt[52] and was afterward
executed in Cappadocia; his head was sent to Elagabalus.[52] Much like Macrinus, Diadumenianus' head was
also cut off and sent to Elagabalus as a trophy.[20]
Damnatio memoriae
Macrinus and his son Diadumenianus were declared hostes, enemies of the state, by the Senate immediately
after news had arrived of their deaths and as part of an official declaration of support for the usurper
Elagabalus, who was recognized in the Senate as the new Emperor. The declaration of hostes led to two
actions being taken against the images of the former Emperors. First, their portraits were destroyed and their
names were stricken from inscriptions and papyri. The second action, taken by the Roman soldiers who had
rebelled against Macrinus in favour of Elagabalus, was to destroy all of the works and possessions of
Macrinus. The damnatio memoriae against Macrinus is among the earliest of such sanctions enacted by the
Senate. Many of the marble busts of Macrinus that exist were defaced and mutilated as a response to the
damnatio memoriae and many of the coins depicting Macrinus and Diadumenianus were also destroyed.
These actions against Macrinus are evidence of his unpopularity in Rome.[19]
Notes
1. According to Dio, Augustus died after a rule of "forty-four years lacking thirteen days". If we
subtract 13 days to 2 September, we have 20 August. The very same chapter precisely dates
Augustus' death on "the nineteenth day of August". Caligula ascended to the throne at "twenty-
five years of age, lacking five months and four days". This gives 27 March; Dio (wrongly)
indicates that Tiberius "passed away in this fashion on the twenty-sixth day of March". Vitellius
"reigned for a year lacking ten days"; this gives 23 December counting from 2 January. Dio's
calculations indicate that he died on the 22nd. Otho "lived thirty-seven years, lacking eleven
days"; this gives 17 April, but 16 April seems to be confirmed by the calculations of Josephus
and Clement of Alexandria. Therefore, Macrinus' reign began on 12 April (although most
authorities prefer April 11, see: Cooley, 2012).
2. The only evidence for her existence is a fictitious letter written in Diadumenianus' biography in
the Historia Augusta[16]
References
Citations
1. Cooley, p. 496.
2. Naylor, Phillip (2015). North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present.
University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76190-2.
3. Michael Grant (1996). The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire (https://books.google.com/
books?id=sCYMAm1k4KwC&pg=PA22). Psychology Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-12772-1.
4. Potter, David (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395 (https://books.google.com/books?
id=Da6U4NaBMZAC). Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-415-10057-1.
5. Gibbon, Edward (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1.
p. 162.
6. Mennen, Inge (2011). Impact of Empire, Volume 12: Power and Status in the Roman Empire,
AD 193–284. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 15. OCLC 859895124 (https://www.worldcat.org/ocl
c/859895124).
7. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell (https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000
gold/page/75). Yale University Press. p. 75 (https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000go
ld/page/75). ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
ld/page/74). ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
c/859895124).
10. Gibbon, Edward (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. p. 163.
11. Ando, Clifford (2012). Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century. Edinburgh
University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-7486-5534-2.
12. Cassius Dio 79.41: "For, having grasped at the supreme power before he had even the title of
senator, he lost it most speedily and disastrously, after ruling only a year and two months,
lacking three days, reckoning the time to the date of the battle."[note 1]
14. Varner, Eric (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial
portraiture. Brill Academic. p. 185. ISBN 90-04-13577-4.
15. Dunstan, William, E. (2010). Ancient Rome. Rowman and Littleman Publishers. p. 407.
ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7.
16. Scott, Andrew (2008). Change and Discontinuity Within the Severan Dynasty: The Case of
Macrinus. Rutgers. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-549-89041-6.
c/859895124).
18. Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis (1814). The History of the Roman Emperors From Augustus to
Constantine, Volume 8. F. C. & J. Rivington. p. 238.
19. Varner, Eric (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial
portraiture. Brill Academic. pp. 184–188. ISBN 90-04-13577-4.
20. Bunson, Matthew (2014). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 173.
ISBN 978-1-4381-1027-1.
21. Vagi, David (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480: History.
Taylor & Francis. pp. 289–290. ISBN 1-57958-316-4.
gold/page/76). Yale University Press. pp. 76–77 (https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath00
00gold/page/76). ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
Macrinus. Rutgers. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-549-89041-6.
25. Dunstan, William, E. (2011). Ancient Rome. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 406.
ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7.
26. Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). The Romans, from
village to empire (https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413). Oxford
University Press. pp. 413 (https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413).
ISBN 0-19-511875-8.
ld/page/88). ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
33. Payaslian, S (2008). The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present. Springer. p. 32.
ISBN 978-0-230-60858-0.
Macrinus. Rutgers. p. 270–271. ISBN 978-0-549-89041-6.
37. Gibbon, Edward (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Emperor. pp. 165–
166.
40. Harl, Kenneth. "Roman Currency of the Principate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220
413/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm). Tulane University. Archived from
the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
gold/page/176). Yale University Press. p. 176 (https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000
gold/page/176). ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
44. Glanville, Downey (1961). History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest.
Literary Licensing. pp. 248–250. ISBN 1-258-48665-2.
46. Vagi, David (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480: History.
Taylor & Francis. pp. 295–296. ISBN 1-57958-316-4.
ld/page/77). ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
ld/page/78). ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
AD 193–284. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 164. OCLC 859895124 (https://www.worldcat.org/o
clc/859895124).
51. Icks, Martijn (2011). The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy
Emperor. I. B. Tauris. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84885-362-1.
52. Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis (1814). The History of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to
Constantine, Volume 8. F. C. & J. Rivington. pp. 236–237.
Sources
Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). The Romans, from
village to empire (https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0). Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-511875-8.
Bunson, Matthew (2014). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=T5tic2VunRoC&q=diadumenian). Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-1027-1.
Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (https://books.google.com/
books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA496). Cambridge University Press. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-
521-84026-2.
Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis (1814). The History of the Roman Emperors From Augustus to
Constantine, Volume 8 (https://archive.org/details/historyromanemp04millgoog). F. C. & J.
Rivington.
Downey, Glanville. (1961). History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest (htt
ps://books.google.co.uk/books/about/A_history_of_Antioch_in_Syria_from_Seleu.html?id=-IEG
AQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y). Literary Licensing. ISBN 1-258-48665-2.
Dunstan, William (2011). Ancient Rome (https://books.google.com/books?id=xkOhwFzz1AkC).
Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7.
Harl, Kenneth. "Roman Currency of the Principate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220
413/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm). Tulane University. Archived from
the original on 10 February 2001.
Gibbon, Edward. (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1 (h
ttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ruA1AAAAMAAJ)
Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower (https://archive.org/detail
s/howromefelldeath0000gold). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
Icks, Martijn (2011). The Crimes of Elegabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy
Emperor (https://books.google.com/books?id=-yecRsy847AC&q=the+crimes+of+elagabalus). I.
B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-362-1.
Mennen, Inge (2011). Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284 (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=uZqQjkb07g8C). Impact of Empire. Volume 12. Brill Academic. ISBN 978-
9004203594. OCLC 859895124 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859895124).
Naylor, Phillip (2015). North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ&q=North%2520Africa%252C%2520Revise
d%2520Edition%253A%2520A%2520History%2520from%2520Antiquity%2520to%2520the%
2520Present). University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76190-2.
Payaslian, S. (2008). The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=UMIWDAAAQBAJ&q=Khosrov+I). Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-230-60858-
0.
Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay AD180-392. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10058-
5.
Scott, Andrew (2008). Change and Discontinuity Within the Severan Dynasty: The Case of
Macrinus (https://books.google.com/books?id=MyMArplPm40C). Rutgers. ISBN 978-0-549-
89041-6.
Vagi, David (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480: History
(https://books.google.com/books?id=raE7qzBM-OIC&q=diadumenian). Taylor & Francis.
ISBN 1-57958-316-4.
Varner, Eric (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial
portraiture (https://books.google.com/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC&q=Macrinus). Brill Academic.
ISBN 90-04-13577-4.
Further reading
Dio, Cassius. (n.d.). Roman History.
Herodian of Antioch. (n.d.). History of the Roman Empire.
Historia Augusta. (n.d.)
External links
Life of Macrinus (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Macri
nus*.html) (Historia Augusta at LacusCurtius: Latin text and English translation)
"Macrinus and Diadumenianius" at De Imperatoribus Romanis (by Michael Meckler of Ohio
State University) (http://www.roman-emperors.org/macrinus.htm)
Macrinus by Dio Cassius (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/
79*.html)
Livius.org: Marcus Opellius Macrinus (https://www.livius.org/articles/person/macrinus/?)
Macrinus
Born: 11 April 165 Died: June 218
Regnal titles
Roman emperor
Preceded by Succeeded by
217–218
Caracalla Elagabalus
With: Diadumenian
Political offices
Succeeded by
Preceded by Roman consul Elagabalus
Gaius Bruttius Praesens 218 Marcus Oclatinius
Titus Messius Extricatus with Marcus Oclatinius Adventus Adventus
as suffecti
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Macrinus

Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus (/məˈkraɪnəs/; c. 165 –

Macrinus was proclaimed emperor of Rome by 12 April 217

Downfall Marcus Opellius Severus

Background and career

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macrinus&oldid=1029962070"

This page was last edited on 23 June 2021, at 02:27 (UTC).

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