1(a)

0.5𝑘 𝑘 𝑓 𝑑
𝐿 . = ≥ 0.058𝑓 𝑘 𝑑
𝑘 𝑓

Total space between bars is given by:

400 − 28 × 4 − 2 × (30 + 12) = 204𝑚𝑚

Space from outside of each bar to outside of adjacent bar:

204
= 68𝑚𝑚
3

Space between outside of bar and concrete surface:

30 + 12 = 42𝑚𝑚

68
𝑐 = min 2 = 34𝑚𝑚 = 34𝑚𝑚
42𝑚𝑚

𝑘 = 1.0 Since there is less than 300mm of concrete below the bar.

132 − 28
𝑘 = = 1.04
100
0.15 × (34 − 28)
𝑘 = 1.0 − = 0.97
28
0.5 × 1.0 × 0.97 × 500 × 28
𝐿 . = = 1154𝑚𝑚
1.04√32

≥ 0.058 × 500 × 1.0 × 28 = 812𝑚𝑚

1(b)

𝑐 = 25 + 10 = 35𝑚𝑚

𝑘 = 1.0

132 − 24
𝑘 = = 1.08
100
0.15 × (35 − 24)
𝑘 = 1.0 − = 0.93
24
0.5 × 1.0 × 0.93 × 500 × 24
𝐿 . = = 1033𝑚𝑚
1.08√25

≥ 0.058 × 500 × 1.0 × 24 = 696𝑚𝑚

1(c)

350 − 2 × (40 + 12) − 3 × 32

𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 75𝑚𝑚
2

𝑇𝑜 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 40 + 12 = 52𝑚𝑚

75
𝑐 = = 37.5𝑚𝑚
2

𝑘 = 1.3 Since >300mm depth of concrete below rebar

132 − 32
𝑘 = = 1.0
100
0.15 × (37.5 − 32)
𝑘 = 1.0 − = 0.97
32
0.5 × 1.3 × 0.97 × 500 × 32
𝐿 . = = 1595𝑚𝑚
1.0√40

≥ 0.058 × 500 × 1.3 × 32 = 1206𝑚𝑚

1(d)

Clear distance is 238𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑜 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 25𝑚𝑚

𝑐 = 25𝑚𝑚

𝑘 = 1.0

132 − 12
𝑘 = = 1.2
100
0.15 × (25 − 12)
𝑘 = 1.0 − = 0.84
12
0.5 × 1.0 × 0.84 × 500 × 12
𝐿 . = = 371𝑚𝑚
1.2√32

≥ 0.058 × 500 × 1.0 × 12 = 348𝑚𝑚

2(a)

Self weight:

𝑤 ∗ = 1.2 × 0.4 × 0.4 × 24.5 = 4.7𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

1.6
𝑀∗ = 180 × 1.4 + 4.7 × = 252 + 6 = 258𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
32
𝑑 = 400 − 35 − 10 − = 339𝑚𝑚
2

Assume the value in the brackets for the beam formula is approximately 0.9.

𝑀 ∗ ≤ 𝜙𝑀 = 𝜙𝐴 𝑓 𝑑 × (≈ 0.9)

258 × 10 ≤ 0.85 × 𝐴 × 500 × 339 × 0.9

258 × 10
𝐴 ≥ = 1989𝑚𝑚
0.85 × 500 × 339 × 0.9

Area of each N32

32
𝐴 =𝜋× = 804𝑚
4
1989
→ 3 × 𝑁32 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠
804

2(b)

400 − 2 × (35 + 10) − 3 × 32

𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 107𝑚𝑚
2

𝑇𝑜 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 35 + 10 = 45𝑚𝑚

𝑐 = 45𝑚𝑚

𝑘 = 1.3 Since >300mm depth of concrete below rebar

132 − 32
𝑘 = = 1.0
100
0.15 × (45 − 32)
𝑘 = 1.0 − = 0.94
32
0.5 × 1.3 × 0.94 × 500 × 32
𝐿 . = = 1728𝑚𝑚
1.0√32

≥ 0.058 × 500 × 1.3 × 32 = 1206𝑚𝑚

(c)

Available length = 1600 − 35 = 1565 < 1728

Attaching a standard Cog gives 0.5𝐿 . = = 864𝑚𝑚

The effective development length then becomes 1565 + 864 = 2429 > 1728 ∴ 𝑂𝐾.