ITALIAN RENAISSANCE & REF

Justice
Economy Government system Education Science

Lorenzo de' Baldassare Johann

Medici Castiglione- Gutenberg,
trade (Lorenzo the Italian Humanities- inventor
brough magnificant) courtier, academic who
prosperity Ruled diplomat, & studies that origianted a
to Italy, Florence writer best study method for
particularly before & known for human type writers
the city- after his his dialogue society and and a
states in the brother's II libro del human printing
North assasination cortegiano culture. press
 Henry VIII
wanted a
divorce from
his Spanish
wife,
Catherine of
Aqargon,
because she
gave him a
daughter
and not a
son like Desiderius
Henry Erasmus-
wanted. Dutch
When the humanist,
Wars, Pope greatest
revolts, refused, scholar of
political Henry the northern Two of the
plots, and Sir Thomas became Renaissance most
assassinatio more- angry and , first editor important
ns occurred english appointed of the New men to use
often humanist & an English Testament, the scientific
because no statesman, archbishop & important method
one ruler high who then figure in were Galileo
was strong chancellor of granted patristic & Galeli &
enough to england Henry's classical Isaac
unify Italy (1529 - 1532) divorce. literature Newton.

Queen Francesco
Most of the Elizabeth I The council Petrarch-
trade routes greatly of Trent Italian A moveable
from the encouraged called on a scholar, metal tyoe
Middle East the arts & reformed poet & printer and
and Asia led sciences Church and humanist. a printing
to the which finances or He is known press were
mediterrane resulted in a administrati for II both
an. Golden Age. ons. Canzoniere created
 that the
words in the
Catholic
bible that
support the
idea of the
Trinity (that
God is
three) was
not in the
earliest
copies of
the Bible.
He argued
that the
Scholars Catholic
during the Church had
Age of added them
Reason after a
applied famous At the end
lessons of Church of the
the Scientific Council to Middle
The increase revolution to support the Ages,
in global the practice beliefs they To be truly scientists
trade led to of had decided knowledgea began to use
the government. on. Once ble, Rabelais new
developmen They argued again, by thought that methods to
t of a new that in returning to people study nature
economic nature, the original should study despite their
theory people are sources a Latin, Greek, acceptance
known as free & have medieval & Hebrew, of ancient
mercantilis certain corruption as well as shcolars &
m& natural was mathematic their
capitalism. rights. discovered. s & science. teachings.
 control the
church,
increased
interest in
pomp and
ceremony,
and
produced
greater
John locke- interest in
an English military
writer who conquest
said that the and
duty of exploration. Eventually,
government The the Scientific
is to protect Reformation method of
people's included a observation,
natural concept of experimenti
rights. Locke shared ng, and
The rise of presented authority; drawing
capiltalism his ideas in a thus conclusions
led to a new book called Protestant came into
type of Two treaties regions common
business of were less Erasmus's use. It led to
organization Government. likely to constant revolutionar
called the His book develop corresponde y advances
joint-stock influenced absolute nce with in the field
company. To the leaders monarchies scholars in of
raise large of the and tended many chemistry,
amounts of American & to form countries physics,
capital, French parliamenta helped mathematic
merchants Revolutions ry spread s,
combined in the late government humanist astronomy,
their funds. 1700's. s. ideas. & medicine.
 The success
of the
Reformation
allowed
Protestant
rulers break
free from
the power
of the
Charles-Louis Church and Jean Jacques
de Secondat, to seize Rousseau- a
Baron de control of French-
Montesquieu the Church’s Swiss
- a french possessions. philosopher,
political In writer,
thinker who censorship political
admired the of the theorist, &
English Church did self-taught Galileo- built
political not apply to composer. a telescope
Mercantiisis system. His Protestant His writings to study the
ts belived in writings countries; influenced stars. His
the use of about the hence millions of observations
tariffs, or separation of Newton people in & led him to
taxes on governmente could in Emile, he conclude
imported l powers practice posed new that the
goods to influenced science and theories of Earth & all
protect the writing of publish his education, the other
home the opinions stressing the known
industries Constitutions without the need fot planets
from of nations obstacles "child- move
competetion around the faced by centered" around the
. World. Galileo. instruction. sun.
 sponsored
voyages of
exploration
but soon
private
investors
began to
form joint-
stock
companies
to pull
resources
together.
The Royal They split
families of the risk and
Europe divided the
gained profits.
power during Because
Bills of the period of private
exchange- the money was
credit Renaissance at stake, isaac
instruments and these Newton-
to aid reformation. enterprises taught
business Most ruled were mathematic
operations as absolute conducted s. One of his
that enabled monarchs. in a much early
a merchant Absolute more achievemen
in one monrarchs efficient ts was the
country to tended to way; creation of
pay for believe that wasteful Peter I set the system
goods they had a practices up schools of advance
purchased divine or were and centers mathematic
in another "god given" streamlined, for scientific s called
country. right to rule. profits rose. research. calculus.
 The
bourgeoisie
was rising in
influence
and wealth
while the
power of
aristocracies
was
Henry VII challenged.
was a tudor It is not
monarch surprising
who fought a that during
number of this period
wars against the English newton
France. He and the developed
promoted Dutch the law of
trade & (Protestant universal
imprsioned and gravity. This
or killed capitalistic las
nobles & economies) explained
officials who jumped the
disagreed ahead of the operation of
with him, Spanish and Peter I a force of
when the Portuguese brough gravity &
Pope refused (Catholic teachers, that it is the
manufacturi to give him a with engineers, force of
ng goods in divorce, he command and gravity on
one's home made economies) craftspeople every planet
was known himself the in the from Europe that pulls
as the head of the colonization to teach the objects
domestic Church of of the New Russians toward the
system. England World. new ways. planet.
 Elizabeth I,
the daughter
of Henry VIII,
insisted on
her own
policies. She
promoted In 1543, a
trade & the medical
founding of student
colonies in from
order to get belgium,
money for Andreas
When the royal vesalius,
political treasury. She Maria published a
ambitions kept the theresa book on
became Church of tried to rule human
mized up England wisely. She anatomy. To
with separate promoted gain
relihious from the reforms onformation
differences, Church of such as about the
bloody wars Rome. Her eduaction body,
often broke navy for young Vesalius
out. Hardly prevented the scientist children & would
any place in Spanish and tried to examine
Europe forces from mathematici reduce the corpse's &
escaped invading an Galileo power of his book was
conflict. England & Galilei the great the first to
England, turning it investigated landlords in decribe
Spain, into a one natural order to correctly the
France, & Catholic law after benefit the parts of the
Germany country. another. peasants. body.
Spanish
Armada-
Phillip II,
catholic King By the end
of Spain, of the 15th
sent his century,
armada to Italy was In 1628,
attck being torn William
England in apart by one Humanists Harvey, an
1588. The war after wanted to English
Armada Elizabeth I another. The improve Doctor,
consisted of was the last kings of their lives wrote a
130 of the England, through book
powerful Tudors. The France and learning and explaining
fighting stuart kings Spain, along new how the
ships & followed her with the experiences. heart pumps
thousands and also Pope and Humanists blood
of sailors & considered the Holy urged through the
soldiers. Its themselves Roman people to body. This
prupose was to be Emperor, study the was the first
to prepare absolute battled for literature of description
the way for monarchs, control of ancient of the
an invasion whi rules by the wealthy Greece and circulatory
of England. divine right. peninsula. Rome. system.
 At the same
time, the
Catholic
Church,
which was
itself
wracked
with scandal
and
French Civil corruption,
war- had begun a
Ctholics & violent Education
Huguenots Parliament crackdown during the
fought a was not on Renaissance
series of willing to let dissenters. was Robert
civil wars in the Stuarts In 1545, the carefully Boyle- An
France. have so Council of programme irish
After many much power. Trent d to create scientist
large fights, A great officially students began his
the Edict of struggle established who were study that
Nantes was between the the Roman well- proved that
a law lawmakers Inquisition. balanced air is a
created to and the In this and mixture of
protect the Stuart kings climate, embodied gases & he
huguenots took place in humanism values of studied how
from the mid- was akin to their animals
persecution. 1600's. heresy. society. breathed.
 Johannes
The Kepler, a
Bourbon German
kings who Henry IV of astronomer,
followed Navarre was &
Louis XIV the first of Education mathemetici
were left the bourbon was mainly an,
with huge Kings. His Fifteenth- composed discovered
depts. Their son, Louis XII, century Italy of ancient that the
efforts to ruled as an was unlike literature planets
find money absolute any other and history, follow an
through monarch. He place in as it was elliptical
heavy acted to Europe. It thought that orbit around
taxation increase was divided the classics the sun. His
would French into provided work is used
eventually influence in independent moral to explain
cause the European city-states, instruction the paths
French affairs by each with a and an followed by
people to intervening different intensive modern,
turn against in the Thirty form of understandi human-
the Years' War in government ng of human made
monrchy. germany. . behavior. satalites.
 The scribes
of
Constantino
ple
preserved
Greek ideas
when
Europe was
in the Dark
Ages. They
kept the
scrolls of
Aristotle,
louis XIV Socrates,
came to the and other
throne in Classical
1643 & ruled writers in
French until 1715. libraries. In René
industry During his 1453 Descartes-
prospered long reign, Constantino she founded
during Louis France ple fell due the system
XIV reign. became the to invasions of analytic
Constant greatest from the geometry.
wars to add power in It was also a Muslims. She was a
more Europe. banking and The scholars french
territory to Louis, called commercial fled to scientists &
France and the "Sun capital and, Western philosopher
to protect king" & the after London Europe with who
French "great and the Greek expressed
colonies monarch" Constantino scrolls. her beliefs
overseas made france ple, the Most of by saying, "I
drained the a center of third-largest these scrolls think
royal learning & city in went to therfore I
treasury. the arts. Europe. Italy. am".
 As a result,
many
Renaissance
intellectuals
focused on
trying to
define and
understand
the laws of
nature and
the physical
During world. For
Charles V Wealthy example,
rule, Spain Florentines Renaissance
gained a flaunted artist
huge The their money Leonardo Da
colonial Hapsburg and power Vinci
empire & monarchs by becoming created
great ruled over patrons, or detailed
wealth. The Germany, supporters, scientific Peter I
Netherlands' Spain, and of artists “studies” of wanted to
, southern large and objects make Russia
Italy, Sicily, protions of intellectuals. ranging more like
& Austria central In this way, from flying the
were also Europe. the city machines to countries in
part of Charles V became the submarines. Western
Charles became King cultural He also Europe
empire. of Spain in center of created where the
Charles 1516 & Holy Europe and pioneering arts and
opened the Roman of the studies of sciences
reformation Emperor in Renaissance human were
in Germany. 1519. . anatomy advancing.
 By dropping
different-
sized
cannonballs
from the top
of a
building, for
instance,
Instead of Galileo
devoting proved that
themselves all objects
Poland was to ordinary fall at the
divided up jobs or to same rate of newton also
between the acceleration explained
1772 and asceticism . He also how gravity
1795, with a of the built a keeps
large The monastery, powerful planets in
portion Romanovs of they could telescope orbit around
going to Russia ruled enjoy and used it the sun.
Russia. Russia from worldly to show that With this
Catherine II the 1600's to pleasures. the Earth knowledge,
also added 1917. They They and other Newton
territory turned the traveled planets built the
along the country into around Italy, revolved foundation
northern a powerful studying around the of modren
coast of the nation. Peter ancient sun and not, astronomy.
Black Sra by ! And ruins and as religious He is
warring Catherin II rediscoverin authorities regarded as
against the were g Greek and argued, the one of the
Ottoman Romanovs of Roman other way greatest of
Empire. Russia. texts. around. all scientists.
ANCE & REFORM
Art and
literature Religion Culture

Rembrandt
van Rijn-
Dutch
Leonardo Da Baroque
Vinci- Francois painter &
painter, Rabelais, printmaker,
sculptor, french one of the
architect, & writer & greatest
engineer priest. storytellers
(Last Supper Eminent in the
& Mona physician & history of
Lisa etc. ) humanist art
 brunelleschi
- architect &
engineer
who was
one of the
pioneers of
early
Renaissance
architecture
in Italy. His
majoy work
Michelangel is the dome
o- sculptor, of the
painter, Under the Cathedral of
architect, & rule of Sant Maria
poet Francis I, del Fiore
(Sistine protestantis (the Duomo)
chapel) m increased in Florence

Shakespeare The pope, in

- English Rome, who
poet- was the
dramatist, & head of the
actor often Roman
called the Catholic
English Church, Renaissance
national controlled is a French
poet & very the Papal word that
popular States in means
writer central Italy. "rebirth"
Raphael- In the 15th
Matser & 16th
painter & During the centuries,
architect of renaissance, new ideas &
the Italian Europeans the love of
High began to learning
Renaissance question spread
. He is best long- beyond Italy
known for accepted to France,
his religious Holland,
Madonnas & beliefs & England, &
for his large certain Spain, all of
figure practices of which
composition the Roman experienced
s in the Catholic their own
Vatican Church. reniassance.
 During the
Middle
Ages, latin
was the
written
language of
the Roman
Catholic
Church & of
shcolars &
artists.
Other
Niccolò languages
Machiavelli- also began
wrote about to develop
government Protestants such as
& politics. were those Dutch,
He also who Italian,
wrote a challenged, Spanish,
guidebook or protested German,
for rulers against, the French,
called The ways of the Portuguese,
Prince. Church. & English.
Jan van
Eyke-
Netherlandi Their
sh painter demand for
who reform and
perfected religious
the newly changes in
developed the Church
technique of was called
oil painting. the
His reformation.
masterpiece This great
is the movement
alterpiece in led to the
the creation of a The 18th
cathedral at new branch century in
Ghent, The of Europe is
Adoration of Christianity: known as
the Mystic Protestantis the Age of
Lamb m. Reason
 in 1517, a
German
monk
named
Martin
luther
posted a
Boccaccio- document
italian poet on the door
& scholar of the
best church in
remembere Wittenberg,
d as the the a university
author of town. His
the "Ninety-Five
decameron. these"
With stated
Petrarch, he critisms of The most
laid the the Roman important
foundation Catholic natural
for the Church for rights were
humanism allowing the life, liverty,
of the sale of and
renaissace. indulgences. property.
 Serfs were
bound to
the land and
were
treated
almost as
slaves by
many
masters.
Great
dicontebt
built up
Indulgence- among the
a promise peasants,
by the who made
church to up 95
cancel some percent of
or all of the the
punishment population
a forgiven of Russia.
sinner While the
would suffer upper class
Miguel de in Purgatory gained more
cervantes- (an priveliges,
spanish intermediat the lower
novelist, e state after classes
playwright, death where received
& poet who one waits to nothing to
created Don go to imrpove
Quixote heaven). their loves.
 Martin
Luther was
excommunic
ated by the
Pope &
outlawed
when
Charles V
Dante became
Alighieri- ruler. He
Italian poet, continued to
prose speak our
writer, for reform &
literary his ideas
theorist, spread
moral rapidly
philosopher, throughout
& political Germany.
thinker. Best Knwing the
known for power of Peter I took
the the printed away much
monumenta word, of the
l epic poem Luther noble's
La Divina translated power and
Commedia. the Bible put the
He was the into German Russian
first to write so more Orthodox
in a people Church
vernacular could read under his
language. it. control.
 When Chalrs
V tried to
force
German
princes to
Chaucer remain loyal
ingored the to the
advice to church, they
not write in rebelled.
a vernacular Protestant
language & princes
did so to welcome
create the the Peter I built
Canterbury opportunity a strong
Tales. to be army loyal
Chaucer was independent to him and
an of the Pope cruched a
important & to free revolt of his
contribution themselves nobles.
to the from the These
developme authority of measures
mt of the Holy strengthene
written Roman d absolutism
English. Emperor. in Russia.
 Anglicans-
Henry VIII
started the
movement
to make the
new
Angelican Unlike Maria
religion the Theresa,
main faith Catherine II
Henry VII & authorized allowed
Elizabeth I by the large
both English lanholders
encouraged government to control
writers, . The ritual local
painters, & of worships government
the theatre. were very affairs. The
The tudors similar to peasants
made those of the and serfs
England Roman had many
properous Catholic rights taken
and strong. Church. away.
 A French
Lawyer
named John
Calvin
organized
protestant
churched in
Switzerland
& his ideas
were
somewhat
different
than
Luthers.
Calvin taight
a very strcit In a series of
moral code wars with
against the Sweden,
simplist of Peter I won
Elizabeth pleasures. territory
also urged Franch along the
priavtely calvanists Baltic Sea.
owned were known From points
English ships as along the
called Huguenots Baltic, which
priavteers, & the were called
to attack calvanists in "windows
Spanish England on the
ships to were West," the
seize the Puriatans, Russians
cargoes of both groups increased
gold, silver, were their trade
& gems. persecuted. with Europe.
 The
counter-
reformation
-the spread
of
protestantis
Catherine II m Peter I
encouraged throughout moved the
the creation Europe that capital from
of literature threatened Moscow. He
and work of the built a new
fine art. She authority of capital, St.
continued to the Roman Petersburg,
"Europeaniz Catholic on the Gulf
e" Russia. Church. of Finland.
 Throughout
Maris
Theresa's
reign, she
Pope Paul III had to fight
called to keep
church other
officials to monarchs
the Council from taking
Trent & territory
during 3 away from
sessions the her. She
Humanists council succeeded
believed worked out more often
that the ways to than she
classical change & failed. She
writers improve the joined with
could teach practices of Russia and
important the church. Prussia in
ideas about The dividing
life, love, counter- Poland for
and beauty. reformation the first
Humanists successfully tine, Thus a
revives strengthene portion of
interest in d the Roman that counry
literature Catholic was added
and writing. Church. to Austria.
 war- the
most
destructive
religious
war took
place in
germany. It
was from
1618-1648
& was
between the
Catholic & The
Protestant counter-
The printing states of reformation
press made Germany. successfully
it possible The Peace of strengthene
for books to Westphalia d the Roman
be produced ened the catholic
more war but Church.
cheaply and Germany Protestantis
accuartely remained m became
and in divided. This less popular
greater division in Poland,
numbers. would hungary,
The prevent and other
increases germany Eastern
circulation from uniting Nations. In
of books as one Italy, France,
intorduced country Spain, and
more people under a Portugal,
to the ideas national Catholicism
of the government continued to
Renaissance until the be the main
. 19th century faith.