THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES:

ANTHOROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, AND POLITICAL

SCIEENCE

(UCSP) UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY & POLITICS

GROUP 1:
 The Historical
Background of the Growth
of Social Sciences​
Origin of the Social Sciences can also
be traced to the ANCIENT
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS:​
​
-Socrates​
-Plato​
-Aristotle​
 Based on the empirical data, tested theories, and carefully
contrived observations. It does not ask the question about the nature of truth.
Science seeks to discover the truth about specific causes of events and
happenings in the natural world. It is inductive. It proceeds from observing
particular cases and moves forward generalizing the properties common to
these cases to other similar cases under the same specified condition.
Definition of Science is a very modern description. Before the modern period, the growth
of Sciences was slowed down because of the dominance of religious power after the
French revolution, the sciences grew steadily and rapidly to become the most widely
accepted way of explaining the world, nature, and Human beings (Harrington 2006).​
 Development of Social Science​
SCIENCE HUMANITIES

Pure Science​ Visual Arts​

Applied Science Performing Arts​

Social Science​ Religion​

Law​

Linguistics​

History​​
The Unprecedented Growth
of Science​

The Scientific Revolution, which begun

with Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-
1543), refers to historical changes in
thought and belief, to changes in Social and
institutional organization, that unfolded in
Europe roughly between 1550 and 1700.​
Nicolaus Copernious (1473-1543)
It culminated in the works of Sir
Isaac Newton (1643-1727), which
proposed universal laws of motion and
mechanical model of the Universe.​
The 17th Century saw the rapid
development in the Science.​

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Rene Descartes and Sir Isaac Newton laid the foundation
that allowed Science and technology to change the world. ​
​
DESCARTES separation of the physical from the spiritual,
the body from the mind, led to valuing physical
over spiritual.​
​
Once the physical universe is considered as a machine, it
soon became apparent that human beings.​ Rene Descartes
(1596-1650)
wasa french philosopher, m
athematician, writer who
is considered the father of
modern philosophy.​
 The Secularization of learning and Education​
 The modern period marked the growing triumph of scientific method over religious dogma and
theological thinking. The triumph of Reason (specifically Western Reason) and science over
dogma and religious authority began with the Reformation. The Protestant movement led by
Martin Luther eroded the power of the Roman Catholic Church.​
In the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers led by Immanuel Kant challenged the use of
metaphysics or absolute truth derived mainly from unjustified tradition and authority such as
the existence of God. Kant advocated the use of reason in order to know the nature of the world
and human beings. In 1784, Immanuel Kant wrote his famous essay, “What Is Enlightenment?”
Kant heralded the beginning of the Modern Period when he defined Enlightenment as the
courage to know.​
 The Rise of Universities ​
 Education is the single most important factor in the rise of social
sciences. The growth of universities also contributed to the triumph
of science. Secular subjects or subjects dealing with natural world
proliferated in the universities. Merchants and capitalists supported
universities and institutions of secular learning because they became
the hub of training future scientists, technocrats, and technological
innovators.​
 The Dissolution of Feudal Social Relation​
 The Dissolution of Feudal Social Relations With the intensification of
commerce and trade in the 17th century, many medieval guilds or workers’
cooperatives were dissolved and absorbed into the emerging factory system.​

Trade and Commerce​:

In the 18th century, trade and commerce greatly accelerated. Charles Tilly, a
historian, believed that this was one of the major factors in the large-
scale change in European history that also determined largely the direction of
the social sciences.​
 Harriet Martineau

A British political economist

and sociologist, social
scientists shifted their attention
to non-Western world as a
model of the early stage of
Western civilization.​
 The Rise of Individualism​
 The intensification of commerce and trade gradually replaced barter with the introduction of
money and banking system. Soon banking system provided merchants and capitalists the
leverage to extend credit and transactions. The introduction of money enabled people to deal
with people in an impersonal manner. Money made possible the reduction of human interaction
to mere business-like transactions devoid of any warmth and personal touch.

George Simmel (1858-1918)

Was a German Sociologist who characterized the modern
period as the “Tragedy of Culture”
The emancipatory Potential of the social sciences
 The examcipatory potential refers to the evaluation and analysis of the potential
impact and effectiveness of an exam or assessment in achieving its intended
outcomes. This summary typically involves examining various factors such as
the alignment of the exam with the learning objectives, the clarity and fairness
of the questions, the level of difficulty and relevance of the content, and the
degree to which the exam measures the desired skills and knowledge. By
assessing the examcipatory potential, educators can determine the extent to
which the exam is likely to promote meaningful learning and accurately assess
students' understanding and abilities.
The birth of social sciences as a response to the social turmoil of the
modern period.
 Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that deals with the scientific study of human
interactions, social groups and institutions, whole societies, and the human world as such. Of
course, sociology also addresses the problem of the constitution of the self and the individual,
but it only does so in relation to larger social structures and processes.\
 Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a French philosopher and mathematician, is the founding father of
sociology. He coined the term "sociology" but he originally used "social physics" as a term for
sociology.
 Harriet Martineau (1802-1876), an English writer and reformist. With physical disabilities,
Martineau traveled a lot, especially in the United States, and wrote her travelogues. In her
accounts expressed in How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838), the deep sociological
insights that we now call as ethnographic narratives are fully expressed.
 Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte (1798-1857) is considered as the "father" of sociology.
 After Auguste Comte, the German philosopher and revolutionary Karl Marx (1818- 1883) further contributed to the
development of sociology. Marx introduced the materialist analysis of history which discounts religious and
metaphysical (spiritual) explanation for historical development.
 Karl Marx (1818-1883) is considered as the "father" of scientific socialism.
 Another French sociologist, Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), made possible the professionalization of sociology by
teaching it in the University of Bordeaux. Durkheim was responsible for defending sociology as an independent
discipline from psychology.
 Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was the pioneer of functionalism in sociology.
 Another founding father of sociology is Max Weber (1864-1920). Weber stressed the role of rationalization in the
development of society.
 Anthropology
 Anthropology as a scientific discipline originated from social philosophy and travelogues of
Western travelers. It grew out of the encounters of social scientists with the non-Western world.
 Franz Boas (1858-1942) is considered the "father" of American anthropology.anthropologist
who contributed to the development of modern anthropology is Bronisław Kasper Malinowski.
He was a Polish immigrant who did a comprehensive study of Trobriand Island.
 Ethnography is literally the practice of writing about people. Often, it is taken to mean the
anthropologist's way o making sense of other people's modes of thought, since anthropologists
usually study cultures other than their own.
 Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955) was an English social anthropologist who
developed the theory of structural functionalism.
 Political Science
 Political Science is part of the social sciences that deals with the study of politics, power, and
government. In turn, politics refers to "the process of making collective decisions in a
community, society, or group through the application of influence and power" (Ethridge and
Handelman 2010, p.
 Political Science studies how even the most private and personal decisions of individuals are
influenced by collective decisions of a community.
 The Colonial Origin of the Social Sciences
 The dominance of native people and the exploitation of the
underclass in industrial countries were justified by social
Darwinism. Social scientists and European explorers frequently
portrayed aboriginal people as barbaric and devoid of rational
thought. Due to the colonial bias in social sciences, indigenous
cultures, languages, and customs were destroyed throughout
colonization.
 Social Sciences in the Era of Globalization
 The era of globalization has had a significant impact on the social
sciences, both in terms of the subject matter they study and the
methods they use to study it. In the past, social scientists tended to
focus on local or regional issues, but globalization has made it
increasingly necessary to take a more global perspective. This has
led to the development of new theories and concepts, such as global
governance, transnationalism, and cosmopolitanism.
 Lesson 2:

Science and Common Sense

 People often do inquiries to answer specific questions like, "Are poor people really lazy?" or,
"Are Chinese-Filipinos better in Math than average Filipinos?" We often experience predicting
the future like, "Will it rain tomorrow?" To answer these questions, many people turn to
common sense or the prevailing opinion among the people. Common sense is prone to
overgeneralization, inaccurate observation, and illogical reasoning.
 THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL
 The emancipatory potential refers to the evaluation and analysis of the potential impact and
effectiveness of an exam or assessment in achieving its intended outcomes. This summary
typically involves examining various factors such as the alignment of the exam with the
learning objectives, the clarity and fairness of the questions, the level of difficulty and relevance
of the content, and the degree to which the exam measures the desired skills and knowledge. By
assessing the emancipatory potential, educators can determine the extent to which the exam is
likely to promote meaningful learning and accurately assess students' understanding and
abilities.
 The open System of the social sciences.
 In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material, energy, people,
capital and information with its environment.
 Two Basic Methods in the social Sciences
 Quantitative Method According to Jeanette Garwood (2006), quantitative method
refers to "[r]esearch involving the collection of data in numerical form for
quantitative analysis. The numerical data can be durations, scores, counts of
incidents, ratings, or scales.

 Qualitative Method According to Maggie Sumner (2006), qualitative research

method refers to "Research that investigates aspects of social life which are not
amenable to quantitative measurement.
 Ethics and Politics of the Social Science Research:
 researchers are obliged to provide information about their study to potential subjects before data
collection to help them decide whether or not they wish to participate.
QUIZ!!
 1._____who Invented of the law of three stages?
A.Auguste Comte
B.Alfred Reginald
C.Radcliffe-Brown
D. Harriet Martineau

2.______which of the following come first in the hierarchy of science?

A.Science
B.Mathematics
C.English
D.Filipino

3.______ she argue that when one studies of all aspect including political, Religious and social institution?
A.Radcliffe-Brown
B.Harriet Martineau
C.Karl Max
D.Alfred Reginald

4.who is the author of the famous quote workers of the world unite?
A.Alfred Reginald
B.Radcllife-Brown
C.Karl Marx
D.Brownislaw Kasper Malinowski
5.according to Durkheim , society is made of?
A. Culture Facts
B.Political Facts
C.Social Facts
D.Anthropoly Facts

6.who is Franz Boas?

A.franz Boas was an anthropologist and ethnographer.
B. Franz Boas is considered as the "father" of scientific socialism.
C. Franz Boas is considered as the "father" of sociology.
D.Franz Boas is considered the "father" of American anthropology.

7.he was an English social anthropology who developed the theory of structural functionalism?
A.franz Boas
B.Emile Durkheim
C.Auguste Comte
D.Alfred Reginald

8.He was a french philosopher mathematician and a writer who is a Considered the Father of modern philosopher
A.Karl Max
B.Franz Boa
C.Auguste Comte
D.Rene Descartes
9.when did commerce and trade intensify
A.17th Century
B.18th Century
C.19th Century
D.20th Century

10.____ is part of the social sciences that deals with the study of politics, power, and government.
A.Political Science
B.Social Science
C.Culture Science
 TRUE OR FALSE
 11.Alfred Reginald-Brown is considered as the father of modern American Anthropology

 12.Another founding father of sociology is Max weber.

 13.Quantitative Method According to Maggie Sumner (2006) quantitative method refers to "[r]esearch involving
the collection of data in numerical form for quantitative analysis. The numerical data can be durations, scores,
counts of incidents, ratings, or scales.

 14.Qualitative Method According to Jeanette Garwood (2006), qualitative research method refers to "Research that
investigates aspects of social life which are not amenable to quantitative measurement.

 15.The intensification of commerce and in the 17th Century

Give 3 Ancient Greek Philosophers:
16.
17.
18.

Give 2 basic Method in the social science:

19.
20.