This document discusses employer-employee relations and managing change in the workplace. It covers topics like the importance of good relationships between employers and employees, collective bargaining negotiations, methods employees and employers use to achieve objectives like strikes and lockouts, dealing with conflicts that arise, and approaches to managing resistance to change. The document provides details on models and approaches for negotiations, handling conflicts, reducing the impact of change, and reasons why change management initiatives may fail.
This document discusses employer-employee relations and managing change in the workplace. It covers topics like the importance of good relationships between employers and employees, collective bargaining negotiations, methods employees and employers use to achieve objectives like strikes and lockouts, dealing with conflicts that arise, and approaches to managing resistance to change. The document provides details on models and approaches for negotiations, handling conflicts, reducing the impact of change, and reasons why change management initiatives may fail.
This document discusses employer-employee relations and managing change in the workplace. It covers topics like the importance of good relationships between employers and employees, collective bargaining negotiations, methods employees and employers use to achieve objectives like strikes and lockouts, dealing with conflicts that arise, and approaches to managing resistance to change. The document provides details on models and approaches for negotiations, handling conflicts, reducing the impact of change, and reasons why change management initiatives may fail.
Good relationships are necessary as poor working relationships lead to low
morale, conflict, and perhaps even strike action/rioting Negotiations and collective bargaining Negotiations Bargaining process wherein two parties try to get a mutually acceptable agreement Collective Bargaining Negotiations between managers and employee representatives (usually union representatives) Not an industrial action, but failure here could cause more problems Compromise is necessary on both sides Employees are usually represented by labor unions Organization of worker members Increases bargaining power of employees Makes it easy for employer to communicate to a collective Provides legal and financial support Goal is better employee conditions, legislation, pay, etc. Three levels of negotiations: Management negotiations (regarding internal business functions) Commercial negotiations (w/ different organizations) International negotiations Six stages of negotiations: Preparation, proposal, debate, bargaining, closing, review Different views/approaches on negotiations: Avoidance – avoid problems, might mean issues aren’t solved Level playing ground – parties must be equal to have negotiations Winner takes all – one wins, one loses Win-win Success of negotiation depends on: Experience, power of union, state of economy, demand for labor, media opinion, government involvement and degree of substitution (ability to replace labor with capital intensive production) Methods by employees to achieve objectives Goal is to reduce a business’ productivity to increase union’s bargaining power Negotiations/collective bargaining (as seen above) Go-slow/slowdowns Work at the minimum required amount by contract Effective when in high seasonal demand Work-to-rule Work at the minimum required amount by rules All rules and regulations are strictly followed e.g. not taking calls during lunch breaks Overtime ban Strike action Refusal to work Illegal without prior notice May coincide with a walk-out Methods by employers to achieve objectives Objectives include reducing costs, increasing productivity, and staff morale Negotiations/collective bargaining (as seen above) Public relations Deals with media to make the business look good Build goodwill Lockout Employer version of strike action Divides unions by pitting workers who want to work vs. those who don’t Threat of redundancy Still considers employment rights Change of contract Closure Conflict Hinders productivity, reduces morale, causes internal politics, etc. etc. May be good since it helps address problems Conflict isn’t bad, depends on how it is managed Sources: Needs and wants – when they are not met Perceptions – when communication is inadequate Incompatible values, abuses of power, feelings Approach depends on concern for personal outcomes and other’s outcomes High concern for personal outcome causes win-lose High concern for others causes surrender Low concern for either causes avoidance High concern for both causes collaboration Moderate concern for both causes compromise Conflict resolution Resolving conflicts successfully (if everyone is satisfied) Approaches: Conciliation Use an independent arbitrator “Caucusing” – separate meetings with arbitrator Conciliators encourage compromise and make legally binding agreements Arbitration Like above, except arbitrator makes the decision, like a judge Industrial democracy/employee participation Involve employees in decision making Uses motivation theories Makes for cooperative employees less likely to strike (win-win) No strike agreements Single-union agreements Employer agrees to only bargain with one union More convenient Consultation (w/ employees) Litigation (lawsuits) Likely to cause win-lose Realistic expectations Avoidance Likely to cause lose-lose Change management Processes and techniques used to plan, implement, and evaluate change Change includes: new products, restructuring, new policies, mergers, etc. Forcing change might cause problems, while no change means no progress Factors/sources of change Customers – changing tastes, expectations, demand for better products Competition – need to stay competitive and evolve Management – stay on top of market trends, employee motivation, etc. Exogenous Factors – change in fashion, state of economy, etc. Technology Government Resistance to change According to John Kotter, there are 4 main reasons: Self-interest > Corporate Objectives Misunderstandings (uncertainties and “if it isn’t broke…”) Different assessments of situation Low tolerance for change Ambivalence may also be an issue Reducing impact of change Change Approaches Model by Kotter Deals with resistance to change Six approaches: Education and communication Establishes trust, eliminates misunderstanding, etc. Participation and involvement Link to Mayo and Herzberg theories of motivation May be time consuming Facilitation and support Retraining, counseling, etc. Negotiation and agreement Compromise, incentives, amendments in contract, etc. Manipulation and co-option Convert thinking to be pro-change May backfire Explicit and implicit coercion John Storey 4 different approaches to managing change: Total imposed package – changes are just implemented Imposed piecemeal initiative – change done gradually Negotiated total packages – negotiate with employees before implementing Negotiation piecemeal packages – negotiate with employees then slowly implement Iceberg Model Two levels of change: Top level: cost, quality, and time Bottom level: People/stakeholders 4 groups in the bottom level: Opponents (- behavior, – attitude) Promoters (+ behavior, + attitude) Hidden opponents (+ behavior, – attitude) Potential promoters (- behavior, + attitude) Attitudes are shaped by management of perceptions; behavior is affected by management of power and politics Change Phases Model by Kotter 8 reasons why change management fails: Too much complexity No support from staff No clear vision No communication w/ stakeholders Obstructions to vision Does not focus on small continuous changes Declare success too soon Ignore corporate culture