Notes in Evidence 2. Conclusive – cannot be contradicted any more.

Estoppel by deed – with written

RULE128 Estoppels in pais – by action

Evidence Seventh classification

- Means the facts not just a believe of an opinion.
Proof of facts
- must established or ascertained to a matter of
facts
First classification of Evidence
1. Factual Probandum – Ultimate facts.
- in criminal case, to prove the 2 side of the
crime. Like, the element of the facts committed.
Prosecution must proved that the accused is the one
committed the crime.
2. Factum Prodans – evidentiary facts.
- in criminal case, if failed to proved, the accused
be aquitted.
- this must be presented to proved the unlawful
king.
Second classification of evidence
1. Object evidence
- real evidence or a demonstrative evidence
2. Oral evidence
3. Testimonial evidence – oral evidence
Third classification
-required that the evidence to be admissible
1. Relevant Evidence
2. Material evidence
3. Competent evidence
Materiality – may determine by substantial law or by
pleadings
Competency – admissibility. What is included will not be
excluded.
Forth Classification
1. Direct – relationship of factum proban & factum
probandum
2. Indirect – must show a connection. Must have an
inference to another facts.
Fifth classification
1. Cumulative – the same kind of factae proban to prove
the same gactae probandum.
2. Corroborative – cannot be contradicted any more.
Sixth Classification
1. Prima Facie – it is sufficient so support a conclusion
unless contradicted by superior evidence. A probable
cause.
1. Primary evidence – not yet obtain
2. Secondary evidence – may be available
Eighth Classification (rule 132, sec 28, Rule 131, Sec
3(m)
1. Positive evidence – an affirmative answer
2. Negative evidence – a denial or negative answer
Nineth Classification( Rule 120, sec 51 & 52)
1. Ordinary
2. Expert
Rules on Probative Policy
1. Exculsionary Rules – Most rules which are not
admissible.
2. Preferential Rules – secondary evidence allowable but
original is preferred.
3. Analytical Rules – rules governing the testing of
evidence, to cross examine or analize.
4. Prophylactic Rules – to prevent something, like a
fraud.
5. Quantitative Rules – refers to quantity. Rule 133, sec 3
Kinds of admissibility Sec 3. Rule 128
1. Conditional Admissibility
- a judge allowed a relevant question be admitted
on the ocnditione that their ia s connection to the issue.
2. Multiple Admissibility
- evidence is apparent
- evidence being offer appears to have relevant to
the fact
- evidence is serve not only for one purpose bur
for several purposes
3. Curative Admissibility
- indicates a cure.
- an evidence which should not admitted but was
admitted
a. American Rule – Get attention of the court
- Submission of similar evidence
is not allowed.
b. English Rule – Opposite of American Rule
- judge always allow the
admission of evidence.
3. Massachusetts Rule – the evidence maybe
allowed or not upon the discretion of the court.
Sec 4, Rule 128
-Evidence must have a relation to the fact in issue
as to induce believe to its existence or non existence.
- Evidence on collateral matter shall not be
allowed, except when it tends in any reasonable degree to
establish the probability of the fact in issue.
 letters, words, sounds, numbers, figures, symbols, or
RULE 129 other equivalent, or other modes of written expression
offered as proof of their contents.
Sec 1. Judicial Notice
- notice that facts are true without need of proof, Photographs include still pictures, drawings, stored
which includes the following: images, x-ray films, motion pictures or videos.
a. Territorial extent of estate
b. Political history Sec.3 Original Document Rule or Best Evidence Rule
c. Forms of government Generally, no evidence is admissible other than the
d. Symbols of Nationality original document itself, except:
e. Law of Nations. Such as, customary a. Original is destroyed or loss, or cannot be
international law, either written or unwritten produced in court, without bad faith on part of the offeror.
f. Admiralty and maritime courts and their seals - relate to Sec. 5, Rule 130. If the cause of
g. Political Constitution and history of the unavailability of original without bad faith may prove its
Philippines contents by:
h. Official acts of the legislative, executive and 1. a copy
judiciary departments of the National Government of the 2. by a recital of its content in some
Philippines authentic document
i. The law of nature 3. by the testimony of witness with a
j. The measure of time knowledge of the content.
k. Geographical division
b. Original is in the custody or under the control
Sec 4. Judicial admissibility of the party against whom the evidence is offered, and the
- The admission that does not require proof. It is latter fails to produce it after reasonable notice. Or the
not a hearsey. It is done in court. Extrajudicial admission original cannot be obtained by local judicial processes or
is excluded. procedures.
- relate to Sec 6, Rule 130. Said adverse party
RULE 130 must have reasonable notice to produce it. After notice
Sec. 1 Object as Evidence and satisfactory proof of its existence, failed to produce
Object as evidence – are whose addresses to the senses of the document, secondary evidence may be may be
the court. If it is relevant to the issue, it may be exhibited, presented.
examined or viewed by the court.
c. Original document consist of numerous
Technical terms accounts or other documents which cannot be examined
1. Medical Examiner – Must be a MD or a certain in court without great loss of time and the fact sought to
medical specialist. be established from them is only the great result of the
2. Coroner – a medical examiner in a public office in a whole.
politician office. - relates to Sec. 7, Rule 130. Said voluminous
document, once presented, would create a great loss of
Ex. In a cadaver time to the court when examine, the facts sought to be
Autoptic Preference – the object of autopsy established is only the general result of the whole and
may be presented in the form of a chart, summary or
Gross examination is done to the whole body for calculation. But such original must be available for
examination. Ex. In a wound, general examination is that examination or copying, or the court may order that they
such would was cause by either, through stab, hack, be produced in court.
contusion, or abrasion.
d. Original is a public record in a custody of a
Post mortem necropsy report public officer or recorded in a public office.
- A report made in writing related to the autopsy - relate to Sec. 8, Rule 130. Since the original
examination of the cadaver. document is in the custody of a public officer or is being
recorded in a public office, said document may be
Demonstrative Evidence – Multiple evidence presented as proved by a certified copy issued by a public
Ocular inspection – presenting demonstrative evidence. officer in custody.

Sec. 2 e. Original is not closely related to a controlling

Documentary evidence – those consist of writings, issue.
recordings, photographs, or any material containing -relate to Sec. 9, Rule 130. Since the document is
not closely related to the issue, the production of said
document is not obliged to offer it as evidence.
Sec.4
Original Document – refers to the document itself or any
counterpart intended to have the same effect by a person
executing or issuing it.
Duplicate document – refers to the counterpart produced
by the same impression as the original., or from the same
matrix, or by means of photography, including
enlargements or miniatures, or by mechanical or
electronic re-recording, or by chemical reproduction, or
by other equivalent techniques which accurately
reproduce the original.
Generally: A duplicate is admissible as an original
except:
a. a genuine question is raised as to the
authenticity of the original.
b. in the circumstances, it is unjust or inequitable
to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original.
Sec. 10 PAROLE EVIDENCE
PAROLE EVIDENCE RULE
- It prevents the introduction of evidence of prior
negotiation and agreements that contradict, modify, or
vary the terms of a written contract when it is completed.
-an oral evidence
- compare to Art. 1403 NCC, Statute of fraud,
which is once produce and presented in court and failed
to object its admissibility, it is deemed a waiver. And said
rule is also apply to Parol Evidence Rule.
-the difference between the 2 rules is that, in
Statute of failed, it cannot be prove if not in writing
regarding the existence of terms and conditions on an
agreed upon. While in Parol evidence Rule, it is already
in writing but it is not admissible and once it is introduce,
it will change the content what it is in writing.
- the admission of Parol Evidence will allow the
modification, explanation or addition to an issue which is
already presented in court in a written contract.
- if the matters in an issue was filed to include,
such parol evidence is not admissible. It must be allege in
the pleading to be proved.
Issue/s which may be included in a pleading for a parol
evidence be admissible:
1. An intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or
imperfection in the written agreement.
2. The failure of a written agreement to express th
true intent and agreement of the parties thereto;
3. The validity of a written agreement; or
4. The existence of other terms agreed to by the
parties or their successors in interest after executiton of
the written agreement.
Sec. 11 Interpretation of writing according to its legal
meaning.
Sec. 12. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all
provisions.
Sec.13. Interpretation according to intention; general
and particular provisions.
Sec. 14. Interpretation according to circumstances.
Sec. 15. Peculiar significant of terms
Sec. 16. Written words control printed.
Sec. 17. Experts and interpreters to be used in
explaining certain writings.
Sec. 18. Preference of a two constructions
Sec. 19. Construction in favour of natural rights.
Sec. 20. Interpretation according to usage.
Rule 130. C. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
Disqualification of witnesses
Sec.21. All person can b a witness who can perceive,
and perceiving, which can make known to others.
3 groups of a crime which not affect the qualification of a
witness.
1. Perjury – statement under oath which is false.
Extrajudicial statement under oath which happens to be
false..
2. Falsification – either public document, private
document, commercial document.
3. False testimony-judicial statement which is
false.
Note: Dealing only with the admissibility of a person.
Sec. 22. Statement of a hearsey rule. Witness testify
those facts which his personal knowledge.
Disqualification
Prevent a person wholly or partially on a matters
as a witness. In opinion rule, the witness is qualify, and
part of his testimony be excluded if such testimony is
only his opinion.
Sec. 23. By reason of marriage
-one of the benefit of marriage.
- MARITAL DISQUALIFICATION RULE
-SPOUSAL IMMUNITY RULE
 - During marriage, spouse can not testify against
the other, but generally can testify in-favour of other.
-can only testify if with consent of the other
spouse.
-spouses are not allow to donate, or sell
properties to each other and applicable also to common
law spouses.
Except:
1. Civil Case; annulment of marriage, legal
separation, declaration of nullity of marriage
2. Criminal Cases; RA 9262,
3. against spouse direct descendant or ascendant.
Similarities of Sec 23 & 24(a)
1. Disqualified witness applied to spouses. They
must have a valid marriage.
2. Same cannot apply in civil case, criminal case
and against the spouse direct descendant or ascendant
3. Both rules are written in the statute as privilege
and rights available to spouses to protect the sanctity of
marriage.
Difference
1. length of disqualification. Sec. 24(a) last
longer. Sec. 23 only apply to the time of marriage until
the termination of marriage with judicial order. like:
a. dissolution of marriage
b. annulment of marriage
c. declaration o f nullity of marriage
d. valid divorce obtain abroad by a foreign spouse
or by even under the Manalo doctrine or Orbisedo
doctrine, even obtained by a Filipino spouse.
e. marriage was void at the beginning under art.
35, 36, 37 FC
f. marriage was annulled under art. 45 FC
-applies during and after the marriage. Duration
is longer compare to Sec23.
2. Coverage of disqualification
-Sec. 23, covers disqualification applies
to everything, the testimony of one spouse to other
spouse, without the consent of another. Duration is
shorter but coverage is broader.
-Sec 24(a) , longer duration which last
from the marriage solemnized until and subsist even after
the termination of the marriage but applies only to any
communication received in confidence by one spouse
against the other only during the marriage, not before not
after. Cannot examine during or after the marriage which
covers as to any communication received in confidence of
one against the other.
3. Scope of disqualification
-Sec 23, is broader which covers
everything, while sec 24(a) is limited only to any
communication received confidentially and only during
the marriage, not before, not after the marriage.
How Sec. 23 & 24(a) is waived:
1. by consent of the other spouse
2. failed to object the answer or striking off the
record in a timely fashion.
Sec. 24. Privilege Communication as disqualification
of a witness
Privilege Communication –intended to be confidential
communication. It is made to only one person and no
body else.
-People who are not license to engage practice
law are also practicing law should be also place in the
said disqualification.
-also applicable to patient-physician relationship
and also included any person believe by a person
practicing as such.
a. MARITAL PRIVILEGE RULE – as discussed
above.
b. Attorney-Client Privilege Rule
General:
-any person reasonably believed by the client to
be licensed to engage to the practice of law without the
consent of the client.
- it includes the attorney’s secretary,
stenographer, clerk, and other persons assisting the
attorney. As long as some other person or employee or
serving or working, whether with pay or not, and he
happens to learned the communication he is covered by
the rules.
- said employees cannot examine as to what they
have heard or observe without the consent of the client or
without the consent of client and lawyer in case or
employees as witness.
-lawyer-client relationship begins not only from
the time the contract created or the meeting of mind, but
in the preparatory contract which is from the moment the
communication was made by the client or the advice
given by the attorney to the client.
-the communications between lawyer-client
considered covered by the privilege when the
communication was made with a view to, no professional
employment yet, with an intention and purpose of
employing the attorney for such professional
employment.
- (how long the duration), this privilege
communication is forever in duration, because what is
protected is the privilege communication.
-the communication well very specific and made
from the client to the lawyer perhaps with a view to the
engagement with the lawyer under a professional
employment arrangement but the communication is not
considered confidential, not privilege, because it was not
made in a confidential manner. To be confidential, it must
be intended to the person only and for the hearing or
knowledge of said person. If said communication loss its
confidentiality, it cannot be considered as privilege
communication.
-privilege cannot be claim by a spouse if the
communication was made with the present of a third
person, even if such third person is the ascendant and
descendant of the spouses or someone accidentally heard
the communication without the knowledge of the spouses.
Since such witness may testify under the qualification
provided in the Rules.
-violation of said confidentiality under Art, 209
of RPC arises a criminal offense with prejudice to an
administrative sanctions under Rule 138 sec 27.
Exception to the privilege Rule
1. Furtherance of crime or fraud.
- client engage the service of a lawyer for a crime
committed is a privilege communication.
-client engage the lawyer’s service before
intending to commit a crime, an exception to a privilege
communication. And such engagement must be reported
by the lawyer to an enforcement officer for such planning
to an intent crime to be committer.
2. Claimants through same deceased client.
-client is decease.
- communication relevant to an issue
through same client in a successor in interest, the heirs/
successor in interest, communications between them is
not covered by the privilege.
3. Breach of duty by lawyer or client
-Art. 209 RPC, revelation of confidential
communication.
-an action brought against a lawyer
where an issue of breach of duty is involve, the
communications between lawyer and client, vis-à-vis, the
communication is not covered by the privilege
communication rule.
Breach of duty by the client to his
lawyer, like involving a contract between lawyer and
client, but without notice, did not continue such service.
The client gets a service of another client, the lawyer may
annotate a lawyer’s liens in the property of said client for
the claim of unpaid professional services for breach of
contract.
- any communications made between
lawyers to client, vis-à-vis, in case of the breach by the
client of his obligations under the contract is not covered
by the privilege communication rule and may be a subject
of a testimony which is not excluded by the said
qualification.
4. Document attested by a lawyer
-communication relevant to an issue in
which an attesting document which a lawyer is an
attesting witness. Communication between the testator or
other attesting witnesses and a lawyer, as an attesting
witness, any communication relevant to an issue of a will,
as an attested document, is not covered by attorney client
privilege. Otherwise witness is useless if you cannot
testify any circumstances surrounding the execution of a
notarial will should be available to the court.
5. Joint Client
-communication made by any of them to
a lawyer, retained or consulted in common, when offered
in an action between any of the clients, unless expressly
agreed otherwise. Generally, communications from
lawyer to clients, vis-à-vis, is a privilege communication
rule applies. But if a lawyer have 2 or more clients, as
own client, and they are the client to a same case, covered
by the general rule. Except, then 2 or more client are
adversarial, action between or among them, the
communication is not covered. As to matters covers by
the new action, not the previous case. Exemption to the
communication, the clients agreed that the
communication with respect to a new case should be also
covered by the privilege communication.
c. Medical practitioners, psychotherapist or
person reasonably believed by the patient to be
authorized to practice medicine be included in a privilege
communication rule, except with patient consent’s.
-privilege applies to persons who have
participated in the diagnosis or treatment of the patient
under the direction of the physician or psychotherapist.
-applies only to civil case, not in a
criminal case.
Psychoterapist
- a person licensed to practice medicine
engaged in the diagnosis or treatment of a mental or
emotional condition
- a person licensed as a psychotherapist
by the government while similarly engaged.
d. A minister, priest or person reasonably
believed to be so cannot, without the consent of the
affected person, in the course of discipline enjoined by
the church which the minister or priest belongs.
- Priest-penitent privilege rule.
- this qualification is stronger in the case of priest
in the catholic church because communication received is
a confession and absolutely privilege and confidential.
- even emam in Muslim or any other title is
viewed the same is privilege to said confidentiality of
such communication in his capacity. It is the spirit that
gives meaning to the law not the letters.
-if a person acted as professional character and
receive confession in his capacity is also covered in the
privilege.
- youth councillor as volunteer helping students
in their spiritual and emotional advice, not included in the
privilege, because they are not authorized to accept or
listen to confession since they are not professionals. If
such youth councillors be proved that such youth is an
extension or authorized of such ministers, may the court
accept the argument, but such youth councillor may only
give advice as peer to other co-youth or student and
considered as peer councillors.
e. Public officer cannot be examine during or
after his tenure as to communication made to him in
official confidence, when the court finds that the public
interest would suffer by the disclosure.
-terms, fixed period while tenure is not fixed but
the length of time of serving the public. The
disqualification is continuing until after his term of office.
- there are positions wherein term is indicated and
term of office is being hold for not telling a position be
vacant while waiting for the replacement.
- it covers the communication made to him in his
official confidence or capacity, condition is further when
public interest is suffer for the disclosure of such
communication and may affect national security or
adverse to public interest..
-court may accept evidence may going in camera,
in-chamber or close hearing of the presentation of
evidence,
-the public office is the one disqualified for the
communication with a criminal aspect to said
disqualification.
Note: the communications remains privilege in the hand
of the 3rd person who may have obtain the information,
provided that the original parties to the communication
took reasonable precaution to protect its confidentiality.
- generally, the facts that the third person known
to or not known to, destroys confidentiality. If the
persons, husband and wife, has a reasonable expectation
of privacy or with an intention of confidentiality or retain
the confidential character of such communication and
took reasonable precaution to protect the confidentiality
of the communication, then said communication may be
included as privilege communication or such
confidentiality is not destroyed.
Sec. 25. Parental and filial privilege.
- no person shall be compelled to testify against
his/her parents or other direct descendant or ascendant,
except when such testimony is indispensable in a crime
against that person or by one parent against the other.
-voluntary is allowed.
- it is much broader
-refer to the
-compare to Art 215, FC, as evidentiary rule. In
this rule, applies only to criminal case. This protect the
parents or grandparents against such privilege
communication. Apply only in criminal cases.
Descendant is disqualified. It covers parents and
grandparents.
-the privilege covers against parents or other
direct descendants and ascendants which also covers all
kinds of crimes, civil, criminal or administrative.
-Except, if the testimony is indispensable in a
crime against the witness/victim.
Sec. 26. Privilege relating to trade secrets
- unless the nondisclosure of it will result in the
promotion of fraud or keep a crime. When disclosure is
direct to the court, I shall take such protective measure as
the interest of the owner of the trade secret and of the
parties and the furtherance of justice may require.
- this taken from the area of intellectual property
which include trade secrets.
-relate to Art 1191, NCC, in the case of a breach
of patent.
-RA 1477, periodicals of a publication cannot be
compelled to disclose or reveal the source of any source
of publish news report or information made confidential,
unless the court or house committee/congress find such
revelations is demanded by the security of public, but
without prejudice to the liability under the civil or
criminal laws.
- communication between the source is a
privilege communication, without prejudice to the civil or
criminal laws.
- refusal to reveal source of communication as
ordered by the court will be liable for contempt.
Admissions and confessions
Generally, all confessions are admissions but not all
admissions are confessions.
Sec. 27. Admission. The act, declaration or omission of a
party as to the relevant fact (factum probandum), may be
given in evidence against him.
- the one who is giving the testimony.
- admission to be considered a confession must
be an acknowledgement of the confession of guilt, all
elements of an act which give rise to an offense as a
conclusion of facts or elements pull together amounts to a
crime or a felony that results to a conclusion of law, of
the offense charge against the declarant or of any lesser
offense necessarily included therein.
- who is the witness or giving the testimony? He
must be a witness adverse to the party. Any person who
has perceived the act, declaration, or omission of a party
may be called as a witness, his testimony is relevant, and
he can give testimony against this party as to what he was
perceived earlier as the act, declaration or omission of a
party. This can only be given against the party, nobody
else.
- a stranger perceived him performing the act, or
hearing him making the declaration or observing him
making the omission, that stranger maybe called as a
witness, if his testimony is relevant, to give what he has
perceive against the party.
 - against whom is admission be given, a person
who made the act, declaration or omission or the party in
the case.
Sec. 28. Offer of compromise not an admission.
- compromise is a contract whereby the parties,
by making reciprocal concession, avoid a litigation or put
an end to one already commence.
- in civil cases, an offer to compromise is not
admissible and cannot be consider an admission.
-the offer is a party to the case.
- such offer is not admission against the offeror,
specifically, not admissible as an admission in any
liability on his part.
-except, evidence otherwise discoverable by
means of discovery or offered for a different purpose, not
as an act, declaration or omission of a party, but differed
for a purpose of impeaching the witness, proving that he
is bais, proving that he is prejudice, or contradicting any
claim of undue delay of the proceedings, or proving an
effort to obstruct a criminal investigation of security. The
offer of compromise in this case will be admissible.
- exception to the exception, the offer of
compromise not an admission and not admissible in
evince against the offeror, who later on may become a
party to a case, because the offer of compromise maybe
in a form of an act or declaration, not admissible. Neither
is evidence of conduct nor statement made in a
compromise negotiation is not admissible, the
conciliation or mediation not admissible.
- the opposing, may offer compromises, those
offers, if the purpose is to proved an effort to obstruct or
prevent or delay a criminal investigation of prosecution,
then the offer of compromise maybe admissible.
-in criminal cases, an offer of compromise can be
admitted as an implied admission of guilt, except in title
14 RPC, quasi offenses, imprudence and negligence, or in
cases of crimes those allowed by law in compromise.
Generally, criminal liability cannot be compromise.
Except, tax evasion may be compromise by making an
offering. Criminal cases between the members of the
family.
- a plea of guilty, Rule 116, Sec. 2 & 5, a plea of
guilty by the accused later withdrawn or an accepted offer
of a plea of guilty to a lesser offense, are not admissible
in an evidence against the accused who made the plea or
offer. A plea of guilty later withdrawn is actually an offer
of compromise the same thing an unaccepted offer, with
plea of guilty given but withdrawn or there is plea of
guilty offer but not accepted by the prosecution. Neither
of these a plea of guilty actually made or an unaccepted
offer of a plea of guilty to a lesser offense, not admissible
in evidence of the accuse to made an offer, it cannot be
considered an admission.
-an offer to pay, actual payment, is not admissible
as evidence as proof of civil or criminal liability for the
injury. Maybe made by a party who is responsible for the
injury or offered to pay by a 3rd party related to the
offender, not admissible. The purpose, as not an implied
admission of guilt in criminal case or liability in civil
case, because the actual payment of expenses is made as
an act of charity, kindness, or compassion, and should not
discourage the act and not take it against the offeror.
Sec. 29. Admission by third party
-Generally, the rights of a party to a case cannot
be prejudice by an act, declaration or omission of another.
Res inter alios acta alteri noscere non debet
-thing happening strangers cannot prejudice
another. Sec 29, is the first branch of the rule.
Sec. 30. Admission by co-partner or agent.
Sec. 31. Admission b conspirator.
Sec. 32. Admission by privies.
Sec. 33. Admission by silence.
Sec. 34. Confession.
- The declaration of an accused acknowledging
his guilt of an offense or any offense necessarily included
in a offense charge may be given an evidence against
him.
- is an admission. Is it done by the accuse.
- judicial confession is a conclusive evidence
which does not require proof. If the confession of guilt is
done judicially, proof is not needed. (rule 129, Sec. 4)
-extrajudicial confession made by an accused
shall not be a sufficient ground for conviction unless it is
corroborated by evidence of corpus delicti.
Sec. 35. Similar act as evidence
Sec. 36. Unaccepted offer.
Sec. 37. Hearsey.
Sec. 38. Dying declaration.
Sec. 39. Statement of decedent or person of unsound
mind.
-previously sec 23.
-the person of a witness himself not allowed to
testify, either absolutely or qualifiedly.
-an exception to a hearsey rule.
- not really the witness who is disqualify but on
the certain part or portions of its testimony, maybe
excluded as hearsey but may be an admitted as exception
in this section.
Sec. 40. Declaration against interest
- relate to sec. 27
 - the testimony is given by the witness as to what
he as perceive as the declaration of a person decease or
unable to testify.
-

Sec. 41. Act or declaration about pedigree.

Sec. 42. Family reputation or tradition regarding

pedigree

Sec. 43. Common reputation.

Sec. 44. Part of a res gestae.

Sec. 45. Records of regulation business activity.

Sec. 46. Entries in official records

Sec. 47. Commercial list and the like.

Sec. 48. Learned Treaties.

Sec. 49. Testimony or deposition at a former

proceeding.

Sec. 50. Residual exception.

Rule 133, Sec 3.

- an extrajudicial confession made by the accused
shall not be sufficient ground for conviction unless
corroborated with corpus delicti.