ABSTRACT

We are living in the fourth industrial revolution. Our life is becoming more

comfortable and smarter with the help of rapid upgrade of technology. Internet of things

(IoT) is playing a massive role in this. One of the major sides of IoT is a smart home. As we

are in the era of never-ending growth of the internet and its application, smart home system

or home automation system is highly increasing to provide comfort in life and improving the

quality of life. In this paper, we present an IoT based low-cost smart home automation

system. This system is based on a web portal which controlled by an ESP32 Wi-Fi module.

Also, a custom-made private home web server is developed for maintaining the current states

of home appliances.

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 CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The day by day innovation improved from automatic machine to customer products.

IoT is another pattern advancement that empowers us to screen and control hardware devices

through the web. Here we propose to use IoT in order to screen and control home

apparatuses, in this way computerizing present day homes through a web. This proposed

framework enables a consumer to effortlessly control these home apparatuses through the

web. The undertaking proposes a capable usage for IoT utilized for checking and controlling

the home apparatuses by means of World Wide Web. Home robotization framework utilizes

the reasonable gadgets as a UI. They can likewise speak with home computerization organize

through an Internet access, by strategies for low power correspondence traditions like Zigbee,

Wi-Fi, etc. This endeavor goes for controlling home machines by methods for Smartphone

using Wi-Fi as correspondence tradition and raspberry pi as server structure. The IoT based

Monitoring and Controlling System for home is a progression which can control and screen

gadgets not just for home mechanization but any real life appliances remotely. It provides

facility to have control over a wide range of home appliances and ensure securities.

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1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RELAY1 LOAD1

RELAY2 LOAD2
POWER SUPPLY

ESP32
RELAY3 LOAD3

RELAY4 LOAD4

3
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

ESP32: It is a less-cost, little power system on a chip microcontroller with included Wi-Fi

and dual mode Bluetooth. The ESP32 is the heart of the project. It is a microcontroller board

used to connect all the sensors. The board is programmed with the source code in order to

perform the operations of the project. The source code is stored in the on-chip memory

available on the ESP32. This block can be considered as an interface between the

programmer and the user. So, it is considered as the heart of the project. The ESP32 operating

voltage range is 2.2 to 3.6V. Under normal operation the ESP32 thing will power the chip at

3.3V.

Relay Module: In this project relay is an important component and which is employed to

control high voltage home appliances. We employed 5V four channel relay to control four

appliances. This is having four controlling inputs, Vcc, GND and four outputs. The outputs of

relay are connected to four appliances and these are controlled by using control inputs which

are connected to four digital output pins of ESP 32.

LOAD: The load will be any device to be connected in the relay circuit. Like light, fan or any

other important device can connect in the relay

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1.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5
1.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Blynk is a mobile Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Node
MCU- 32S, Raspberry Pi and the likes over the Internet. It's a digital dashboard where one
can build a graphic interface for the project by simply dragging and dropping widgets. Using
this app the ESP32 control the devices remotely with the help of internet. This project
basically IOT concept that the home devices control wirelessly and remotely long distance. In
the circuit the 4 channel relay is used to interface the devices and control. The coding is
inputted in the ESP32 for device control. Whenever the wifi is switch on and give SSID
properly to the circuit means the circuit responds. Using blynk mobile app the devices access
is easy from anywhere in the world and any time.

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Hardwares used:-

1. ESP 32 Micro controller.

2. 8 Channel Relay Module.

3. 230V / 5V Transformer.

Softwares used:-

1. Arduino for programing.

2. Blynk App to control the microcontroller.

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 CHAPTER – 2

2.0 POWER SUPPLIES

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC
mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics’ circuits and other devices. A
power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular
function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

Each of the
blocks is described in more detail below:

2.1 TRANSFORMER

Steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity
is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
(230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.

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 The input coil is called the primary a nd the output coil is called the secondary. There
is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of
the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out
is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped
up.The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio
of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input)
coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

Transformer
circuit symbol

Vp Np power out = power in

turns ratio = = and
Vs Ns Vs × Is = Vp × Ip

Vp = primary (input) voltage Vs = secondary (output) voltage

Np = number of turns on primary coil Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current Is = secondary (output) current

2.2 RECTIFIER

Converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC.
The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave
rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this
method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier
but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.

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2.2.1 SINGLE DIODE RECTIFIER
A single diode can be used as a rectifier but this produces half-wave varying DC
which has gaps when the AC is negative. It is hard to smooth this sufficiently well to supply
electronic circuits unless they require a very small current so the smoothing capacitor does
not significantly discharge during the gaps. Please see the Diodes page for some examples of
rectifier diodes.

Output: half-wave varying DC

Single diode rectifier
(using only half the AC wave)

2.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in
special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because
it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge
rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes
conducting, as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum
current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at
least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages).
Please see the Diodes page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

Bridge rectifier Output: full-wave varying DC

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2.4 SMOOTHING (FILTER)
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the
DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and
the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC,
and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value
(1.4 × RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V
RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the peak
value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.

5 × Io
Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C =
Vs × f

C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)

Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC
f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK

2.5 REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative VO To
make things really simple let’s start with a simple power supply and it is also the one they
usually give you in your first electronics project. Well the reason is quite obvious because all
electronics circuits require a DC power supply to work. You really do plug in the wires of

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your electronic items in AC mains supply but they do have AC to DC converters too provide
DC to the circuits. All this is done with a power supply in the right place.

Pin diagram for 7805

 1. Unregulated voltage in
 2. Ground
 3. Regulated voltage out

This circuit is a small +5V power supply. The circuit will provide a regulated voltage to
the external circuit which may also I am required in any part of the external circuit or the
whole external circuit. The best part is that you can also use it to convert AC voltage to DC
and then regulate it ,simply You need a transformer to make the AC main drop down to a safe
value i.e 12-15 volts and then us a rectifier to convert AC into DC.This circuit can give +5V
output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to
7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and terminal protection. The capacitors
must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The
circuit is very easy to build for example into a piece of overboard.

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805
chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family.
The last numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage
must be at least 3V greater than regulator output voltage to otherwise the regulator does not
work well. Don’t forget to check the pin diagram before connecting the IC.

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 The 230/240VAC line voltage is applied to the transformer primary. Step down
transformer is used to convert 230VAC to 12V/1A output voltage in the transformer
secondary. This 12VAC supply is applied to the bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier voltage
rating should be double the Vrms of secondary AC and higher forward current rating. The
bridge rectifier has four diodes in that, available as singular. This is the most important and it
produces full-wave varying DC or pulsating DC. This rectified output is smoothed by using
shunt capacitor filter (C1). The larger the filter capacitor lowers the ripple. The larger
capacitor C1 across the input bypasses AC ripples to ground. The pure DC output reaches the
regulator IC. The 7805 Voltage regulator IC (U1) gives 5V /1A regulated output. The
capacitor (C2) across the output improves transient response.

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 CHAPTER 3

3.0 ESP32

ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on a chip microcontrollers with

integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. The ESP32 series employs a Tensilica Xtensa
LX6 microprocessor in both dual-core and single-core variations and includes built-in
antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, filters, and power-
management modules. ESP32 is created and developed by Espressif Systems, a Shanghai-
based Chinese company, and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process. It is a
successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.

Features

Features of the ESP32 include the following:

 Processors:
o CPU: Xtensa dual-core (or single-core) 32-bit LX6 microprocessor, operating
at 160 or 240 MHz and performing at up to 600 DMIPS
o Ultra low power (ULP) co-processor

 Memory: 520 KiB SRAM, 448 KiB ROM

 Wireless connectivity:
o Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
o Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)

 Peripheral interfaces:
o 12-bit SAR ADC up to 18 channels
o 2 × 8-bit DACs
o 10 × touch sensors (capacitive sensing GPIOs)
o 4 × SPI
o 2 × I²S interfaces
o 2 × I²C interfaces
o 3 × UART
o SD/SDIO/CE-ATA/MMC/eMMC host controller
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 o SDIO/SPI slave controller
o Ethernet MAC interface with dedicated DMA and IEEE 1588 Precision Time
o Protocol support
o CAN bus 2.0
o Infrared remote controller (TX/RX, up to 8 channels)
o Motor PWM
o LED PWM (up to 16 channels)
o Hall effect sensor
o Ultra low power analog pre-amplifier

 Security:
o IEEE 802.11 standard security features all supported, including WFA,
WPA/WPA2 and WAPI
o Secure boot
o Flash encryption
o 1024-bit OTP, up to 768-bit for customers
o Cryptographic hardware acceleration: AES, SHA-2, RSA, elliptic curve
cryptography (ECC), random number generator (RNG)

 Power management:
o Internal low-dropout regulator
o Individual power domain for RTC
o 5 μA deep sleep current
o Wake up from GPIO interrupt, timer, ADC measurements, capacitive touch
sensor interrupt

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3.1 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with
complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph
circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another.
Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical
operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor
or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Relay Working Principle:

When a coil of wire is wound on a non magnetic material such as plastic, paper etc., it is
called a air-core solenoid or simply a solenoid .if a soft iron core is inserted into the coil, it
becomes an electromagnet. This electromagnet is the basic component for relay and many
other electromechanical devices such as electric bell, circuit breaker etc,.

Operation

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is
mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection
with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by
a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this
is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are
16
manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a
high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the
energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a
spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. Some automotive relays
already include that diode inside the relay case. If the coil is designed to be energized with
AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This “shading ring”
creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature
during the AC cycle by analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device; a
solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve
electrical isolation, a light-emitting diode (LED) is used with a photo transistor.

Types

Latching relay

Latching relay with permanent magnet

A latching relay has two relaxed states (bi-stable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or
"stay" relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is
achieved with a solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing
coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in
position while the coil is relaxed, or with a remanent core. In the ratchet and cam example,
the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns it off. In the two coil
example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay
off. This type of relay has the advantage that one coil consumes power only for an instant,
while it is being switched, and the relay contacts retain this setting across a power outage. A

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remanent core latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change
state.

Reed relay

A reed relay is a reed switch enclosed in a solenoid. The switch has a set of contacts inside
an evacuated or inert gas-filled glass tube which protects the contacts against atmospheric
corrosion; the contacts are made of magnetic material that makes them move under the
influence of the field of the enclosing solenoid. Reed relays can switch faster than larger
relays, require only little power from the control circuit, but have low switching current and
voltage ratings. In addition, the reeds can become magnetized over time, which makes them
stick 'on' even when no current is present; changing the orientation of the reeds with respect
to the solenoid's magnetic field will fix the problem.

Top, middle: reed switches, bottom: reed relay

Mercury-wetted relay

A mercury-wetted reed relay is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are wetted with
mercury. Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals (one volt or less) where the
mercury reduces the contact resistance and associated voltage drop, for low-current signals
where surface contamination may make for a poor contact, or for high-speed applications
where the mercury eliminates contact bounce. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive
and must be mounted vertically to work properly. Because of the toxicity and expense of
liquid mercury, these relays are now rarely used. See also mercury switch.

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Polarized relay

A polarized relay placed the armature between the poles of a permanent magnet to increase
sensitivity. Polarized relays were used in middle 20th Century telephone exchanges to detect
faint pulses and correct telegraphic distortion. The poles were on screws, so a technician
could first adjust them for maximum sensitivity and then apply a bias spring to set the critical
current that would operate the relay.

Machine tool relay

A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer
machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts
(sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally-open to
normally-closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly
installing many relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of
automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller
(PLC) mostly displaced the machine tool relay from sequential control applications.

A relay allows circuits to be switched by electrical equipment: for example, a timer circuit
with a relay could switch power at a preset time. For many years relays were the standard
method of controlling industrial electronic systems. A number of relays could be used
together to carry out complex functions (relay logic). The principle of relay logic is based on
relays which energize and de-energize associated contacts. Relay logic is the predecessor of
ladder logic, which is commonly used in Programmable logic controllers.

Ratchet relay

This is again a clapper type relay which does not need continuous current through its coil to
retain its operation.

Contactor relay

A contactor is a very heavy-duty relay used for switching electric motors and lighting loads,
although contactors are not generally called relays. Continuous current ratings for common
contactors range from 10 amps to several hundred amps. High-current contacts are made with

19
alloys containing silver. The unavoidable arcing causes the contacts to oxidize; however,
silver oxide is still a good conductor.[2] Such devices are often used for motor starters. A
motor starter is a contactor with overload protection devices attached. The overload sensing
devices are a form of heat operated relay where a coil heats a bi-metal strip, or where a solder
pot melts, releasing a spring to operate auxiliary contacts. These auxiliary contacts are in
series with the coil. If the overload senses excess current in the load, the coil is de-energized.
Contactor relays can be extremely loud to operate, making them unfit for use where noise is a
chief concern.

Solid-state relay

A solid state relay (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that provides a similar
function to an electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing
long-term reliability. With early SSR's, the tradeoff came from the fact that every transistor
has a small voltage drop across it. This voltage drop limited the amount of current a given
SSR could handle. The minimum voltage drop for such a relay is equal to the voltage drop
across one transistor (~0.6-2.0 volts), and is a function of the material used to make the
transistor (typically silicon). As transistors improved, higher current SSR's, able to handle
100 to 1,200 Amperes, have become commercially available. Compared to electromagnetic
relays, they may be falsely triggered by transients.

Solid state relay with no moving parts

Solid state contactor relay

A solid state contactor is a heavy-duty solid state relay, including the necessary heat sink,
used for switching electric heaters, small electric motors and lighting loads; where frequent
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on/off cycles are required. There are no moving parts to wear out and there is no contact
bounce due to vibration. They are activated by AC control signals or DC control signals from
Programmable logic controller (PLCs), PCs, Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) sources, or
other microprocessor and microcontroller controls.

25 A or 40 A solid state contactors

Buchholz relay

A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large oil-filled
transformers, which will alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut down the transformer if
gas is produced rapidly in the transformer oil. it is connected in between conservator tank and
main tank. it is use in above 750 kva transformer. This relay is developed by max buchholz

Forced-guided contacts relay

A forced-guided contacts relay has relay contacts that are mechanically linked together, so
that when the relay coil is energized or de-energized, all of the linked contacts move together.
If one set of contacts in the relay becomes immobilized, no other contact of the same relay
will be able to move. The function of forced-guided contacts is to enable the safety circuit to
check the status of the relay. Forced-guided contacts are also known as "positive-guided
contacts", "captive contacts", "locked contacts", or "safety relays".

Overload protection relay

Electric motors need over current protection to prevent damage from over-loading the motor,
or to protect against short circuits in connecting cables or internal faults in the motor

21
windings. One type of electric motor overload protection relay is operated by a heating
element in series with the electric motor. The heat generated by the motor current heats a
bimetallic strip or melts solder, releasing a spring to operate contacts. Where the overload
relay is exposed to the same environment as the motor, a useful though crude compensation
for motor ambient temperature is provided.

Pole & Throw

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A
relay will switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the
coil in one of three ways:

Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or “make” contact.

Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit
is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or “break” contact.

Change-over, or double-throw, contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and
one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form C contact or
“transfer” contact.

The following types of relays are commonly encountered:

SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology “SPNO”
and “SPNC” is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.

SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.

DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two
SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has
six terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the poles are normally open, normally closed,
or one of each.

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DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight
terminals, including the coil.

QPDT - Quadruple Pole Double Throw. Often referred to as Quad Pole Double Throw, or
4PDT. These have four rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to four SPDT switches or
relays actuated by a single coil or two DPDT relays. In total, fourteen terminals including the
coil

RELAY DRIVER

A ULN2803 is an Integrated Circuit (IC) chip with a High Voltage/High Current Darlington
Transistor Array. It allows you to interface TTL signals with higher voltage/current loads. In
English, the chip takes low level signals (TLL, CMOS, PMOS, NMOS - which operate at low
voltages and low currents) and acts as a relay of sorts itself, switching on or off a higher level
signal on the opposite side.

A TTL signal operates from 0-5V, with everything between 0.0 and 0.8V considered "low" or
off, and 2.2 to 5.0V being considered "high" or on. The maximum power available on a TTL
signal depends on the type, but generally does not exceed 25mW (~5mA @ 5V), so it is not
useful for providing power to something like a relay coil. Computers and other electronic
devices frequently generate TTL signals. On the output side the ULN2803 is generally rated
at 50V/500mA, so it can operate small loads directly. Alternatively, it is frequently used to
power the coil of one or more relays, which in turn allow even higher voltages/currents to be
controlled by the low level signal. In electrical terms, the ULN2803 uses the low level (TTL)
signal to switch on/turn off the higher voltage/current signal on the output side.

23
The ULN2803 comes in an 18-pin IC configuration and includes eight (8) transistors. Pins 1-
8 receive the low level signals; pin 9 is grounded (for the low level signal reference). Pin 10
is the common on the high side and would generally be connected to the positive of the
voltage you are applying to the relay coil. Pins 11-18 are the outputs (Pin 1 drives Pin 18, Pin
2 drives 17, etc.).

ULN2803

The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally suited for
interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS)
and the higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar
loads for a broad range of computer, industrial, and consumer applications. All devices
feature open–collector outputs and freewheeling clamp diodes for transient suppression. The
ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families while the ULN2804 is
optimized for 6 to 15 volt high level CMOS or PMOS.

24
 CHAPTER 4

4.0 GENERAL ELECTRONICS

4.1 Circuit board

Electronic components are often assembled and interconnected on a flat surface

known as a circuit board. The several types of existing circuit boards may be divided into two
broad categories: those intended for prototype or experimental circuits; and those intended for
production and/or commercial sale. Circuit boards used for experimental work are often
referred to as breadboards or protoboards. Breadboards allow engineers to construct circuits
quickly, so that they can be studied and modified until an optimal design is discovered. In a
typical breadboard use, components and wires are added to a circuit in an ad hoc manner as
the design proceeds, with new data and new understanding dictating the course of the design.
Since breadboard circuits exist only in the laboratory, no special consideration need be given
to creating reliable or simple-to-manufacture circuits - the designer can focus exclusively on
the circuit's behavior. In contrast, circuit boards intended for production or commercial sale
must have highly reliable wires and interconnects permanent bonds to all components, and
topographies amenable to mass production and thorough testing. And further, they must be
made of a material that is reliable, low-cost, and easy to manufacture. A fiberglass substrate
with copper wires (etched from laminated copper sheets) has been the PCB material of choice
for the past several decades. The Digilab board is a simple example of such a board. Note that
most often, production circuit board designs are finalized only after extensive breadboard
phases. Components are permanently affixed to production boards using the soldering
process.

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 Production circuit boards typically start out as thin sheets of fiberglass (about 1mm
thick) that are completely covered on both sides with very thin sheets of metal (typically
copper). A "standard" circuit board might use a 1 ounce copper process, which means that
one ounce of copper is evenly spread across 1 square foot of circuit board. During the
manufacturing process, wire patterns are "printed" onto the copper surfaces using a
compound that resists etching (hence the name Printed Circuit Board or PCB). The boards are
subjected to a chemical etching process that removes all exposed copper. The remaining, un-
etched copper forms wires that will interconnect the circuit board components, and small
pads that define the regions where component leads will be attached.

In a PCB that uses through-hole technology, holes are drilled through the pads so that
component leads can be inserted and then fastened (soldered) in place. In a PCB that uses
surface-mount technology, component leads are soldered directly to the pads on the surface.
Each set of pads (or holes) in the PCB is intended to receive a particular component. To
identify which component must be loaded where, reference designators are printed on the
circuit board immediately adjacent to the pads using a silk-screen process. A parts list
(Appendix A) links a designated set of pads to a physical component by describing the
component and assigning it a particular reference designator. The reference designators guide
assemblers and testers when they are working with the PCB. Many components must be
placed into the PCB in a particular orientation. By convention, components that require a
particular orientation have one lead designated as pin 1. On the PCB, a square pad rather than
the typical circular pad denotes pin 1.

On all but the simplest PCBs, wires must be printed on more than one surface of
fiberglass to allow for all the required component interconnections. Each surface containing
printed wires is called a layer. In a relatively simple PCB that requires only two layers, only
one piece of fiberglass is required since wires can be printed on both sides. In a more
complex PCB where several layers are required, individual circuit boards are manufactured
separately and then laminated together to form one multi-layer circuit board. To connect
wires on two or more layers, small holes called vias are drilled through the wires and
fiberglass board at the point where the wires on the different layers cross. The interior surface
of these holes is coated with metal so that electric current can flow through the vias. The
Digilab board is a simple two-layer board; some more complex computer circuit boards have
more than 20 layers.
26
 The unloaded PCB appears green because thin sheets of green plastic have been
applied to both sides (otherwise the PCB would appear pale yellow). Called solder masks,
these sheets cover all exposed metal other than the component pads and holes so that errant
solder can't inadvertently short (or electrically connect) the printed wires. All metal surfaces
other than the exposed pads and holes (i.e., the wires) are underneath the solder mask. Not
infrequently, blue or even red solder masks are used.

Circuit components are manufactured with exposed metal pins (or leads) that are used
to fasten them to the PCB both mechanically (so they won't fall off) and electrically (so
current can pass between them). The soldering process, which provides a strong mechanical
bond and a very good electrical connection, is used to fasten components to the PCB. During
soldering, component leads are inserted through the holes in the PCB, and then the
component leads and the through-hole plating metal are heated to above the melting point of
the solder (about 500 to 700 degrees F). Solder (a metallic compound) is then melted and
allowed to flow in and around the component lead and through-hole. The solder quickly cools
to form a strong bond between the component and the PCB. The process of associating
components with reference designators, loading them into their respective holes, and then
soldering them in place comprises the PCB assembly process.

Examine the Digilab board, and note the printed wires on either side. Wires on one
side go largely "north and south" while wires on the other side go largely "east and west".
The perpendicular or Manhattan arrangement of wires on alternate layers is very common on
multi-layer PCBs. Locate some vias, and note that they connect wires on opposite sides.
Locate various components, their hole patterns, and associated reference designators. Identify
pad 1 for the various components. Note that the through-holes are somewhat larger than the
vias, and that component leads can easily be inserted into their through-holes, but not into
vias.

Connectors

The Digilab board uses several connectors for various purposes, but in general, they
all communicate electronic information between the board and outside devices. By
convention, connectors are given the reference designator "J__". Since connectors come in so
many different sizes and shapes, they are usually shown on the PCB silk screen and on circuit

27
schematics as just rectangular boxes. In general, connectors must be placed into the PCB in a
particular orientation. Most often, the unique through-hole patterns associated with a given
connector make it obvious how it must be inserted.

Several connectors on the Digilab board allow communication with a computer.

Connector J5 is a PS/2 connector that can accept a standard PC mouse or keyboard. J9 is
standard parallel port connector that can be used to implement any parallel port protocol
(Centronics, ECP, EPP, etc.). Connector J4 is a RS-232 serial port that can use a two-signal
protocol to exchange data with a computer (e.g. XON/XOFF - only RXD and TXD are
connected). J7 is a standard 15-pin VGA connector that can be used to drive any VGA
monitor. The remaining connectors are used for on-board prototyping. J2 is a 72-pin DIP
socket that allows easy connections between the Digilab devices and the integral breadboard
(see the "Using the Digilab Board" section later in this document). J3 is a standard 1/8"stereo
audio jack, and BN1 and BN2 are standard BNC connectors, all of whose inputs are available
as connections on J2. Finally, the header strips J6, J8, J10, and J11 allow for easy connection
of test and measurement equipment.

Output LEDs

Circuits often require output devices to communicate their state to an user. Examples
of electronic output devices include computer monitors, LCD alphanumeric panels (as on a
calculator), small lamps or light-emitting diodes (LED's), etc. Outputs from the Digilab board
consist of eight individual LED's and a four-digit LED display that can display the digits 0-9

28
in each digit position. As with diodes, LED's are two-terminal semiconductor devices that
conduct current in only one direction (from the anode to the cathode). The small LED chips
are secured inside a plastic housing, and they emit light at a given frequency (RED,
YELLOW, etc.) when a small electric current (typically 10mA to 25mA) flows through them.
On the Digilab board, only red LEDs are used, but they are available in many colors. Since
LEDs are polarised devices, they must be placed in the circuit board with the correct
orientation. As with diodes, LED cathode terminals are identified using unique marks (see the
figure below).

The LED's on the Digilab board are denoted with an "LD__" reference designator.
Applying VDD to the J2 circuit connections labelled LD1-LD8 will illuminate the LEDs. An
LED schematic symbol is shown below, together with a sketch of a physical LED and a
typical silkscreen pattern. As can be seen, the schematic symbol resembles a regular diode,
but with added arrows indicating light emission.

Note that LED components typically have the cathode side of their plastic diffusion
lens slightly flattened, and a longer cathode pin as well. When placing individual LED
components into the PCB, be sure the flattened side matches the flattened side of the silk-
screen pattern.

Diodes

Diodes are constructed from the same type of silicon as transistors, but they are
simpler devices that have only two terminals. Called the anode and cathode, the two ends of

29
the diode are constructed of positively doped silicon (the anode) joined directly to negatively
doped silicon (the cathode). This pn-junction exhibits the unique characteristic of allowing
current to flow in only one direction (from the anode to the cathode). Diodes have a
minimum threshold voltage (or Vth, usually around 0.7V) that must be present between the
anode and cathode in order for current to flow. If the anode voltage is not at least Vth greater
than the cathode voltage, no current will flow. Likewise, if the cathode voltage is greater than
the anode voltage, the diode is said to be reverse-biased and no current will flow. In an ideal
diode, if the diode voltage equals the threshold voltage (plus a small amount), then unlimited
current can flow without causing the voltage across the diode to increase. And, if the diode is
reversed-biased, no current will flow regardless of reverse-voltage magnitude.

Diodes have many uses in electronic circuits. As examples, they are frequently
employed in power supply circuits to turn alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC),
they are used to limit the amount of over-voltage that can be applied to a given circuit node,
and they are used to force given circuit nodes to remain at or below a certain voltage. On the
Digilab board, three individual diodes are used to limit the voltages applied to the Red, Blue,
and Green pins of the VGA connector (J6) to 0.7VDC or less (VGA colour signals must lie in
that voltage range to meet relevant specifications - higher voltages would damage computer
display electronics).

Note the identification methods used to mark a diode's cathode terminal: the
schematic symbol has a line at the point of the triangle; the physical diode has a dark line on
the plastic component housing; and the silk-screen pattern has both a line at the cathode end

30
and a square pad for the cathode lead. When loading a diode into a circuit board, make sure
that the dark line on the diode matches the line in the silk-screen pattern. Remember that
since diodes allow current to flow in only one direction, a backwards diode will cause the
circuit to malfunction.

Diodes locations on the circuit board are typically denoted with a "D__" reference designator.

Integrated Circuits

The terms chip and integrated circuit refer circuits using microscopic transistors that
are all co-located on the same small piece of silicon. Chips have been designed to do all sorts
of functions, from very simple and basic logical switching functions to highly complex
processing functions. Some chips contain just a handful of transistors, while others contain
several million transistors. Some of the longest-surviving chips perform the most basic
functions. These chips, denoted with the standard part numbers "74XXX", are simple small-
scale integration devices that house small collections of logic circuits. For example, a chip
known as a 7400 contains four individual NAND gates, with each input and output available
at an external pin.

As shown in the figures below, the chips themselves are much smaller than their
packages. During manufacturing, the small, fragile chips are glued (using epoxy) onto the
bottom half of the package, bond-wires are attached to the chip and to the externally available
pins, and then the top half of the chip package is permanently affixed. Smaller chips may
only have a few pins, but larger chips can have more than 500 pins. Since the chips
themselves are on the order of a centimeter on each side, very precise and delicate machines
are required to mount them in their packages.

Smaller chips are usually packaged in a "DIP" package (DIP is an acronym for Dual
In-line Package) as shown below. Typically on the order of 2.5 x 0.75cm, DIP packages are
most often made from black plastic, and they can have anywhere from 8 to 48 pins protruding
in equal numbers from either side. DIPs are used exclusively in through-hole processes.
Larger chips use many different packages - one common package, the "PLCC" (for Plastic
Leaded Chip Carrier) is shown below. Since these larger packages can have up to several
hundred pins, it is often not practical to use the relatively large leads required by through-hole

31
packages. Thus, large chips usually use surface mount packages, where the external pins can
be smaller and more densely packed.

Shown below is a representation of a 7400 logic IC that contains 16 transistors

organised as four 2-input NAND gates. This small chip is housed in a 14-pin DIP package
that provides pins for each of the NAND gates inputs and outputs, as well as a power and
ground pin (labelled Vdd and GND). Note the picture shows the four logic gates placed
inside a DIP outline, thereby showing both the function and pinout (or pin definition) of the
IC.

On schematics and on the PCB silkscreen, chips are often shown as square boxes
denoted with a "U__" reference designator. Note that on the Digilab PCB, all the chips are
loaded in sockets. Sockets are generally used when chips may need to be replaced or
upgraded (such as older PC BIOS ROMs), or when chips are on a circuit board that might be
damaged during frequent handling (such as the Digilab board). Chips, even in their plastic
packages, are quite fragile are subject to damage from a variety of sources, including
electrostatic discharge or ESD. Placing chips in sockets allows them to easily be replaced if
they do get damaged.
32
 The Digilab board contains several different ICs. U1 is used to filter (or "clean up")
the button inputs so that they provide clean edges when pressed (more on this process, called
debouncing, later). U1 also provides additional current to drive the LED displays. U2
provides current for the eight individual LEDs (LEDs are described later). U3 is a "Field
Programmable Gate Array" (or just FPGA) Xilinx chip that can be configured to perform
virtually any moderately-sized digital function this chip is used extensively in many labs. U4
and U5 are small chips that provide clock sources for the Xilinx FPGA. Although not strictly
necessary, these clock chips can produce the higher frequencies that are needed in some
applications. U6 is an optional configuration ROM for the Xilinx chip, and U7 and U8 are
used by the Xilinx PC-based programming circuit. Finally, U9 converts the RS-232 voltages
(-3V to -12V for a "1" and 3V to 12V for a "0") to voltages compatible with digital circuits
(0V to 5V).

Capacitors

A capacitor is a two-terminal device that can store electric energy in the form of
charged particles. You can think of a capacitor as a reservoir of charge that takes time to fill
or empty. The voltage across a capacitor is proportional to the amount of charge it is storing -
since it is not possible to instantaneously move charge to or from a capacitor, it is not
possible to instantaneously change the voltage across a capacitor. It is this property that
makes capacitors useful on the Digilab board.

Capacitance is measured in Farads - a one Farad capacitor can store one Coloumb of
charge at one volt. For engineering on a small scale (i.e., hand-held or desk-top devices), a
one Farad capacitor stores far too much charge to be of general use (it would be like a car
having a 1000 gallon gas tank). More useful capacitors are measured in micro-farads (uF) or

33
pico-farads (pF). The terms "milli-farad" and "nano-farad" are rarely used. Large capacitors
often have their value printed plainly on them, such as "10 uF" (for 10 microfards). Smaller
capacitors, appearing as small disks or wafers, often have their values printed on them in an
encoded manner (similar to the resistor packs discussed above). For these capacitors, a three
digit number indicates the capacitor value in pico-farads. The first two digits provides the
"base" number, and the third digit provides an exponent of 10 (so, for example, "104" printed
on a capacitor indicates a capacitance value of 10 x 10 4 or 100000 pF). Occasionally, a
capacitor will only show a two digit number, in which case that number is simply the
capacitor value in pF. (To be complete, if a capacitor shows a three digit number and the third
digit is 8 or 9, then the first two digits are multiplied by .01 and .1 respectively). Often, a
single letter is appended to the capacitance value - this letter indicates the quality of the
capacitor.

Capacitors are used on the Digilab board to keep the voltage supplies and some
signals stable regardless of circuit activity, and to store charge when inputs are activated in
order to slow their assertion times. Twenty-seven capacitors of three different types and
values are used on the Digilab board. The majority of the capacitors (24 out of 27) are used to
decouple Digilab's integrated circuits from the power supply. These 24 bypass capacitors are
placed on the board very close to the Vdd pins of all chips, where they can supply the short-
term electrical current needs of the chips. Without such bypass capacitors, individual chips
could cause the Vdd supply across the entire Digilab board to dip below 5V during times of
heavy current demand. Nearly every chip in every digital system uses bypass capacitors.
Bypass capacitor value can be determined if the worst-case current requirements are known
(by using the formula I = C dv/dt), but more typically, capacitors in the range 0.01uF to 0.1uF
are used without regard to the actual current requirements. The Digilab board uses 0.047uF
bypass capacitors. The board also uses a bulk bypass capacitor (C27) to provide charge
storage for the entire circuit board - this large 47uF capacitor can supply the individual
bypass capacitors during times of exceptional need.

Two further capacitors (C22 and C23) are used to filter high-frequency noise from
two programming signals required by the Xilinx chip. Filter capacitors are often used in such
a manner to limit the rate at which voltages on a given circuit node can change. The graphs
below indicate the time course of these signals before and after the filter capacitors are
applied.
34
 Depending on the size of the capacitor, the PCB silk screen will show either a circle
or rectangle to indicate capacitor placement (usually, smallish capacitors are shown as
rectangles, and larger capacitors as circles). Some capacitors are polarised, meaning they
must be placed into the PCB in a particular orientation (so that one terminal is never at a
lower voltage than the other). Polarised capacitors either have a dark stripe near the pin that
must be kept at a higher voltage, or a "-" near the pin that must be kept at a lower voltage.
Silk-screen patterns for polarised capacitors will also often have a "+" sign nearest the
through-hole that must be kept at a relatively higher voltage. Capacitors use a "C__"
reference designator.

Resistors

Resistors are two-terminal devices that restrict, or resist, the flow of current. The
larger the resistor, the less current can flow through it for a given voltage (an equation known
as Ohm's law, V=IR, relates current, resistance, and voltage). Electrical resistance within the
resistor body is caused by the collisions of electrons in motion through the resistor. Such
collisions cause energy to be dissipated in the form of heat or light (as in a toaster or light
bulb). Resistance is measured in Ohms - a 1 Ohm resistor is relatively small, and a 100KOhm
resistor is relatively large. Resistors find many uses in electronic systems. On the Digilab
board, resistors are used to limit the current that flows into an output LED (so they don't burn
too bright and destroy themselves) and to limit the current that flows in response to a button
or switch input being activated. The Digilab board uses several different resistor values. Of
course, the correct resistor must be loaded in the correct place on the PCB.

Resistors come in many shapes and sizes, and depending on their size and
construction technology, they can dissipate differing amounts of power (the amount of power
dissipated in a resistor can be calculated using the equation P=I 2 R, where I is the current
flowing through the resistor and R is the resistance). Typically, resistors used in digital
35
systems encounter relatively low voltages and currents, and therefore, they can be relatively
small. The Digilab resistors are rated to dissipate 250mW of power, or 1/4 Watt. Resistors
that can dissipate more than 1/4 Watt are physically larger. For example, power resistors that
can dissipate several Watts or more can be cigar-sized or even larger. For small resistors,
resistor values are "encoded" as a series of coloured bands on the resistor body.

To determine the value of a small resistor (i.e., 1/8 Watt or 1/4 Watt), first locate the
tolerance band on one end of the resistor - it will typically be either gold (5% tolerance) or
silver (10% tolerance). The colour band at the other end of the resistor is band1. Use the table
below to find the two-digit number associated with the colors of bands 1 and 2. The band
nearest the tolerance band is the multiplier (or exponent) band - the digits associated with the
first two colour bands are multiplied by 10 raised to the power indicated by the colour of the
multiplier band. The following table associates band colors to digits and multiplier factors.
Simply multiply the two-digit value by the multiplier, and you've got the resistor value.

Resistors are manufactured with many body colors, with tan or light brown being the
most typical. The only significant resistor body colors are white and blue; these colors signify
a non-flammable or fusible resistor. Such resistors are used in circuits where overheating
might pose a safety risk.

36
 In circuit schematics and in parts lists, resistor reference designators always begin
with an "R". You can see several rectangular white boxes with "R__" on the Digilab board
silk-screen. The schematic symbol for a resistor is shown above. Resistors are non-polarised,
so they can be placed in a PCB in any orientation.

Resistor Packs

If a circuit application requires many resistors of the same value, and if those resistors
can be located close together on a PCB, then a resistor pack can be used instead of individual
resistors. Resistors in a pack function identically to discrete resistors - they are just more
economical to work with. Several different types of resistor packs are available. Two of the
more common types, and the types used on the Digilab board, are called "bussed" packs and
"isolated" packs. All resistors in a bussed resistor pack have one lead connected to a common
node, while all resistors in an isolated pack have independent nodes.

Resistor values are also "encoded" on the pack body, but the code uses a three-digit
number instead of colors. The first two digits are simply multiplied by 10 n , where n is the
third digit. For example, if "271" was printed on a resistor pack, the resistors inside would be
270 ohms (27 x 10 1 = 270). The three-digit number corresponding to resistor value is usually
the last number (after the last dash) printed on the resistor pack.

In circuit schematics, resistor packs are shown using the same jagged-line symbol as
discrete resistors. On PCB silk screens, they are typically shown as a narrow rectangular box.
Reference designators are usually "R__" (like discrete resistors), or "RP__". On the Digilab
board, the RP__ designator is used. Resistor packs are usually polarised, and they must be
oriented. A small black dot is located on the pack near pin 1.

The Digilab board uses several resistor packs with three different values. Two bussed
resistor packs (the 270 ohm RP1 and the 10K ohm RP2) are used by the LED circuit - the
270-ohm resistors set the LED current (and therefore the LED brightness), and the 10K ohm

37
resistors ensure the LEDs remain off until they are purposely turned on. Similarly, the 270
ohm isolated resistor packs RP7 and RP8 set the LED current for the seven-segment displays,
and the 2.2K ohm isolated resistor pack RP9 ensures that display digits remain off until
expressly turned on. The remaining packs are all 2.2K isolated packs, and are all used to
debounce the buttons and switches.

Inputs (buttons and switches)

Circuits often require inputs that come directly from users (as opposed to inputs that
come from other devices). Input devices can take many forms, among them keyboards (as on
a PC), buttons (as on a calculator or telephone), rotary dials, switches and levers, etc. The
Digilab board has twelve input devices, including four push buttons (BTN1 - BTN4) and
eight slide-switches and (SW1 - SW8).

The slide switches are also known as single throw-double pole (STDP) switches,
because only one switch (or throw) exists, but two positions (or poles) are available (a pole is
an electrical contact to which the switch can make contact). These switches can be set to
output either Vdd (when the actuator is closest to the boards edge) or GND. The push button
switches are also known as momentary contact buttons, because they only make contact
while they are actively being pressed; they output a GND at rest, and a Vdd only when they
are being pressed.

Various input devices have many associated symbols and reference designators that
appear in circuit schematics. Typical symbols for a button and for a switch are shown below.
The reference designators used here are BTN_ for the buttons and S_ for the switches.

38
 CHAPTER 5

5.0 APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

5.1 APPLICATION

1. Home automation

2. Robotics

3. Alarms

4. Timers

5. Open doors and windows via PC

6. Aquariums applications

5.2 ADVANTAGES

1. High quality

2. Low cost

3. No extra power supply

4. Software with many functions

5. Control electrical devices according weekday/date/time

6. Create timers or pulses with our software

39
 CHAPTER 6

6.0 CODE

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp32.h>

// You should get Auth Token in the Blynk App.

// Go to the Project Settings (nut icon).
char auth[] = "3YX3WRTn9TTb67q_G3pkGRWZqk67n3FP";

// Your WiFi credentials.

// Set password to "" for open networks.
char ssid[] = "Your SSID";
char pass[] = "Your Password";

void setup()
{
// Debug console
Serial.begin(115200);

Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);

}

void loop()
{
Blynk.run();
}

40
 CHAPTER 7
7.0 CONCLUSION

We presented a system which can control multi devices at home using IoT. This

proposed system improve the performance of various devices at home by controlling

automatically and remotely. In this phase user can control home appliances like fan, light etc

using mobile app. The system in build using low cost embedded microcontroller with WiFi

module ESP32.The developed system cost is low, simple to operate and is easily embedded

with home appliances.

41
 A) ENTREPRENEURSHIP

1. What is entrepreneurship? Explain

Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations and establishing or revitalizing

matured organizations. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects to major
undertakings creating many job opportunities. A dictionary definition of entrepreneurship is
“The organizer or promoter of an activity, especially one who assumes the risks of a
business”.

In practice, entrepreneurship can be

 Starting your own business

 Inventing something new techniques of production
 A spirit of creative thinking and innovation that embraces an entire
organization.
2.Who is a Successful Entrepreneur? Why?

A successful entrepreneur is a person who has possession of an enterprise and assumes

significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome. A successful entrepreneur
promotes the vision. A successful entrepreneur is usually a positive thinker and a decision
maker.

3. List the various stages of decision and entrepreneur has to make before reaching the
goal of his project.

The various stages of decisions an entrepreneur has to make before reaching the
goal of his project are

 Converging on the idea

 Business plan
 Business formation
 Growth
 Going public or marketing (making valuable to others).

42
 4. List the types of industries.

Industries can be listed as

 Small Scale Industries -SSI

 Medium Scale Industries - MSI
 Large Scale Industries – LSI

5. Define – Small Scale Industry.

Small Scale industry in an industry in which the investment in fixed assets in plant
and machinery more than Rs.25 Lakes, but does not exceed Rs.5 Crore.

6. What are the Qualities of an Entrepreneur?

The qualities of an entrepreneur are

a. High level confidence.

b. Vision and passion in their dreams.
c. Surrounded themselves with other like-minded people.
d. Highly resourceful, creative and inventive.
e. Seize opportunities and create their own whenever possible.
f. Know what motivates them.
g. Spend a substantial amount of time on introspection.
h. Refust to let other people dictate how they should live.
i. Take responsibility for their happiness.

7. What are the expectations of Entrepreneurship?

It is expected from the entrepreneurs that they will help to

 Increase number of industries.

 Increase production.
 Increase employment opportunities.
 Earn foreign exchange through exports.
 Develop the underdeveloped parts of the country.
 Economic development.
43
8. What are the various SSI that can flourish in your district?
The various SSI that can flourish in my district are

 Hollow concrete blocks industries

 Coir Industries
 Glass and ceramics
 Wood and wood products
 Textile products

9. Identify the infrastructural needs for an Industry.

The infrastructure needs for an industry are (6 M’s)

Man Machine
Material Money
Market Management
Land Water
Transport Electricity

10. Identify the natural resources available in your areas for starting a SSI.

The Natural resources available in our area are

 Ground water
 Good Infrastructure
 Power supply availability
 Abundant labour

44
 B) DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. What is meant by Disaster Management? What are the different stages of Disaster
Management?

Disaster is an event or series of events which seriously disturb normal activities. Disaster
management is a preplanned prevention, preparation, emergency action and recovery from
disaster to save human life and property and restore normal life as quickly as possible.

The different stages of disaster management are,

i. Planning,
ii. Migration,
iii. Preparedness,
iv. Response,
v. Recovery.

2. Differentiate natural Disasters and manmade disasters with examples.

A) Natural Disasters

Natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard that affects the environment and leads
to financial, Environmental and/or human losses.

Examples:

i. Flood,
ii. Cyclone,
iii. Drought,
iv. Earthquake,
v. Tsunami,
vi. Snow storms,
vii. Heat waves.

45
B) Manmade disasters

Manmade disaster are events which either intentionally are by accident cause severe
threats to public health and well-being.

Examples:

Setting of fires, epidemic, pollution, wars, accidents, food poisoning, terrorism, etc.,

3. Describe the necessity of risk identification and assessment surveys while planning a
project

Risk identification ascertains which risks have the potential of affecting the project
and documenting the risk's characteristics.

Risk identification begins after the risk management plan is constructed and continues
iteratively throughout the project execution the risk identification process naturally
progresses into the quantitative risk analysis (or) the qualitative risk analysis.

The assessment takes into the account of physical, social, geographical and
psychological factors that cause some people to be particularly exposed to various hazards.

4. What is Disasters recovery and what does it mean to an Industry?

Disaster recovery is a process of policies and procedures related to preparing for recovery
and continuation of technology infrastructure critical to an organization after a natural or
manmade disaster.

Disaster recovery in industries includes the following factors,

i. Failure due to fire accidents,

ii. Failure due to sudden high voltage supply,
iii. Failure of machines and infrastructure due to floods.

5. What are the factors to be considered while planning the rebuilding works after a
major disaster due to flood/cyclone /earthquake?

46
 The factors to be considered while planning the rebuilding works after a major disaster
due to flood/cyclone/earth quake are shown below,

I. Land and planning,

II. Prevent to rebuild in risk zone,
III. Construct disaster resistant building,
IV. Take possible protective activities to avoid disaster,
V. Community awareness and education., etc.,

6. List out the public emergency services available in the state, which could be
approached for help during a natural disaster.

S no. Service Phone numbers

1 Police 100

2 Fire control 101

3 Traffic police 103

4 Ambulance services 104

5 Women help line 1091

6 Child line 1098

7 Lions blood bank 1910

7. Specify the role played by an Engineer in the process of Disaster Management.

Disaster is a threat to environment and the society. Disaster management deals with
preparations to reduce the impact of natural or man-made disasters.

The role of engineer is given below,

i. Mitigation: It focuses on avoiding hazards or reducing the impact of disaster.

ii. Preparedness: It involves developing action plans to combat disaster when it
happens.

47
 iii. Response: It includes mobilization of emergency services for evacuation and rescue
operations.
iv. Recovery: It is involved in the rebuilding process.

8. What is the cause for Earthquakes? How are they measured? Which parts of India
are more vulnerable for frequent earthquakes?

An earthquake is a sudden motion or trembling of the ground produced by the abrupt

displacement of rock masses.

Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer also known as seismography in Richter

magnitude. The magnitude of 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and the
magnitude 7 or more causing serious damage over large areas. The modified metric scale is
used for measuring intensity of shaking.

The following parts in India are more vulnerable for frequent earthquakes,

i. Gujarat,
ii. Jammu and Kashmir,
iii. Punjab,
iv. Assam,
v. Manipur.

9) What was the cause for the tsunami 2004 which inflicted heavy loss to life and
property along the coast of Tamil Nadu? Specify its epicenter and magnitude. But what
is a large volume? And how it is displaced?

Tsunami is a series of extremely long waves that are created after a large volume of water
is displaced. Tsunami can be generated by four ways. They are

1. An undersea earthquake,
2. Landslide,
3. Volcanic eruption and
4. An extraterrestrial collision.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was undersea mega thrust earthquake that occurred at
00.58.53UTC on 26.12.2004. This tsunami occurred at an epicenter of west cost of Sumatra

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with a magnitude of between 9.1 and 9.3 in Richter scale. The 2004 tsunami killed over 3,
00,000 people with many bodies either being lost to the sea or unidentified.

10. Specify the earthquake hazard zones in which the following towns of Tamil Nadu
lie: (a) Chennai (b) Nagapatinnam (c) Coimbatore (d) Madurai (e) Salem.

Earthquake hazards can be categorized into either direct hazards or indirect hazards.

Direct hazards: Ground shaking, floods formation of tidal waves, sea surges and tsunamis,
soil liquefaction etc.,

Indirect hazards: Dam failures, pollution from damage to industrial plants, delayed
landslides etc.,

Most of the regions of Tamil Nadu fall under low to moderate seismic hazard zone.

S No. Place Type of zone Rating

1. Madurai Low hazard 0

2. Nagapatinam Low hazard 0

3. Salem Low hazard 0

4. Chennai Low hazard 0.3-0.5

5. Coimbatore Moderate hazard 0.7-0.8

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 C) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1.What is the responsibility of an Engineer-in-charge of an industry with respect to

public Health?

The responsibility of an Engineer-in-charge of an industry with respect to public

Health are,

a) To control the pollutions from an industry,

b) To provide safe drinking water to the workers,

c) To provide waste water management, arrange suitable drainage and effluent,

d) To provide disposal of solid waste,

e) To provide the industrial area as clean as possible.,etc.,

2. Define Environmental Ethic.

Environmental Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with the moral relations

between humans and natural world. If refers to the issues, principles and guide lines relating
to human interactions with their environment.

3. How industries play their role in polluting the environment?

There are a number of forms of industrial pollution. One of the most common is
water pollution caused by dumping of industrial waste into water ways, or improper covering
of waste ,which causes leakage into ground water and waterways. Industrial pollution can
also impact air quality and it can enter the soil, causing widespread environmental problems.

Pollutants can kill animals and plants, imbalance ecosystems, degrade air quality ,damage
buildings ,and generally degrade quality of life.

4. What is the necessity of pollution control? What are all the different organizations
you know; which deal with pollution control?

Pollution is injurious to health. Therefore pollution in any form is to be completely

controlled. The aim of pollution control is to reduce the harmness of pollutant. Different
organizations deal with pollution control are
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 1. State Pollution Control Board,

2. Central Pollution Control Board,

3. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute., etc.,

5. List out the different types of pollutions caused by a chemical /Textile /Leather/
Automobile /cement factory.

Chemical industry - water pollution , air pollution, Land pollution,

Textile industry - water pollution , air pollution, Leather industry - water pollution, soil
pollution, Automobile industry - air pollution, noise pollution. Cement Factory - air pollution,
water pollution,

6. What is meant by Hazardous waste?

Chemical, biological, flammable ,explosive ,radio active wastes etc., which create
very much danger immediately or over a long period of time is called as Hazardous waste.
They can occur in solid, liquid or gaseous forms.

7. Define Industrial waste management.

Industrial waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or

disposal and monitoring of waste materials.

8. Differentiate between garbage, rubbish, refuse and trash based on their composition
and source.

Garbage: It includes all types of semi solid and solid waste food and products as
vegetables, peelings of fruits, waste meats etc.

Rubbish : It means all various not important solid waste as paper, broken furniture,
pottery, waste building materials., etc.

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 Refuse: It is all the solid and semi solid waste matters of a community except night
soil(human waste).

It can be broadly divided into,

1. Organic matter,

2. In-organic matter.,

The organic matter of the refuse is very danger and creates health problems.

Trash: Things that we thrown away because of useless or worthless or of poor quality.

9. Explain briefly how the quantity of solid waste generated in an industry could be
reduced.

The solid waste which are generated in an industry is to be reduced by the following,

1. Reduction in waste volume by segregation and reuse or recycle the waste,

2. Good house keeping and prevention of leaks and spills are important steps towards
reduction in the waste volume,

3. Recovery and reuse of process chemicals.

10. what are the objectives of treatments of solid wastes before disposal?

The objectives of treatments of solid wastes before disposal are

1. The disposal of solid waste is done far away from the cities using engineering principles.

2. The wastes are disposed in a smallest possible area to reduce the volume and prevent them
attack from rodents and vermins.

3. separate the non-combustible waste products .

4. separate the organic materials .

5. Remove the toxic products.

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