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Marcel Proust
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust
Marcel Proust
(/pruːst/;[1] French:  [maʁsɛl pʁust]; 10 July 1871 – 18 November
1922) was a French novelist, critic, and essayist who wrote the
monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of
Lost Time; earlier rendered as Remembrance of Things Past),
published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927. He is considered
by critics and writers to be one of the most influential authors of
the 20th century.[2][3]

Contents
Background
Early writing
In Search of Lost Time
Personal life
Gallery
Proust in 1900; photograph by

Bibliography
Otto Wegener (cropped)
Novels
Short story collections Born Valentin Louis
Non-fiction Georges Eugène
Translations of John Ruskin Marcel Proust

10 July 1871

See also Auteuil, France

References Died 18 November 1922
Further reading (aged 51)

External links Paris, France

Occupation Novelist · essayist ·
critic
Background Notable work In Search of Lost
Time
Proust was born on 10 July 1871, shortly after the conclusion of
the Franco-Prussian war and at the very beginning of the Third Parent(s) Adrien Achille
[4]
Republic. He was born in the Paris Borough of Auteuil (the Proust

south-western sector of the then-rustic 16th arrondissement) at Jeanne Clémence

the home of his great-uncle on 10 July 1871, two months after the Weil
Treaty of Frankfurt formally ended the Franco-Prussian War. His
Signature
birth took place during the violence that surrounded the
suppression of the Paris Commune, and his childhood
corresponded with the consolidation of the French Third
Republic. Much of In Search of Lost Time concerns the vast
changes, most particularly the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the middle classes, that
occurred in France during the Third Republic and the fin de siècle.

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Proust's father, Adrien Proust, was a prominent pathologist and epidemiologist, studying cholera in
Europe and Asia. He wrote numerous articles and books on medicine and hygiene. Proust's mother,
Jeanne Clémence (Weil), was the daughter of a wealthy Jewish family from Alsace.[5] Literate and
well-read, she demonstrated a well-developed sense of humour in her letters, and her command of
English was sufficient to help with her son's translations of John Ruskin.[6] Proust was raised in his
father's Catholic faith.[7] He was baptized (on 5 August 1871, at the church of Saint-Louis d'Antin)
and later confirmed as a Catholic, but he never formally practised that faith. He later became an
atheist and was something of a mystic.[8][9]

By the age of nine, Proust had had his first serious asthma attack, and thereafter he was considered a
sickly child. Proust spent long holidays in the village of Illiers. This village, combined with
recollections of his great-uncle's house in Auteuil, became the model for the fictional town of
Combray, where some of the most important scenes of In Search of Lost Time take place. (Illiers was
renamed Illiers-Combray in 1971 on the occasion of the Proust centenary celebrations.)

In 1882, at the age of eleven, Proust became a pupil at the Lycée Condorcet; however, his education
was disrupted by his illness. Despite this, he excelled in literature, receiving an award in his final
year. Thanks to his classmates, he was able to gain access to some of the salons of the upper
bourgeoisie, providing him with copious material for In Search of Lost Time.[10]

In spite of his poor health, Proust served a year (1889–90) in the French
army, stationed at Coligny Barracks in Orléans, an experience that
provided a lengthy episode in The Guermantes' Way, part three of his
novel. As a young man, Proust was a dilettante and a social climber
whose aspirations as a writer were hampered by his lack of self-
discipline. His reputation from this period, as a snob and an amateur,
contributed to his later troubles with getting Swann's Way, the first part
of his large-scale novel, published in 1913. At this time, he attended the
salons of Mme Straus, widow of Georges Bizet and mother of Proust's
childhood friend Jacques Bizet, of Madeleine Lemaire and of Mme
Arman de Caillavet, one of the models for Madame Verdurin, and
mother of his friend Gaston Arman de Caillavet, with whose fiancée
(Jeanne Pouquet) he was in love. It is through Mme Arman de Caillavet,
Marcel Proust (seated), he made the acquaintance of Anatole France, her lover.
Robert de Flers (left) and
Lucien Daudet (right), ca. Proust had a close relationship with his mother. To appease his father,
1894 who insisted that he pursue a career, Proust obtained a volunteer
position at Bibliothèque Mazarine in the summer of 1896. After exerting
considerable effort, he obtained a sick leave that extended for several
years until he was considered to have resigned. He never worked at his job, and he did not move from
his parents' apartment until after both were dead.[6]

His life and family circle changed markedly between 1900 and 1905. In February 1903, Proust's
brother, Robert Proust, married and left the family home. His father died in November of the same
year.[11] Finally, and most crushingly, Proust's beloved mother died in September 1905. She left him a
considerable inheritance. His health throughout this period continued to deteriorate.

Proust spent the last three years of his life mostly confined to his bedroom, sleeping during the day
and working at night to complete his novel.[12] He died of pneumonia and a pulmonary abscess in
1922. He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.[13]

Early writing

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Proust was involved in writing and publishing from an early age. In addition to the literary magazines
with which he was associated, and in which he published while at school (La Revue verte and La
Revue lilas), from 1890 to 1891 he published a regular society column in the journal Le Mensuel.[6] In
1892, he was involved in founding a literary review called Le Banquet (also the French title of Plato's
Symposium), and throughout the next several years Proust published small pieces regularly in this
journal and in the prestigious La Revue Blanche.

In 1896 Les plaisirs et les jours, a compendium of many of these early pieces, was published. The
book included a foreword by Anatole France, drawings by Mme Lemaire in whose salon Proust was a
frequent guest, and who inspired Proust's Mme Verdurin. She invited him and Reynaldo Hahn to her
château de Réveillon (the model for Mme Verdurin's La Raspelière) in summer 1894, and for three
weeks in 1895. This book was so sumptuously produced that it cost twice the normal price of a book
its size.

That year Proust also began working on a novel, which was eventually published in 1952 and titled
Jean Santeuil by his posthumous editors. Many of the themes later developed in In Search of Lost
Time find their first articulation in this unfinished work, including the enigma of memory and the
necessity of reflection; several sections of In Search of Lost Time can be read in the first draft in Jean
Santeuil. The portrait of the parents in Jean Santeuil is quite harsh, in marked contrast to the
adoration with which the parents are painted in Proust's masterpiece. Following the poor reception of
Les Plaisirs et les Jours, and internal troubles with resolving the plot, Proust gradually abandoned
Jean Santeuil in 1897 and stopped work on it entirely by 1899.

Beginning in 1895 Proust spent several years reading Thomas Carlyle, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and
John Ruskin. Through this reading, he refined his theories of art and the role of the artist in society.
Also, in Time Regained Proust's universal protagonist recalls having translated Ruskin's Sesame and
Lilies. The artist's responsibility is to confront the appearance of nature, deduce its essence and retell
or explain that essence in the work of art. Ruskin's view of artistic production was central to this
conception, and Ruskin's work was so important to Proust that he claimed to know "by heart" several
of Ruskin's books, including The Seven Lamps of Architecture, The Bible of Amiens, and
Praeterita.[6]

Proust set out to translate two of Ruskin's works into French, but was hampered by an imperfect
command of English. To compensate for this he made his translations a group affair: sketched out by
his mother, the drafts were first revised by Proust, then by Marie Nordlinger, the English cousin of
his friend and sometime lover[14] Reynaldo Hahn, then finally polished by Proust. Questioned about
his method by an editor, Proust responded, "I don't claim to know English; I claim to know
Ruskin".[6][15] The Bible of Amiens, with Proust's extended introduction, was published in French in
1904. Both the translation and the introduction were well-reviewed; Henri Bergson called Proust's
introduction "an important contribution to the psychology of Ruskin", and had similar praise for the
translation.[6] At the time of this publication, Proust was already translating Ruskin's Sesame and
Lilies, which he completed in June 1905, just before his mother's death, and published in 1906.
Literary historians and critics have ascertained that, apart from Ruskin, Proust's chief literary
influences included Saint-Simon, Montaigne, Stendhal, Flaubert, George Eliot, Fyodor Dostoyevsky,
and Leo Tolstoy.

1908 was an important year for Proust's development as a writer. During the first part of the year he
published in various journals pastiches of other writers. These exercises in imitation may have
allowed Proust to solidify his own style. In addition, in the spring and summer of the year Proust
began work on several different fragments of writing that would later coalesce under the working title
of Contre Sainte-Beuve. Proust described his efforts in a letter to a friend: "I have in progress: a study
on the nobility, a Parisian novel, an essay on Sainte-Beuve and Flaubert, an essay on women, an essay
on pederasty (not easy to publish), a study on stained-glass windows, a study on tombstones, a study
on the novel".[6]

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From these disparate fragments Proust began to shape a novel on which he worked continually
during this period. The rough outline of the work centred on a first-person narrator, unable to sleep,
who during the night remembers waiting as a child for his mother to come to him in the morning.
The novel was to have ended with a critical examination of Sainte-Beuve and a refutation of his
theory that biography was the most important tool for understanding an artist's work. Present in the
unfinished manuscript notebooks are many elements that correspond to parts of the Recherche, in
particular, to the "Combray" and "Swann in Love" sections of Volume 1, and to the final section of
Volume 7. Trouble with finding a publisher, as well as a gradually changing conception of his novel,
led Proust to shift work to a substantially different project that still contained many of the same
themes and elements. By 1910 he was at work on À la recherche du temps perdu.

In Search of Lost Time

Begun in 1909, when Proust was 38 years old, À la recherche du temps perdu consists of seven
volumes totaling around 3,200 pages (about 4,300 in The Modern Library's translation) and
featuring more than 2,000 characters. Graham Greene called Proust the "greatest novelist of the 20th
century",[16] and W. Somerset Maugham called the novel the "greatest fiction to date". André Gide
was initially not so taken with his work. The first volume was refused by the publisher Gallimard on
Gide's advice. He later wrote to Proust apologizing for his part in the refusal and calling it one of the
most serious mistakes of his life.[17]

Proust died before he was able to complete his revision of the drafts and proofs of the final volumes,
the last three of which were published posthumously and edited by his brother Robert.

The book was translated into English by C. K. Scott Moncrieff, appearing under the title
Remembrance of Things Past between 1922 and 1931. Scott Moncrieff translated volumes one
through six of the seven volumes, dying before completing the last. This last volume was rendered by
other translators at different times. When Scott Moncrieff's translation was later revised (first by
Terence Kilmartin, then by D. J. Enright) the title of the novel was changed to the more literal In
Search of Lost Time.

In 1995 Penguin undertook a fresh translation of the book by editor Christopher Prendergast and
seven translators in three countries, based on the latest, most complete and authoritative French text.
Its six volumes, comprising Proust's seven, were published in Britain under the Allen Lane imprint in
2002.

Personal life
Proust is known to have been homosexual, and his sexuality and relationships with men are often
discussed by his biographers.[18] Although his housekeeper, Céleste Albaret, denies this aspect of
Proust's sexuality in her memoirs,[19] her denial runs contrary to the statements of many of Proust's
friends and contemporaries, including his fellow writer André Gide[20] as well as his valet Ernest A.
Forssgren.[21]

Proust never openly admitted to his homosexuality, though his family and close friends either knew
or suspected it. In 1897, he even fought a duel with writer Jean Lorrain, who publicly questioned the
nature of Proust's relationship with Lucien Daudet (both duelists survived).[22] Despite Proust's own
public denial, his romantic relationship with composer Reynaldo Hahn,[14] and his infatuation with
his chauffeur and secretary, Alfred Agostinelli, are well documented.[23] On the night of 11 January
1918, Proust was one of the men identified by police in a raid on a male brothel run by Albert Le
Cuziat.[24] Proust's friend, the poet Paul Morand, openly teased Proust about his visits to male
prostitutes. In his journal, Morand refers to Proust, as well as Gide, as "constantly hunting, never
satiated by their adventures … eternal prowlers, tireless sexual adventurers."[25]

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The exact influence of Proust's sexuality on his writing is a topic of debate.[26] However, In Search of
Lost Time discusses homosexuality at length and features several principal characters, both men and
women, who are either homosexual or bisexual: the Baron de Charlus, Robert de Saint-Loup, Odette
de Crécy, and Albertine Simonet.[27] Homosexuality also appears as a theme in Les plaisirs et les
jours and his unfinished novel, Jean Santeuil.

Proust inherited much of his mother's political outlook, which was supportive of the French Third
Republic and near the liberal centre of French politics.[28] In an 1892 article published in Le Banquet
entitled "L'Irréligion d'État", Proust condemned extreme anti-clerical measures such as the expulsion
of monks, observing that "one might just be surprised that the negation of religion should bring in its
wake the same fanaticism, intolerance, and persecution as religion itself."[28][29] He argued that
socialism posed a greater threat to society than the Church.[28] He was equally critical of the right,
lambasting "the insanity of the conservatives," whom he deemed "as dumb and ungrateful as under
Charles X," and referring to Pope Pius X's obstinacy as foolish.[30] Proust always rejected the bigoted
and illiberal views harbored by many priests at the time, but believed that the most enlightened
clerics could be just as progressive as the most enlightened secularists, and that both could serve the
cause of "the advanced liberal Republic".[31] He approved of the more moderate stance taken in 1906
by Aristide Briand, whom he described as "admirable".[30]

Proust was among the earliest Dreyfusards, even attending Émile Zola's trial and proudly claiming to
have been the one who asked Anatole France to sign the petition in support of Dreyfus's
innocence.[32] In 1919, when representatives of the right-wing Action Française published a
manifesto upholding French colonialism and the Catholic Church as the embodiment of civilised
values, Proust rejected their nationalism and chauvinism in favor of a liberal pluralist vision which
acknowledged Christianity's cultural legacy in France.[28] Julien Benda commended Proust in La
Trahison des clercs as a writer who distinguished himself from his generation by avoiding the twin
traps of nationalism and class sectarianism.[28]

Gallery

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Jean Béraud, La 102 Boulevard Robert de Mme. Arman de

Sortie du lycée Haussmann, Paris,
Condorcet where Marcel Proust
lived from 1907 to
1919
Montesquiou, the Caillavet
main inspiration for
Baron de Charlus in
À la recherche du
temps perdu

Grave of Marcel
Proust at Père
Lachaise Cemetery

Bibliography

Novels
In Search of Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu published in seven volumes, previously
translated as Remembrance of Things Past) (1913–1927)
1. Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann, sometimes translated as The Way by Swann's) (1913)
2. In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower (À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, also translated as
Within a Budding Grove) (1919)
3. The Guermantes Way (Le Côté de Guermantes originally published in two volumes) (1920/1921)
4. Sodom and Gomorrah (Sodome et Gomorrhe originally published in two volumes, sometimes
translated as Cities of the Plain) (1921/1922)
5. The Prisoner (La Prisonnière, also translated as The Captive) (1923)
6. The Fugitive (Albertine disparue, also titled La Fugitive, sometimes translated as The Sweet
Cheat Gone or Albertine Gone) (1925)
7. Time Regained (Le Temps retrouvé, also translated as Finding Time Again and The Past
Recaptured) (1927)

Jean Santeuil (unfinished novel in three volumes published posthumously – 1952)

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Short story collections

Early Stories (short stories published posthumously)
Pleasures and Days (Les plaisirs et les jours; illustrations by Madeleine Lemaire, preface by
Anatole France, and four piano works by Reynaldo Hahn) (1896)

Non-fiction
Pastiches, or The Lemoine Affair (Pastiches et mélanges – a collection) (1919)
Against Sainte-Beuve (Contre Sainte-Beuve: suivi de Nouveaux mélanges) (published
posthumously 1954)

Translations of John Ruskin

La Bible d'Amiens (translation of The Bible of Amiens) (1896)
Sésame et les lys: des trésors des rois, des jardins des reines (translation of Sesame and Lilies)
(1906)

See also
102 Boulevard Haussmann, a BBC production set in 1916 about Proust
Albertine, a novel based on a character in À la recherche du temps perdu by Jacqueline Rose
London 2001
Céleste, a German film dramatising part of Proust's life, seen from the viewpoint of his
housekeeper Céleste Albaret
Involuntary memory
Le Temps Retrouvé, d'après l'œuvre de Marcel Proust (Time Regained), film by director Raul
Ruiz, 1999
Mme Proust and the Kosher Kitchen, a novel by Kate Taylor that includes a fictional diary written
by Proust's mother
"Proust", an essay by Samuel Beckett
Proust Questionnaire
Swann in Love, film by the director Volker Schlöndorff, 1984
La captive, film by the director Chantal Akerman, 2000

References
1. "Proust" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/proust). Random House Webster's Unabridged
Dictionary.
2. Harold Bloom, Genius, pp. 191–225.
3. "Marcel Proust" (https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-proust.html). The New York Times.
Retrieved 13 October 2016.
4. Ellison, David (2010). A Reader's Guide to Proust's 'In Search of Lost Time'. p. 8.
5. Allan Massie – Madame Proust: A Biography By Evelyne Bloch-Dano, translated by Alice Kaplan
(http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/massie_10_07.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090
212151419/http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/massie_10_07.html) 12 February 2009 at the
Wayback Machine – Literary Review.
6. Tadié, J-Y. (Euan Cameron, trans.) Marcel Proust: A life. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2000.

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7. NYSL TRAVELS: Paris: Proust's Time Regained (http://www.nysoclib.org/travels/proust.html)

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120127020446/http://www.nysoclib.org/travels/proust.ht
ml) 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
8. Edmund White (2009). Marcel Proust: A Life. Penguin. ISBN 9780143114987. "Marcel Proust
was the son of a Christian father and a Jewish mother. He himself was baptized (on August 5,
1871, at the church of Saint-Louis d'Antin) and later confirmed as a Catholic, but he never
practised that faith and as an adult could best be described as a mystical atheist, someone
imbued with spirituality who nonetheless did not believe in a personal God, much less in a savior."
9. Proust, Marcel (1999). The Oxford dictionary of quotations. Oxford University Press. p. 594.
ISBN 978-0-19-860173-9. "...the highest praise of God consists in the denial of him by the atheist
who finds creation so perfect that it can dispense with a creator."
10. Painter, George D. (1959) Marcel Proust: a biography; Vols. 1 & 2. London: Chatto & Windus
11. Carter (2002)
12. Marcel Proust: Revolt against the Tyranny of Time. Harry Slochower .The Sewanee Review,
1943.
13. Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2
(Kindle Locations 38123-38124). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
14. Carter, William C. (2006), Proust in Love (https://archive.org/details/proustinlove00cart/page/31),
YaleUniversity Press, pp. 31–35 (https://archive.org/details/proustinlove00cart/page/31), ISBN 0-
300-10812-5
15. Karlin, Daniel (2005) Proust's English; p. 36
16. White, Edmund (1999). Marcel Proust, a life. Penguin. p. 2. ISBN 9780143114987.
17. Tadié, J-Y. (Euan Cameron, trans.) Marcel Proust: A Life. p. 611
18. Painter (1959), White (1998), Tadié (2000), Carter (2002 and 2006)
19. Albaret (2003)
20. Harris (2002)
21. Forssgren (2006)
22. Hall, Sean Charles (12 February 2012). "Dueling Dandies: How Men Of Style Displayed a Blasé
Demeanor In the Face of Death" (http://www.dandyism.net/2012/02/12/dueling-dandies/).
Dandyism.
23. Whitaker, Rick (1 June 2000). "Proust's dearest pleasures: The best of a slew of recent
biographies points to the author's conscious self-closeting" (http://www.salon.com/2000/06/01/pro
ust/). Salon.
24. *Laure Murat. "Proust, Marcel, 46 ans, rentier: Un individu 'aux allures de pédéraste' fiche à la
police", La Revue littéraire 14: 82–93, (May 2005); Carter (2006)
25. Paul Morand. Journal inutile, tome 2 : 1973 – 1976, ed. Laurent Boyer and Véronique Boyer.
Paris: Gallimard, 2001; Carter (2006)
26. Sedgwick (1992); O'Brien (1949)
27. Sedgwick (1992); Ladenson (1999); Bersani (2013)
28. Hughes, Edward J. (2011). Proust, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–46.
29. Carter, William C. (2013). Marcel Proust: A Life, with a New Preface by the Author. Yale
University Press. p. 346.
30. Watson, D. R. (1968). "Sixteen Letters of Marcel Proust to Joseph Reinach". The Modern
Language Review. 63 (3): 587–599. doi:10.2307/3722199 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3722199).
JSTOR 3722199 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3722199).
31. Sprinker, Michael (1998). History and Ideology in Proust: A la Recherche Du Temps Perdu and
the Third French Republic. Verso. pp. 45–46.
32. Bales, Richard (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Proust (https://archive.org/details/cambridg
ecompani00bale). Cambridge University Press. p. 21 (https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompa
ni00bale/page/n21).

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Further reading
Aciman, André (2004), The Proust Project. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Adorno, Theodor (1967), Prisms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
Adorno, Theodor, "Short Commentaries on Proust," Notes to Literature, trans. S. Weber-
Nicholsen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991).
Albaret, Céleste (Barbara Bray, trans.) (2003), Monsieur Proust. New York: New York Review
Books
Beckett, Samuel, Proust, London: Calder
Benjamin, Walter, "The Image of Proust," Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken
Books, 1969); pp. 201–215.
Bernard, Anne-Marie (2002), The World of Proust, as seen by Paul Nadar. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: MIT Press
Bersani, Leo, Marcel Proust: The Fictions of Life and of Art (2013), Oxford: Oxford U. Press
Bowie, Malcolm, Proust Among the Stars, London: Harper Collins
Capetanakis, Demetrios, "A Lecture on Proust", in Demetrios Capetanakis A Greek Poet in
England (1947)
Carter, William C. (2002), Marcel Proust: a life. New Haven: Yale University Press
Carter, William C. (2006), Proust in Love. New Haven: Yale University Press
Chardin, Philippe (2006), Proust ou le bonheur du petit personnage qui compare. Paris: Honoré
Champion
Chardin, Philippe et alii (2010), Originalités proustiennes. Paris: Kimé
Compagnon, Antoine, Proust Between Two Centuries, Columbia U. Press
Czapski, Józef (2018) Lost Time. Lectures on Proust in a Soviet Prison Camp. New York: New
York Review Books. 90 pp. ISBN 978-1-68137-258-7
Davenport-Hines, Richard (2006), A Night at the Majestic. London: Faber and Faber
ISBN 9780571220090
De Botton, Alain (1998), How Proust Can Change Your Life. New York: Vintage Books
Deleuze, Gilles (2004), Proust and Signs: the complete text. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press
De Man, Paul (1979), Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke,
and Proust ISBN 0-300-02845-8
Descombes, Vincent, Proust: Philosophy of the Novel. Stanford, CA: Stanford U. Press
Forssgren, Ernest A. (William C. Carter, ed.) (2006), The Memoirs of Ernest A. Forssgren:
Proust’s Swedish Valet. New Haven: Yale University Press
Genette, Gérard, Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. Ithaca, NY: Cornell U. Press
Gracq, Julien, "Proust Considered as An End Point," in Reading Writing (New York: Turtle Point
Press,), 113–130.
Green, F. C. The Mind of Proust (1949)
Harris, Frederick J. (2002), Friend and Foe: Marcel Proust and André Gide. Lanham: University
Press of America
Hillerin, Laure La comtesse Greffulhe, L'ombre des Guermantes (http://www.comtessegreffulhe.f
r/), Paris, Flammarion, 2014. Part V, La Chambre Noire des Guermantes. About Marcel Proust
and comtesse Greffulhe's relationship, and the key role she played in the genesis of La
Recherche.
Karlin, Daniel (2005), Proust's English. Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0199256884
Kristeva, Julia, Time and Sense. Proust and the Experience of Literature. New York: Columbia U.
Press, 1996
Ladenson, Elisabeth (1991), Proust’s Lesbianism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell U. Press
Landy, Joshua, Philosophy as Fiction: Self, Deception, and Knowledge in Proust. Oxford: Oxford
U. Press
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O'Brien, Justin. "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes", PMLA 64:
933–52, 1949
Painter, George D. (1959), Marcel Proust: a biography; Vols. 1 & 2. London: Chatto & Windus
Poulet, Georges, Proustian Space. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press
Prendergast, Christopher Mirages and Mad Beliefs: Proust the Skeptic (http://press.princeton.ed
u/titles/10020.html) ISBN 9780691155203
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1992), "Epistemology of the Closet". Berkeley: University of California
Press
Shattuck, Roger (1963), Proust's Binoculars: a study of memory, time, and recognition in "À la
recherche du temps perdu". New York: Random House
Spitzer, Leo, "Proust's Style," [1928] in Essays in Stylistics (Princeton, Princeton U. P., 1948).
Shattuck, Roger (2000), Proust's Way: a field guide to "In Search of Lost Time". New York: W. W.
Norton
Tadié, Jean-Yves (2000), Marcel Proust: A Life. New York: Viking
White, Edmund (1998), Marcel Proust. New York: Viking Books

External links
Marcel Proust (https://curlie.org/Arts/Literature/Authors/P/Proust%2C_Marcel/) at Curlie
BBC audio file (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548wx). In Our TIme discussion, Radio 4.
The Kolb-Proust Archive for Research (https://www.library.illinois.edu/rbx/kolbproust/). University
of Illinois.
Works by Marcel Proust (https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Proust,+Marcel) at Project Gutenberg
Works by Marcel Proust (https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Proust%2C%20Marcel) at
Faded Page (Canada)
Works by Marcel Proust (http://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-n-z.html#letterP) at Project Gutenberg
Australia
Works by or about Marcel Proust (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%2
2Proust%2C%20Marcel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Marcel%20Proust%22%20OR%20creat
or%3A%22Proust%2C%20Marcel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Marcel%20Proust%22%20O
R%20creator%3A%22Proust%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Marcel%20Proust%2
2%20OR%20description%3A%22Proust%2C%20Marcel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ma
rcel%20Proust%22%29%20OR%20%28%221871-1922%22%20AND%20Proust%29%29%20AN
D%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Works by Marcel Proust (https://librivox.org/author/4253) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Works by Marcel Proust (https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL120205A) at Open Library

The Album of Marcel Proust (http://www.gerard-bertrand.net/aproustprem.htm), Marcel Proust
receives a tribute in this album of "recomposed photographs".
"Swann's Way Exhibited at The Morgan Library" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/books/mar
cel-proust-and-swanns-way-at-the-morgan-library.html?ref=arts). The New York Times.
"Why Proust? And Why Now?" (http://partners.nytimes.com/library/books/041300proust.html).
The New York Times. 13 April 2000. – Essay on the lasting relevance of Proust and his work.
University of Adelaide Library (https://web.archive.org/web/20060214035025/http://etext.library.ad
elaide.edu.au/p/proust/marcel/) French text of volumes 1–4 and the complete novel in English
translation

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