Atlas - A Pocket Guide To The World Today

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.
net
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
**Note : Other Websites/Blogs Owners we requested you, Please do not Copy

(or) Republish this Material.
This copy is NOT FOR SALE.
**Disclimers : EasyEngineering does not own this book/materials, neither created nor
scanned. we provide the links which is already available on the internet. For any quarries,
Disclaimer are requested to kindly contact us. We assured you we will do our best. We DO
NOT SUPPORT PIRACY, this copy was provided for students who are financially troubled but deserving
to learn. Thank You and God Bless!
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
ww
w .Ea
syE
A–Z
ngi
A POCKET GUIDE TO THE W n
WORLD TODAY
eer
ing
6TH EDITION
.ne
t
H
N

ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
n eer
ing
.ne
t

ATLAS
ww A-Z
w.Ea
syE
ngi
n eer
ing
.ne
t

2
FOR THE SIXTH EDITION

Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford Designer Nimbus Design
Editors Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA)
3–D Globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London
Senior Producer Mandy Inness Producer, Pre-Production Nikoleta Parasaki
Publisher Andrew Macintyre Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf
ww Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Art Director Philip Ormerod
w .Ea
FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS
Cartographic Director Andrew Heritage
Cartography Roger Bullen, Rob Stokes, Iorwerth Watkins
syE
Project Editor Sam Atkinson Art Editor Karen Gregory
ngi
First American Edition, 2001. This revised Edition, 2015
Published in the United States by DK Publishing,
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
n eer
Copyright © 1996, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015
Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A Penguin Random House Company.
ing
.ne
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–265179—Apr/2015
t
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4654-2985-8
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions,
premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets,
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or SpecialSales@dk.com.
Printed and bound in Hong Kong

A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com
3
Key to map symbols
ELEVATION DRAINAGE FEATURES
6000m / 19,686ft River

4000m / 13,124ft
Seasonal river
2000m / 6562ft
1000m / 3281ft Canal
ww 500m / 1640ft
Lake
w250m / 820ft
.Ea
100m / 328ft
Seasonal lake
0
syE
Below sea level
SETTLEMENTS
Mountain ngi Capital city
Depression n eer Major town
BORDERS ing
Minor town
Full international .ne

Disputed de facto
Major port
COMMUNICATIONS
t
Territorial claim Major road
Cease-fire line Rail
International airport
Undefined
State/Province Insight; facts, figures, and

amazing information from
around the world
4
Atlas contents
The Political World . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 The Atlantic Ocean . . . . . . . . 48-49
The Physical World . . . . . . . . 10-11
Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
Atlas Opener . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15 Africa 50–51
North & Central Northwest Africa . . . . . . . . . . 52-53

America 16–17
ww Northeast Africa . . . . . . . . . . 54-55
West Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-57
w
Western Canada & Alaska . . . 18-19
.Ea
Eastern Canada . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21
Central Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59
Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61
syE
USA: The Northeast . . . . . . . . 22-23
USA: Central States . . . . . . . . 24-25
USA: The West . . . . . . . . . . . 26-27 ngi Europe 62–63
USA: The Southwest . . . . . . . 28-29
USA: The Southeast . . . . . . . . 30-31 n eer
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-33
Central America . . . . . . . . . . 34-35
ing
The North Atlantic. . . . . . . . . 64-65
Scandinavia & Finland. . . . . . 66-67
The Caribbean. . . . . . . . . . . . 36-37 .ne
The Low Countries . . . . . . . . 68-69
t
The British Isles . . . . . . . . . . . 70-71
France, Andorra,
South America & Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-73
38–39 Spain & Portugal . . . . . . . . . . 74-75
Germany &
Northern South America . . . . 40-41 the Alpine States . . . . . . . . . 76-77
Peru, Bolivia, & North Brazil 42-43 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79
Paraguay, Uruguay, Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . 80-81
& South Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . 44-45 Southeast Europe. . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Southern South America . . . . 46-47 The Mediterranean . . . . . . . . 84-85

5
Atlas contents
Bulgaria & Greece. . . . . . . . . 86-87 Mainland Southeast Asia . . 118-119
The Baltic States Maritime Southeast Asia . . 120-121
& Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-89
Ukraine, Moldova, The Indian Ocean . . . . . . . 122-123
& Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-91
European Russia . . . . . . . . . . 92-93
Australasia &
Oceania 124–125
ww North & West
w Asia 94–95
.Ea
The Southwest Pacific . . . . 126-127
Western Australia . . . . . . . 128-129
syE
Russia & Kazakhstan . . . . . . . 96-97
Turkey & the Caucasus . . . . . 98-99
Eastern Australia . . . . . . . . 130-131
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . 132-133
The Near East ngi
& West Bank . . . . . . . . . . 100-101
The Middle East . . . . . . . . 102-103
n The Pacific Ocean . . . . . . . 134-135
eer
Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . 104-105 ing
Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
.ne
South & East 138–359
t
Country Factfiles
Asia 106–107
See overleaf for contents
Western China
& Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . . 108-109 Overseas territories . . . . . . 360-365
Eastern China & Korea. . . . 110-111 International organizations . . . 366
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-113
South India & Sri Lanka. . . 114-115 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
North India & Pakistan . . . 116-117 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368-432

6
Factfile contents
A Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Guatemala. . . . . . . . . 226
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . 153 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . 154 China . . . . . . . . . 192-193 Guinea–Bissau. . . . . . 228
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Colombia . . . . . . . . . 194 Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Andorra . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Comoros . . . . . . . . . . 195
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 H
Antarctica . . . . . . . . . 158 Congo, Dem. Rep. . . 197 Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Antigua & Barbuda . . 159 Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . 198 Honduras . . . . . . . . . 231
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . 160 Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . 199 Hungary . . . . . . . . . . 232
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . 161 Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . 200
ww
Australia . . . . . . 162–163
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . 202
I
Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . 233
w
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . 165
B .Ea
Czech Republic . . . . . 203
D
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . 204
India . . . . . . . . . . 234-235
Indonesia. . . . . . . 236-237
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Bahamas, The . . . . . . 166
syE
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Bangladesh . . . . . . . . 168
Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . .
Dominica . . . . . . . . .
205
206
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . 169
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . 170 ngi
Dominican Republic .
E
207
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . 171
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 n
East Timor . . . . . . . . .
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . eer
208
209
J
Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . .
El Salvador . . . . . . . .
210
211 ing
Japan . . . . . . . . . . 244-245
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Bosnia
Equatorial Guinea . . .
Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . .
212
213 .ne K
& Herzegovina . . . . 176
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . 177
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . 178-179
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . .
214
215 t
Kazakhstan . . . . . . . .
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kiribati . . . . . . . . . . .
247
248
249
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 F Korea, North . . . . . . . 250
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . 181 Fiji. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Korea, South . . . . . . . 251
Burkina Faso . . . . . . . 182 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Burma . . . . . see Myanmar France . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . 183
G Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . 254
C Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . 184 Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . 220 L
Cameroon . . . . . . . . . 185 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Canada . . . . . . . . 186-187 Germany . . . . . . . . . . 222 Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Cape Verde . . . . . . . . 188 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . 257
Central African Greece . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Republic . . . . . . . . . 189 Grenada . . . . . . . . . . 225 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7
Factfile contents
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Panama . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . 328
Liechtenstein . . . . . . . 261 Papua New Guinea . . 296 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . 262 Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . 297 Switzerland . . . . . . . . 330
Luxembourg . . . . . . . 263 Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
M Philippines . . . . . . . . 299
Macedonia . . . . . . . . 264 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 T
Madagascar . . . . . . . . 265 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . 333
Q
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . 267 Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . 334
ww
Maldives . . . . . . . . . .
Mali. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . .
268
269
270
R
Romania . . . . . . . . . . 303
Thailand . . . . . . . . . .
Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . .
335
336
w
Marshall Islands . . . .
Mauritania. . . . . . . . .
.Ea
Mauritius . . . . . . . . . .
271
272
273
Russian
Federation . . . . . . . . 304
Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trinidad & Tobago . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . .
337
338
339
Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . .
Micronesia . . . . . . . . syE 274
275 S
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkmenistan . . . . . . .
340
341
Moldova . . . . . . . . . .
Monaco. . . . . . . . . . .
276
277 ngi
St. Kitts & Nevis . . . .
St. Lucia . . . . . . . . . .
306
307
Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Mongolia. . . . . . . . . .
Montenegro. . . . . . . .
Morocco . . . . . . . . . .
278
279
280
n
St. Vincent & the
Grenadines . . . . . . .
Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . eer 308
309
U
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Mozambique . . . . . . .
Myanmar (Burma) . . .
281
282
San Marino . . . . . . . .
Sao Tome & Principe .
310
311 ing
United Arab Emirates. 345
N
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . 312
.ne
United Kingdom . 346-347
United States . . . . 348-350
Namibia . . . . . . . . . .
Nauru . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . .
283
284
285
Senegal . . . . . . . . . . .
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seychelles . . . . . . . . .
313
314
315
t
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . 351
Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . 352
Netherlands. . . . . . . . 286 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . 316 V

New Zealand . . . . . . 287 Singapore . . . . . . . . . 317 Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . 353
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . 288 Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . 318 Vatican City. . . . . . . . 354
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . 319
Venezuela . . . . . . . . . 355
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Solomon Islands . . . . 320
Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . 356
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . 321
O
South Africa. . . . . . . . 322 Y
South Sudan . . . . . . . 323 Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
P Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . 325 Z
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Palau . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Suriname . . . . . . . . . . 327 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . 359
8
The Political World
A B C D
Svalbard
Severnaya Zemlya
(Norway) Franz Josef Land
New Siberian Islands
Novaya Zemlya
1 Jan Mayen
(Norway)
AY
FINLAN
ICELAND
RW
DE N
O
DENMARK
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
N
S WE
D
Faroe Islands
(Denmark) ESTONIA
UNITED LATVIA
IRELAND
ww
KINGDOM LITHUANIA
BELARUS
NETH.
1 POLAND
UKRAINE
BELGIUM 2 3 5 MOLDOVA KA Z A KH S T A N
4 6 MON G OLIA
w
LUXEMBOURG
2 SWITZERLAND
FRANCE 7 8 9 ROMANIA GEORGIA
13 11 1012 BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN
ANDORRA
SPAIN 14
.Ea
ALB. ARMENIA
PORTUGAL MONACO ITALY MAC. TURKEY
GREECE
AZERBAIJAN
TURKMEN.
SYRIA
KYRGZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
AZ.
C H I N A
N. KOREA
S. KOREA JAPAN
syE
TUNISIA AFGHANISTAN
LEBANON
MOROCCO MALTA CYPRUS BHUTAN
IRAQ I R A N NEPAL
AN
ISRAEL KUWAIT ST MYANMAR
ALGERIA I
WESTERN L I B YA JORDAN QATAR PAK (BURMA)
EGYPT BAHRAIN INDIA
ngi
SAHARA U.A.E. LAOS TAIWAN
(disputed) SAUDI
CAPE MAURITANIA ARABIA
VI
ERITREA OMAN BANGLADESH Northern Mariana
MALI NIGER
ET
VERDE Islands (US)
n
N AM
SENEGAL YEMEN
BURKINA
CHAD SUDAN DJIBOUTI THAILAND
eer
GAMBIA PHILIPPINES
FASO NIGERIA Guam (US)
GUINEA- CAMBODIA
A
3 GUINEA
BENIN C.A.R. SOUTH ETHIOPIA
A LI
BISSAU MICRONESIA
CAMEROON
SUDAN SRI BRUNEI
SIERRA LEONE
M
ing
LANKA
O
LIBERIA TOGO UGANDA KENYA S MALDIVES MALAYSIA PALAU

O
GHANA
NG
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
RWANDA
PAPUA
CO
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE DEM. REP. SINGAPORE
.ne
CONGO
BURUNDI INDONESIA NEW
EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON TANZANIA SEYCHELLES
GUINEA
Cabinda
(Angola) EAST
AT L A N T I C
t
ANGOLA ZAMBIA MALAWI COMOROS TIMOR
OCEAN ZIMBABWE
MADAGASCAR
NAMIBIA BOTS. MAURITIUS
Tropic of Capricorn
4 MOZAMBIQUE I N D I A N A U S T R A L I A
KEY TO NUMBERS SOUTH SWAZILAND
1. Germany
AFRICA LESOTHO O C E A N
2. Liechtenstein
3. Czech Republic
4. Austria
French Southern
5. Slovakia & Antarctic Lands
6. Hungary (France)
7. Slovenia
8. Croatia
9. Bosnia & Herzegovina
10. Serbia
5 11. Montenegro
12. Kosovo (disputed) S O U T H E R N O C E A N
13. San Marino
14. Vatican City
ANT ARCT ICA
A Downloaded
B From : www.EasyEngineering.net
C D
9
E F G H
A R C T I C
Greenland
O C E A N (Denmark) 1
Arctic Circle
Alaska
(US)
C A N A D A
ww
Aleutian Islands
(U
S) AT LAN T IC
OCE AN
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
w .Ea U N I T E D S TAT E S
OF AMERICA
2
Midway Islands
(US) syE DOM. REP.
Bermuda (UK)
Puerto Rico (US)
ST KITTS & NEVIS
M
THE
ngi
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
EX
BAHAMAS
Hawaii BELIZE CUBA DOMINICA Tropic of Cancer
IC
(US) O ST LUCIA
n
GUATEMALA HAITI BARBADOS
JAMAICA
eer
MARSHALL Wallis & Futuna (France) EL SALVADOR ST VINCENT &
HONDURAS COSTA RICA THE GRENADINES
ISLANDS Palmyra Atoll (US) 3
NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GRENADA
PANAMA
ing
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
COLOMBIA
Galapagos Islands French Guiana (France)
NAURU (Ecuador) GUYANA Equator
KIRIBATI SURINAME
TUVALU
Tokelau
ECUADOR
B R A Z I L
.ne
PE
SOLOMON (NZ) Cook

ISLANDS Islands
RU
VANUATU
FIJI
(NZ)
Niue (NZ)
French
Polynesia
(France)
Pitcairn
Islands
(UK)
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
t Tropic of Capricorn
CHILE
TONGA American
New Samoa (us) 4
Caledonia P A C I F I C
NA
(France) SAMOA
URUGUAY
O C E A N
TI
EN
ARG
NEW CONTINENTAL KEY

ZEALAND
North & Central Europe Falkland Islands (UK)
America
CHILE
South America NW/SE Asia South Georgia &
South Sandwich Islands
Australasia (UK) 5
Africa & Oceania
Antarctic Circle
E Downloaded
F From : www.EasyEngineering.net
G H
10
The Physical World
A B C D
Spitsbergen
Franz Josef
Land Severnaya
A R C T I C
Zemlya
New Siberian
G reen l and Novaya Islands
1 Zemlya Laptev Sea
S ea K ar a
Bar e n ts
t Se a
Yeni s
rai ia Sea
St v Kh
Lena
N orw eg i an reb
Arctic Circle k na
s
ar y et C
e
di
in
Sea her
m
sko
S iO b e r i a
Ural Mounta
en
an
in
a go
l t i c Sea Pl
Iceland
D
b’
Sc
n
ea
op Volg
ww North ur a Sea of
British E Lake Baikal
Sea Ba rth
Okhotsk
Isles
E U R O P E
No A SA I A ur
Am
Mo lt Sakhalin
2
w Azores
Bay of
Biscay
Iberian
.Ea A
Med
lps Da
n u be
Black Sea
Mount El’brus
Cau Caspian
cas Sea
us Aral Sea
G ver Ti
Sea of
e n
un ai
tai
Shan s
n
o
b
i
Manchurian
Plain Hokkaido
Ri
Peninsula iterr Anatolia 18,510ft (5642m) Japan
an Kush P lateau of Y e l l o
w
. Sea ean du
(East Sea)
syE t s Iranian
a n H
Madeira s M
Z
Dead Sea gr Plateau Tibet Honshu
s
i
Hi
a
Indu
At
l -1401ft (-427m) Syrian s M o m ala Yan g t z e
Canary Islands ts. yas East Kyushu
S a h a r a Desert Ga China
nges Mount Everest
Tropic of Cancer
ngi Sea
Red
il 29,029ft (8848m)
e
Arabian Taiwan Philippine

N
A F R I C A Peninsula
Deccan
Sea
Sea
Me
Phi lands
n
South -35,814ft
S a h e l
kong
Cape Verde Arabian Bay of
Is
China (-10,916m)
lipp
eer
Ni
Islands Ethiopian Bengal

Sea
ge
3 Sea M
r
Highlands Horn of
ine
Malay el
Africa
Sri Lanka Peninsula a
ing
y
Great Rift Valle
Equator Gulf of Congo Somali Borneo Celebes

Lake Victoria New
go
Guinea Basin Basin Sumatra

Kilimanjaro E a s t I n d i e s Guinea
on
ATLANTIC
.ne
C
Ridge
19,340ft Seychelles Java Sea Mount

(5895m) Java Wilhelm
Angola Timor Sea 14,793ft
gasc l
ne
I N D I A N
t
(4509m)
ar
Basin mbezi
han
G
Ninetyeast
Za
OCEAN
Nam
Mauritius Great
re
ue C
at
Mada
Sandy Desert
Di
Kalahari Réunion
ib
biq
dge
vid
Tropic of Capricorn Desert
Des
za m
O C E A N
ing Range
4 Cape g
lin
cRi
ert
Mo
e r Plain
Basin larbo
dg Nul r
Da
Ri
nti
Cape of
n A U S T R A
Good Hope ia
nd
tla
So
s tI ut
d-A
Tasmania
h we he
ut as
So t I
Mi
Kerguelen
nd ian R
idge
South Indian Basin
5
Antarctic Circle
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
ANTARCTICA
A Downloaded
C D
11
E F G H
O C E A N
Ellesmere Island
Queen Elizabeth
Islands Greenland 1
East Siberian Sea
Be a uf o rt Sea Baffin
Baff
in Bay
Chukchi Sea Is
Brooks Range M la
ac nd Arctic Circle
k
it
Great Bear
ra
en
St
Lake
ng
zie
ri
tka
C
Be Mount McKinley oas Great Slave
ha
(Denali)
Hudson Labrador
mc
Lake
R
tM
ww
B e r in g S e a 20,322ft (6194m) Bay
Ka
Sea
o ins
ou
s
ck
nta
nd Gulf of G
Aleutian Isla Alaska
re NORTH
y
w Great Lakes
ts. Grand Banks 2
at
M
No rth we s t AMERICA M e
.Ea ia
n of Newfoundland
Ri
dg
o u
P
Coas
P a c if i c ch
la
lai
tic
i
pp
pa
n t
an
issi
Basin
syE
North American
t R
Ap
tl
ns
Miss
a
a i n
-A
P Basin
n ge
id
Ha
s
w Gulf of
M
ngi
Mi
Isl ai‘i Tropic of Cancer
o
d-P an an Mexico
aci ds West Indies
l
fic
ATLANTIC
M
n
ou
y
Caribbean
ic
nt
ain
eer
Sea
ro
s
3
ne
P A C I F I C OCEAN
e
Galapagos
si
ne
ing
s
Islands Equator
a
si A m azo
n
a
i
O C E A N
.ne
Solomon Amazon Basin
a
Islands
SOUTH
n
Brazil
East Pacific Rise
Peru
Coral
t
d
Fiji Basin AMERICA Basin

e
Sea s
New Caledonia
ac n
C h ra
Tropic of Capricorn
o
G
Easter Island
á
Cerro
n
4
Para
North Southwest Aconcagua

Island 22,831ft Pa
mp
(6959m) as
L A S I A Argentine
Pacific
a
New
oni
Tasman
Sea Zealand Basin
Patag
South Basin
Falkland Islands
Island
South Georgia
Tierra del Fuego
Cape Horn
ssa ge South Sandwich
Drake Pa Islands
5
Antarctic Antarctic Circle
Peninsula
E Downloaded
G H
12
Standard Time Zones
A B C D
–2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10
1
A R C T I C
+1 +7 O C E A N
0
–3 +3 +9
–1
+10 +11
0 +1 +2
+9
ww +3 +4
+5 +7
+8
2
w 0
+1
.Ea +2
+4
+5
+6 +10
–1 0
syE +2
+4
+31/2 +41/2
+53/4
+8
+9
+2 +3
+4 ngi
+5 +6
+6
+61/2
3 –1
0 +1
+3 n eer
+51/2
+51/2
+7
+8
+10
0
+1
0 +5
ing +8 +9 +1
ATLANTIC
+2 +3 +4 +6
+7
.ne+8
OCEAN +3 +4
+61/2
t
Greenwich Meridian
+1 I N D I A N +8
4 +2 +91/2
+10
O C E A N
0
+5
+4 +5
5
11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00
A Downloaded
C D
13
E F G H
+11 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2

International
Dateline
1
0
–3
–1
+12 –9
ww
–10
w .Ea
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4
–31/2
2
P A C I F I C
O C E A N syE ATLANTIC
OCEAN
–11
–10 ngi –5
+12 –11
–7
n eer –41/2
–4
3
11
+14
ing Equator
+13
–91/2
–5
–4 .ne
+11
+111/2
+13
–10 –10
–8 –6
t–3
4
+101/2 –4 –3
+12 P A C I F I C
+123/4 O C E A N
–3 –3
–2
5
23:00 24:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00
–3
E Downloaded
G H
14
The
world's
wregions
ww
.Ea
syE
ngi
n eer
ing
.ne
t

15
ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
n eer
ing
.ne
t

A B C D E
16
95 e 94
rcl
c Ci E
cti U
Ar
1 A S I A 1
ww
O
P
Franz Josef Land
E
w
(to Russia)
Svalbard
(to Norway)
NORTH AMERICA
ARCTIC North
.Ea
134 Pole
Bering Sea
OCEAN
2 62 2
Bering Strait
Ale u
syE
Jan Mayen
t
Queen Elizabeth (to Norway)
ian
Isl
Islands
an Yuk o n Beaufort
ds
ALASKA(US)
ngi
Sea ICELAND
Mount McKinley
n
(Denali) Greenland
20,322ft (6194m) (Denmark)
Baffin
Gulf of Bay
3 le 3
Alaska Ba C irc
kenzie
eer
tic
ffi
n Arc
Great Bear
M ac
Is
Lake
Great Slave Lake
lan
PACIFIC ing
North & Central America
Lake Athabasca Labrador

OCEAN Sea

R o c k y
.ne
C Hudson
La
t Reindeer
br
A Lake Bay
4 ad 4
N or
A D an
A u r e nti ns
i
Sn Lake Winnipeg La unta
ake
M o u
Mo
G r e
ce
Lake Great St Pierre &
a t
en
Mount Whitney Superior r Miquelon
Lakes w (France)
La
.
14,495ft (4418m)
UNITED STATES
St
Lake Huron
Lake Lake Ontario
5 Michigan 5
M isso
s
Death Valley
o
in
Lake Erie
uri
-282ft (-86m)
n t a i n
ta
ATLANTIC
rad
n
OF AMERICA io
P l a
ou
olo
A Oh
s
r
M
C
ww
ka OCEAN
i
i
nsa
s
pp
an
Tr hi
issi
op ac
l Bermuda
w
ic o
fC pa (UK)
M iss
anc Ap
n s
er
Ri o
Sargasso Sea
Gr
Sierra Ma
an
Virgin Islands (US)
Sierra
.Ea
de
6 Turks & Caicos British Virgin 6
dre O
Ma
Islands (UK)
E
Gulf of Mexico Islands (UK)
dre
THE
M ccid
DOMINICAN Anguilla (UK)
e
O
BAHAMAS
n
REPUBLIC ST KITTS
& NEVIS
rie
X tal
I
C U Puerto
syE
nt
Rico ANTIGUA &
al
BA
BARBUDA
C
Cayman Islands (US)
O (UK) HAITI Guadeloupe
Montserrat (UK) (France)
BELIZE JAMAICA DOMINICA ST LUCIA
ngi
GUATEMALA HONDURAS Martinique (France)
Clipperton Island ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES BARBADOS
n
(French Polynesia) EL SALVADOR Aruba (Neth.) GRENADA
7 NICARAGUA 7
Curaçao Bonaire TRINIDAD
(Neth.) (Neth.) & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
134 Equ
ator P AC I F IC
eer PANAMA
48
s
Equator
OC E AN ing
d
S O U T H
n
A
0 km 1000 Galapagos Islands A M E R I C A

8 (Ecuador) 8
0 miles 1000
.ne
NORTH AMERICA
135
t 38
17
A B C D E
18 NORTH AMERICA
Western Canada & Alaska

A B C D
97
RUSSIAN A R C T I C
1 FEDERATION O C E A N
In 1867 William Henry Seward negotiated
the purchase of Alaska from Russia for Wrangel I.
the price of $7,200,000, which amounted
Ar
to around two cents per acre (0.4 hectares).
cti
c
Ci
ww Attu I.
rcl
Bering
e
it
Sea Beri n g S t r a
2 135
w Rat Is
.Ea St. Lawrence I.
Br
oo
Prudhoe
Bay
A
ks
Ran
le
syE ALASKA
ge
u
n
ia Nunivak I. ko (part of USA)
t
ngi Yu
n Mt McKinley
Is (Denali) Fairbanks
20,322ft (6194m)
la
3
Umnak I.
Dutch Harbor
nd
s
Unalaska I.
n eer Anchorage
Alaska Ran
ge
Kodiak I.
ing
Kodiak Cordova
Valdez YUKON
TERRITORY
.ne
Ro
The Aleutian Islands span some 1200 miles
Gulf WHITEHORSE
t
ck
(1800 km) and by crossing the 180º line of of
y
longitude, form both the most easterly
and westerly extents of the United States.
Alaska JUNEAU
4 135
On July 9, 1958, a massive landslide dropped 40 million Ketchikan

cubic yards (30.6 million cu m) of rock into Lituya Bay,
creating a wave 1720 ft (524 m) high. Prince Rupert
Queen Charlotte Is.
BRITISH
P A C I F I C With a routine capacity for 20,000
COLUMBIA
Queen Charlotte
vehicles and an overflow for 10,000 Sound
5
O C E A N more, The West Edmonton Mall has Port Hardy
the world's largest parking lot. Vancouver I.
0 km 400
135 VICTORIA
0 miles 400
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 19
E F G H
64
Sought by explorers for centuries as Greenland
a trade route between Europe (Danish external
and Asia, the famous Northwest territory) 1
Passage is now often navigable Ellesmere
during the summer months Axel Island Despite an area of 787,155 sq miles
without the need for an Heiberg (2,038,722 sq km), the northerly province
icebreaker because of Island of Nunavut has just 530 miles (850 km)
reduced volumes ds of roads with only around 4000 vehicles
lan
of sea ice. th Is registered in the entire territory.
Queen Elizabe
ww Melville
Bathurst I. Devon
Island
er S
ou nd
Baffin Bay
w
Resolute t
Island
(Qausuittuq) Lancas Davi 64 2
s S
Beaufort
Banks
Island .Ea
Viscount
Melville
Sound
Prince Island
of
Somerset
Baffin
Isl
an
t ra
it
Sea
Amundsen
Gulf
Victoria syE Wales I.
cle
d
Inuvik
Island King
William I.
ngi Arc
tic
Cir
IQALUIT
(Frobisher Bay)
Great Bear Lake

Kugluktuk
(Coppermine)
NUNAVUT
n eer H u d son Strait
3
NORTHWEST
Southampton I.
ing
TERRITORIES
.ne
nt
M
ac YELLOWKNIFE Rankin
Dubaw
ken Inlet
Hay River
zie
Great Slave Lake
Fort Smith
Churchill
Hudson
Bay t QUÉBEC
Lake 20 4
ALBERTA Athabasca
Fort Fort SASKATCHEWAN M A N I T O B A
M
St. John McMurray

C A N A DO N T A R I A
ou
nt
Flin Flon Thompson O

ai
Grande Prairie
an Only just over 1% of Canada’s
EDMONTON tch ew
ns
Prince
George a 3.5 million sq miles (9.1 million sq km)
sk Prince Albert Lake
Leduc land area is devoted to grain production,
Sa
Winnipeg
Red Deer Saskatoon yet this yields around 25 million tons
Kamloops Yorkton WINNIPEG 5
(tonnes) of wheat every year.
Vancouver Calgary REGINA
Kelowna Brandon
Lethbridge Estevan 25
U S A
E Downloaded
G H
20 NORTH AMERICA
Eastern Canada
A B C D
Southampton I. Salisbury I.
19 Nottingham I.
Coats I.
1 Ivujivik
NU NAVU T
Mansel I.
Hudson
Bay Péninsule
The largest hydroelectric d'Ungava
complex in Canada at
ww
19 MANITOBA
James Bay produces
over 16,000 megawatts
of power.
Inukjuak
(Port Harrison)
2
wThe Trans-Canada Highway,
.Ea
running from St. John’s in
the east to Victoria in the
Belcher Is.
(Nunavut)
Kuujjuarapik
L. Minto
west, is 4990 miles

(8030 km) long. syE Sever
n
Peawanuck
(Poste-de-la-Baleine)
ngi Win is k Attawapiskat

James
Bay
C A n N Akimiski I.
A Eastma i n
3
L. Seul
At tawa
pi s k
at
Alb
any
eer (Nunavut)
Q U É B
Kenora
O N T A R I O
Armstrong ing Moosonee
L. Mistassini
.ne
L. Nipigon
Lake
of the Cochrane
Thunder Bay
t
Woods Rés. Gouin
Timmins
MINNESOTA Lake Superior
Wawa
Ot
4 25
wa
ta
Sudbury
Sault
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater Sainte Marie North Bay
lake in the world, covering an area OTTAWA
of 31,820 sq miles (82,413 sq km). Lake
Peterborough Kingston
Huron Oshawa
WISCONSIN Lake
Lake TORONTO Ontario
UNITED STATES Michigan M I C H I G A N Kitchener Hamilton NEW
IOWA London YORK
OF AMERICA
Windsor Lake Erie St. Catharines
5 ILLINOIS
INDIANA O H I O PENNSYLVANIA
22
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 21
E F G H
Baffin I. 64
L a b r a d o r
Huds
on Strai
t S e a 1
Akpatok I. Formed around 210 million years ago by
(Nunavut) a 5 km (3.1 mile) diameter asteroid, the
Manicouagan crater is 100 km (60 miles)
Ungava across, making it the biggest visible impact
Bay crater on Earth.
ww
La
Kuujjuaq Nain A T L A N T I C
Can
w Hopedale
iap
d O C E A N 48 2
a
Makkovik
isc
.Ea
au
or
Schefferville Cartwright
Réservoir
Smallwood
Reservoir syE NEWFOUNDLAND
& LABRADOR Strait of Belle Isle
Caniapiscau
ngi Newfoundland
D
B E C Réservoir
A Havre-
Saint-Pierre n eer Gander
Grand Falls
3
Manicouagan
Sept-Îles
enc
e
G u lf
Île d’Anticosti
nce
Corner Brook
Channel-Port- ing ST.JOHN'S
.L
aw
r
Gaspé o f S t. L a w r e
ab aux-Basques
.ne
Cape Race
C
L. Saint-Jean St ot St Pierre
Jonquière St
Chicoutimi
QUÉBEC
Bathurst
NEW
PRINCE
EDWARD
ISLAND
BRUNSWICK Moncton CHARLOTTETOWN
rai & Miquelon
t (French overseas
Sydney collectivity) t
FREDERICTON 48 4
Trois-Rivières
NOVASCOTIA
Sherbrooke Saint John Dartmouth Canada has the world’s longest
Montréal MAINE HALIFAX coastline (including thousands
Yarmouth of islands), with a total length of
NEW 151,019 miles (243,042 km).
HAMPSHIRE
VERMONT
The Bay of Fundy has the world’s
highest tidal range, with water’s rising
MASSACHUSETTS 20–56 ft (5–17 m) every high tide as
around 115 billion tons (tonnes) of 0 km 300 5
RHODE ISLAND water flows into the bay.
CONNECTICUT
0 miles 300
48
E Downloaded
G H
22 NORTH AMERICA
USA: The Northeast

A B C D
20
MINNESOTA
C A
1 Lake Superior
Superior
O N T A R I O
Ironwood Marquette
Sault Ste Marie
Iron Mountain
ww Ladysmith
WISCONSIN
Cheboygan
Lake Huron
2 25
w Eau Claire
M
is
s
.Ea Green Bay
MICHIGAN
Traverse
City
is
La Crosse
syE
sip
Oshkosh Lake
pi
Michigan Bay City
I O W A
MADISON
Milwaukee ngi Grand Rapids
Saginaw
Flint
3
The Chicago River
originally flowed into
Lake Michigan, but was
Rockford
Waukegan
Chicago
n
Ann Arbor eer
LANSING
Detroit
Lake Erie
Erie
reversed in 1900 by
the completion of
Aurora
Rock Island
Joliet
Gary
South
Bend ing Toledo Cleveland
Youngstown
a canal.
Galesburg
Peoria Fort Wayne
.ne Akron
Mansfield Canton
ILLINOIS
SPRINGFIELD
Champaign
INDIANA
INDIANAPOLIS
Muncie t
O H I O Wheeling
COLUMBUS
4 25 Decatur Dayton
Effingham Terre Haute
M I S S O U R I Cincinnati
Ohio
ash
Bloomington
East St Louis
ab
Huntington
Mt. Vernon W Louisville
CHARLESTON
Many US freight trains are Evansville FRANKFORT WEST
Lexington
over 2 miles (3.2 km) long,
Carbondale Owensboro Richmond VIRGINIA
made up of almost 200 cars,
O hi KENTUC KY
o
5 and can take around 5 minutes

London
to pass a level-crossing. Paducah Hopkinsville Bowling
Green
30
A R K A N S AS
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 23
E F G H
21
N A D A Presque Isle
NEW
1
BRUNSWICK
Q U É B E C
MAINE
dy
un
At times of peak flow, around Calais
fF
45 million US gallons (170 million litres) o
y
of water plunge over the167 ft (52 m) Bangor Ba NOVA
ww
drop of Niagara Falls every minute. SCOTIA
PSHIR E
AUGUSTA
T
Burlington
w Ogdensburg e
O N
21 2
MONTPELIER Lewiston in
.Ea
a
HAM
M
Portland
R M
Watertown Rutland
of
syE CONCORD
lf
NEW
io Utica
V E
Lake Ont a r ATLANTIC
Gu
Manchester
Syracuse
Buffalo
Niagara
Rochester
NEW
ALBANY
YORK
Worcester
Springfield ngi BOSTON
Cape Cod
MASSACHUSETTS
OCEAN
Falls Elmira
Binghamton
HARTFORD
n PROVIDENCE
eer
RHODE ISLAND 3
Hudson
.
ts
CONNECTICUT
Williamsport Scranton
ing
M
New Haven
n
ia New York Long Island

PENNSYLVANIA c h
Newark
Pittsburgh
A
pp
a la
Allentown
In 1626, the Dutch bought Manhattan Island
from the local Native Americans in exchange.ne
HARRISBURG
Gettysburg Philadelphia
Baltimore
TRENTON
NEW JERSEY
Wilmington
DOVER Atlantic City
for goods worth around US$1000. Today, this
would buy around 25 sq in (161 sq cm) of
prime New York City real estate.
t
Cumberland 48 4
DELAWARE
Arlington ANNAPOLIS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
ai n
ns
nt ia
MARYLAND The Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia,

ou ch
Fredericksburg contains nearly 100,000 miles (161,000 km) of

M la
Charlottesville telephone cable, enough to go around the

a
pp
RICHMOND circumference of the Earth almost four times.

A Chesapeake Bay
VIRGINIA Newport News 0 km 200
Roanoke Norfolk 5
Danville 0 miles 200
NORTH CAROLINA 31
E Downloaded
G H
24 NORTH AMERICA
USA: Central States

A B C D
B R I T I S H 19
C O L U M B I A
A L B E R T A
1 WASHINGTON S A S K A T C H E WA N
Famous for its
Havre
predictable eruptions, Malta
Kalispell
the “Old Faithful” geyser Minot
shoots water and steam
M is s o uri Fort Peck L. Williston
120–150 ft (36–45 m) Missoula
Great Falls
into the air. Eruptions occur L. Sakakawea
ww
every 45 to 110 minutes
and use 3700–8400 gallons
R M O N T A N A Glendive
NORTH
ne
HELENA o
Yell o w s t Dickinson
w
o
2 (16,800–38,100 litres)
Butte Miles City
of water heated to a
.Ea Bozeman
c k
temperature of 204°F (95.5°C).
er
Billings
wd
OREGON
syE
Po
I D A H O
y
Bi Mt
gh s.
Sheridan SOUTH
or
The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of the
ngi
n
prehistoric Lake Bonneville, which once Gillette
M o u
Black
covered almost 20,000 square miles
H i l l s Rapid City
3
(51,800 sq km) of western Utah.
nWeYeO M I N G
Formed by the Glen
rin Casper
n t
Scottsbluff
Canyon Dam, Lake
Powell finally reached
its maximum storage
Great
Salt Lake Ogden g.n Rock
Springs
Torrington
N.
Pla NEB
et
t te
a i
capacity of 7.2 billion Laramie CHEYENNE

cubic yards (5.5 billion SALT LAKE Orem
CITY Ogallala
cubic metres) in 1980, Provo Fort Collins
n
some 17 years
Boulder
4 after the lake first U T A H
s
began to fill. Grand DENVER

Junction Lakewood Aurora
27 Richfield COLORADO
do
ra Colorado Springs
lo Pueblo
N E VA D A Co Arkans
as
CA
L. Powell
Durango
LI
FO
5 A R I Z O N A
RN
IA
N E W M E X I C O
28 TEXAS
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 25
E F G H
20
C A N A D A
1
M A N I T O B A Lake of the Woods O N T A R I O
Superior
MINNESOTA Lake
Grand Forks Virginia
DAKOTA
ww Fargo
Moorhead Duluth
Access to the St. Lawrence Seaway
22
BISMARCK
w Aberdeen .Ea
Brainerd
via the Great Lakes makes Duluth
the most westerly Atlantic port in
the US, some 1100 miles (1770 km)
from the Atlantic ocean.
2
syE
St Cloud SAINT
Minneapolis PAUL
M
W I S C O N S I N IC
DAKOTA Watertown
ngi
Rochester Lake
H
PIERRE
Michigan
IG
Mitchell Sioux Falls
Mason City
n eer
AN
3
Missouri Dubuque
RASKA
Sioux City I O W A Cedar Rapids
I L L I N O I S ing INDIANA
OHIO
North
Columbus
DES MOINES Davenport
.ne
Platte
Pl a t t
e
Omaha
LINCOLN
Council Bluffs
Burlington
t
The deadliest tornado in US
history struck Missouri on
March 18, 1925. Leaving a
M is
Hastings Kirksville continuous 219 mile (352 km)

sis
si
pp track, the tornado crossed three 4
St Joseph i
states and killed 695 people.
Kansas City Independence
Oakley Missouri 22
Hays Kansas City Saint
TOPEKA
Louis
K A N S A S JEFFERSON CITY
KENTUCKY
Pratt
MISSOURI
Dodge Wichita Springfield
City
teau
Ar
Pla 5
ka
ark TENNESSEE
ns
s Oz
a
0 km 200
O K L A H O M A A R K A N S A S 30
0 miles 200
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
26
19 19
C A N A D A AL BE RTA
1 Vancouver The Boeing aircraft factory in 1
B R I T I S H C OL U MB I A
Island Everett is the world’s largest
ww
building by volume at
Bellingham
ia
472 million cu ft (13.3 million cu m),
w
covering 100 acres (40 hectares).
C o l u mb
Range
Port Angeles Everett
NORTH AMERICA
.Ea
Coeur d'Alene
ade
Seattle Bellevue Spokane
sc
Tacoma
Ellensburg
Ca
2 135 MONTANA 24 2
B
Aberdeen OLYMPIA
it
syE
te
I N G T O N
W A S HYakima
rr
Walla Lewiston
Longview Richland o Hells Canyon is the
USA: The West
Astoria Walla ts.

Kennewick deepest in the US,
ot
M
es
with cliffs up to 7993 ft
ue
Vancouver C o l u m b i a
ngi
Bl
Pendleton (2436 m) high.
La Grande
Ran
Portland
n
e
ge
SALEM
Rang
Sn a k
Newport Albany Baker Hells Canyon
nge
3 Corvallis 3
eer
Ra
Eugene Springfield Bend
e
I D A H O
ad
Coos Bay Burns Caldwell BOISE Idaho Falls
sc
ast
ing Nampa
Ca
O R E G O N American
Co
Bandon Falls Res. Pocatello

Snake
Medford
.ne Twin Falls
4
Klamath Falls
t 4
Crescent Goose Lake Great

City Alturas
Weed Basin
C o a s t
Winnemucca
t
Redding Susanville Elko UTAH
bold
R a
Hum
Pyramid Lake
5 Chico N E V A D A At Black Rock Desert 5
n g
S Reno Sparks on October 15, 1997,
Ukiah Fallon
i
Yuba Lake Tahoe ThrustSSC, driven
Ely
e s
e
City by Andy Green,
CARSON CITY
ww
r
became the first land
SACRAMENTO
r
Hawthorne vehicle to break the
w
Santa Rosa
a
sound barrier by
Berkeley achieving a speed
Stockton of 763 mph
N
San Francisco Oakland Tonopah (1228 km/h).
e
Modesto
.Ea
v
6 Bishop 6
Sa
San Jose Merced
n
Jo
Santa Cruz
aq
Fresno Death Valley
a d
Salinas
ui
C o
n
Monterey Mt Whitney
V
syE
al 14,495 ft
Visalia Lake Mead
as
le (4418m) -282 ft
y
t
(-86m)
CALIFORNIA Las Vegas
The Golden Gate Bridge,
R
ngi
completed in 1937, has Bakersfield ARIZONA
a
80,000 miles (129,000 km) of Mojave
n
n
Desert
wire in its two main cables,
g
7 e Mojave 28 7
weighing a total of Barstow Death Valley is not
s only the lowest point
22,200 tons (tonnes). Santa Barbara Lancaster
Pasadena in North America, at
eer
Oxnard do
135 San Bernardino -282 ft (-86 m) below
Santa Rosa I.
Los Angeles Riverside sea level, it is also
C o l o ra
Long Beach Santa Ana Palm Springs the hottest, with

PACI FI C C h a n n e l Huntington Beach
Oceanside a maximum air
OCE AN
ing
I s l a n d s Santa Catalina I.
San Nicolas I. San
Clemente I.
Salton
Sea
temperature of
134ºF (57ºC)
San Diego recorded in 1913.

8 0 km 200 8
.ne Chula Vista
NORTH AMERICA
0 miles
32
200t MEXICO
32
27
A B C D E
28 NORTH AMERICA
USA: The Southwest

A B C D
N E V A D A 24 UTAH
Completed in 1936, the
L. Powell COLORADO
1 Hoover Dam contains
4.5 million cubic Pa
nde
nd Canyo in
yards (3.4 million ra n Farmington
te
Gra
G
cubic metres) of L. Mead
Rio
concrete, enough Colorado
D
Los Alamos
to build a 4 feet
es
Plateau Gallup SANTA FE
ert
(1.2 metre) wide Flagstaff
path around the Pec
ww
Earth at the Equator.
Prescott Albuquerque
os
do
w
lora
2 27
A R I Z O N A N E W
.Ea
Co
CALIFORNIA Glendale Scottsdale

M E X I C O
syE
S o n o ra n
Yuma
PHOENIX Mesa
Alamogordo
Roswell
D esert Casa Grande
ngi Tucson
Las Cruces
Artesia
3 n Douglas eer El Paso

Carlsbad
Meteor Crater was formed when a

meteor about 150 ft (46 m) across
struck the desert at about 40,000 mph
ing Ri
(64,372 km/h) creating a bowl-shaped
.ne o
Gr
depression 4,150 ft (1,265 m) wide and The first atomic bomb was
and
570 ft (174 m) deep.
t
tested at Trinity Site near
e
Alamogordo on July 16, 1945,
Go
yielding an explosive force

equivalent to 20,000 tons
lf
4 135
(tonnes) of TNT from around
o
2.2 lbs (1 kg) of plutonium-239.

de
C
al
M E X I
if
PACIFIC
or
n
OCEAN
ia
5
0 km 200
0 miles 200 32
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 29
E F G H
25
K A N S A S
Ponca City 1
Enid Tulsa Broken
Arrow The world’s first parking
OKLAHOMA meter was installed in
Oklahoma City on
Borger OKLAHOMA CITY
adian July 16, 1935.
Can Pampa Shawnee
Amarillo Norman
ww Red Lawton
A R K A N S A S30
Clovis
w Lubbock .Ea
Vernon
Riv
er
Wichita Falls
Red
River
Paris
On January 10, 1901,
the Lucas Gusher blew
oil 150 ft (46 m) into the
2
Brownfield syE Fort Worth

Denton
Arlington
air, flowing at 100,000
barrels a day until it was
Longview eventually capped nine
Hobbs
Sweetwater
Abilene B
ngi r
Dallas
Jacksonville
Tyler
days later.
Big Spring
n
az
eer
os
Toledo Bend Res.

Odessa Midland Waco 3
San Angelo Colorado N e ch
ing
es
Pecos
T E X A S LOUISIANA
Edwards
L. Travis
AUSTIN
Bryan
.ne
Beaumont
Port Arthur
Plateau
San Antonio
Houston
Pasadena
Texas City t
San
Galveston
Del Rio Victoria 30 4
An
to Freeport
nio
Eagle Pass
Gulf
C O Laredo Kingsville
Corpus Christi
of
With winds estimated at over
Ri
Padre Island
Mexico
o
145 mph (233 km/h), the 1900

G
an 5
r
Galveston Hurricane claimed over de

8000 lives, making it the deadliest
natural disaster in US history. Brownsville 33
E Downloaded
G H
30 NORTH AMERICA
USA: The Southeast

A B C D
ILLINOIS
25 K E N T U C K Y
M I S S O U R I
1 Walnut Ridge Clarksville
OKLAHOMA Fayetteville NASHVILLE
Murfreesboro
see
Fort Smith
ARKANSAS TENNESSEE
nes
Memphis
n
Chattanooga
Te
North Little Rock
LITTLE ROCK Florence
Huntsville
A
Hot Springs ka
ww Pine
Bluff
ns
as
r
Gadsden
Rome
Ou
ATLANTA
w
ch Columbus
a
Yazoo
2 29 Texarkana ita
.Ea Monroe MISSISSIPPI

Birmingham
Shreveport
syE LOUISIANA
Demopolis MONTGOMERY
pi
JACKSON Meridian Columbus

sip
R e
T E X A S
ngi ALABAMA
sis
d
Pea
R.
Mis
Alexandria
rl
Hattiesburg
3 Lake Charles
BATON ROUGE n eer
Gulfport
Mobile
Biloxi
Dothan
TALLAHASSEE
ing
Lafayette Pensacola
Metairie New Orleans Panama City
Mississippi .ne
In August 2005 Hurricane Katrina
cut a swath through New Orleans
Delta
t
4 29 with winds of up to 175 mph (278 km/h). The Mississippi/Missouri river system
At least 1836 people lost their lives drains around one-third of the US,
and the area sustained over US$100 covering 1,245,000 sq miles
billion of damage. (3,225,000 sq km) including 31
states and two Canadian provinces.
0 km 200
G u l f o f
0 miles 200
5
M e x i c o
33
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 31
E F G H
.
V I R G I N I A
ts
23
M
n
Kingsport
i a Winston- Ro
a c h Salem an
oke 1
l Durham
Knoxville p pa Greensboro RALEIGH
A
Asheville Gastonia
NORTH CAROLINA Cape Hatteras
Charlotte
Fayetteville Havelock
Greenville Spartanburg
Athens
ww COLUMBIA
SOUTH CAROLINA
Florence
Wilmington
Cape Fear
Macon
w
Augusta
L. Marion
.Ea The carnivorous Venus flytrap plant,

found only on the wet coastal plains of
48 2
Sava
North and South Carolina, can count.
syE Charleston
nn
h
It requires two separate stimuli on
a
trigger hairs before the trap is sprung

GEORGIA
Albany
Savannah
ngi to avoid “false alarms” caused by
raindrops, twigs, etc.
Valdosta Brunswick
AnT L A N T I C
Jacksonville eC rE A N
Oe
3
FLORIDA ing
Daytona Beach
.ne
During the Apollo Space Program
Tampa
Clearwater
Orlando
Cape Canaveral
Melbourne
t
NASA launched a total of 13 Saturn V
rockets from the Kennedy Space Center.
Each rocket was 363 ft (111 m) high,
weighed around 3000 tons (tonnes) 48 4
and generated 7,648,000 lbs (34 MN)
St Petersburg
of thrust at launch.
Lake
Okeechobee West Palm Beach
Fort Myers The Pompano Beach Grand Bahama I.
Everglades
Fort Lauderdale
Miami Miami Beach
THE
a
id
BAHAMAS
or
Fl
of New Providence 5
ys its Andros I.
Key West Ke ra
orida St 36
Fl
E Downloaded
G H
32 NORTH AMERICA
Mexico
A B C D
Mexicali 28 NEW MEXICO

Tijuana Desierto
de Altar ARIZONA
1
Ensenada Ciudad Juárez Ri
UNITED
o
Gr
ande
I. Ángel
de la
Si
Guarda
Si
ww Chihuahua
B
Hermosillo
aj
er
Yaqui
er
I. Cedros
Go
a
ra
ra
2 135 Conchos
lfo
C
.Ea Monclova
de
al
Ciudad
M
M
Ca
if
Obregón
syE
lif
or
ad
Large examples of the
a
or
ni
Saguaro cactus, found in the a
d
Gómez Palacio
re
ni
re
Altar Desert, can take nearly Torreón
ngi Los Mochis

a
150 years to grow to their full
O
height of around 45 ft (14 m),
n cc
Culiacán
and can hold several tons
eer
E
id
3 (tonnes) of water. Durango
La Paz
en
ta
Tropic of Cancer
ing
Mazatlán l
Fresnillo
Zacatecas
X
Gray whales have one of the longest migrations of any .ne
mammal, traveling some 12,500 miles (20,000 km)
every year from the Arctic Ocean to their winter
breeding grounds in the Golfo de California.
Islas
Marías t
Tepic
Aguascalientes
Guadalajara
4 135 Puerto Vallarta
L. de Chapala
PA C I F I C
Islas Revillagigedo
O C E A N (part of Mexico)
0 km 200 The cliff divers of Acapulco must time their dive from the
148 ft (45 m) cliff at La Quebrada to coincide with the
5 0 miles 200
incoming swells to avoid being dashed on the rocks
in the shallow inlet.
135
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 33
E F G H
30
STATES OF AMERICA LOUISIANA

1
TEXAS
Ri
In spring 2001, the Rio Grande stopped flowing

oGr
into the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in

an
ww
de
recorded history, allowing illegal immigrants

Nuevo Laredo to simply walk into the US. 36
w Reynosa
.Ea G u l f o f cer
2
of Can
Saltillo
Monterrey
syME e x i c o
Matamoros
Tropic
O ngi It is thought that “The Ballgame,” a ritual sport

ri
en
Ciudad Victoria
nee
played by Maya and Aztec civilizations, and a
forerunner of volleyball, often ended Cancún
3
ta
l rin
with members of the losing team
being sacrificed.
San Luis
Potosí
Tampico
Ciudad Valles g.n Mérida
Isla
Cozumel
León
Río Verde
Dolores Hidalgo
Querétaro
Poza Rica
Bahía de Campeche
Campeche
Yucatan
Peninsula et
I Pachuca
Tulancingo
Xalapa 34 4
MEXICO Veracruz
Morelia
B E L IZ E
CITY Villahermosa
Cuernavaca
Uruapan C Puebla Coatzacoalcos
Minatitlán
Sie B a ls a
s
Tehuacán
rra O Tuxtla
ALA
Ma
dre
d e l S Oaxaca
ur
EM
Acapulco Golfo Tapachula 5

HONDURAS
AT
de
U
Tehuantepec 34 G
EL SALVADOR
E Downloaded
G H
34 NORTH AMERICA
Central America
A B C D
33
1 M E X I C O
Belize City
U
su BELMOPAN
Flores
m
San Ignacio
ac
in
A
BELIZE
ta
L Islas de la Bahía
A f of Honduras
TEM Gul
ww Huehuetenango
GUA
Cobán Lago
de Izabal Puerto
Puerto Cortés
San Pedro La Ceiba

Trujillo
2 33
w Quezaltenango Zacapa
Barrios
Sula
ca
tu
.Ea GUATEMALA CITY Santa Rosa

de Copán Comayagua
HONDURAS
Juticalpa
Pa
syE Escuintla
SAN SALVADOR
La Esperanza
Santa Ana
TEGUCIGALPA
Coco
ngi San Miguel
NI
EL SALVADOR Somoto
CA
Choluteca
n eer
onse
ca
o f FChinandega
Estelí
Jinotega
RA
3 l f Matagalpa
Gu León
P A C I F I C Corinto
ing
GU A
Juigalpa
MANAGUA Lago de
O C E A N .ne
Granada
Rivas
Nicaragua
t
San
Ju
an
For many years it was thought that the sharks in Liberia
Península de
Lake Nicaragua were a unique freshwater species. Nicoya Alajuela
4 135
However, research has shown that they are in fact Puntarenas
Bull Sharks that have swum 120 miles (190 km) up
SAN JOSÉ
the San Juan River from the Caribbean Sea.
The strongest living creature is the Rhinoceros Beetle,

found in the jungles of Costa Rica. It can support
up to 850 times it’s own body weight, equivalent to
a human carrying about 70 tons (tonnes).
5 0 km 200
0 miles 200
135
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 35
E F G H
36
The Great Blue Hole in Lighthouse Reef, a submerged Gr
cave some 1000 ft (303 m) in diameter and ea HAITI
400 ft (120 m) deep, was originally explored by te 1
r A
Jacques Cousteau, co-inventor of the aqualung. nti
lles
Islas Santanilla JAMAICA
(part of Honduras)
ww Bajo Nuevo
w (part of Colombia)
.Ea C a r i b b e a n
36 2
C oast
Cayos Miskitos
syE
ngi S e a
Mosquito
nee
I. de Providencia
(part of Colombia)
3
I. de San Andrés
(part of Colombia)
rin
g.n
Islas del Maíz
Bluefields
Each chamber at Gatun Locks on the Panama Canal
et
is 110 ft (33 m) wide and 1000 ft (303 m) long.
The locks took four years to build and required
2 million cubic yards (1.5 million cu m)
of concrete.
COSTA 40 4
RICA
Limón
Cartago
C Colón
de ord Gulf
Ta i l l e
lam ra
anc P ANA MA PANAMA CITY
of
Da rien
a David Penonomé Panama IA
Isla del Canal MB
Rey
O
Golfo Santiago
Chitré Golfo L 5
de
CO
Chiriquí de
Las Tablas Panamá
40
E Downloaded
G H
36 NORTH AMERICA
The Caribbean
A B C D
31 Grand Freeport
G u l f Bahama I.
UNITED STATES Great Abaco
o f
id a
1
OF AMERICA
or
M e x i c o New Providence
Fl
NASSAU
s of Eleuthera I.
ait T H E Cat I.
Trop ic of Can cer Str an
Andros I.
S
ta B A H A M A S
re Great
HAVANA n Long I.
ww Pinar del Río

Matanzas
Santa Clara
Ch
a n n Exuma I.
el
Mayaguana
w
Yu
Acklins I.
2 33 Cienfuegos
c
at
.Ea G r e
a
Ch
an
nel Isla de la Juventud CUBA Great
Camagüey Holguín Inagua
syE a t Bayamo Guantánamo
ngi
Cayman Islands George Town
(UK overseas
Santiago
de Cuba
Cap-Haïtien
Gonaïves e
3
territory)
The Bee Hummingbird, found in Cuba,

n Montego Bay
KINGSTON
HAITI
eer
PORT-AU-PRINCE
Jérémie Jacmel
r
A n
is the smallest bird in the world. An adult
male measures around 2 inches (5 cm)
from beak to tail and weighs about
JAMAICA ing t i l
0.06 oz (1.8 gms).
Navassa Island
(US unincorporated
territory) .ne
HONDURAS
C a r i b b e a n t
4 35
S e a
A
U
G
A RA On January 12, 2012 a catastrophic magnitude

NIC
7.0 earthquake struck Haiti, causing widespread
destruction and the death of around
150,000 people.
5 0 km 200
35 0 miles 200 COLOMBIA
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH AMERICA 37
E F G H
48
A T L A N T I C 1
nc er
Tr op ic of Ca
O C E A N
ww Milwaukee Deep, which lies 84 miles (135 km)
off the north coast of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point
Turks &
w
Caicos Islands
(UK overseas
territory)
.Ea
in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 28,231 ft (8605 m), or just
over 5 miles (8 km), below sea level.
48 2
Monte Cristi syE

Virgin Islands British Virgin L e e
w a
Puerto Plata
Santiago
(US unincorporated
territory)
Islands
(UK overseas ngi
Anguilla
r d
I s
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
San Juan
territory)
Road
Town n
(UK overseas territory)
The Valley
eer
ANTIGUA
l
a
3
n
SANTO La Romana Charlotte Barbuda
& BARBUDA
d
Amalie
l e s
DOMINGO Puerto Rico
(US commonwealth
territory) ST KITTS
BASSETERRE
& NEVIS
Antigua
ST JOHN'S ing s
Montserrat Brades Guadeloupe
(UK overseas territory) (French overseas .ne
Basse-Terre department)
t
W
L
The deadliest volcanic eruption

DOMINICA
in
e
of the 20th century took place on ROSEAU

s
dw
May 8, 1902, when Mount Pelee Martinique

se
Fort-de-France (French overseas 48 4

erupted on Martinique, killing
ar
department)
r
30,000 people, around 15% ST LUCIA

d
of the island’s population. CASTRIES

ST VINCENT & BARBADOS
Aruba Le THE GRENADINES BRIDGETOWN
sse
An
(part of r Ant KINGSTOWN

i l l e s
Isla
Netherlands) Curaçao
(part of Netherlands) GRENADA
t i l
Oranjestad Kralendijk ST GEORGE'S

nds
Willemstad Bonaire
(part of Netherlands) Tobago TRINIDAD
l e s
Isla de Margarita & TOBAGO 5

PORT-OF-SPAIN
VENEZUELA 41 San Fernando
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
38
17 48
1 G 1
Puerto
re Hispa
at niola
ww
er Rico
Jamaica Anti
lles Le
ss
er
Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC
An
OCEAN
SOUTH AMERICA
tille
s
.Ea
T r inidad
M
a
gd
(claimed by
s
2 17 ca o Venezuela) 49 2
u
Orinoc
alena
Ca
no
Meta VENEZUELA French
syE
G GUYANA Guiana
(France)
Lla
South America
u i
a n SURINAME
COLOMBIA a
H i
ngi
g h l
a n d s
Equator Equator
n
n
Rio Negr o (claimed by
zo
Represa Suriname) a
Pu
ECUADOR
t
um Balbina Am
Chimborazo N ayo A m a z o n
20,702ft (6310m)
ap
o Içá
3 Am 3
azon
eer
s
Ma B a s i n
li
r a ñón
jó
ya
ra
pa
ei Planalto
ca
Ta
ad
U
Ju ru á M da
s Borborema
A
ru B R A Z I L
ing
Pu
S
ão Fr an
aia
ci
s
P n
tins
gu
co
u
g
Represa de
R
Ara
E d
Sobradinho

Xin
Tocan
Cha
U
.ne i
pad
n
e
ad
s
t os
a
Ben Pa
s
li
rec
4 4
nd
is
i
Lake
z
P
Al
la
Titicaca Planalto de
ra
h
an
B
tip
ig
BOLIVIA Mato Grosso

H
tan
al
slano
o
e
ac
PA
r
Para g
Ma
Ch
Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Capricorn
RA
d
do
uay
G
Pi
rra
an
Ser
l co e
Isla San Ambrosio
Desert
S
Atacama
ma
UA
yo
Gr
5 5
n
(Chile) Isla San Félix
ra G
á
A
(Chile) Cerro Ojos Para n
er a
ná
l
del Salado
ia
ay
gu
A
E
22,572ft
ru
Para
ta
U
PACIFIC (6880m)
o
ww
I N
p
Cerro Aconcagua
so
Lagoa dos Patos
L
e
22,835ft
T
OCEAN o
M
w
(6959m) Ne g r
Mirim Lagoon
I
as
N
URUGUAY
Islas Juan Fernández p
(Chile) m Rio ATLANTIC
Pa de l
H
a
.Ea
Plat a
6 6
G E
C ol o
Río r a d o
OCEAN
C
Ne Bahía Blanca
R
gr
o
a
Golfo San Matías
A
Isla de Chiloé
syE
Península
o n i
Valdés
0 km 1000
D e s Gulf of San Jorge
ead
o 0 miles 1000
ngi
C
hi
Bahía Grande
P a t a g
co
n
7 135 Falkland Islands 49 7
West Falkland (UK)
East Falkland
eer
Tierra del Fuego South Georgia
Strait of (UK)
Magellan Cape Horn e
ag Scotia Sea
ass
ke P South Sandwich
ing
Dra
South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands
Islands
(UK)

8 8
.ne
SOUTH AMERICA
ANT ARC TI CA
136
t 136
39
A B C D E
40 SOUTH AMERICA
Northern South America

A B C D
Gulf Lesser
36 of
Caribbean Ríohacha Venezuela Coro
Santa Marta Maicao
1 Sea Barranquilla Maracaibo CARACAS
Cartagena Valledupar
Cabimas Maracay
Ciudad Ojeda
Lago de Barquisimeto Valencia
Sincelejo Maracaibo
Valera Acarigua
AMA
P AN Montería ca Mérida Guanare de losSan Juan
Morros
Gu
Ca
a
an
l
d a l en
ww Cúcuta Barinas
San Cristóbal
a r e L
Mag
re San Fernando
2 35
w .Ea Bello
Medellín
Bucaramanga A rau c a
Barrancaberneja
s
A pu
Arauca VENE
Puerto Carreño
syE
Itagüí Tunja
Quibdó
PA C I F I C Manizales
Yopal
eta
M
Pereira
A
ngi
e
OCE AN Armenia
Ibagué
BOGOTÁ
I e
iar
Buenaventura Guav
n
Villavicencio
eer
B
d
3
Cali
M Ne
Popayán Neiva San José
ing gr
o
O
n
del Guaviare
Florencia
.ne
L
Pasto Mocoa
Esmeraldas Mitú
t
O
A
Tulcán
Ibarra A gu
Equator ar i The first coffee
QUITO
C
co
seedlings were
4 135 Santo Domingo Ca
de los Colorados qu brought to
OR
et
Manta Colombia in
Ambato
á
Portoviejo 1804 by Jesuit

D
Guayaquil Riobamba missionaries;

Milagro A P u t u m ayo today, Colombia
U
Golfo de Cuenca EC Colombia has the highest
produces over
700,000 tons
Guayaquil
number of species by area in
Machala (tonnes) of
the world. There are over
coffee beans
5 Loja PER U 1700 endemic bird species;
more than all of Europe and
every year.
North America combined.
42
A Downloaded
C D
SOUTH AMERICA 41
E F G H
Antilles GRENADA 37
Isla de Margarita
Carúpano TRINIDAD A T L A N T I C 1
Cumaná & TOBAGO
Barcelona
The S
erpe O C E A N
nt'
s
Maturín M The Guiana Shield is one of the
Tucupita ou
Earth’s oldest surfaces, formed
El Tigre th
o s around 2 billion years ago.
a n inoc
o
Ciudad Guayana
ww
Ciudad Bolívar
Or
Embalse
de Guri
(claimed by Venezuela)
Z U E L Aw Cuyu n
iGEORGETOWN Amsterdam
Nieuw 49 2
.Ea
Salto Bartica
New Amsterdam
PARAMARIBO
St.-Laurent-
du-Maroni
Cau
Rockstone
a Car
Ángel
syE Linden Sinnamary

r
GUYANA Kourou
on
W.J. van
Pa
G u i a n a
ngi
ra
Blommesteinmeer
gu
H i g h l a n d s CAYENNE
a
SURINAME French
n
Essequibo
Guiana
O r ino c o
eer a r o w ijne
(French overseas 3
Cour
department)
Angel Falls
ing
an
(Salto Ángel)
Ac
ar
ty
plunge a total ai M
ne
of 3212 ft
(979 m) to form
ts.
The European Space Agency launch .ne
(claimed by Suriname)
the world’s
highest waterfall.
(claimed by
Suriname)
facility at Kourou takes advantage
of the Earth's spin near the
equator to gain 10 percent
more payload than an equivalent
t
Equator
A m a z o n launch at Cape Canaveral in the US.
4
B R A Z I L 43
B a s i n
2.47 acres (one hectare) of Amazon rain forest
can contain more than 750 types of trees and
1500 plant species, amounting to around 0 km 200
900 tons (tonnes) of living plant material. 5
0 miles 200
43
E Downloaded
G H
42 SOUTH AMERICA
Peru, Bolivia & North Brazil

A B C D
GU
40 VENEZUELA
YANA
Gu
C O L O M B I A ian
1 a H
igh lands
0 km 400
Boa Vista
0 miles 400
Rio Neg r o
Represa
Equ ator Balbina
ww ECUADOR
Pu tu
m
ay
o Amazo
n
N
po Manaus
a
2 135
w .Ea Iquitos
Amazon
uá
a
ir
Jur
de
a
P
M
Ma
Piura syE rañón Moyobamba A m a z o n B a s i n

li
Tarapoto
ya
a
Uc
Chiclayo
ngi B
us
R Pu
r
A
A
Saña
E
3
Trujillo
Chimbote
Pucallpa
nee Porto Velho
rin
n
Huaraz Rio Branco os

Huánuco Di
R
de
Huacho La Oroya
g.nPuerto a dr
e Riberalta
Gu
M
Callao
d
Maldonado apo
Beni
et
re
LIMA Huancayo U
PACIFIC Ayacucho e Cusco
Pisco
Trinidad
OCEAN Ica
4 135 Nazca
s Puno BOLIV IA
Arequipa Lake LA PAZ
Titicaca Cochabamba Montero
Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South Santa Cruz
America at 3220 sq miles (8340 sq km). Oruro
Tacna
With an altitude of 12,500 ft (3810 m) Lago Poopó SUCRE Puerto Suárez
it is also the world’s highest navigable lake. Potosí
PA
Uyuni Tupiza
BOLIVIA'S TWO CAPITALS
CHIL
Tarija
RA
5
La Paz - seat of government
GU
Sucre - legal capital

Y
A
46
E
ARGENTINA
A Downloaded
C D
SOUTH AMERICA 43
E F G H
SUR
48
French Guiana
IN A
(French overseas department)

M
The Amazon River is 4049 miles (6516 km) long, with 1

E
an average flow of 7.7 million cubic feet (219,000 cu m)

of water entering the Atlantic Ocean every second.
Macapá Ilha Caviana de Fora

ATLANTIC Equ ato r
Ilha de Marajó
Belém
OCEAN
ww Ama
zon
Santarém
São Luís
Paranaíba
w .Ea Represa de
Tucuruí
Fortaleza
San Fernando
de Noronha
(part of Brazil)
49 2
s
ajó
Mossoró
syE
p
Imperatriz
Xin
Ta
Teresina
gu
Natal
Carolina
Z I L ngi
Juàzeiro do Norte
Campina
Grande
João
Pessoa
n
ns
Te l o F r anc Recife
i
eer Sa
To c a n t
e sP is
ia
i re Represa de co 3
gua
Sobradinho Juàzeiro Maceió

s
Ara
ing Aracaju
Mato Grosso
Taguatinga Feira de Santana
.ne
Cuiabá
BRASÍLIA
Brazilian
Itabuna
Salvador
t
Anápolis 49 4
Highlands Vitória da Conquista
Goiânia
Montes Claros Governador Valadares
Uberlândia
Uberaba Belo Horizonte
Divinópolis
Campo Ribeirão Preto Vitória
Grande
ná
Campos
ra
Nova 5
Pa
Marília Campinas Iguaçu Juiz de Fora

Londrina
Sorocaba Taubaté Rio de Janeiro 44 Tropic of Capri
corn
São Paulo
E Downloaded
G H
44 SOUTH AMERICA
Paraguay, Uruguay & South Brazil
A B C D
42
BOLIVIA
B R A
o
c
1
a
São José do Rio Preto
h
C
General Eugenio A. Garay Campo Grande
Fuerte Olimpo
n
Presidente
a
Mariscal Prudente Marília

Dourados
ná
r
Estigarribia
ww P A R A G U A Y Pa
ra
G
46
Bauru
Ourinhos
2
w.E
Tropic of Capricorn Pozo Colorado
Pi
lco
Concepción
Par
aguay
Maringá Londrina
asy
ma
yo
Coronel Ciudad
ASUNCIÓN Oviedo del Este Ponta Grossa
En
Formed by river deposits washed
Lambaré
Villarrica Guarapuava
Iguaçu
Curitiba
gin
down from the Andes and Brazilian
Shield, the Gran Chaco is virtually
Caazapá
San Juan
Bautista
á
an
r
Joinville
M a r
3
eer
free of stones. It is composed of
sand and silt sediments that are
Pilar
Pa
Encarnación
Pelotas
Erechim
Blumenau
ing
up to 10,000 ft (3050 m) thick. Florianópolis
do
Lajes
ay Carazinho
With a maximum height of 269 ft Passo Fundo
.n
u
ug
ra
(82 m) and a total width of 1.7 São Borja Caxias do Sul
Ur
et
r
miles (2.7 km) Iguaçu Falls has
e
S
a peak flow rate of 452,000 cu ft/s Uruguaiana Santa Maria Canoas
(12,799 cu m/s) which would fill
five Olympic size swimming Porto Alegre
pools every second. Artigas
4 Rivera
Bagé Lagoa dos Patos
46 Salto
ARGENTINA Tacuarembó Pelotas
o
gr
Paysandú Ne Melo Rio Grande

Fray Bentos URUGUAY Mirim Lagoon
Mercedes Durazno Chuy

Trinidad
5 Las Piedras
MONTEVIDEO San Carlos
Río
de la
46 Pla t a
A Downloaded
C D
SOUTH AMERICA 45
E F G H
Uberlândia Governador 43
Z
Uberaba
I L Valadares
0 km 400
1
Rio Belo Horizonte
Gr 0 miles 400
an
de
Divinópolis Vitória
Franca Represa de Furnas
Ribeirão Preto Cachoeiro de
Juiz de Fora Itapemirim
ww
Volta Redonda
Campinas
Nova Iguaçu
Campos
Sorocaba Taubaté
São Paulo w Santos
Rio de Janeiro
.Ea Tropic of Ca
49
pricorn
2
syE
The famous statue of Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer),
built on top of the 2300 ft (700 m) Corcovado Mountain in 1931,
ngi
stands 100 ft (30 m) tall and weighs 700 tons (tonnes).
n
The population of greater Sao Paulo is close to 22,000,000,
over twice the entire population of Portugal, the country
that originally colonized Brazil in the 16th century. eer 3
A T L A N T I C
ing
.ne
O C E A N t
49 4
Lagoa dos Patos is the largest lagoon in Brazil and the second
largest in South America. The lagoon is 180 miles (290 km) long
and up to 40 miles (64 km) wide, with an area of more than
3900 sq miles (10,100 sq km).
Following the battle of the River Plate (Río del la Plata) in

December 1939, the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee took
temporary refuge in Montevideo for repairs. The captain
subsequently ordered that she be scuttled in the estuary to 5
avoid inflicting further casualties on the crew.
49
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
46
PERU 42 44 B
The driest place on Earth is the Atacama Desert R
in Chile, with an average rainfall of 0.004 inches
1 1
A
(0.1 mm) per year. Until recently, some places had
ww
received no rain for over 400 years.
Arica Z I
One of the world’s largest copper mines at
w
Chuquicamata has produced around
L
PACIFIC 29 million tons (tonnes) of copper over
Iquique its 90-year history. The huge opencast pit
is 2.6 miles (4.3 km) long, 2 miles (3 km)
SOUTH AMERICA
OCEAN BOLIVIA
.Ea
wide, and over 2788 ft (850 m) deep.
Pi
Tocopilla Chuquicamata
lc
P
om
2 ay A 2
135 o 44
s
Calama San Salvador R
Tropic of Ca
pricorn Antofagasta de Jujuy A Tropic of Cap
ri corn
syE
G
U
e
Gran A
Salta
C h a c o Be Y
Desierto de Atacama
rm
ngi
Chañaral
d
San Miguel ejo
Formosa
de Tucumán
n
Copiapó Paran
á
Resistencia
n
Santiago
Corrientes Posadas
Sa
Vallenar
IL
del Estero
la
á
3 3
do
Z
eer
ran
CH ILE Vera ay
gu
La Rioja
Pa
A
A
ru
La Serena Laguna Mar

U
Chiquita R
Coquimbo Cerro
Southern South America
B
Aconcagua
San Juan
Illapel
La Ligua
22,831ft
(6959m)
ing
Córdoba Santa Fe
Mendoza Paraná
Concordia
Viña del Mar

.ne Godoy Cruz Río Rosario URUGUAY
Valparaíso Cuarto Gualeguaychú
4
San Antonio
Pilchilemu
t
SANTIAGO
Rancagua Villa Mercedes
Pampas
Junín
BUENOS AIRES
4
Islas La Plata
Juan Fernández Talca Curicó R
Linares A R G E N T I N A ío d
(to Chile) e la
Plata
Talcahuano Chillán Santa Rosa Olavarría Azul Dolores
Concepción Lebu Tres Arroyos
Zapala Mar del Plata
Bahía Blanca
C Necochea
Temuco Neuquén ol
Río ora
do Bahía Blanca
Valdivia
es
5 San Antonio Ne 5
gr
Oeste o
Osorno San Carlos Viedma
Puerto Montt de Bariloche
ww
And
Península
Ch
Castro Trelew Valdés
ub
Esquel
Rawson
ut
Isla de Chiloé A T L A N T I C
Archipiélago
de los Chonos Lago
ia
Musters O C E A N
.Ea
6 Puerto Aisén 6
Coihaique Comodoro Rivadavia
on
Argentina’s Perito Moreno Glacier is
Lago Buenos Aires Caleta Olivia
g
one of just three glaciers in South
Chile Chico De Puerto America that is currently still growing.
a
se
Cochrane a Deseado
syE
It is fed by the Southern Patagonian
do
Isla Ice Field, which contains the world's
Wellington third largest reserves of fresh water.
Pat
Puerto San Julián
ngi
Falkland Islands
n
El Calafate
7 135 PACIFIC (UK overseas territory) 49 7
Río Gallegos
Puerto Natales West Stanley
Falkland East
eer
OCEAN Punta Arenas Falkland
Porvenir
The Strait of Magellan was named after
Tierra
del Fuego Ferdinand Magellan, who passed through
Ushuaia the straits during the first circumnavigation

Strait of
Magellan
ing of the globe in 1520. Of the five vessels and
237 men that set out, only one ship and 18
0 km 400 Cabo de Hornos survivors returned to Spain after the three-year

8 8
0 miles 400
.ne (Cape Horn) voyage. Magellan himself was killed
SOUTH AMERICA
136
t in the Philippines.
136
47
A B C D E
A B C D E
48
137 AR C TI C OC EAN 137
1 1
ww
Svalbard
OCEANS
Greenland (Norway)
Greenland
w
Baffin (Denmark) Sea Barents
Bay
Jan Mayen Sea
(Norway)
.Ea
Da
vis tra it
Arctic Circle kS ia Arctic Circle
ar
St
av
n
nm
Faroe Is.
rai
di
t
2 16 94 2
De
(Denmark)
an
Sc
syE
Hudson Labrador
ea
Bay Sea
cS
The North Atlantic Deep Water North lti

Current is an oceanic “river” Sea Ba
ngi
that moves around 20 million
Rotterdam
cubic yards (15.3 million cubic m)
n
NORTH of water every second. E U R O P E
The Atlantic Ocean
Great Lakes St Lawrence

ps D
anu
AMERICA Al be
dge
a n d B a n k s Newfoundland
3 Gr 3
i
Black Sea
eer
New York Basin
Azores
The Gulf Stream travels across i c R (Portugal)
nt
pi
M e dite
the Atlantic Ocean at up to a Gibraltar rr
tl
Madeira
an
135 miles (217 km) a day. t s.
ing -A (Portugal) sM
ean
Sea
M is s i ssip
Bermuda (UK) id la
M Canary Is. At Port Said
Gulf of Sargasso Sea (Spain)

S a h a r a
Mexico
.ne
The width of the Atlantic Ocean ary Tropic of Cancer
C
t an sin
a
B
Tropic of Cancer is growing by about 1 inch (2.5 cm)

4 4
Re
a year. The sea-floor is spreading CAPE

Nile
dS
from the boundary of two tectonic VERDE A F R I C A

ea
r
Caribbean plates along the mid-Atlantic Ridge. i ge
N
Lake
Sea Ve Cap e
rde Chad
Cristóbal Basin
Lagos
Gulf
Equator A T L A N T I C of Equator
go
on
n Guinea C Lake
A m azo O C E A N
5 Victoria 5
Fernando
S O U T H de Noronha Ascension Island
An
Mi
n
(Brazil) (UK)
d
e A M E R I C A Lake
asi
ww
s Brazil St Helena Nyasa
B
Basin (UK)
la
d-At
w
go
Ilha da An
Rio de Janeiro
Trindade ge
d
Tropic of Capricorn (Brazil) Tropic of Capricorn
Ri
aná
.Ea
Par
6 6
lvis
d e s
PACIFIC Rio Grande
Wa
Rise Cape Cape Town
An
OCEAN Basin
Buenos Tristan da Cunha Cape of
Aires Good Hope
syE
(to UK)
lantic Ridge
as Gough Island
t ine B in (Tristan da Cunha)
en
rg In 2001, the Caledonian Star was damaged by a 100 ft (30 m)
A
ngi
“rogue wave” in the South Atlantic. Once thought to be a
mythical occurrence, these giant waves are now a ge
id
n
Falkland Is. recognized phenomenon and represent a major R
7 135 a n 123 7
(UK) hazard to even the largest ships. di
-In ic
South Georgia Atlant
(UK) South Bouvet Island
eer
Cape Horn
Scotia Sea Sandwich Is. (Norway)
(UK)
ian Basin
Atlantic-Ind
Bellingshau sen 0 km
ing 2000
Antarctic Circle

8 Sea 8
.ne
0 miles 2000
OCEANS
136
t Weddell Sea 136 A N T A R C T I C A
49
A B C D E
A B C D E
50
62 63
U R O P
ATLANTIC
1 E E 1
OCEAN
ww
AFRICA
Ca
Black Sea uca
Ca
sus
spi
w
Ib e ri an
Africa
Pen i ns u la
an S e a
M e
d i
48
.Ea
Ceuta
t e Sicily
Melilla (Spain) A S I A
Madeira (Spain) n s r r
Cyprus
ai TUNISIA
a n
(Portugal) t
2 MOR OC C O o u n e a
n S y r i a n 94 2
M S e a De se r t
as
Atl
syE
Islas Canarias
(Spain) L i b y a n
Nile
A L G E R I A D e s e r t
Pe Gul
ian
rs f
WESTERN
SAHARA L I B Y A
ngi
(disputed) E G Y P T
R
Ahaggar Tropic of Cancer
n
e d
Tropic of Cancer S a h a r a Arabian

Tibesti
S e
3 3
a
eer
MAURITANIA Peninsula
M A L I N I G E R
S e n eg
a r C H A D
l
ge S U D A N ERITREA
SENEGAL Ni
Lake
ing
Blu e
GAMBIA S a h e l Chad d en
BURKINA fA
Ni
GUINEA- DJIBOUTI G u l f o
le
FASO NIGERIA
BISSAU GUINEA N SOMALILAND
W h i t e Nile
Ethiopian (not internationally

ig
BE NI N
er recognized)
SIERRA CÔTE
.ne S u d d ETHIOPIA
LEONE D'IVOIRE
TOGO
t Highlands
A
CENTRAL SOUTH
OON
( I VO R Y
GHANA
4 4
ER
LIBERIA C O AS T ) AFRICAN REPUBLIC She

LI
SUDAN Lake bel

M
i
A
EQUATORIAL Turkana
C M
Gulf of Guinea GUINEA Congo Uele UGANDA
SAO TOME & KE N YA SO
Equator
GO
Equator PRINCIPE
N
GABON RWANDA Lake Victoria
O
Kilimanjaro
BURUNDI
C
DEM. REP. 19,341ft (5895m)
Cabinda CONGO TANZANIA
(Angola)
Grea
Lake
5 Ascension I. Tanganyika 5
tR
if
tV
a
Lake Nyasa COMOROS
lle
y
Mayotte
ww
ANGOLA MALAWI (France)
ZAMBIA
el
Bié
w
UE
R
St Helena Zambezi
nn
Plateau
Q
ha
CA
BI
M
NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE e C
GAS
.Ea
ZA
iqu
Na
6 BOTSWANA 6
MO
mib
Kalahari
zamb
MADA
Tropic of Capricorn Desert Tropic of

Mo
Capricorn
Dese
syE
rt
SWAZILAND
O r a nge Rive
AT L AN T IC r
LESOTHO
S OUT H
ngi
AF R IC A
n
O CE A N I NDI AN
7 49 123 7
Cape of
Good Hope OCE AN
Tristan da Cunha
eer
Gough Island
(Tristan da Cunha)
ing
0 km 1000

8 8
0 miles 1000
.ne
AFRICA
136
t 136
51
A B C D E
52 AFRICA
Northwest Africa
A B C D
ATLANTIC 74 SPAIN
1
OCEAN
ALGIERS
On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747s collided Mostaganem
on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport on Ceuta (Spain)
Tanger Blida
Tenerife with the loss of 583 lives, making Oran
this the world’s worst ever air disaster. Tetouan Melilla
(Spain) Sidi Bel
Kénitra Abbès
Fès
RABAT Oujda Tlemcen n s
ww
Madeira
(Portugal) Casablanca i
ta
Khouribga
o u n Laghouat
2 48
w .Ea
Safi
Essaouira
Marrakech
Beni-
Mellal
s M
Er Rachidia
Atl
a
Figuig
Béchar
Ghardaïa
E
rg
l
Islas Canarias
La Palma Tenerife
syE
(Spain)
Lanzarote
Agadir M O R O C C O
G
n
d
ra de
ci
n
ta
Gran
Fuerte-
ventura ngi
Tan-Tan
Oc
3
Canaria
LAÂYOUNE
Smara
neAe L G E R
WESTERN rinTindouf I-n-Salah
SAHARA
(disputed territory under g.n
The region of Tidikelt
Reggane
Tropic
of Can
cer
Moroccan occupation)
Ad Dakhla
in Algeria once went
for 10 years without
a drop of rain. S a
et h
4 48
The Sahara desert is one of the harshest
Lagouira environments on Earth. With an area of
around 3,500,000 sq miles (9,000,000 sq km),
roughly the same as Europe, it has a population
of only around 2 million people compared to
Europe’s population of 721 million people.
MAURITANIA
5
0 km 400 M A L I
0 miles 400 56
A Downloaded
C D
AFRICA 53
E F G H
I T A L Y 87
Sicily
Annaba Bizerte G R E E C E
1
TUNIS
Crete
Constantine Sousse MALTA
Kairouan The hottest place ever recorded on earth
Sétif M ed it erra nea n
was Al ‘Aziziyah, Libya, on September 13,
Batna
Gafsa Sfax Sea 1922 when the air temperature reached
Biskra 136°F (57.8°C)
Zuwárah
Chott
Melghir
ww
Tozeur
Gabès Az Záwiyah
Médenine TRIPOLI
Al Khums
Banghází
Al Bayçá’
Al Marj
Darnah
◊ubruq
Touggourt
w
Ouargla
TUNISIA
Yafran
.Ea
Gharyán
Mi∞rátah
Surt
Khalíj Surt
Ajdábiyá
54 2
rg
syE
E G Y P T
E
l
a nd ta Great
r
G rie
O
n
ngB i Y A Sand Sea
I A
L
Birák
I
nee 3
Awbárí Sabhá
rin
Tass
ili
Murzuq
g.n
L i b y a n
Al Kufrah
-n
-A
et
Tropic
of Cance
r
jj
a r a
er
D e s e r t
Ahaggar 54 4
b esti
Tamanrasset Ti
Libya has the largest proven oil reserves
in Africa, estimated at 76.4 billion barrels
in 2010. With a production capacity of
around 3.0 million barrels per day, these
The perfectly preserved
reserves are expected to last for
wreckage of USAAF B-24D
another 75 years.
Liberator “Lady Be Good”
C H A D was discovered in the
Libyan Desert in 1958,
5
N I G E R some 15 years after it
58 went missing.
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
54
87 S Y R I A 102
CYPRUS I R A N
Mediterranean I R A Q
1 LEBANON 1
Sea When first opened in 1869, the Suez Canal
Nile ISRAEL AN consisted of a channel 26 ft (8 m) deep and
ww
AFRICA
Al Iskandaríyah Delta JORD

Búr Sa’íd (Port Said) 200 to 300 ft (60 to 90 m) wide at the surface.
(Alexandria) Construction involved the excavation and
w
Al Ismá’ílíya dredging of 97 million cubic yards
CAIRO Suez Canal
Munkhafaç Al Jízah As Suways (Suez) (74 million cubic metres) of material.
P
al Qaœœárah (Giza) Sinai er
-436ft (-133m) Al Minyá Baní Suwayf si
.Ea
an
L I B YA Y P T G
N
E G Asyúπ ul
Hurghada The Great Pyramid at Giza is constructed of f
ile
2 53 Sawháj around 2,300,000 stone blocks with a total 102 2
Qiná
Al Uq∞ur (Luxor) mass of 5,750,100 tons (tonnes), or about the
syE
L i b y a n Isná same as 16 Empire State Buildings.
Al Khárijah
D e s e r t Idfú
Tropic of Cancer Aswán Tropic of Cancer
Lake Nasser
Northeast Africa
(Hala’ib
ngi
Triangle) S A U D I
n
R
Wadi Halfa sert
De A R A B I A
ed
an
bi
u
N
3 Port Sudan 3
S
Dongola
eer
i
le
N
ea
Atbara
S U D A N
CHAD
fu
r Omdurman
KHARTOUM Kassala
ing ERITREA
Mits’iwa Y E M E N
r ASMARA

a
Teseney
D
El Fasher
.ne
Wad Medani Gedaref
4
El Geneina
El Obeid t ile
Himora
Gonder
Mek’elé
‘Aseb
Gulf
of
Ad
en
4
Nyala Dilling DJIBOUTI

Blue N
Bahir Dar
il
Boosaaso
ite N
DJIBOUTI
e
Desé
Kadugli
Wh
Buré Ethiopian Berbera SOMALILAND

Diré Dawa (not internationally
Malakal Hargeysa recognized)
S u d d ADDIS ABABA
Nazrét O Garoowe
SOUTH Goré Highlands g a
Wau Jíma den
CENTRAL Rumbek Gaalkacyo
5 E T H I O P I A 5
AFRICAN
REPUBLIC SUDAN Elemi Triangle She
(adminstered bel SOMALIA
i
JUBA by Kenya) Negélé
Yambio Beledweyne
ww
Lokitaung
Whit e N
Lake
Baydhabo
ile
Arua Gulu Turkana
w
D E M. R E P. Lira Wanlaweyn
Lake Albert UGANDA KENYA Marka MOGADISHU
C O NG O Masindi
y le
Mbale Eldoret
KAMPALA
Va l
.Ea
Equator Lake Nakuru Meru Jamaame
6 6
ift
Equator
Edward Entebbe Nyeri Garissa Kismaayo
tR
Kabale Lake Kisumu
ea
Victoria NAIROBI
Gr
Lake Kivu In 1954, a swarm of desert locust
KIGALI
RWANDA Kilimanjaro covering 77 sq miles (200 sq km)
syE
Mwanza
Arusha 19,341ft (5895m) invaded Kenya. The swarm was
BUJUMBURA Malindi
Shinyanga Masai Moshi estimated to contain 10 billion
BURUNDI Mombasa individual insects.
Steppe
Tabora
Kigoma
ngi
Tanga
The shortest war on
TA N Z A N I A record, between Britain
n
7 59 Lake DODOMA Zanzibar and Zanzibar in 1896, 122 7
Tanganyika Morogoro lasted just 38 minutes.
Lake Dar es Salaam
Sumbawanga Rukwa
Iringa
eer
Gr
Mbeya
ea
t
Ri
ft SEYCHELLES
The Great Rift Valley is one Va l l e Lake Nyasa Lindi
y INDIAN
of the most extensive rifts on
Mtwara
the Earth's surface, extending
from Jordan southward through
ing Songea
COMOROS
OCEAN
eastern Africa to Mozambique.
MOZAMB IQUE

8 The system is some 4,000 miles 8
(6,400 km) long and averages
.ne MAL
0 km 400
AFRICA
30–40 miles (48–64 km) wide. t 0 miles 400 MADAGASCAR

AW
I
ZAMBIA 60 61
55
A B C D E
56 AFRICA
West Africa
A B C D
0 km 400
52
i
îd
0 miles 400
WESTERN Bîr
gu
Tropic of Mogreïn
1 Cancer SAHARA I
(disputed territory rg œ
k
Mauritania and Madagascar are the under Moroccan occupation) 'E he Ìan
âg
only countries in the world not to use K El Erg
a decimal-based currency. The basic unit
Fdérik Zouérat
of currency, the ouguiyal, is divided
ne
into five khoums. râ
ua
S
ww Nouâdhibou
A kc
h âr
Choûm
Aœâr
O
2 48
w
Ilhas de Bar
Santo l
CAPE
VERDE
ave .Ea
nt
NOUAKCHOTT
Akjoujt
MAURITANIA
El Mr
ey
yé
Antão São Vicente

syE
o
São Nicolau Sal Rkîz Aouk

Se n âr
Boa Vista eg Aleg
ngi
Kiffa
Santiago
al
Fogo Maio Saint Louis Kaédi
Ilha PRAIA S E NE GAL
3
s de S
A T L A N T I C
otavento
DAKAR n Mbaké
Diourbel
Kaolack eer Kayes
Nioro
S Nig
er
BANJUL GAMBIA G a
ing
Ba fin
m b ia Ségou
O C E A N Bignona Bani
BAMAKO
.ne
g
BISSAU
Gambia is only around 20 miles (32 km)
B a goé
Gaoual
wide and 200 miles (320 km) long; GUINEA- Boké
t
Labé Ni g e r Bougouni
its unusual shape and size are down BISSAU Bobo-
to territorial compromises arising from G U I N E A Siguiri Dioulasso
19th-century Anglo-French rivalry Kindia
Kankan
4 in western Africa. Odienné
CONAKRY
S I E R R A CÔTE
48
FREETOWN LEONE D’IVOIRE
Bo (IVORY COAST)
Lac de
Tubmanburg L I B E R I A Kossou
A Rüppell’s Vulture collided with a commercial YAMOUSSOUKRO
airliner at 37,000 ft (11,277 m) above MONROVIA S
as
Buchanan Zwedru Gagnoa

Côte d’Ivoire to earn the posthumous distinction
sa
Abidjan
nd
of the highest flying bird ever recorded.

ra
5
Harper
49
A Downloaded
C D
AFRICA 57
E F G H
A L G E R I A 53
L I B Y A
ch
The Niger River begins in Guinea just 150 miles

1
e
h (240 km) from the Atlantic coast but then heads

C inland on a 3000-mile (4100-km) journey er
Tropic of Canc
before finally reaching the Gulf of Guinea some
1200 miles (2000 km) to the east.
Taoudenni
a
-
wwhSâ
k ân
e a r Ténéré
du
Tafassâsset
a
‘E r
g I
-n Tessalit
w
Adrar des
.Ea Assamakka
é
58 2
d
Ifôghas
Araouane
a o uâ Massif
n ér
Az
syE de l'Aïr a
H A D
M A L I ilm
é
Lac T d eB
Faguibine Agadez E rg
Tombouctou Gao
Lac
N nIgiG E R G ra
nd
Niangay
Hombori
Ansongo
Tahoua
nee
C
3
Mopti Nguigmi
a
BURKINA
h NIAMEY
e Maradil
rin Zinder
Gouré
FASO ot o
g.n
ia
Sokoto Katsina H a d e j
ok
OUAGADOUGOU ig S
N
er
Maiduguri
Koudougou
Fada-
Ngourma
Gusau Kano
et
B l a ck V o l t a
Kandi Zaria ong o la

G
Kainji
lta BENIN Reservoir Kaduna Kumo
Vo
Wa Natitingou
N I G E R I A
Oti
T O
White
58 4
Parakou Jos
Ko
Plateau
Tamale Sokodé Ilorin Ni g
mo é
er ABUJA ue
G O
GHANA Ogbomosho Ben

N
Oyo
Sunyani Abomey Ede el s
ot in
O O
Lake
Volta Ibadan Benin Enugu G nta
Kumasi City u
o
V Lagos C.A.R.
M
Nsawam olt
LOMÉ PORTO-
ER
Onitsha
a
Asamankese NOVO Sapele Aba

ACCRA B i g h t o f B e n Calabar
Mo
i
M
Gulf of Guinea n Port Harcourt 5

ut
hs
Lake Volta is one of the largest man-made o f t he Niger A
lakes in the world, covering 3283 sq miles EQUATORIAL 59
C
(8502 sq km), or 3.6% of Ghana’s area. GUINEA
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
58
53 53
L I B Y A E G Y P T
1 Tropic of Cancer 1
Tropic of Cancer
ww
AFRICA
A L G E R I A The eye of an ostrich is bigger than it’s

brain. They are the largest bird on Earth.
w
An adult male can stand 8 ft (2.5 m) tall,
Tib
esti weigh up to 300 lbs (135 kg), and run at
N I G E R around 30 mph (48 km/h).
.Ea
S a h a r a
2 57 Faya 54 2
The vast sand flats surrounding Lake
syE
Chad were once covered by water.
Central Africa
Changing climatic patterns caused Ennedi

the lake to shrink and desert now
covers much of its previous area. C H A D
ngi
S U D A N
Mao
n
Biltine
Bol Pygmies who inhabit the Congo
Lake Chad Ati Abéché
Basin grow to be only 3 to 4 feet
3 3
(0.9 to 1.2 m) tall at adulthood.
eer
Mongo The name is derived from the Greek
Kousséri N’DJAMÉNA
word “pygmê,” which referred to a
Cha Am Timan unit of measurement equivalent to
Maroua ri the length of a forearm.

Guider ing
Bongor
Laï
Bong
o
Garoua es

.ne Sarh si fd
NIGERIA Moundou M
as
4 Ngaoundéré
t Goré
Ndélé
SOUTH 4
Bossangoa
CENTRAL AFRICAN
Banyo Bria SUDAN
Bamenda
Nkongsamba Bouar Sibut REPUBLIC Obo
Bafoussam Bambari
u
Douala Bertoua Berbérati BANGUI Bom
MALABO Uel
e
YAOUNDÉ
Gemena
gi
Ebolowa Isiro
SAO TOME
CAMEROON
5 5
Uban
& PRINCIPE Bata Bumba Lake Albert
Ouésso Bunia
C
EQUATORIAL Oyem Congo on
Príncipe GUINEA Impfondo go
SÃO TOMÉ Basin
ww
Equator LIBREVILLE CONGO Kisangani Butembo Equator
Mbandaka
Owando A
São Tomé Lambaréné Lake Edward
ND
w
o GA
g
U
Port-Gentil G A B O N DEM. REP. Goma
Co n
Massoukou Lake Kivu
RWANDA
Djambala CONGO Bukavu
.Ea
6 Mossendjo Bandundu Kindu 6
Ka BURUNDI
BRAZZAVILLE sai Lodja
Dolisie Kasongo
KINSHASA Ilebo
Pointe-Noire
Mitumba
syE
TAN
Cabinda Boma Matadi Kikwit Kalemie

(Angola) Kananga Kabinda
ZA
Tshikapa Lake Tanganyika

NI
Kwa
Mbuji-Mayi
A
Mwene-
ng
ngi
o
The only major river that Ditu Manono
flows both north and south
Monts
n
7 49 of the equator is the Congo. 55 7
It crosses the equator twice, With a maximum recorded Kamina
volume of 2,500,000 cu ft/s L. Mweru
which means that at least
part of its catchment area (70,793 cu m/s) and an average
is always experiencing
a rainy season. eer
flow rate of 910,000 cu ft/s
(25,768 cu m/s) the rapids at
Inga Falls on the Congo river are
Dilolo
Kolwezi
Likasi
the biggest in the world.

ATLANTIC
ing
A N G O L A
Lubumbashi

8 OCEAN 8
.ne 0 km 400
AFRICA
60
t0 miles 400
Z A M B I A
60
59
A B C D E
60 AFRICA
Southern Africa
A B C D
59 go
DEM. REP.
n
Co
Cabinda
(Angola) Cabinda CONGO
1
0 km 400 Lake
Tanganyika
0 miles 400 Uíge
Ambriz
Lucapa
N’Dalatando
LUANDA Saurimo
Malanje
Ndola
Cu a n Mufulira
ww Sumbe
Lobito
ANGOLA
za
Chingola
2 49
wATLANTIC
OCEAN .Ea
Benguela
Lubango
Huambo
Kuito
Zambezi
Menongue
ZAMBIA
Kitwe
Luanshya
syE
Za
Namibe
Cu
LUSAKA
m
ban
zi
be
Tombua zi
The Okavango River pours N’Giva Choma be
go
ngi Lake
m
some 14.4 billion cubic yards Ok Livingstone
Za
u n e n e av Kariba
(11 billion cu m) of water into C Rundu a Victoria
ng
the Okavango Delta each year.
n Falls
ZIMBA
o
Etosha Tsumeb
eer Okavango Delta

N
3
It drains away through a maze of Pan
Grootfontein
lagoons, channels, and islands
a
Maun
N A MIBIA Bulawayo
inBOTSWANA
m
covering around 5800 sq miles

(15,000 sq km), before eventually Ghanzi Francistown
i b
disappearing into the sands of the

Kalahari Desert to the south. Swakopmund g.n
WINDHOEK
K a l a h a r i Mahalapye po
po
et
D e s
Walvis Bay m
Li
Rehoboth GABORONE
Capricorn Lobatse PRETORIA
Tropic of Desert
Mmabatho
e r t
The Kalahari Desert is the largest Soweto

Keetmanshoop
4 continuous sand surface in the world. Johannesburg
Iron oxide gives a distinctive red Lüderitz V aal
49 O Karasburg Kroonstad
color to the sand, which is over ra
n g e R. Kimberley
200 ft (60 m) deep in places. MASERU
BLOEMFONTEIN
SOUTH AFRICA'S THREE CAPITALS S OU T H LESOTHO r
g
Middelburg e b
Pretoria - administrative capital
A FRICA ns
Cape Town - legislative capital a ke
Bloemfontein - judicial capital Beaufort West
Dr
Bellville East
5
CAPE TOWN George Port London
Cape of Good Hope Elizabeth
136
A Downloaded
C D
AFRICA 61
E F G H
122
Coco de Mer, or the double coconut

Inner Islands 1
TA N Z A N I A palm, produces some of the largest
seeds in the plant kingdom. Weighing VICTORIA Mahé
up to 60 lbs (27 kg), they take Amirante SEYCHELLES
around 10 years to ripen. Islands
Mbala
Aldabra
Group
s
nd
Kasama
ww
Farquhar
MALAWI
s la
Rov uma COMOROS Group I
Mzuzu t er
Lake Mocímboa
Grande Comore Ou
Mpika MORONI
LILONGWE
wNyasa
Salima
Zomba
da Praia
.EaE
Mwali
Mamoudzou
Nacala
Anjouan
Mayotte
(French overseas Ambanja
Antsiraùana
123 2
IN D IAN
Blantyre
Tete
Q
U
syE
Moçambique department)
Nampula Antsohihy
Mahajanga
Antalaha
Nsanje Mocuba
ngi O C EAN
I
HARARE
MADAGASCAR
B
Chitungwiza Quelimane
n
el
BWE Fenoarivo Atsinanana

M
eer
nn
Chimoio Beira 3
ANTANANARIVO Toamasina
ha
Z A
ing
eC
Morondava
Ambositra
MAURITIUS
biqu
Fianarantsoa Mananjary
.nePORT LOUIS
M O
Saint-Denis nd
s
Ihosy
Mozam
Inhambane
sl a
Xai-Xai
MAPUTO
MBABANE
Toliara Farafangana
Vangaindrano
Réunion
(French
overseas Ma
department)
sca
t
ren
eI
123
Amboasary Tropic 4
SWAZILAND of Cap
ricorn
In 1905, the world’s largest rough
Pietermaritzburg diamond was discovered at the
Durban Cullinan Diamond Mine. Weighing Thought to have been extinct for
3106 carats, or about 1.3 pounds 70 million years, a living coelacanth
(0.6 kg), the diamond was cut into was netted in the Indian Ocean
nine smaller stones, including the in 1938. They are powerful predators,
530.2 carat “Cullinan I” or “Great averaging 5 feet (1.5 m) in length
Star of Africa,” which forms part and weighing about 100 lbs (45 kg).
of the British Crown Jewels and 5
is estimated to be worth over
$400 million. 136
E Downloaded
G H
62 EUROPE
Europe
A B C D
A
tic ce
rc
Ci ck i
137 rc r pa
le L i m i t o f w i nt e
1
0 km 800 ICELAND
0 miles 800 Lofoten
Norwegian
W
ww
Faroe Islands Sea
(Denmark)
R
w
O
2 48 Outer
.Ea Hebrides
E
British
syE
W
Isles Vänern
North
S
Irelan d
ngi Sea Vättern

IRELAND B r i t a i n
DENMARK
3
A T L A N T IC
n Celtic
Sea
eer
UNITED
KINGDOM
NETHERLANDS
h
El
be
OCE A N English Channel
ing SBELGIUM
N o r t
GERMANY
ei
.ne
LUX.
ne
Loi CZECH
e
re
in
Rh REPUBLIC
Bay of Biscay FR ANC E
Massif t
SWITZ.
ps
LIECH.
AUSTRIA
e
Central Al
Ga
Rhôn
Py
ro
Mont Blanc SLOVENIA

nne
4 48 Duer re 15,771ft (4807m) Po

PORTUGAL o ne TIA
Ib eria n es SAN OA
CR
Eb
Tag MONACO
us MARINO
ro
ANDORRA BOSNIA
SPAIN & HERZ.
I T
Str Pen in sula Corsica

Madeira ait
A
(to Portugal) of Gib ds

VATICAN L
ralt Y sl a n CITY
ar B a l e a ric I Sardinia
Gibraltar Tyrrhenian
(UK) M e d i t Sea
e r
r
5 Atlas Mountains a Sicily
n
Canary Islands e a
(to Spain) 50 A F R I C A MALTA
n
A Downloaded
C D
EUROPE 63
E F G H
cl e
ir
cC 137
Bar en t s S ea cti
Ar
North Cape
Ostrov Kolguyev 1
Ur
Y
al
Kola
A
Peninsula
FIN
M
ou
N W hi te
Sea
nt
LA
ww
N
rt
E
ai
he
a
rn
ni
ns
Dv
oth
D
ND
ina
fB
w Lake Onega R U S S I A N 94 2
lf o
.Ea
Gu
Lake
F E D E R A T I O N
Gotland
Åland
ESTONIA
Ladoga
syE
ngi
ea ltic
nds
LATVIA n
B aS a i
l
ra
P l
Upla
n
a
LITHUANIA
V o lg
n Central
eer
RUSS.
FED. e a
o p 3
Volga
Russian
E u r BELARUS
POLAND Pripet
Upland
Don
ing
Aral Sea
a
Dni
tul
Marsheseper
.ne
Bu
Lo
is
UKRAINE D n i ep ewlands
V
Carpa
t
thi D n i est e r
SLOVAKIA a r
n
(the Ukrainian territory of

MOLDOVA
Mt
Crimea was annexed by

Sea of
s.
HUNGARY Russia in 2014)

Azov
as
Crimea
Caucasus 94 4
pi
ROMANIA
an
El’brus Se
SERBIA Dan ube Black Sea 18,510ft a
(5642m)
MON. BULGARIA
KOS. Balkan
(disputed) Mts.
MACED. TURKEY
ALBANIA
Aegean ia A S I A
Sea Anatol
GREECE 5
Peloponnese
Cyprus
S e a Crete 94
E Downloaded
G H
64 EUROPE
The North Atlantic
A B C D
Arctic
19 Devon
Island Ellesmere Island
Circle
s Strait
1 Nare
N U N A V U T an d
Qaanaaq en L
m uss
At 836,100 sq miles (2,166,600 sq km), Greenland R as
Innaanganeq d
is the largest island in the world. However, nu
Hudson 677,700 sq miles (1,756,000 sq km) of this is a Savissivik
K
Bay massive ice sheet so heavy that the central land
ww area has sunk to form to a basin more than

1000 ft (300 m) below sea level. Baffin
Qimusseriarsuaq
w
Kullorsuaq
2 19 Bay
C A N A D A
.Ea la d
n
rp
ac
ki
ce
syE Is
m
e
nd
t
um ai
Hudson Strait
n fs
tr
B a f f i
it o
)
tory
S
d
ngi
Lim
un
la
i s Qeqertarsuaq
erri
d So
v Qeqertarsuaq
Frob i s h er B ay
QUÉBEC
al t
a
n
en
erlan
ern
Qasigiannguit
3
eer
ext
ik IX
eder
Cumb
re
r
ish
Sisimiut o n g F
U ng av a
Lan
d
ing
an
K
G
Bay
(D
The Jakobshavn Glacier is among
the world´s fastest glaciers, often
moving 100 feet (30 m) a day,
Maniitsoq
NUUK .ne Ch
risti
an IX
Land
and calves around 20 billion tons

(tonnes) of icebergs every year.
Paamiut k
VI
K ys
t Ko
tng Gunnbjørn Fjeld
12,139ft (3700m)
4 21 Ammassalik
rk
i
LAND
er
ma
ed
Ivittuut
OR
Fr
L abrador k ic
e en
ng
pac
& LABRAD
D
NEWFOUND
er
Ko
Qaqortoq int
Sea Nanortalik it
of
w Faxaflói
L im
Nunap Isua
(Kap Farvel)
0 km 800 ATLANTIC
5
0 miles 800 OCEAN
48
A Downloaded
C D
EUROPE 65
E F G H
137
Lincoln
Sea
Kap Morris Jesup
ARCTIC Zemlya
Frantsa-Iosifa 1
Wandel OCEAN
Kvitøya
Sea Novaya
Nord Svalbard Zemlya
d
Nordaustlandet
Lan
(Norwegian
dependency) Kong Karls Land
VIII
ww Spitsbergen Barentsøya
erik
Longyearbyen Edgeøya
L a h r i s Kong Fred
w
St
Barentsberg or fjo With temperatures ranging from 59º F 62 2
.Ea
rd
en (15º C) in the summer to -40º F
X
(-40º C) in the winter, vegetation on

Greenland
n
nd tia
Sea syE Bjørnøya

Svalbard consists mostly of lichens
and mosses; the only trees are the
C
(Norway) tiny polar willow and the dwarf birch.
ngi
ng
Barents Sea
Ko
Daneborg
n
Greenland's deeply indented coastline
is 24,430 miles (39,330 km) long,
eer ic
Ci
rc
le
3
FE
a distance roughly equivalent to the t
RU ERA
c
Ar
Kong Earth's circumference at the equator.
ing D
SS T
Oscar Fjord
IA IO
Jan Mayen
N N
Ka Ittoqqortoormiit
(Norway)
.ne
FI
n g ertit
tivaq
t
NL
Kangikajik
Norwegian
ice
a ck
rp
A
ait e Sea
Str i nt
N
of w
R W A Y
L i m it
D
During April 2010, the Icelandic volcano 66 4

S W
ICELAND Eyjafjallajökull ejected an estimated

330,000,000 cu yd (250 million cu m)
Siglufjörður
of ash 5 miles (8 km) into the atmosphere.
Akureyri Húsavík
This eventually caused the closure of
E D
Seyðisfjörður most of Europe’s airspace over a six

REYKJAVÍK day period, leading to around
Selfoss 107,000 flight cancellations.
N O
E N
Surtsey
Faroe Islands
(Denmark) 5
Tórshavn
Shetland 70
Islands
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
66
137 137
1 AR C TIC OC EAN 1
0 km 200
ww
The North Cape Current warms the northern coasts of Norway,
EUROPE
0 miles 200 Finland, and Russia’s Kola Peninsula with water temperatures
of 39–54º F (4–12º C), allowing this area of the Barents Sea
w
to remain free of pack ice throughout the winter.
The sun is continuously visible from late Nordkapp Barents

(North Cape)
May to late July in Tromsø because of its
.Ea
position well north of the Arctic Circle.
Sea
Hammerfest Vardø
2 65 92 2
Kirkenes
syE
Y
No rw egia n Tromsø
atn u
De
ngi
Sea Vesterålen
Harstad M
uo
A
d
n
nio
Narvik älv
Carved by a massive glacier
un
nO
RUSSI
during the last Ice Age, Lofoten Sodankylä

Kiruna
Fasjoki
Sognefjord is 4291 ft (1308 m)

3
aTorn 3
ion
eer
I
deep and 126 miles (203 km)

AN
Bodø l
Scandinavia & Finland
j ok le
i
long. Cliffs rise almost vertically Gällivare Kemijärvi c Circ

Arcti
from the water to heights of
p
W
3,330 ft (1000 m).
N
oki
NRovaniemi
a
mj
ing
Mo i Rana Kuusamo
FED
Ke
Tornio
E
Kemi
L
L
Luleå

RA
.ne Ån
Piteå Ou
T
ger Oulu lu
j
t ma
ok
Ai
nä
4 4
lv
Skellefteå
IO
R
en
Oulujärvi
N
Kajaani
Trondheimsfjorden Steinkjer
Kokkola
D
Iisalmi
N
Umeå Pielinen
Trondheim Jakobstad
Molde Östersund
Vaasa Joensuu
D
L j usn
Ålesund a Örnsköldsvik Seinäjoki
O
Varkaus
E
Sundsvall Jyväskylä
Saimaa
5 Gulf Imatra 5
Hermansverk of Tampere Lappeenranta
Sognefjorde Pori Hämeenlinna
n Lillehammer Bothnia
Bergen Rauma Kouvola
ww
Hamar Riihimäki
Gjøvik
Falun Gävle Vantaa Kotka
W
Mjøsa Turku
N
w
Hønefoss Borlänge Åland Espoo HELSINKI
Haugesund Finland
OSLO Uppsala Mariehamn
Drammen lf of
Moss Gu
Stavanger Fredrikstad Karlstad Västerås
.Ea
6 Porsgrunn
STOCKHOLM ESTONIA 6
S
Halden Vänern Örebro
Nyköping Finns consume an average of 26.5 lbs
Setesd a l
Arendal Skövde
Trollhättan Norrköping (12 kg) of coffee each per year, which
Kristiansand Vättern Linköping is over twice the amount of most other
syE
Skag e r r a k Göteborg Borås Europeans, and makes them among
Hjørring Jönköping Visby the biggest coffee drinkers in the world.
Jylland Frederikshavn Gotland
Aalborg
ngi
DENMARK Halmstad Växjö Öland
L AT V I A
Randers
n
Silkeborg Kalmar
7 70 Herning Århus Helsingborg 88 7
Karlskrona
Esbjerg Vejle
COPENHAGEN
Kristianstad
Malmö Baltic L I T HU A N I A
eer
Odense
Aabenrå Sjælland Rønne Bornholm S e a KALININGRAD
Nykøbing (part of Russian
S
Federation)
ing
U
The 10 mile (16 km) bridge and tunnel link

R
A
across the Oresund Sound is one of the largest

infrastructure projects in European history.
L
E

8 B 8
.ne
It connects the Danish capital Copenhagen P O L A N D
EUROPE
to the Swedish port of Malmö.
GERMANY 76
t 80
67
A B C D E
A B C D E
68
67 67
The Netherlands is the lowest country in the

1 world. It is estimated that 30% of the land e n Schiermonnikoog 1
is below sea level, with the lowest point land
nei Ameland
ww
some 23 ft (6.7 m) below sea level.
EUROPE
a d d e Terschelling
e
W nze Delfzijl
w
Vlieland de
THE NETHERLAND'S TWO CAPITALS ad
W
Amsterdam - Capital Leeuwarden
The Hague - Seat of government Groningen
.Ea
Texel
2 71 Den Helder Assen 76 2

Heerenveen
The inner city of Amsterdam is divided by
syE
its network of canals into some 90 “islands” NETHERLANDS
linked together by approximately 1300 Emmen
bridges and viaducts. Meppel
eer
Hoorn
Alkmaar
lm
ngi
se
North Sea IJ
sse
l
n
IJs Lelystad
The Low Countries
The port of Rotterdam, combined with Purmerend Zwolle

Europoort (which handles vessels too Haarlem Almelo
3 large to reach Rotterdam), is one of AMSTERDAM 3
eer
the largest in the world in terms of
Hilversum Deventer Hengelo
capacity, handling around 430 million
tons (tonnes) of cargo every year. Leiden Apeldoorn Enschede
THE HAGUE Amersfoort

ing
Delft
Zoetermeer Utrecht Ede
Arnhem
Gouda

Lek
.ne
Rotterdam Wa a l
4
t Dordrecht Oss Nijmegen 4
’s-Hertogenbosch
GERMANY
M
Breda Tilburg
gs
B e ra a s
e
Roosendaal
Vlissingen W
e s tersche l d e Eindhoven Helmond
Zeebrugge Terneuzen Turnhout Venlo
Sc h
Oostende Over 80 percent of
eld
t Antwerpen
5 Brugge the world's rough-cut 5
Sint- diamonds pass through
Fl Niklaas Antwerp’s (Antwerpen)
Mechelen
and
ers Gent Diamond Quarter
ww
Roeselare Genk every year, making it
Aalst
Hasselt Heerlen the largest diamond
Ieper
w
Leuven trading center in the
BRUSSELS Maastricht world, with an annual
Kortrijk Tienen
Mouscron
turnover of over
B E L G I U M US$50 billion.
Liège
.Ea
6 Tournai Seraing 6
Verviers
La Louvière e
us
Me
e
Mons Namur
rth
Ou
Charleroi
syE
r e
mb
Sa Dinant
On August 23, 1914, three weeks es
after Britain entered World War I, the
n
ngi
70,000 strong British Expeditionary en
G E R M
Force encountered the advancing
n
r d Bastogne
7 72 German army for the first time at A 77 7
the battle of Mons. O
re
Sû ur
Diekirch
F R A N C E
eer LUXEMBOURG
A N Y
Arlon LUXEMBOURG
ing
Echternach is the home of the only religious dancing
procession remaining in the Western world. Every year
M o s elle
since the 15th century, thousands of pilgrims have marched Esch-

8 down the streets of the town performing a ritual dance
.ne sur-Alzette 8
involving specific movements, music, and prayers.
EUROPE
72
t 72
0 km 50
0 miles 50
69
A B C D E
A B C D E
70
Faroe
65 Islands 65
1 1
ATLANTIC
ww
EUROPE
Shetland
Islands
w
OCEAN Lerwick
.Ea
Midges have the fastest wing-beat
of any insect, and are able to flap Orkney
their wings at around 60,000 Islands After the surrender of the German
2 48 beats per minute. 67 2
Kirkwall fleet in 1918 and its internment in
Scapa Flow, over 50 ships were
syE
scuttled by the German crews on
Thurso June 21, 1919, to prevent them
Isle of Lewis falling into British hands.
The British Isles
ch
Stornoway
in
ngi
e M
Outer Hebrides Ullapool
h
Th
n
Firt
ch
ay
in
North Uist o r Elgin
M
M With a depth of 788 ft (240 m)
le
Isle of Inverness and a length of about 23 miles
tt
3 South Uist Loch Ness 3
Skye
eer
Aberdeen (36 km), Loch Ness contains
the largest volume of fresh
The Li
Barra SCOTLAND
water in Great Britain.
Fort William Grampian Mts.
Ben Nevis
The Giant’s Causeway comprises 4406ft (1343m)

approximately 37,000 interlocking
Isle of
Mull Oban
ing Dundee
F
dark basalt polygonal columns; or

th Perth
Loch Lomond N o r t h
they were formed by volcanic Jura Stirling Firth of Forth

Greenock
activity some 55 million
.ne EDINBURGH
4
years ago. Islay t Glasgow
Isle of
Arran
Southern
Uplands
S e a
4
Ayr
UNITED KINGDOM
P e
NORTHERN Dumfries Newcastle upon Tyne

Londonderry IRELAND Stranraer Carlisle Sunderland
n
Donegal
Bay Bangor Isle of Man Lake
BELFAST (British Crown District
Middlesbrough
Sligo Dependency)
n i n
Newry Douglas
Lancaster York
Dundalk
5 Irish Blackpool Bradford Leeds Kingston upon Hull 5
e s
IRELAND
Lough Lough Ree Sea Preston Bolton
Corrib Athlone DUBLIN Manchester Grimsby
Anglesey Liverpool Sheffield
Galway n fe y Holyhead Lincoln The
ww
no
Lif
Chester
an
Wicklow Bangor onia ENGLAND Wash
Sh
Ennis Lough Mts. owd Stoke-
Derg Sn
w
on-Trent Derby Nottingham The Norwich
Limerick Shrewsbury Leicester Fens
Cardigan
Barrow
Bay
W A L E S Peterborough
Tralee Birmingham
Wexford Aberystwyth Coventry
Blackwater Worcester Cambridge
Stratford-
.Ea
Waterford
6 upon-Avon Colchester 6
Killarney Brecon Gloucester Severn Ipswich
Fishguard Oxford
Cork Beacons
Milford Haven Th Southend-
Bantry Newport Swindon a m e sLONDON on-Sea
Bay Every year over 1.5 billion pints Swansea Bristol
syE
(850 million litres) of Guinness® CARDIFF Bath Reading Canterbury Dover
Irish stout are consumed in over Barnstaple Salisbury
Exmoor Southampton
120 countries around the world. Taunton
Brighton Channel
Exeter Tunnel
ngi
The River Severn has the second highest tidal range Portsmouth
in the world, as much as 50 ft (15 m), often giving Dartmoor Bournemouth Isle of Wight
n
rise to a tidal bore. In September 1996, one such ish
7 Plymouth Engl 68 7
wave carried a surfer for 5.7 miles (9 km).
Penzance n nel
Cha
Land's
48 Channel
eer
Isles of End
Scilly
Islands With evidence of teaching
St. Peter Port beginning as early as 1096,
Guernsey
(British Crown Dependency) St. Helier Oxford University is the second
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
ing Jersey
(British Crown
Dependency)
oldest university in the world.

8 8
.ne
EUROPE
0 km
0 miles
100
100 74
t F R A
72
N C E
71
A B C D E
A B C D E
72
71 65
1 1
North Sea
ww
U N I T E D
EUROPE
w
K I N G D O M NETHERLANDS
Work began on the 31-mile (50-km) Channel Tunnel in 1987.
Earth was removed at the rate of 2400 tons (tonnes) a day
.Ea
On July 1, 1916, the British suffered 58,000
until completion, seven years later. Around 10.5 million
casualties on the opening day of the Somme
cu yards (8 million cu m) had been excavated.
Offensive. Five months later, after advancing
2 71 Channel 76 2
only a few miles, there had been 420,000 British,
Tunnel
200,000 French, and 500,000 German casualties.
syE
Dunkerque
GERMANY
Calais BE Champagne bottles are placed
English Boulogne- LG neck down into a freezing brine
Channel sur-Mer Lille IU bath (bac à glace), freezing
ngi
Channel Islands M only the bottle’s neck to form
Arras
Cherbourg So Douai a plug that keeps the wine –
n
Guernsey Dieppe m
m
(British Crown and the bubbles – in the bottle
e
Amiens
Dependencies) Jersey Le Havre while sediments are removed.
Île d’Ouessant St.-Lô
Rouen
3 Beauvais Laon 3
eer
Caen LUXEMBOURG
St.-Malo Se Reims
M
Brest Normandie i e
St.-Brieuc ne Thionville
Mantes-la-Jolie
use
Quimper Alençon PARIS Marn Metz

Versailles e
Bretagne Rennes Châlons-

Lorient
Laval
ing
Chartres en-Champagne
Bar-
Nancy
France, Andorra & Monaco
le-Duc Strasbourg
s
Belle Le Mans Troyes

Mos
Orléans e

ge
Île Angers n
.ne
elle
St.-Nazaire Blois g og
L
t Tours Auxerre ur Épinal Colmar
Vos
Nantes
Bo
4 oi 4
re Vesoul
ne Mulhouse
ô
Bay of la Roche- F R A N C E Belfort

Sa
sur-Yon Bourges
Biscay Nevers Dijon
Poitiers Châteauroux Moulins Besançon a SWITZERLAND
la Rochelle
r
u
In 2010, an 1869 Saintes Lake
Mâcon
J
Château Lafite, Limoges Vichy Geneva
was sold at Angoulême Roanne Villeurbanne Mont Blanc
auction for Clermont- Lyon Annecy 15,771ft (4807m)
5 US$233,972, Ferrand St.-Chamond 5
Périgueux
making it the St.-Étienne Chambéry
most expensive Bordeaux D o r d o g n e Massif s
Aurillac ITAL Y
le Puy
bottle of wine
ww
Ga
r Lot Grenoble
on
in the world. Cahors
Central Valence
ne
l
Rodez
Mende
w
Mont-de-Marsan Agen
R h ô ne
Montauban r n s
Bayonne Ta
A
Auch n ne
Albi e
Pau Toulouse C év
Nîmes
Avignon Provence
P Aix-en-
.Ea
y Tarbes Montpellier MONACO
6 Arles Provence MONACO 6
r e Carcassonne Béziers Cannes Nice
r
Narbonne Marseille t e d ' Azu
Cô Ligurian
n e
ANDORRA Toulon Îles
syE
Sea
e s Perpignan
ANDORRA d’Hyères
Golfe
The Tour de France LA VELLA Bastia
bicycle race is typically held over
du Lion
Corse
some 20 day-long stages covering (Corsica)
ngi
around 2200 miles (3600 km) for The word denim comes from “de Nîmes,”
this being the town where the fabric was Ajaccio
n
the coveted yellow jersey.
7 originally produced. 78 7
S P A I N One of history’s great leaders,
eer
The lowest point in Andorra is Riu Runer,
at 2756 ft (840m) above sea level.
Napoleon Bonaparte, was born
on August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio
in Corsica.
75 Sardinia
0 km 100
Balearic
Islands
ing

8 0 miles 100 8
.ne
EUROPE
84
t Mediterranean Sea
84
73
A B C D E
74 EUROPE
Spain & Portugal

A B C D
71 Gijon
Ferrol Avilés (Xixón)
0 km 100 A Coruña (La Coruña)
1
Galicia Oviedo
0 miles 100
Santiago de Compostela Lugo
ra Can táb ri ca
ille
o
Mi ñ
rd León
Pontevedra
Co
Vigo Ourense
wAwOT LC AE NA NT I C
h (Orense)Emb. de Palencia
o
Min
Chaves Ricobayo
Viana do Castelo
Braga Bragança Valladolid
Póvoa de Varzim
2 48
w.E Matosinhos
Porto
Vila Nova de Gaia
Guimarães
Douro
Vila Real
Zamora
Duero
S P
asy
Port has been produced in the Duoro
Valley under strict regulation since
Aveiro Viseu Salamanca Ávila
E
the 1750s. Brandy is added to the
grape juice to fortify and
strengthen the wine. ngiPORTUGAL
Coimbra
Figueira da Foz
Covilhã
Sistema C
Plasencia
entr
al
3 nee
Caldas da Rainha
Castelo Branco Tagus
Cáceres
T a gus
rin Santarém Portalegre
na
Sintra
g.n
ia
Cascais Mérida ad
Gu
LISBON Badajoz
Portugal produces around half of the

Setúbal
Alcácer do Sal
Sines
et Beja Sierra
Morena
Córdoba
world’s cork and has regulations for
G u ad
48 iv i r
4 protecting cork trees dating back to lqu
Gua d a
i an
1320. Despite a recent decline, around Sevilla

Algarve ucía
a
12 billion bottles of wine are sealed

with cork stoppers every year. Lagos Huelva al
Ca bo de
Faro
Olhão nd Antequera
São V icente A Málaga
El Puerto de Santa María
Gibraltar was seized by a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet Cádiz Marbella
under Admiral Rooke in 1704. British sovereignty was Algeciras Gibraltar
5 then formalized in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, and (UK)
Gibraltar eventually became a British colony in 1830. Ceuta
(Spain)
52 MOROCCO
A Downloaded
C D
EUROPE 75
E F G H
Bay of Biscay 73
Santander F R A N C E
Donostia/San Sebastián
Bilbao 1
Vitoria-Gasteiz
P y r Golfe du
Miranda Pamplona
e n Lion
de Ebro (Iruña) e e ANDORRA Figueres
Burgos Logroño Huesca s Girona (Gerona)
ww Cataluña
Eb
o Costa Brava
r
Soria Lleida Terrassa Mataró
A wI Ib N
ér
Si
st
.Ea em
Zaragoza
a
Reus
Tarragona
Sabadell Barcelona
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
Work continues on the Sagrada Família,
78 2
Segovia
MADRID
ic
o
syE
Teruel
Tortosa Gaudi’s unfinished cathedral. Begun in
1882, construction passed the mid-point
in 2010 and is now due to be completed
Getafe
ngi in around 2025.
no
Cuenca
Menorca
n
ia
Castellón Palma
eer
Júca
Toledo
nc
de la Plana 3
Mallorca
r
le
Valencia
ing
Va
Albacete Gandia Islas Baleares

Ibiza
ís
.ne
(Balearic Islands)
Pa
Ciudad Real
Elda Formentera
Benidorm
gu
ra
Cieza Alicante (Alacant)
t
Se
Linares Elche (Elx) Seat of many great civilizations

Murcia
Costa Blanca throughout history, the name
79 4
Jaén Lorca Mediterranean translates as
“sea between the lands.”
Cartagena
Granada a
S i e rra Ne
vad a Se
Almería e an Spain produces just under half of the world’s
an
Motril olive oil, which amounted to around 1.2 million
l
l So
rr
tons (tonnes) in 2009. Of this, roughly
Costa de
ite
30 percent is the highest quality
Med “extra-virgin” olive oil. 5
52 A L G E R I A
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
76
North 67 67 0 km 100
Sea 0 miles 100

Jylland
1 1
The Kiel Canal is 61 miles (98 km) long and
SWEDEN
ww
EUROPE
one of the busiest canals in the world, with around

45,000 ships a year passing between the
w
Baltic and the North Sea.
DENMARK Baltic Sea
Sjælla nd
.Ea
Fyn
Bornholm
(Denmark)
2 71 80 2
Fa ls te r Early in the morning of
North Fris
Flensburg Fe
hm Sunday, August 13, 1961,
ia
syE
arn B
Fehmarn elt work began on the Berlin
Stralsund Rügen
n Is
Kiel Wall, which would eventually
la
Mecklenburger
Greifswald
nd
Neumünster Bucht run for 66 miles (107 km)
s
Lübeck Rostock between east and west Berlin,
ngi
Cuxhaven Wismar cutting through 192 streets.
n
Bremerhaven Schwerin Neubrandenburg
During what became known
Emden Hamburg Müritz as “The Berlin Airlift” a total
Oldenburg Lüneburg of 2,326,406 tons (tonnes)
3 S E l be
3
of supplies were flown into
eer
Bremen
ND
Berlin over an 18-month
period to break a Soviet
LA
se r
Ems
R
G E R M A N Y BERLIN blockade of the city.
We
Osnabrück Wolfsburg
ing Frankfurt an der Oder
THE
Hannover Braunschweig Potsdam
Münster Hildesheim
NE
Bielefeld Salzgitter Magdeburg

Recklinghausen Hamm Paderborn
.neDessau Cottbus
Germany & The Alpine States
t
S a al
Sp
Halle
e
Essen
r
4 Dortmund Göttingen ee POLAN D 4

Duisburg
Bochum
Düsseldorf Wuppertal Kassel Leipzig
Leverkusen Jena Gera Dresden
Erfurt
Aachen Köln Bonn Siegen Chemnitz
Koblenz Fulda Suhl Zwickau
e
birg
Erzge
IUM
WiesbadenFrankfurt am Main
Offenbach
l
Mainz CZECH REPUBLIC
se
o Würzburg
BELG
5 5
Boh
LUX. M Darmstadt Erlangen At 528 ft (161 m) high and
Rhine
em
Kaiserslautern Mannheim
ia
containing 768 steps, the steeple
n
Saarbrücken Heidelberg Nürnberg of Ulm Minster makes it the tallest
ww
F
church in the world.
b
or
Karlsruhe Heilbronn l es
eA t
N e ckar
w
Pforzheim i s ch Regensburg
F r ä nk Hollabrunn
FRANCE Stuttgart Ingolstadt Da Krems an
Reutlingen b nu der Donau
e Al Landshut be
ld ch Augsburg Linz Sankt VIENNA
a
bis Ulm I nn Braunau
ä Pölten
.Ea
am Inn
rzw
6 hw Wels Barden 6
be
Freiburg im Breisgau Eisenstadt
Sc
München
wa
Da n u Wiener Neustadt
h
Salzburg Neusiedler
Sc
Schaffhausen
ns
lps See
Rhine Lake Constance arian A Hellejn Kapfenberg
En
Basel
n
Bav
syE
In
Delémont Zürich Bregenz
Innsbruck AUSTRI A
r a Biel Zug Zürichsee LIECHTENSTEIN he Taue Judenburg
Ju BERN Luzern VADUZ o l Ho r Graz
Lac de T i r
H UN G A
Mu
Chur s n
r
Neuchâtel p
ngi
RY
Yverdon SWITZERLAND l Lienz Klagenfurt

Lausanne Thuner See Villach
n
n Maribor
7 ner Alpe A Celje 81 7
Lake Ber Sion Brig
Geneva Locarno Kranj Sa v a
Genève Monthey
Matterhorn
Born in Salzburg on January 27, LJUBLJANA
Lugano
eer
14,692ft (4478m) 1756, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
73 SLOVENIA
Lake Maggiore was already writing music by the
age of five, and at eleven he Koper
produced his first opera.
Gulf
When it is completed in 2016, the
Gotthard Base Tunnel will run for
ing I TA LY of
Venice
C R O AT I A
35.5 miles (57 km) beneath the
The acrylic glass roof over the Olympic stadium in München

8 Lepontine Alps to become the 8
longest rail tunnel in the world.
.ne (Munich) measures 914,940 sq ft (85,000 sq m), making
EUROPE
78
t it the biggest structure of its kind in the world.
78
77
A B C D E
A B C D E
78
CZECH REPUBLIC
77 GERMANY 77
FRANCE
SLOVAKIA
1 In June 2011, a violin called the “Lady 1
Blunt,” made by Italian master Stradivari
ww
LIECHTENSTEIN at Cremona in 1721, sold for a record
EUROPE
Italy
US$16,300,000.
w
SWITZERLAND
AUSTRIA
Lake s Bolzano
Maggiore Alpi
.Ea
p HUNGARY
Aosta l Lago Dolomitiche
di Como Trento
2 73 Lago Udine 82 2
A Monza Bergamo di Garda
Novara P SLOVENIA
Vicenza Treviso i
av
syE
e
Milano Brescia Mestre Trieste
Torino Cremona Verona Venezia
Padova Gulf CROATIA
Alessandria Piacenza Mantova A d i g e of
Po
ngi
Parma Ferrara Venice San Marino formed in AD 301 is the oldest,
Genova
Reggio nell’ Po Delta and, at 24 sq mi (61 sq km), one of the
n
Savona Modena
Golfo Emilia Bologna smallest, republics in the world.
di Genova
A
Ravenna BOSNIA
La Spezia Forlì
3 San Remo Rimini 3
Viareggio Prato &
eer
p
A rno HERZEGOVINA
Pisa Firenze SAN MARINO
A d
p
Ligurian Livorno Ancona
Toscana Arezzo
ri
Lago
Sea Siena
e
a
Isola
d’Elba
ing Trasimeno
Perugia
ti
Foligno
n
c
Corsica Grosseto

(part of Arcipelago
.ne I T A L Y S
Ascoli Piceno
n
France) Toscano t Terni e a

Te
Viterbo Pescara
4 4
ve
i
Established in 1088,
re
VATICAN
Bologna University is CITY n L’Aquila
the oldest in the world. ROME o
Sassari Olbia Foggia S
Golfo di Gaeta Benevento
Alghero Bari O t t r a i t o
Nuoro to ra f
Napoli Ofan nt
o
S a rd eg na Torre del Greco Salerno Altamura
5 Isola di Capri Brindisi 5
Oristano (Sardinia) Potenza Taranto
Golfo
di
Iglesias The medical school at Salerno is the Salerno Lecce
ww
oldest in Europe, established during Golfo
the 11th and 12th centuries. di Gallipoli
Cagliari Taranto
w
Tyrrhenian
Cosenza
Sea a
i Crotone
r
Isola d'Ustica Isola
.Ea
b
Mediterranean Isole Eolie Stromboli
6 Catanzaro 6
Isola
la
S e a Trapani Isola Lipari Vulcano
Palermo Messina Ionian Sea
Isole Cefalù Ca
Egadi
syE
Reggio di
St
Marsala
Sicilia
Stre
Calabria
ra
i
t (Sicily) tto
Caltanissetta
d
of
lso
Si iM
cil Agrigento Catania
ngi
y
Sa
ess
ina
Siracusa
n
TUNISIA Isola di Ragusa
7 Pantelleria 83 7
Mal
ta Mt. Etna began some 300,000
Ch
an years ago as a submarine volcano
eer
ne and has since grown to a cone with
53 l
Gozo
a base 30 miles (48 km) wide and
VALLETTA 10,922 ft (3329 m) high.
Isole Pelagie
MALTA
ing The George cross that appears on the
0 km 100
Maltese flag was awarded to the islanders

8 by King George VI of Britain for their heroism 8
0 miles 100
.ne during World War II.
EUROPE
53
t 53
79
A B C D E
A B C D E
80
67 88
LATVIA
1 SWEDEN 1
ww
0 km 100 Baltic
EUROPE
0 miles 100 Sea LITHUANIA
w
Built between 1747 and
D EN MAR K Founded in Gdansk shipyard in 1980, the 1795, the Zaluski Library
Solidarity trade union, and its leader Lech in Warsaw was one of the
Walesa, played a key role in the world’s first public libraries.
.Ea
Bornholm downfall of communism across Courland
(part of Denmark) much of eastern Europe. Lagoon
2 76 KALININGRAD 89 2
Gulf
of (part of Russian
Federation)
syE
Sîupsk Gdynia Danzig
Pomeranian Koszalin
Gdaúsk Elblàg
Central Europe
Bay
Zalew
ngi
Szczeciúski Olsztyn
isîa
Czîuchów
n
Szczecin
Grudziàdz M a z u r y
rew
GERMANY Piîa Bydgoszcz Na
Ostroîèka
d er
3 O Biaîystok 3
BELAR
No t e á Toruú
eer
US
Gorzów Warta P O L A N D
Bu
Wielkopolski Wîocîawek g
Pîock
Poznaú WARSAW
In November 1989,
the so-called
“Velvet Revolution”
ing
Zielona Kalisz

saw Czechoslovakia Îódź
W
Góra
split into the
.ne Radom
is
îa
4
Czech Republic
and Slovakia.
t
Legnica
Lublin
4
W art
Ostrowiec
a
Wrocîaw
O
⁄wiètokrzyski
de Kielce
Teplice Dçâín Liberec r
Waîbrzych Opole Czèstochowa
Most Ústí nad Labem
e
O h üKarlovy Hradec Králové Gliwice
Sa
Su
Kladno n
Katowice Tarnów
Vary Elbe
dete
n
PRAGUE Rybnik Rzeszów
Plzeõ Pardubice Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Kraków
Ostrava Bielsko-Biaîa
5 CZECH REPUBLIC 5
E
Tábor Olomouc
Jihlava Prostêjov
Carpathia
Stratonice Æilina n
Brno Martin Poprad Pre#ov M
ova
ww
Âeské
La bo re c
or
Budçjovice
ts
M Trenâin
SLOVAKIA Ko#ice .
Pie#t'any Banská
w
Roªõava
Bystrica
U K R AIN
Trnava
rov a
Built in 1357, Charles Bridge was the Nitra Luâenec
Ózd
Vá h
Mo
only crossing point of the Vltava in
Prague until the 19th century. Miskolc
BRATISLAVA
.Ea
za
Nyíregyháza
is
6 Danube 6
Sopron T
Györ
Tatabánya BUDAPEST Debrecen
A U S T R I A
Székesfehérvár Szolnok
Szombathely
syE
Rába
Veszprém Kecskemét
Balaton
D a nube
Zalaegerszeg n
H U N G A R Y a i Békéscsaba
Pl
n
ngi
Szekszárd ga ria
Nagykanizsa Hun Szeged ROMANIA
n
Kaposvár G r e a t
7 ITALY Baja 90 7
SLOVENIA
Dr
ava
Pécs
With a surface area of around
eer
231 sq mi (598 sq km), Lake
77
Balaton has an average depth
of only 11 ft (3.25 m). The Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) stretches
south from Budapest to the borders of Croatia
and Serbia and east to Ukraine and Romania.

ing
CR
It covers an area of 20,000 sq miles (51,800 sq km)
and is almost completely flat.
OA
Adriatic

BOSNIA &
TI
8 Sea 8
.ne SERBIA
A
EUROPE
77
t HERZEGOVINA
82
81
A B C D E
A B C D E
82
77 81
SLOVAKIA
1 1
At 11:15 am, on June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
ww
and his wife were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.
EUROPE
This single act precipitated World War I, which eventually

lead to the death of almost 10 million troops.
w
A U S T R I A H U N G A R Y
.Ea
Born in Zagreb in 1892, Marshall Tito was
The Danube forms all or part of the
the president of the former Yugoslavia
border between nine different
from 1953 until his death in 1980.
2 78 European nations: Germany, Austria, 90 2
Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia,
syE
Âakovec Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.
Varaªdin
Dan u b e
SL O VEN I A Koprivnica Subotica
Bjelovar Kanjiªa
R O M A N I A
ngi
Samobor ZAGREB Virovitica Baâka
Southeast Europe
Dr Sombor Topola
n
ava
Karlovac C R O AT I A
Sa
Osijek VOJVODINA
va Sisak Nova Zrenjanin
Gradi#ka Ãakovo Vukovar
Rijeka Ogulin Sav
3 a Novi Sad 3
Krk Vr#ac
eer
Prijedor
a
Slavonski Bosanski ‹amac
sn
Cres Una Brod Panâevo
Pula
Bo
Modriâa BELGRADE
Pag Bihaá Banja Luka Doboj ‹abac
D a nu b e
Smederevo
REP. SRPSKA Tuzla
va
Gospiá Loznica
Sa
Kljuâ ing
BOSNIA & Zvornik
D
Zadar Jajce
ri
Zenica Srebrenica SERBIA

na
Knin
M
Kragujevac

Dugi Otok D Di
ora
a
.ne
n a HERZEGOVINA Zajeâar
va
‹ibenik SARAJEVO Âaâak

4 The modern necktie
l
Split
m
a
t
r i c Livno
A l p Konjic
s Kraljevo Aleksinac 4
Ko
has its origins in 17th c FED. BOSNA I

HERCEGOVINA Kru#evac
Foâa
pa
century Croatia as a knotted Braâ i

j Ni#
on
“cravat” that was worn by Makarska Mostar

a
ik
Croatian mercenaries. Hvar Metkoviá Bijelo Polje Leskovac

Korâula Mitrovicë/Mitrovica
Mljet Trebinje
MONTENEGRO Pejë/Peá PRISHTINË
Dubrovnik
A
d Palagruza PODGORICA
KOSOVO
(disputed) Ferizaj/Uroševac
BULG
Albania
r r th n Prizren Kumanovo
No Shkodër
Al
AR
5 Lake Scutari Tetovo 5
ps
i a
SKOPJE Koâani
IA
t i Gostivar
Veles ‹tip
c Lezhë
MACEDONIA
Dr
I T A L Y
ww ck
B l a in
V
S e
a Kiâevo Strumica
Prilep Kavadarci ard
Durrës TIRANA
ar
Macedonia's capital, Skopje, was hit by a
w
Ohrid
devastating earthquake in 1963. Around Elbasan Lake Bitola Gevgelija
D
Lushnjë m
Lu e
80% of the city's buildings were damaged v o i i Ohrid
or destroyed and over 1000 people killed. Kuçovë ll Lake Prespa
Berat i t
S
Fier Korçë
tra
.Ea
it
6 ALBANIA 6
of
Vlorë L u m Tepelenë
iiV
Otr
jos
ë
s
Gjirokastër
anto
syE
Sarandë
Konispol
Under an extreme communist regime between
1944 and 1991, Albania was for many years the Historically, European eels migrated
ngi
only officially atheist state in the world where thousands of miles from the
all forms of religion were banned by law. Sargasso Sea to live most of their
n
7 lives in Lake Ohrid, before returning 86 7
to the Atlantic to spawn and die.
In February 2008, Kosovo (a UN Protectorate within Modern hydroelectric projects have
prevented this epic journey, but efforts
eer
Serbia since 1999) declared independence. Although
79 recognized by several countries, Kosovo’s decision has are underway to restore access
proved controversial with other states wary of setting a to the lake.
precedent for separatist groups within their own
ing
borders. It is therefore likely to be some time before
Kosovo becomes universally recognized.
G R E E C E

8 0 km 100 8
.ne
EUROPE
0 miles 100
79
t Ionian Sea
87
83
A B C D E
84 EUROPE
The Mediterranean
A B C D
Thames NETHERLANDS
62 UNITED GERMANY
BELGIUM
Rh
KINGDOM
in
nnel
Cha
e
0 km 400 lish LUX.
1 Eng Se
0 miles 400
in
e
E nu
be U
Da
LIECH.
Loire
A T L A N T I C FRANCE SWITZ. s
L. Geneva p
l
ww Bay
D or d o g n e
Massif
Po
Rhône
of A
O C E A N Central Ap SAN
w
Ga MARINO
2 48 Biscay ron Genoa en
n e
.Ea Pyre Marseille MONACO
n
nee Livorno
in
Golfe
s
syE ANDORRA du
es
Eb Lion Corsica VATICAN
Iberian ro CITY
Barcelona
PORTUGAL
Tagus
ngi
SPAIN Balearic Is. Sardinia
3
ua
n
Peninsula
dalquivir eer
Valencia
M e d Sea
i t
Tyrrhenian
ing
G
Gibraltar
Algiers
Tunis
e
ibra
(UK) Gibraltar
lta r
Oran
.ne TUNISIA
S trait
of G
MOROCCO
ou
n t ai
n s
t Chott el Jerid
Sfax
Tripoli
4 48 Madeira M A L G E R I A
as
(Portugal)
l
At and
Erg
Gr identa
l
c Gr and Erg
Oc
Canary Is. Ori ental
(Spain)
A F R I
5
S a h a
52
A Downloaded
C D
EUROPE 85
E F G H
POLAND 63
CZECH REP.
UKRAINE 1
D
R O P Ca E
on
SLOVAKIA M r Crimea was annexed by
ou pa Russia in 2014)
AUSTRIA nth ins MOLDOVA per
HUNGARY
n ie
ta
ian
D
Hungarian RU S S I AN
SLOVENIA Sea
in
Plain
CROATIA
ww
BOS. & RO MANIA
Danube
Delta Crimea
of Azov
F E D E RA TION
D
dr
ar
ic
w
HERZ.
Al
ps
SERBIA
.Ea
Danube 94 2
A
ia BULGARIA Black Sea Cauc

KOSOVO asu
tic (disputed) B a l k a n M t s . s
S e MON.
a Rh
odo
syEpe Mts. Bosporus GEORGIA
Pindus
I TA LY MACEDONIA
Naples ALBANIA
Aegean
ngi
Mt
Sea
Lesbos
n T U R K E Y
s.
I o n ia n
Sea
GREECE
Piraeus
Izmir
Anatolia
eer
Mt
s.
Lake
Van
3
Sicily Peloponnese
Kos
T aurus
ing
MALTA
r r Rhodes
Cyprus
Eup
.ne
hr
Tig
ate
SYRIA
a n
t
s
Crete ris
on
e a n LEBANON I R A Q
S e a
n
ba
Le
Haifa
ti-
94 4
Syrian
An
Gulf of Sirte ISRAEL Desert

Nile Port Said
Delta
Suez Canal
JORDAN ASIA
L I B Y A
e
SAUDI
Ni l
ARABIA
C A E G Y P T
L i b y a n Arabian
Re
5
r a D e s e r t Peninsula
d S
54
ea
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
86
90 90
ROMANIA
Bulgaria is one of the few countries in
1 the world where locals shake their heads D a nub e 1
from side to side to mean “yes” and
ww
S E R B I A Vidin nod up and down for “no.”
EUROPE
Da Ruse
nube
w
r Razgrad Dobrich
Sofia's skyline is dominated by the
Pleven
Iskû
gold domes of the Alexander Nevski
Memorial Church, which took craftsmen Vratsa Shumen Varna
Lovech mic h i y a
and artists some thirty years to build Ka
.Ea
between 1882 and 1912. B U L G A R I A Black
Gabrovo
Balk
an Mo
untains Sliven
2 83 Pernik 93 2
SOFIA Kazanlûk Yambol
KO SO VO Yazovir Iskûr Burgas
syE
(disputed) Stara Zagora Sea
Plovdiv
Pazardzhik M
ar
un d z h a
R Velingrad its
a T
Blagoevgrad Khaskovo
ngi
ho
da
do
r
Bulgaria & Greece
Orestiáda
n
pe
MACEDONIA Petrich M o uA
ntains
TURKEY
Dráma Xánthi Komotiní
3 Sérres 3
rits a
eer
Va r
Kilkís S t r
ym
d
Ma
o na Marmara
ar
Lake Prespa s Kavála
Flórina Thracian Alexandroúpoli Denizi
Thessaloníki
ALBANIA Sea Samothráki
Véroia Kalamariá Thásos

Kozáni Kateríni
ing
Thermaïkós
Akrotírio
Pínes
Built between 447 and 438 BCE, the
P
Kólpos Parthenon survived almost unscathed
Akrotírio

for over 2000 years until, in 1687,
Kérkyra Ioánnina
.ne Akrotírio Drépano
Límnos a gunpowder magazine beneath
t Palioúri
í n
Pi n
Kérkyra Tríkala Lárisa the building exploded, causing
4 4
eió
s
Vóreies considerable damage.
G R E E C E Vólos Sporádes
Kardítsa Mitilíni
d o s
Préveza Lésvos
Lamía (Lesbos)
Lefkáda Agrínio Évvoia
Chalkída Aegean
(Ion
Chíos Chíos
i
i
Korinth TURKEY
Kefalloniá Sea
a
5
Pátra Kólpoiakós
s 5
ATHENS Ándros
Kórinthos Sámos
I ón an Isl
Pe
Peiraías
a
lo
Tínos Ikaría
Zákynthos Trípoli
ww
pó
Tziá
á
n
Ni nds
Mÿkonos
si )
ni
so Kykládes
w
s
(D
Ionian Kalámata (Cyclades)
Spárti Náxos
D od
Sea Mirtóo Pelagos Páros Kos
k
od ec
Amorgós
e a
Íos
.Ea
6
The first Olympic athletics
Mílos
Astypálaia n Ródos 6
Santoríni
isa
festival was held at Olympia

ánese)
in around 776 BCE. Kÿthira Ródos

Only about 100 of the 2000
(Rhodes)
or so Greek Islands are
syE
permanently inhabited.
The Corinth Canal was completed in 1893 after Kritikó Pélagos Kárpathos
11 years of work. The canal is 4 miles (6.3 km) Irákleio (Sea of Crete)
long, 80 ft (25 m) wide, and 26 ft (8 m) deep. Chaniá
ngi
The central section runs along a 260 ft- (79 m-)
n
deep cutting through solid rock. Kríti
7 (Crete) 98 7
M
79
eer
ed The Minoans developed the first Hellenic
ite civilization 4000 years ago, based at the
rra luxurious palace of Knossos. Unfortunately,
in 1400 BCE, this civilization came to an
nea
0 km 100
Sea n ing abrupt end, destroyed by a catastrophic
event, probably a tidal wave.

8 0 miles 100 8
.ne
EUROPE
53
t 54
87
A B C D E
A B C D E
88
67 Gu lf o f 67
Bo th n ia
1
F I N L A N D 1
S W E D E N
ww
In 2007, Estonia held the world's first
EUROPE
general elections where people were
w
Low salinity and the shallow coastal waters cause pack ice to able to vote online using the internet.
accumulate at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia and off Finland
during most winters; occasionally the ice becomes banked
up in pressure ridges that are almost 50 ft (15 m) high. Gulf of Fi
nla
.Ea
nd
Paldiski TALLINN
Hiiumaa Vormsi Loksa
2 67 a Narva 92 2
Haapsalu
e
Tapa Rakvere Bay
Kohtla-Järve
S
Saaremaa
syE
Gotlan d
Kuressaare Virtsu Paide Narva
va
ar
N
ESTONIA
ic
Pärnu
Kolka
ngi
Gulf of Viljandi Lake
Ventspils
l t
Tartu Peipus
a
Riga
Ve
Talsi Burtnieku
nta
B
Ezers Valga
3 Lake 3
Liepája Kuldíga Valmiera Võru
Pskov
Maªeikiai
Dobele
Saldus
eerRIGA
Ogre
Césis Dating from the 13th
century, the Latvian flag is
Kretinga Jelgava one of the oldest in the

Klaipëda Tel#iai ing L A T V I A
Madona
world. It is said to have
The Baltic States & Belarus
Plunge W originated when a Latvian

Jékabpils
es
‹iauliai leader was wounded in

Birªai
ter
KALININGRAD

Kelmë .ne Radvili#kis Rézekne battle, and the edges of
(part of Russian ‹ilutë
nD
the white sheet in which

Federation) Courland Tauragë t Panevëªys
he was wrapped were
vina
4 Lagoon 4
Ne LITHUANIA stained with his blood.
Kaliningrad man Daugavpils
Jurbarkas Utena
Gusev
Chernyakhovsk Kaunas Ne
Ukmergë Navapolatsk\
ris
Marijampolë Novopolotsk
Alytus Polatsk
Hlybokaye
W
VILNIUS e ste
r n Dvin
a
Druskininkai Lyepyel’
Vitsyebsk/
N D
5 5
Hrodna/Grodno Maladzyechna Vitebsk
Barysaw Orsha
RUSS
Neman
MINSK
ww
Zhodzina
Vawkavysk
B E L A R U S Horki
IAN
w
Baranavichy/
P O L A
Slonim Mahilyow/
Byare z i n a
Baranovichi Mogilev
Slutsk
Brest Babruysk/ Krychaw
.Ea
6 Salihorsk Bobruysk 6
Kobryn
Pinsk
ich
Pri Luninyets Zhlobin
Pts
pet
Pripet Svyetlahorsk/Svetlogorsk
syE
Marshes
Formed in 1945 from the northern half of Rechytsa Homyel’/Gomel’
German East Prussia, and ceded to Russia
FEDERATION
Mazyr Kalinkavichy
under the Potsdam agreement, Kaliningrad )
r epr
ngi
oblast became a true enclave, completely n
/D
o
separated from the rest of Russia, when

pr
n
Dn
7 Lithuania and Belarus achieved their 90 7

independence in 1991.
(Dnya i e pe
Kyyivs’ke
Vdskh
80 Covering an area of approximately
34,000 sq miles (88,000 sq km), eer
Pripet Marshes are the largest area
Following the breakup of the Soviet Union,
the Commonwealth of Independent States
was established on December 8, 1991,
of marshland in Europe.
ing by a treaty signed at Minsk, with the intent
of coordinating the foreign policies of the
newly independent former Soviet republics.

8 8
0 km 100
.ne
EUROPE
0 miles 100
90
t U K R A I N E
91
89
A B C D E
90 EUROPE
Ukraine, Moldova & Romania
A B C D
81 et
BELARUS
P O LAND Prip
Pripet
1 Kovel’ Marshes
On April 25, 1986, engineers accidentally initiated
an uncontrolled chain reaction in the number 4
reactor of the Chornobyl' nuclear power plant.
The resulting explosion released 8 tons (tonnes) Luts’k Korosten’
of radioactive material in the world’s worst-ever
Bug
nuclear accident. Rivne
ww L’viv Zhytomyr
2 81
w SLOVAKIA
.Ea
C
Ternopil’
UKhmel’-K R
ar
pa
Ivano-
nyts’kyy
syE
th
Vlad Dracula or Vlad the Impaler Frankivs’k Vinnytsya

ia
was the real-life prince upon Uzhhorod Kam’’yanets’-Podil’s’kyy

n
whom Bram Stoker based his Dn
ngi ies
M
famous Count Dracula. Dracula Chernivtsi t e Transnistria

Satu Mare
ou
was born in Transylvania in 1431
r
in the town of Sighisoara.
n Rîbniπa
nt
Baia Mare
eer Suceava
Boto∞ani Bâlπi
ai
3
Oradea MOLDOVA
ns
HUNGARY Dej
Transylvania Piatra-Neamπ ing Dubâsari

CHIfiINÂU
Arad
Cluj-Napoca
Târgu Mure∞
Ia∞i
Bacâu .ne Tiraspol
Tighina
Timi∞oara
Alba Iulia Sighisoara
t (Bendery)
Sir
R O M A N I A
et
Deva Basarabeasca
Sibiu
4 82 Foc∞ani
Re∞iπa C arpaπii Meridionali Bra∞ov
Râmnicu Vâlcea Galaπi
SERBIA Buzâu Reni
Târgovi∞te
Pite∞ti Brâila Tulcea
In 1889, Timisoara Drobeta-Turnu Ploie∞ti
became the first city in Severin BUCHAREST
Craiova
Europe to have electric
street lighting. Corabia Danube Constanπa
O lt
5 Giurgui Eforie Sud

Mangalia
BULGARIA
86
A Downloaded
C D
EUROPE 91
E F G H
RUSSIAN 93
Shostka
FEDERATION 1
Chernihiv
A monument in central Kiev stands as testament to
Chornobyl’ the 7–12 million Ukrainian peasants who died during
Sumy the Great Famine, or Holodomor, of 1932–33.
Kyyivs’ke Vdskh.
KIEV
ww
Kanivs’ke Vdskh.
Bila Tserkva Lubny Kharkiv
I w
93 2
A N E
Cherkasy .Ea Poltava
D
on
ets
Kremenchuts’ke
Vdskh.
syE
Oleksandriya
Kremenchuk
Slov’’yans’k
Syeverodonets’k
Luhans’k
Kirovohrad
Dnipropetrovs’k ngi
Pavlohrad
Horlivka Kostyantynivka
Yenakiyeve
n
Makiyivka
Donets’k
eer Krasnyy Luch
3
Piv
Kryvyy Rih Nikopol

’ Zaporizhzhya
den
yy
ing
n
Mariupol'
Bu
Kakhovs’ka Vdskh.
.ne
h
Mykolayiv Berdyans’k
Melitopol’
Kherson
Odesa D
ni
ep
e r Kakhovka
Sea of
Azov
t
In 1872, an iron foundry was
established at Donets’k by British
industrialist John Hughes
(from whom the town's pre-
(the Ukrainian territory of 93 4
Karkinits’ka Crimea was annexed by Revolutionary name Yuzovka
Zatoka Russia in 2014) was derived) to produce rails
Kryms'kyy for the growing Russian
Pivostriv transportation network.
Yevpatoriya Kerch
Simferopol’ Black RU S S I A N
Sevastopol’ Sea FEDERATION
Yalta
Odesa was one of the major flashpoints in the Russian Revolution 0 km 100
5
of 1905, and was the scene of the mutiny on the warship Potemkin, 0 miles 100
when sailors protesting against the serving of rotten
meat eventually killed several of the ship’s officers. 98
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
92
137 137
0 km 400
0 miles 400
A R C T I C O C E A N
1 1
A r
The port of Murmansk remains ice-free throughout the
ww
Norwegian
cti
EUROPE
winter thanks to the Gulf Stream, whereas St. Petersburg,
cC
Sea
600 miles (965 km) to the south on the Baltic Sea, is
irc
le
w
ice-bound between December and May.
AY
RW
NO
.Ea
Novaya Zemlya
N
EDE
2 66 SW 96 2
Murmansk
syE
Barents Sea Karskoye
D
Gulf of More
Bothnia N Ostrov
European Russia
Kol’skiy Kolguyev
ngi
LA Poluostrov Ostrov
N Vaygach
n
FI
Baltic Bel
oy e M o re
Sea Gu
3 lf o
f 3
eer
a
Fi
ESTONIA
nl
a Arkhangel’sk
Ladozhskoye
hor
nd
Ozero M
Vorkuta
Pec
Sankt Petersburg Petrozavodsk e
L
a
I
zen
LATVIA
’
Onezhskoye Us s)
Pin
TH
in
ing
Ozero a
ega
Sever n a
UA
a
Arctic Cir
Pskov nt cle
eg
ya
Velikiy ou
NIA
On
Dv
Novgorod
M
Ukhta

ina
Velikiye Luki Cherepovets

.ne
al
Kotlas
4
Rybinskoye
Vdkhr
t Vologda Syktyvkar 4
(Ur
BELARUS
Smolensk Tver’
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
er
ep
Yaroslavl’
ni
D
MOSCOW Ivanovo Kirov K a ma
Tula Vladimir
y
Bryansk Nizhniy Novgorod
or
Ryazan’ Cheboksary Perm’
Orël
Izhevsk
e G
5 Kazan’ V 5
Vyatka
Belgorod Tambov Saransk
olga Naberezhnyye
kiy
Chelny
s
Voronezh Ul’yanovsk
UKRAINE
al'
ww
Penza
ets
Tol’yatti The Ural Mountains form the
Ur
Don
Saratov Samara Ufa traditional boundary between
w
Crimea was annexed by D
Balakovo Europe and Asia, extending
Russia in 2014)
on Mikhaylovka some 1550 miles (2500 km).
They were formed over 280
Sea of million years ago as the
Orenburg
.Ea
Azov Rostov- Volgograd East European and Siberian
6 6
na-Donu plates moved together.
Krasnodar Orsk
Stavropol’ Elista
syE
From August 1942 to February 1943, German armies
Vo
Sochi laid siege to Volgograd, formerly known as Stalingrad.
lg a
Cherkessk
El'brus The Germans themselves were eventually surrounded
Black Astrakhan’
18,510ft (5642m) Kum and lost almost 250,000 men.
a
ngi
Sea Nal’chik
K AZAK HS TA N
C
n
a Vladikavkaz
7 99 GE u Groznyy Caviar is the processed eggs, or roe, of sturgeon that 96 7
OR c a live in the Caspian Sea and Volga River. Overfishing
GI
A
s u Makhachkala and poaching in recent years have seen the price of the
s finest caviar, a pearly white variety called Gawad, rise
eer
AR
to around US$25,000 for 2.2 lbs (1 kg).
ME
U Aral Sea
AZ
TURKEY Caspian
NI A
Z
RB
AI
AZ.
Sea ing
JA
N
EK
Running from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains
IS

TA
8 include Mt El’brus, which at 18,510 ft (5642 m) is the highest point in Europe, N 8
.ne
and still uplifting at the rate of 0.4 inches (1 cm) every year.
EUROPE
99
t 104
IRAQ IRAN TURKMENISTAN
93
A B C D E
94 NORTH & WEST ASIA
North & West Asia

A B C D
137 A R C T I C
1 Franz Josef Land Severna ya

Z e mlya
lya
Zem a
a ya Se
ov ra
Norwegian
Barents
N Ka North
Sea North Cape Kheta
Sea
ww
w
Arctic Circle Central
ns
2 63
a
.Ea
tai
R U S S I A N
i
hn
N
ot
Lake D o r t h S
fB
Ob W est Siberian
Onega v i n e r n i
oun
fo
syE a ’
Gul
Ye
Lake Ladoga P lain Ob
ni
’
se
a
Ural M
Irty
Se
y
ngi
Vo s
North
c
h
l
ti
l
Ba
ga
Sea
Central Russian
him
KALININGRAD
(Russ. Fed.) Upland olg
n
a
eer Is
A S
V
3
E U R O P E
Ur al

Crimea was annexed by
C
Don KAZAKHSTAN
Aral Sea
ing Lake
Ozero
Zaysan
Caspi
Russia in 2014) au
.ne
cas UZ Balkhash I l
D a n u b e Black Sea us BE i
Tien Shan
GEORGIA KI
ST
an
KYRGYZSTAN
ARMENIA AZERB. TUR AN
t
Am
Lake K M
TURKEY EN D a
u
Se a
Medite Van ry TAJIKISTAN

rr a
.
an SY R I A IR AQ
ean
4 50 S e a LEBANON Ti g
IRAN
AFGHANISTAN Tibetan
Eu
ph
Plateau
r is
ra
H
ISRAEL tes i
JORDAN m
a l
Per
KUWAIT
an Ga a y a s
si
BAHRAIN G u lf n ge s
QATAR
Tropic of Cancer U.A.E.
Re
e SAUDI
l
Ni
AR AB IA
d
A
M
Se
O Ar a bia n
EN Se a Bay of
a
5 A F R I C A YEM
f Ad
en Beng al
o
Gulf
Socotra (Yemen)
50
A Downloaded
C D
NORTH & WEST ASIA 95
E F G H
O C E A N 137
1
New Siberian Islands
Laptev Sea
Siberian Lo East Siberian
wla nd Wrangel Island
Sea
ka
ar
ab
Kotu
ëk Chukchi
An
ww en
ig
ir
Lon
gS Sea
Yana
Ol
tra
Ind
y
Le n
a it
lym
Ko
Be
Arctic Circle
w
Siberian Plateau
rin
16 2
g St
F E D E R
.Ea A T I O N Velikaya
ra
a
it
b r i ga
e
V it
im
Lena
syE
Am
tk
a
Bering
Sea
ngi
cha
Lake Sea of
Baikal
Kam
A Okhotsk s
n
Al
Zey
a eutian Island
m
eer
n
ur
Sakhalin
gu
I A 3
Ar
ds
an
Ku
ril
Isl
ing
G o
b i
Sea of
(administered by
Russian Federation, .ne
ve
Japan
(East Sea)
claimed by Japan.)
t
r
Ri
Y ello w
P A C I F I C 16 4
gtze East
an C hina O C E A N
Y
Sea
Tropic of Cancer
0 km 800
S o ut h
Ch i na
Mekong
0 miles 800 5
Se a
125
E Downloaded
G H
Russia & Kazakhstan

A B C D
Arctic
NORWAY 66
A R C T I C
GERM
DENMARK
Circ
le
1 S W E D E N
ANY
Zemlya
Barents Sea Frantsa-
Iosifa
KALININGRAD D
(part of Russian FINLAN Murmansk
Federation)
ya
POLAND EST. Zeml
LAT. aya
ww LITH.
Pskov Sankt-Petersburg
Velikiy
N
ov
ar
s ko
ye
More
w Arkhangel’sk
UK
2 91 BELARUS Novgorod K
.Ea
RA
Cherepovets
IN
MOSCOW
syE
E
Vologda Vorkuta
MOLDOVA Bryansk
(the Ukrainian Tula Yaroslavl’ Nori’lsk
Syktyvkar r y
territory of
ngi
y
Ryazan’ b’ Salekhard
Yenise
Crimea was Nizhniy
o
Kirov
O
G
annexed by
Russia in Novgorod Zapadno-
Voronezh
n
e
2014)
Kazan’ Perm’
eer
iy
Sibirskaya
3
Rostov-na-Donu Izhevsk Serov R a v n i n a R U S
k
s
Volgograd
ing
l'
Sochi Samara Ufa Yekaterinburg Nizhnevartovsk

a
r
Vol g a
U
Stavropol’ Ural’sk Chelyabinsk F E D E
.ne
k)
GE
ha l
Nal’chik Orenburg
(Z U ra
yy
Kostanay
OR
Astrakhan’ Petropavlovsk Krasnoyarsk

t
GI
Groznyy Orsk
A
Rudnyy Omsk
ARM. Tomsk
Makhachkala Kokshetau Novosibirsk
4 102 KAZA
AZ. Aktau K HS ASTANA
Pavlodar Kemerovo
a
TA
Se
Aral N Barnaul
ian
Sea Karagandy Novokuznetsk

Zhezkazgan
sp
Semey
UZB
Ca
TU
R Kyzylorda Balkhash Ust’-Kamenogorsk
K
EK
M
IST
Shymkent Ozero
EN
Taraz Balkhash
Taldykorgan
IS
AN
5 IRAN
TA
KY Almaty
N
RGY
104
ZST A N C H I N A
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
Circle
Ostrov
O C E A N Vrangelya
18
ic
Arct
Also known as the “Road of Bones,” construction
of the 1262 mile (2031 km) road between Yakutsk 1
and Magadan took over twenty years and cost
the lives of a huge number of prisoners from Pevek
Anadyr’
Stalin’s notorious Gulag camps. Vostochno-
Severnaya Novosibirskiye Sibirskoye More Ambarchik Bering
Zemlya Ostrova Sea
ostww
l u myr
rov
More
Laptevykh
o
P Ta y
w
Ozero
Taymyr
.Ea Tiksi Ossora
134 2
syE Ust’-Kamchatsks
Verkh
Poluostov
Len
Olenëk
ngi Kamchatka
oy
a
ns Magadan
a
Srednesibirskoye kiy Petropavlovsk

K hrebet
Ploskogor'ye
S I A N Yakutsk n eer
Okhotsk
-Kamchatskiy
Sea of
3
S i
(Siberia)
b i r Suntar
ing
Okhotsk
nds
R A T I O N
Sakhalin.ne il Isla
na Komsomol’sk- t
Kur
Le
na-Amure
Kansk Skovorodno 134 4
Bratsk Ozero Yuzhhno-
Baykal Blagoveshchensk
Sakhalinsk
Chita Khabarovsk
Irkutsk A mur
Ulan-Ude JAPAN
C H I N A
The Trans-Siberian Railroad, completed in 1916, runs
Vladivostok
5578 miles (9297 km) between Moscow and Vladivostok.
Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. 0 km 500 5
MONGOLIA 110
0 miles 500
E Downloaded
G H
Turkey & the Caucasus
A B C D
ROMANIA 91
1 Black Sea
An average of 50,000 commercial ships pass through the
Bosporus a year, along with thousands of ferries and smaller
BULGARIA passenger boats. The strait is three times busier than the
Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal.
ww Edirne Kırklareli
Sinop
2 86
wG REECE Tekirdaê
Çanakkale .Ea Marmara

Bosporus
ƒstanbul
Zonguldak
Karabük
aê
Küre D lari
Kastamonu
Ca
ni
Samsun
syE k D Ordu
ak
Boêazi Denizi
aêla
(Dardanelles) ƒzmit Adapazarı lI
rm
ri
Bursa Çankırı
Ki
zi
Çorum
Çanakkale
Balıkesir ngi Eski∞ehir
ANKARA
Kırıkkale
Tokat
A n
Ayvalik Sivas
3 Lésvos
Manisa
Kütahya
n eaeTr t Uo l R i K
a
Chíos
ƒzmir U∞ak
Afyon
ing
Tuz
Gölü
Nev∞ehir
Kayseri
Sámos
Aydin
Konya.ne Niêde
Kahraman-
Bodrum
Muêla
Denizli ƒsparta
Antalya a
t
Ereêli
ar
i
ê l Adana Osmaniye
mara∞
4 87 Toros D
Tarsus Gaziantep
Dalaman
Mersin
Antalya ƒskenderun
Ródos
Kö rfezi
Megísti Antakya
Kárpathos TURKISH REPUBLIC OF
Kríti NORTHERN CYPRUS
Girne (recognized only by Turkey)
(Kyrenia)
Gazimaêusa
NICOSIA (Famagusta)
5
Mediterranean Paphos
Larnaca
Limassol
Sea CYPRUS LEBANON
54
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
RUSSIAN FEDERATION 93
The Spitak earthquake struck Armenia
in 1988, killing at least 25,000 people 1
and devastating the country’s infrastructure.
Gagra C a u Caspian
Sokhumi c a gur i
Ochamchire
Kutaisi
s u En Sea
G E O R G I A s
ww Poti
Batumi TBILISI Rustavi Quba
w
Trabzon Rize
Hopa
a êla
r i
.EaGyumri
Vanadzor
ARMENIA
Ku
ra
Gäncä
Mingäçevir
AZERBAIJAN
Sumqayıt 104
BAKU
2
iz D
Do ê u K
ar aden
Erzurum
syE
Kars
A r as
Sevana Lich Nagorno-
YEREVAN Karabakh
Xankändi
Erzincan Büyükaêri Daêi

(Mount Ararat) ngi Naxçıvan
Ar
as
E Y Mu∞
16,853ft (5137m)
Van
Gölü
n
AZERBAIJAN
eer
Länkäran
3
Elazig
T ig
Güney Do
gu Toro
slar
Van
ing
Azerbaijan has substantial oil reserves
located in and around the Caspian Sea.
.ne
ris
Malatya Siirt They were some of the earliest oilfields

Diyarbakır in the world to be exploited.
tan
Batman rdis
Adıyaman
flanliurfa
Mardin
Ku
I R A N t
The salty water of Lake Van inhibits all animal 102 4
life except the Pearl Mullet, a small fish that
has adapted to the harsh conditions.
Atatürk Dam, one of the largest dams in the world, was completed in 1990.
The reservoir behind the dam covers an area of 315 sq miles (816 sq km)
and often requires interruptions in the flow of the Euphrates River
to maintain water levels.
0 km 200
S Y R I A 5
I R A Q 0 miles 200
102
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
100
98 99
The Euphrates is 1700 miles (2470 km) long and drains
0 km 100
1 an area of 171,000 sq mi (443,000 sq km). Although 1
0 miles 100 less than 30 percent of the river's drainage basin is in
ww
Turkey, about 95 percent of the river's water originates
in the Turkish highlands. Tig
ris
w
T U R K E Y Al Qámishlí
The name of Lebanon is one of the oldest in
history, it was first mentioned in ancient
.Ea
texts 4000 years ago and appears over 70
NORTH & WEST ASIA
times in the Old Testament of the Bible.

2 87 Al Íasaksh 102 2
A‘záz
syE
A
The Near East
Buíayrat
J
al-Asad Ar Raqqah a
Íalab z
Idlib í r
ngi
a h
n
Dayr az Zawr
Sea
Orant
Eu
Al Ládhiqíyah ph
es
3
S Y R I A r 3
at
Íamáh
es
eer
CYPRUS
an
e
Tar√ús Íim∞ Tudmur
an
ing
r
Tripoli
er
LEBANON IRAQ

n
it
Baalbek
.ne
no
BEIRUT ba t Manufactured by a secret process,
ed
4 Zahlé e Damascus steel was much prized 4
ni
-L
in the preindustrial era as an
M
Saïda
ti
extremely hard metal used for
Lita
Golan DAMASCUS
An
Soûr Syrian high quality sword blades.
Heights Al Qunay√irah
Lake
Tiberias As Suwaydá’
Hefa Desert
Natzrat Dar‘á
WEST Irbid
Al Mafraq The shores of the Dead Sea are
5 BANK 5
Jordan
Petah the lowest land on the Earth’s
Tikva Az Zarqá’ surface, at 1401 ft (427 m) below
Tel Aviv-Yafo As Sal√ AMMAN sea level. The water within the
Holon Jericho
lake is eight to nine times saltier
ww
Bethlehem JERUSALEM
Dead than ocean water.
Gaza ISRAEL Sea
w
GAZA STRIP JORDAN
(under West Bank
Palestinian
Al Karak
Be’er Sheva 0 km 20
administration)
0 miles 20
.Ea
A√ ◊alfílah Jenín
6 6
HaN egev Qabátiya
Wádí Músá (Petra) Túlkarm
Náblus
Qalqílya
Ma‘án
Jo rd a n
Jiftlik
syE
Mas-ha
.
Post
Khirbet el
Ramallah 'Aujá et
Tahtá
.
Nu'eima
ngi
54 Elat Jericho
Al ‘Aqabah JERUSALEM
n
7 Bethlehem 102 7
Every day 7 million
Hebron D e ad
R D A N
tons (tonnes) of water The ancient city of Petra was carved

I S R A E L
Sea
evaporates from from solid rock by the Nabatean
eer
the Dead Sea. people in about 400 BCE. It remained
J O
largely unknown until a Swiss

Major settlement
f Aqa b a
explorer, J. L. Burckhardt, heard of Israeli settlement
EGYPT
its whereabouts from the local Area under Palestinian administration

G Bedouins in 1812. ing
Gulf o
ul
f
of

8 8
.ne
S A U D I A R A B I A
Su
NORTH & WEST ASIA
ez
Red Sea
102 102
101
A B C D E
A B C D E
102
93 96
UKRAINE
0 km 400
RUSSIAN KAZAKHSTAN
1 Crimea was annexed by FEDERATION 0 miles 400 1
Russia in 2014)
ww
It is thought that Abdul Kassem Ismael, the Grand Vizier of Persia
Sea of at the end of the 10th century, decided to take his entire library
w
Azov with him wherever he went. The 117,000 volume A ra l
library was carried by 400 camels trained to walk S ea
in alphabetical order.
C
Bla
.Ea
ck C a UZBEK
a
u c IS
NORTH & WEST ASIA
s
98 Se a s TA
a GEORGIA u N
s
pi
2 Four thousand years ago Babylonian law 104 2
laid down a minimum wage for every
an
syE
class of workers in the kingdom.
AR
M AZERBAIJAN
EN
IA TURKMENISTAN
T U R K E Y
The Middle East
Sea
A AZ.
ngi
na
tolia Khvoy
Tabríz Ardabíl
n
N
Tigris Marágheh Rasht

Zanján Sárí Gorgán Mashhad
CYPRUS Al Maw§il Arbíl Ámol
Sabzevár
STA
3 (Mosul) Qazvín Neyshábúr 3

SYRI A
eer
Kirkúk Sanandaj TEHRÁN
NI
Hamadán
A
LEBANON I R A Q e Kavír
H
Kermánsháh Qom D a s h t -
Buíayrat ath Arák Káshán G
ISRAEL Tharthár AF
ing
BAGHDÁD I R A N
(
AN Dezfúl Yazd
D
h
An Najaf
R
K Z ag
Eu á E§fahán
u ro
-
h s
ph

JO
rate M ye
s Iranian
.ne Kermán
4 Al Jawf
Sakákah
d
t Al Ba§rah
(Basra)
Ahváz ount Z á
Ábádán
ain g
s) r o P l a t e a u
s Záhedán PA 4
KI
KUWAIT
in
fú
Jab
Tabúk Shiráz
á√
ST
CITY Khásh
al
Na
lB
as
An a Bandar-e Búshehr
AN
h
í KUWAIT
Sh ád Bandar-e Hámún-e
Pe Gu
ia
Íá’il W n
rs lf
ifá
‘Abbás Jaz Múríán
Buraydah A BAHRAIN
ah
A
d
Rim MANAMA
r ar
ádí QATAR Dubayy Ash Sháriqah (Sharjah)
D
a W
a
Al Hufúf Gulf of Oman ancer
b DOHA ropic of C
T
EGYP
RIYADH fluíár
hn
T
5 Al Madínah i Íaraç ABU DHABI 5
(Medina)
á’
a UNITED ARAB Ar Rustáq MUSCAT
n
R e
EMIRATES Nazwá Ramlat flúr
Makkah P e
Ál Wahíbah
d
(Mecca) Laylá
ww
n i n s u l a
N
Jiddah Jazírat
(Jedda) A√ ◊á’if SA U D I A R A B I A Ma§írah
w
A
As Sulayyil Khalíj
hálí Duqm Ma§írah
SUDAN
S e
‘ al K M
a
Ar Rub Quarter)
Abhá ty
.Ea
(Emp
Sanáw
O flawqirah
6 6
Najrán Juzur al Íaláníyát
Wuday‘ah
A
Jízán
RE
Jazá’ir fla‘dah N flalálah
IT
Farasán Say’ún t
Arabian
syE
SANA
E aw
ER
Al Hudaydah lat yn Sea
Ram ‘ata
ab
M Ía ç r a m Sayíút
as S E Saudi Arabia has around
Ta‘izz Y Al Mukallá 267 billion barrels of proven
Suqutrá
ngi
(Socotra) oil reserves, with around
60 percent of this still
n
e n (to Yemen)
Ad
7 55 ‘Adan Gul
f of remaining. At maximum 122 7
DJIBOUTI output, the region can
produce around 10 million
The name “Red Sea” is probably
eer
barrels of oil every day.
derived from the extensive blooms
of algae that occasionally occur.
These change pigment when they die,
turning the sea’s normally intense
INDIAN OCEAN
blue-green waters a deep red. ingEvery Muslim must make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca during his or her

8 ETHIOPIA .ne lifetime. Muslims regard the small shrine called the Ka’bah, located near 8
the center of the Great Mosque in Mecca, as the most sacred place on Earth.
NORTH & WEST ASIA
55
t SOMALIA 122
103
A B C D E
Central Asia
A B C D
96
Aral
Since 1960, the Aral Sea has shrunk Sea
1 by 90 percent, becoming extremely d
Ustyurt
n
saline and consequently losing all
la
but one of its once-abundant Plateau
w
fish species.
Lo
Nukus
Köneürgenç UZBEKISTAN
ww Da§oguz Urganch Uchquduq
n
To‘rtko‘l
Zarafshon
ra
2 99
w Türkmenba§y
.E
Aydarko'l
Tu
Hazar Balkanabat Ko'li
C a s p i a n as
Bereket TURKMENISTAN Navoiy
Gara Buxoro
Sea yE Serdar
Baharly
gum Seÿdi
Samarqand
ngi Gökdepe Türkmenabat Qarshi
Am
Abadan
u
Saÿat ar
D
G
3 n
AflGABAT
Kaka
ar
eer
ag
Tejen
um
Mary
K a n aly
Baÿramaly
Atamyrat
ya
The desert of Kara Kum (Garagum) occupies ing Murgap

Áqchah
Shibirghān
Mazár-e Sharíf
over 70 percent of Turkmenistan, severely limiting
human settlement across much of the country.
Bālā Murghāb
.ne Maīmanah
I R A N
Serhetabat
Herát
t D a ry á -ye M
H a r í r úd
ur g
háb
4 102
The Kara Kum (Garagum) Canal, the world’s AFGHANISTAN

longest irrigation canal, stretches some 850 miles
(1375 km) and is known as the “River of Life,”
Faráh
since it irrigates large areas of arid land.
Qalāt
Gereshk
w
o
rg
Má Kandahár
Zaranj t-e-
0 km 200 Dash
5
Da
ryá nd
0 miles 200 - y e H el m a
102
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
97
1
K A Z A K H S T A N
BISHKEK Tyup
Kara-Balta
Tokmak Ozero Karakol
ww
TASHKENT Chirchiq
Talas
KYRGYZSTAN T i e n u
S
Issyk-Kul’ h a
n
Olmaliq wNamangan
Angren
Qo‘qon .Ea
Dzhalal-Abad
Andijon
Osh
Kok
Naryn l - T
sh
aa
a 108 2
Ûroteppa
Sulyukta
Khûjand Farg‘ona
syE
Khaydarkan The “Epic of Manas” is a verbally transmitted
poem of close to 500,000 lines that tells the
DUSHANBE
Zeravshan
Su
TAJIKISTAN
rkhob
ngi
story of Kyrgyz hero Manas and his
descendants and followers.
Norak
n
P
eer
Danghara Murghob
Qûrghon- tang
Bar
a
teppa Kulob 3
C H I N A
m
Khorugh
Farkhor
Termez m ir r
ing
i
Khulm Faīzābād Pa s
Kunduz
Baghlán
du
K ush
.ne
Until recent years, people living in remote areas of
t
Pul-e n Afghanistan were immunized against smallpox by
Khumrī Hi having dried powdered scabs from victims of the
Cháríkár
Asadábád disease blown up their noses. This treatment was
invented by the Chinese in the 11th century, and is
KABUL Jalálábád thought to be the oldest form of vaccination. 108 4
Ghazní
Gardēz
Despite an area of 251,771 sq miles (652,090 sq km),
Afghanistan has a limited road network and no
railroads whatsoever, making access to much
of the country extremely difficult.
P A K I S T A N I N D I A 5
116
E Downloaded
G H
106 SOUTH & EAST ASIA
South & East Asia

A B C D
94 Lake
Black
Irty
Ye
Sea Baikal
ni
h se
s
y
a
Aral
Se
1 Sea Uvs Nuur
pian Hovsgol Nuur
Lake Balkhash Alt
Syr
ai
M MONGOLIA
Da
ou
Cas
nt
rya
ai
ns
Tien Shan b
i
G o R iv e r
ww Ira ni a n
A S I A
Y e l low
ush Takla Makan Shan
Pl a t ea u du K tun
Hin Desert Al
2 94
w Kunlun Mounta
ins
Persia
.Ea s
H
Plateau
I ndu
lej im al of C H I N A
n
ul Sut
Yamuna
syE
G
ay ek
M
f
PAKISTAN Tibet o gtze
rt a s Br a h m a p u t
Salwe an
ng
Y
e
Gu
Gan
es N ra en
D EP
lf
O ar Mount Everest 29,029ft (8848m)

of
Th
ngi
AL
ge
ma s
n BHUTAN
f
Rann o y
Kachch h
Re
n
ad
BANGLADESH R Xi
d
Irraw
eer
iv Jian
3 Gulf of
I N D I A e r g
MYANMAR VIETNAM
Khambhat c c a n
D e ats
ing
West
(BURMA) LAOS
Arabian Gh Hainan
n
er Mekon
Sea
.ne
ern
Bay of g
st
Ea
THAILAND
Bengal
Gha
Laccadive Islands
(to India)
t CAMBODIA
ts
Andaman Islands Tônle Sap

(to India) Andaman
SRI LANKA Sea Gulf of
4 51 Gulf of Thailand
Mannar Nicobar Islands
Equat MALDIVES (to India)
or
M ALAY
I N D I A N
SINGAPORE
Su
m
at
O C E A N
ra
Java
5
Java
123
A Downloaded
C D
SOUTH & EAST ASIA 107
E F G H
95
Am u r Sakhalin
un
1
ge
rg
A
Ran
Manchuria
Hokkaido
gan
Plain Lake Khanka 0 km 1000

hin
L i ao H Sea of
0 miles 1000
e
tK
Japan JAPAN
u
ea
(East Sea)
al
NORTH
Gr
shu
ww
KOREA
Hon
SOUTH
KOREA
Gr
w
it
Yellow
ea
134
ra
St 2
tP
Shikoku
ea
.Ea
Sea
Kor
la
PACIFIC
i
Kyushu
n
fC
o
hi
na
East China
syE
n ds
Sea
s la
uI
it
ngi O C E A N
ky
ra
yu
R
St
n
wa
nee
Tai
TAIWAN Northern
Ph i l i p p i n e Marianas Is. 3
(to US)
Paracel Islands
Luzon Strait
S ea rin
(disputed)
South China
Luzon Guam
g.n
(to US)
Sea
Spratly
Islands
(disputed) Palawan
PHILIPPINES M i c r o
et
n e s i a
Equ
ator
Sulu
Sea
Mindanao 134 4
M e l a n e s
BRUNEI Celebes
S I A
Sea Halmahera Bismarck Arch i a
ipel
ago
Borneo Moluccas Solomon
Islands
Seram Pegun ung an Maoke
I N D O N E S I A New Guinea Solomon
Celebes Sea
Banda Sea
Sea Flores
Islands Arafura 5
S e a Lesser Sunda Sea
EAST TIMOR
Coral
Timor 124 Sea
E Downloaded
G H
Western China & Mongolia

A B C D
96
The Altai Mountains provide one of the R U S S I A N F E D

1
last refuges for the endangered snow
leopard. There are thought to be only
a few thousand animals left in the wild.
Hövsgöl
Nuur
K A Z A K H S TA N A l
Ulaangom Uvs Nuur
The Turpan Depression is the lowest and hottest t a Ölgiy Hyargas Mörön
ww place in China. Temperatures can exceed

117˚F (47˚C) around the lake of Aydingkol Hu,
which lies 505 ft (154 m) below sea level.
Altay
i
M Har Us Nuur
Hovd
Nuur
Ha
n g a Tsetserleg
yn Nu
w
ruu
o
2 96
M O N G
u
Ulungur n
0 km
.Ea
400 Karamay
Kuytun
Hu
Junggar
t
a Altay
i n
s
Bayanhongor
syE
Pendi
0 miles 400
Yining
Shihezi
K Y R G Y Z S TA N ÜRÜMQI Qitai G Govï
T i
e n
ngi
S h a n
Turpan
Bosten Hu
Hami
Dalain Hob
o
3
TA J I K
I ST
A Yengisar
Kashi Ta r
Tar n
i m H Korla
e
im Basin
XINJIANG UYGUR eer Lop Nur

Xingxingxia
GANSU
ing
N
Shache Qilian
Yecheng ZIZHIQU Ruoqiang Sh
AFGH. an
(claimed Taklimakan han
n S
.ne
Ka
by India) Shamo u
N Moyu lt Q
ra
A ai Qinghai Hu
o Qira da
A
ra m
t
ST
m Kunlun Shan Golmud

Pen
di
Range
KI
Dulan
PA
I
Aksai Chin
(administered by China, claimed C H I
nd
4 116 by India) Qingzang Gaoyuan Q I N G H A I

us
Rutog ( P l at eau of T i bet ) To n g t i a n He Ba

Demchok/Dêmqog yan
Har Shan
(administered by China, X I Z A N G M
claimed by India) Gar Tanggula eko
(Shiquanhe) Z I Z H I Q U Sha n g Yushu
Zanda n
H (Tibet) Amdo
I N D I A i m Br
a
Tangra Nyima Siling Co
Nagqu Salw Qamdo
a hmapu Yumco e
Jinsha
Nam Co Damxung
en
Although forming around l a tra a i n q ê ntanglha Shan

y a Lhazê Ny
N
20 percent of China’s landmass, E

Jiang
Tibet is sparsely populated, P s LHASA Arunáchal

5 A
supporting only 1 percent of China’s L Gyangzê Pradesh
Mount Everest (claimed by China)
1.3 billion population.
117 29,029ft (8848m) BHUTAN INDIA
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
97
)
un H e
( E rg r g u n
Gegen
E R A T I O N Gol The name Gobi Desert is derived
Ling
Jagdaqi from Mongolian, meaning “waterless 1
Hulun Buir place.” Bare rock rather than sand
n
a
n
Ono (Hailar) dunes typify the cold desert landscape
ng
Da Hingga
Se l e
that stretches for some 500,000

Sühbaatar Manzhouli Hulun sq miles (1,295,000 sq km).
Darhan Nur
HEILONGJIANG
Erdenet
Bulgan ULAN
ww BATOR Menengiyn
Öndörhaan Tal
len
JILIN
O L I A wK e r u Baruun-Urt U Tongliao 112 2

Q
I
.Ea Z
H
Z I lia
)
Saynshand Xilinhot
go
Dalandzadgad
Altayn
Erenhot
syE
O
M (In
N G
n
O Mon
e r
L
Chifeng
(Ulanhad)
LIAONING
NORTH
S e a of Jap an
( E a st S e a)
b
Nuru
u
i N E I
Ulan
(Jining)
Qab K o
Bay
r
ngi
e a
KOREA
SOUTH
n
HOHHOT BEIJING
u an g H e Baotou
TIANJIN Bo Hai KOREA
eer 3
H
Wuhai Having started in the 7th century BCE, work on the

(Haibowan) Mu Us 3700 mile (6000 km) long Great Wall of China
ing JAPAN
in ll
Shadi continued for hundreds of years. A major renovation

Ch a
a
of at W
begun in 1386 took 200 years to complete.
.ne
e
)
ver
Gr
SHANXI
NINGXIA Yellow
Ri
XINING
N GANSU
HUIZU
ZIZHIQU
ASHAANXI
Huang H
e (Y
e llo
w
The Huang He (Yellow River) has flooded more

JIANGSU
Sea
East
t
than 1500 times in the last 1800 years. In 1931, 113 4
catastrophic flooding was responsible for the China
deaths of 3.7 million people. The river has also
otó
changed its course at least nine times. Sea

h
HUBEI ZHEJIANG
an)
o J i-s
ap
SICHUAN
se
CHONGQING Despite a population of 1.3 billion, China

n
(t
has only about 200 family names.

a
N
ncer
HUNAN
JIANGXI
ic o f Ca 5
FUJIAN
TAIWAN
Trop
YUNNAN
GUIZHOU 111
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
110
109 97
1 Whereas European languages such as English or French The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium in 1
use an alphabet of 26 letters, the Chinese language uses P’yongyang, North Korea, has a seating
ww
a system of over 40,000 characters or symbols. capacity of 150,000, making it the
largest in the world.
w
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Amur (H
ei
.Ea
The “Yongle Dadian,” an encyclopedia of the Chinese Ming lon
g
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
dynasty, had 22,937 chapters in 11,000 volumes. More than Jia
Xi
ng
2000 Chinese scholars worked on the book for five years a

)
2 108 before it was finished. 112 2

o H
i n
syE
gg
an
Li
Tangshan, China, suffered the deadliest earthquake of the

ng
20th century on July 28, 1976. One-quarter of the population Qiqihar
ngi
was killed or seriously injured, with an estimated death Lake
HEILONGJIANG
n
toll of 250,000 people. Khanka
HARBIN
3 M O N G O L I A Mudanjiang 3
CHANGCHUN
eer
XINJIANG Tiananmen Square in Beijing is the largest Jilin
Eastern China & Korea
UYGUR public square in the world, covering an J I L I N Ch’ôngjin

ZIZHIQU U
area of 100 acres (40.5 hectares). IQ Sea of
ZH SHENYANG Baishan
ZI Fuxin Fushun Japan
Q i N E I
ing NG
OL )
M O ongol
r M
ia
Datong
Jinzhou
LIAONING NORTH (East
Haicheng KOREA Sea)
l i
(Inne
Dandong Hamhûng

a n l Tangshan Dalian P’YÔNGYANG
S
.neW
al a
n BEIJING TIANJIN
4
h
a
n
YINCHUAN re t
at hi
G o f C Shijiazhuang
TAIYUAN
TIANJIN SHI Bo
HEBEI
Namp’o
Hai Korea Bay SEOUL KOREA
SOUTH 4
SHANDONG SEJONG CITY Daegu
NINGXIA Handan JINAN
Zibo Qingdao Daejeon Busan
QINGHAI
it
LANZHOU SHANXI Anyang

ra
Gwangju
R i ver)
(Yellow
Xinxiang Zaozhuang
Huang He
St
t a
S trai re
GANSU Luoyang Xuzhou Jeju Ko
XI’AN JIANGSU Jeju-do
Ya
ZHENGZHOU Kaifeng JAPAN
Hanzhong Bengbu Ye l l o w
lon
HENAN
g
XIZANG SICHUAN SHAANXI Huainan Nanjing S e a
ZIZHIQU Mianyang S i c h u a n HEFEI
J ian
HUBEI SHANGHAI
g
5 (Tibet) Pendi Wuxi 5
ANHUI
CHENGDU Lichuan WUHAN Jiaxing
H
HANGZHOU
C H CHONGQING Yueyang
I Jingdezhen
N A
eng
Ningbo E a s t Ch i n a
Jinhua
ww
Jinsha J
Leshan Zigong CHONGQING
g NANCHANG ZH EJ I A N G Sea
iang
ze
CHANGSHA Shangrao Wenzhou Okinawa
gt an
Fuzhou
duan S
n) t ó
Ji a n
an
GUIZHOU
g
HUNAN
ha
pa
JIANGXI (China and Taiwan
(Y ng Ji
C
Ja h o
Guiyang FUZHOU claim all of each
han
s
of i - s
Hengyang F U J I A N other's territory)

t e
t
KUNMING an
N par
rai
(
S a l w e en
.Ea
Xiamen
St
6 Liuzhou TAIBEI (TAIPEI) 6
n
YUNNAN G U AN GXI G UA N G D O N G Cancer
ZH U A NGZU Taizhong Tropic of
iwa
(BURM
Z IZ HI QU Shantou
Wulian
Tainan
Mek
Ta
GUANGZHOU Dongguan
M Y A N MA )
ong
TAIWAN
g S
NANNING
AR
Gaoxiong
Re
h
syE
d
Hong
Macao
an
Ri
v
Kong PACIFIC
er
(Special Admin. (Special Administrative
Region) tra it
Region) on S
LAOS Luz
ngi
Hainan Dao Li is the family name OCEAN
HAINAN
G
for over 87 million
ul
7 118 The Giant Bamboo is the people in China. 134 7
f
Paracel
V
fastest growing plant in
of
Islands
the world, able to grow at
To
IE
(disputed by China,
eer
the rate of 3 ft (90 cm) a day. SOUTH KOREA’S TWO CAPITALS
ng
Taiwan and Vietnam)
ki
TN
ng
THAILAND Seoul - capital
South Sejong City - administrative capital
AM
China
CAMBODIA
ing Sea By far the biggest tidal bore in the world occurs
on the Qiantang River in China. At spring tides
Spratly Islands the wave attains a height of up to 30 ft (9 m)

0 km 400
8 (disputed by China, 8
.ne Malaysia, Philippines, and a speed of 25 mph (40 km/h).
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
0 miles 400
118
t Taiwan and Vietnam)
121
PHILIPPINES
111
A B C D E
A B C D E
112
97 97
Kuril Islands
1
Ostrov (administered by the 1
Russian Federation,
ION
Sakhalin claimed by Japan)
ww
AT
Sea of
R
w
C H I N A La Pérouse Str
ai t Okhotsk
Japan
Wakkanai Ostrov
DE
Rebun-tó Iturup
Ostrov
Rishiri-tó
FE
Kunashir
Ostrov
N
.Ea
Abashiri Shikotan
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
IA
Asahikawa Kitami
SS
2 110 Nemuro 134 2
RU
Sapporo Kushiro
syE
Otaru Obihiro
Hokkaidó
Tomakomai
ngi
Okushiri-tó Hakodate
n
At 33.4 miles (53.8 km), 14.3 miles (23.3 km)
A
of which lie under the Tsugaru Strait, the Seikan
Tunnel is currently the longest tunnel in the Aomori
Hachinohe
RE
3 world. Construction began in 1964 and took 3
24 years to complete.
eer
KO
Morioka
Sea of Japan Akita
Honshú
(East Sea) ing JAPAN On Friday March 11, 2011
NORTH
a 9.0 magnitude earthquake
The Toyota Motor Corporation was first established in Sendai struck off the east coast of

.ne
1937 as a spin-off from Toyoda Automatic Loom
Sado Niigata Japan triggering massive
4
t
Works. In 2012, the company became the first in
the world to produce 10 million vehicles a year, Shinano-gawa
equivalent to one every 3.1 seconds.
Fukushima
Kóriyama
tsunami waves up to 133 ft
(40 m) high that devastated
coastal regions and left a
4
Iwaki
Toyama death toll in excess of
Liancourt Rocks Hitachi 15,000 people.
(under South Nagano
Kanazawa Mito
Korean control)
Fukui TÓKYO
Oki-shotó Kawasaki
Biwa-ko Chiba
SOUTH Tottori Yokohama
Matsue Nagoya
KOREA
it
Okazaki The same family has occupied the
Kóbe
ra
5 Hamada Okayama Kyóto Imperial Throne of Japan for the 5
St
a
Hamamatsu
re Kurashiki Ósaka last 1300 years. The present-day
K o TsushimaHiroshima Wakayama emperor, Akihito, is the 125th
Shimonoseki Yamaguchi in succession.
ww
I z u
Shingú
-
Kitakyúshú Matsuyama Tokushima
Iki Kóchi Hachijó-jima
s
w
Fukuoka Óita Shikoku
Sasebo Aoga-shima
ho
Nakamura
Nagasaki
Kumamoto
tó
Gotó-rettó Kyúshú
.Ea
Amakusa-nada On August 12, 1990, Typhoon Winona, combined with
6 Miyazaki 6
the summer vacation rush, created the longest traffic
Kagoshima jam in Japan's history, an 84-mile long tailback
involving about 15,000 vehicles.
syE
Tanega-shima
Ósumi-shotó
Yaku-shima The longest single span suspension bridge in the
world is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge linking Honshu
ngi
East China and Shikoku, with a central span of 6352 ft (1991 m);
the total length shore to shore is 12,831 ft (3911 m),
n
7 111 Sea or 2.4 miles (3.9 km). 134 7
tó
t
Philippine Sea
re
eer
ú-
Tokuno-shima
y
The martial art of Karate, meaning “empty hand,”
originated in Okinawa. This complex fighting
úk
Amami-Ó-shima
system is now taught throughout the world.
Ry
Okinawa 0 km 200
ing P A C I F I C
Naha 0 miles 200

8 8
.ne
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
134
t O C E A N
134
113
A B C D E
Southern India & Sri Lanka

A B C D
Mumbai Kalyán Nánded

116
n
(Bombay) Nizámábád
Pune
a
W e
1 Solápur
Kri
c c
The Mumbai (Bombay) movie industry, known as sh
n Hyderábád
s t
Bollywood, makes around 900 films each year,
a
compared to Hollywood's 100, making it the most I N D I A
prolific film-producing country in the world.
e r
Hubli
D e
Belgaum
Pánáji Kurnool
n
ww A r a b i a n Dávangere Anantapur
Ka rná taka
G h
2 103
w.ES e a Mangalore Bangalore Vellore
a t
Mysore
Amíndívi Is.
asy Salem
Tamil
s
Lakshadweep Nadu
E (part of India)
ngi
Kozhikode / Calicut
Kavaratti I. Coimbatore
Ernákulam
Tiruchchi-
ráppalli
Keral a
The word ghats, literally “stairs that Kalpeni I.
3
descend to a river,” refers to the
stair-like appearance of the slopes
of the Western Ghats mountain
n eer
Kochi / Cochin
Thiruvananthapuram /
Madurai
Gulf
range, as they descend to
the coastal plain. Minicoy I.
ing Tivandrum of
MannarNágercoil
.ne
Ihavananthapuram
MALDIVES
Atoll
t
4 55
There are over 1300 islands in the Maldives
but only about 200 are inhabited. All the MALE’
islands are low-lying, none rising more
than 6 ft (1.8m) above sea level.
INDIAN
Kolhumadulu Atoll
0 km 300
0 miles 300
5
Equator
Huvadhu Atoll OCEAN
123
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
God
áv
a 117
ts
ri
Andhra a B a y MYANMAR
h
Pradesh n G Visákhapatnam (BURMA) 1
er o f
a s t Rájahmundry
E
Vijayawáda B e n g a l M
ou th of the
s
Irra w addy
Ongole
Nellore
ww The Indian cobra is often displayed
by snake charmers. The cobras
appear to respond to the music North Andaman
Kánchípuram
w
Chennai
(Madras)
played by the charmer, but, like
.Ea
all snakes, they are deaf and
only follow the movements of
the charmer.
Middle Andaman
Port Blair
Andaman
Islands
(part of India)
119 2
Pondicherry
syE South Andaman
Little Andaman
Palk Strait
Jaffna
ngi
One of the world’s largest tea
producers, Sri Lanka has over
Andaman
Sea
Mannar n
722 sq miles (1870 sq km)
eer
of land under tea cultivation, yielding
about 300,000 tons (tonnes) a year,
Nicobar
Islands
3
Trincomalee
Batticaloa
and accounting for almost 10
percent of global production. ing
Great
(part of India)
Indira
Kandy
COLOMBO
SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA KOTTE
Nicobar
.ne
Point
Galle SRI LANKA

Matara
At 7:58 am on December 26, 2004, an earthquake
t
INDONESIA
Sumatra
120 4
just off the coast of Sumatra measuring 9.1 on the
Richter scale triggered a massive and devastating
Tsunami that advanced across the Indian Ocean,
killing over 230,000 people and leaving millions
homeless in eleven countries.
SRI LANKA’S TWO CAPITALS

Colombo - administrative capital
Equator
Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte - legislative capital 5
123
E Downloaded
G H
North India & Pakistan

A B C D
(claimed by India)
104
u Kush Ka
Hind
The Karakoram Highway K2
ra 28,251ft
1 (A "line of control" ko
was finally completed in ra
1986 after 24,000 workers
was set between In d us m (8611m)
India and Pakistan
had toiled for almost 20 in 1972) Mardán
R
years. The road climbs to Pesháwar
an
ge
15,397 ft (4693 m) ISLÁMÁBÁD
at the Khunjerab Pass. Ráwalpindi
Jamu &
Jhelum Gujrát Kashmir
ww AFGHANISTAN
g
P u n j a b h e ná b Gujránwála
Sargodha
C
Amritsar
e
n
2 102
w .Ea Quetta
T ob a K á kar
R a
Dera Gházi
Lahore
Faisalábád
Jalandhar
Ludhiána
Okára Chandígarh
s ISTAN
P A KyE
Chágai H i l l s
Khán Multán
Baháwalpur Meerut
IRA N
ngi Shikárpur us
Rahímyár Khán NEW DELHI
Delhi
3
akrá
n Ra nee
g e
n Lárkána
In d
Sukkur
T h a r De
s e
Bíkáner
r t Jaipur Ágra
C e nt ral M
rin
Nawábsháh
Jodhpur Ajmer
Gwalior
g.n Hyderábád
Rajásthán
Kota
Karáchi
et
s
I ndu
Tropic of C
ancer
Mo e I
I N D
th
Rann
ut
0 km 200 nd hs o of Kachchh
us f
4 103 G ul Gánhídhám Ahmadábád Bhopál
0 miles 200 f of K
achc h h G ujarát Indore
A r a b i a n Jámnagar Rájkot Vadodara M a d h y a
a
Porbandar N armad
Nágpur
S e a Bhávnagar
Súrat Mahárashtra
On January 26, 2001, a massive G ulf Damán
of
earthquake devastated the Gujarat Khambhát Nánded
Náshik
region of India, costing some 25,000 lives.
D e c
5 Kalyán
Mumbai
(Bombay) Pune Nizámábád
Ceasefire Line
114
Solápur
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
XINJIANGUYGUR 108
ZIZHIQU The northern ranges of the Himalayas contain the highest
mountains in the world, with average heights of more than 1
Aksai Chin
(adminstered by China, 23,000 ft (7000 m) and many peaks higher
claimed by India) than 26,000 ft (8000m).
C H I N A QINGHAI
Demchok/Dêmqog Cherrapunji, 4872 ft (1484 m) above sea level, has an average
(administered by China,
claimed by India)
ww annual rainfall of 450 inches (1143 cm), although most of this
falls during the monsoon – the winter is a virtual drought.
The highest-ever seasonal rainfall was 904 inches (2298 cm).
XIZANG ZIZHIQU
w(Tibet)
H .Ea The Kingdom of Bhutan is
the only country in the world Arunachal Pradesh
108 2
i
m s
a l yE
to measure the happiness
of its citizens.
(claimed by China)
Bareilly
N
E
Mount Everest
29,029ft (8848m)
a ny gai s
Uttar
Pradesh
P
A
KATHMANDU
Gangtok
L
nee
THIMPHU
BHUTAN 3
Kánpur
Lucknow
Patna
Birátnagar
Saidpur r ah
ma p u t r a
Guwáháti
ing
Dispur Kohíma
Váránasi
.ne
Br
Yam
un Ganges Jamálpur
a Imphál
Bihár Sylhet
I
Allahábád
A
Gaya
Rájsháhi
Dhanbád W e s t DHAKA
Comilla
BANGLADESH
t Tropic of Can
cer
Ránchi Bengal 118 4

Jabalpur Chittagong
Kolkata Khulna
(Calcutta)
Pradesh e
s
ng MYANMAR
he Ga
Raipur Mouth s o f t (BURMA)
M
ah
ána dí B a y
n Orissa Cuttack The heaviest hailstones
c a
s on record, weighing about
at o f 2.25 lbs (1 kg), are
Gh reported to have killed 92 5
Godá n B e n g a l people in the Gopalganj
er
ve
r area of Bangladesh on
st
115
i
Ea
Warangal Visákhapatnam April 14, 1986.
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
118
108 111
One of the world’s largest “books” is a collection of sacred
1 Around 60 percent of Myanmar’s Buddhist texts engraved onto 730 polished marble slabs. 1
cultivated land is given over to Each “page” is 1.5 m (5.0 ft) high, 1.0 m (3.5 ft) wide,
ww
growing rice , producing almost and 12.7 cm (5 in) thick.
20 million tons (tonnes)
w
each year.
C H I N A
ange
nR
mo
.Ea
Ku
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
INDIA Every year around 300–500 million people
inn
worldwide are infected with malaria from
dw
2 135 the bite of female Anopheles Mosquitos, of 111 2
in
which between 1 and 3 million die, making
Ch
Bhamo
syE
this the deadliest animal in the world.
Katha
dy
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer
Irrawad
ngi
M Y A N M A R
R
n
Bl
ed
ac
Monywa Mandalay Phôngsali Lang Sòn

k
R
iv
Ri
er
Pakokku ve
g
Shan Plateau r
Ou
3 n 3
Ha Long
e ko
Chauk Taunggyi HANÓI
eer
M Hai Phong
Sittwe Xam Nua
( B U R M A ) Mek o n g
Nam Ãinh
ee n Louangphabang
lw
Mainland Southeast Asia
Gulf
Sa
NAY PYI TAW

Ramree
Island
Pyay
Toungoo ing Chiang Mai
L
Pek
Xaignabouri
of
Tonkin
Sit
A Vinh

tou
Bay of VIENTIANE
Hinthada
.ne
ng
t Sirikit
Ma
Bago
e
Bengal Res. V
O
4 Insein 4
Na
Thaton Udon Thani Thakhèk

m
Pathein I
Yangon (Rangoon) Pa-an
Pi
n Khon Kaen Khanthabouli E Huê
g
M
S
T
I r r o u t h s o f t h e Pyapon Mawlamyine Ãa Nâng

awa
ddy THAILAND
Nakhon Sawan Ubon Attapu
Nakhon
Ratchathani
N
Srinagarind Ratchasima
Res. Ayutthaya Muang Không ôn
K g
e
Dawei
nl
BANGKOK Phumî S t œe
Quy Nhòn
Sâmraông Tô
ng
5 Bâtdâmbang 5
Ratchaburi
A M
Stœng Treng
Sê n
M e k ong
Chon Buri Tônlé Sap
Bangkok's full ceremonial Pattaya Nha Trang
Myeik CA MB O D IA
name is:
ww
Krungthepmahanakhon Ko Chang Kâmpóng Ãa Lat
Chhnâng Kâmpóng Cham
Amonrattanakosin Gulf of
w
Mahintharayutthaya Mergui Svay Riêng
PHNOM PENH
Mahadilokphop Archipelago Thailand
Sihanoukville Kâmpôt
Noppharatratchathaniburirom Chumphon M Hô Chi Minh
(Kâmpóng Saôm)
g
eko
Udomratchaniwetmahasathan ng
on
Isthmus of Kra
.Ea
ek
Amonphimanawatansathit Rach Gia Cân Thò

6 Ko Phangan M 6
Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit, e
Ko Samui th
which is the longest place of
Surat Thani Nakhon Si u ths
name in the world. Mo
Thammarat
syE
Ko Phuket Following years of conflict, it is
Nicobar Islands
(part of India) Phuket
Trang estimated that as many as 6 million
Songkhla landmines remain buried in
Andaman Hat Yai Pattani the soils of Cambodia.
ngi
Yala
Sea
n
7 115 122 7
The world's smallest mammal is the
Kitti's hog-nosed bat, also known as South
M
the bumblebee bat, of Thailand,
weighing less than 0.09 oz (2.5 g).
eer A Malay China Sea
St
L
ra
Peninsula
it
o
IN
D ing fM
Y
I N D I A N O al
N ac
ca
S
E

I A
8 O C E A N .ne S 0 km 200 8
IA
SOUTH & EAST ASIA
121
t
Sumatra
121
0 miles 200
119
A B C D E
Maritime Southeast Asia

A B C D
119 Gulf of
L A
MYANMAR Tonkin
O
(BURMA) Paracel Islands
S
1
V
(disputed by China,
IE
0 km 400 Taiwan, and Vietnam)
THAILAND
T
0 miles 400
N
South China
AM
MALAYSIA'S TWO CAPITALS Sea
Kuala Lumpur - Capital CAMBODIA
ww Putrajaya - Administrative capital

Spratly Islands
(disputed by China,
Malaysia, Philippines,
2 122
w Andaman
.Ea
Sea
Gulf
of
Taiwan, and Vietnam)
The Rafflesia plant has the largest single flower

Isth
Nicobar Islands Thailand

in the world. The bloom, 3 ft (90 cm) in
mu
syE
(to India)
so
diameter, attracts insects by imitating Balabac

fK
ra the foul smell of rotting flesh.

St
t o George
rai
Bandaaceh
Kota Bharu
f M Town
al a c
ngi
Kuala Terengganu
ca
Kota Kinabalu
BANDAR SERI
Medan
Taiping Ipoh
Kuantan
n e LrA Y S I A
BEGAWAN
BRUNEI
Sab
M Ae
3 Klang KUALA LUMPUR
Pematangsiantar
Pulau Simeulue Danau
Toba PUTRAJAYA
Sibolga ing
Johor Bahru
n
aw
ak
S a ru n g a n
Sibu Ka
ya
n
.ne P e g uM u l l e r
Kuching
Pe
Equator Pulau Nias
M
S u ma tera SINGAPORE ha
gu
a
as ka
Pekanbaru Pontianak Kap u Borneo m
( S u m a t r a ) Padang
t
nu
B ata K
S el
Pulau Siberut n g H ari al Samarinda

ng
Bangka im
at
a n Balikpapan
Ke enta
Jambi ar
an
K
M
im tan
pu w
ua at
la
4 122 Palembang a
Ba
ai n Banjarmasin
I N D
ri
Pulau
I N D I A N Bengkulu Jav
sa
n Belitung a S e a Pulau
Tegal Laut
Bandar Lampung JAKARTA Pekalongan M akassar
O C E A N Sela
t Sun d a Semarang
Bogor Kudus Surabaya
Sukabumi Mataram
In August 1883, a devastating volcanic Bandung Jember
eruption destroyed most of the island of Denpasar
Krakatau and triggered a tsunami that
Jawa Cilacap Malang BaliPulau
5 (Java) Magelang Kediri Lombok
claimed around 35,000 lives. Yogyakarta
Madiun
123 Surakarta
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
L u z o n Str a it
B abuy 112
an Channel P h i l i p p i n e
Tuguergarao
Ilagan Northern 1
Baguio Luzon S e a Mariana
Dagupan Islands
The Philippines take their name from Philip II (to US)
Angeles Cabanatuan of Spain, who was king when the islands were
MANILA Lucena colonized during the 16th century.
Batangas Naga
Legazpi City PHILIPPINES
Guam (to US)
Mindoro SMindoro
tr
ww
Sibuyan
Sea Calbayog
ait
ge an
Roxas City P A C I F I C
ssa law
Tacloban
w
Pa Pa
Iloilo Cadiz Yap 126 2

Peurto
Princesa
Bacolod
City
Cebu
B oh ol
S e a Butuan
.Ea O C E A N
Palawan
Strait Sulu Sea Iligan
Cagayan de Oro
Mindanao
Davao syE Babeldaob
MICRONESIA
go
Zamboanga PALAU
ngi
la
Da
va
pe
i oG
r ch General u lf
uA
ah
Sul
Santos
Kepulauan
n Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago,
eer
San lauan
Talaud with over 17,500 islands stretching 3

Tawau
3100 miles (5000 km) between the Indian
gir
Celebes Sea
ing
u
Kep
Pulau Morotai and Pacific oceans.

a
Manado Equator
Se
Pulau
Halmahera
.ne
a
Gorontalo
cc
u Pulau
Gulf of ol Halmahera Biak
t
M M Sorong
Tomini al
Kepulauan u Sea
ku Jazirah
Palu
Su
Banggai Doberai ga Jayapura

n
Sulawesi Sea (
r a m Wahai M
iM
(Celebes) Kepulauan Ce o am
bera
Sula
Ambon l Peg u nu n ga n M mo 126 4
a
u
O it N Kendari E Pulau S Seram I A oke

P A P UA
cc
Pulau
Papua
as
ra Parepare Pulau Buru NEW

St
)
Buton Kepulauan (Irian Jaya) G U I N E A

a Kepulauan
Makassar Banda Se Kai
Aru Ne w Gu i nea
r a r We tar Kepulauan Dig u
l
Flores Sea g a o Tanimbar
e n g auan Al S tr ait Pulau Yamdena
N u s a T Kepu l
Flores DILI Kepulauan Leti
at Sumba Sea A r a f u r a res Strait
Sel Savu
EAST TIMOR
S e Tor 5
Timor a
Pulau
Sumba Kupang
Ti m or Sea 130 A U S T R A L I A
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
122
137 137
Ye
ni
O
se
y
b'
1 1
Lake
ww
l
ga Baikal
OCEANS
Vo
w
Lake A S I A
Aral Balkhash
Sea
Black Sea Cau
ca With no part of the Maldives over 7ft 7in (2.3 m) above
s u Caspian
.Ea
s Sea sea level, they are under great threat from global
warming. There are over 2000 islands, yet the
2 63 total land area is only 115 sq miles (298 sq km). 2
r
Ti g
Eu ve
Ri
ri s
ph Iranian H Yello w
syE
ra i 134
te Plateau
s m
Brahm tze
a ng
Pe
Kuwait s Ya
rsi
du l a y a p u t r as
a
In
an
y
Karachi
ngi
Gu
lf G a nges
dd
G ul
Tropic of Cancer Dubai f of Oman Ind Tropic of Cancer
The Indian Ocean
u
wa
n
e g
sF
Mina' Kolkata Hong Kong
id
an
Irra
Re
A ra b ia n Qabus (Calcutta) Ganges
Fan
d S
Pen i ns u la Mumbai
e
on y R
3 Arabian Bay of 3
a
(Bombay)
eer
Me
r e Z rra
Sea Bengal
c t u Mu
kon
Aden
a
g
en Arabian
Fr
of Ad
Gulf
An
South China
en
B asin
Horn of Gulf of
ing Sri Lanka
Ow
am
Ethi opian Africa Ca Sea

a
Thailand
n
H ighlands rls
be
Se
rg MALDIVES Colombo
a
AFRICA R
id

M
e
ge
adive Plateau
.ne Ceylon Singapore

Su
rench
Equator t
Ke ntaw
ma
n
al Plain Equator Borneo
pu a
an
lau i
si i
tra
4 4
s-Lacc
So Ba Cocos
E a s t I n d i e s
go
Mombasa M Basin
Chagos T
J
SEYCHELLES
as
c
M i d - I n d i an av Jav
a Se
Cha
a a
ar
Aldabra British Indian Ocean
R i d g e
en
M i d -
Group
Tr Java
e
Territory (to UK) en

I nvestigator
ch
Lake COMOROS Mascarene Christmas Island
Nyasa Basin North
Mayotte Basin Cocos Islands (to Australia)
Ridge
Australian
(to France) Osborn (to Australia)
Plateau
Basin
ne Plateau
I n d i
re
Davi
ca Exmouth
e
scar
as in
y e a s t
5 M Pla MAURITIUS Wh art on Plateau 5
nel
a n
m
aga
Réunion e
Rid
Basin dg
(to France) Ri
ge
Chan bique
Mad
Moza
Farafangana an
R i
INDIAN m Tropic of Capricorn
ia
ww
Natal
nd
Madagascar
SIA
d g
tI
Perth
N i n e t
Basin ge
s
Basin Madagascar
e
w
Ea
id
ALA
Plateau Basin
R Br
oken Rid
ge
Fremantle
STR
Di
i an am
Naturaliste
AU
an
d OCEAN tin
a F Plateau
In ract
.Ea
ure Zon
6 Amsterdam Island e 6
t Crozet Every cubic mile (4.3 cu km) of
es Île St-Paul
w Basin seawater holds over 150 million
th S o u t h e
a s tons (tonnes) of minerals.
French Southern & t
syE
ou I n
S Antarctic Lands d i
Crozet (to France) Ke a n
Islands rg
ue
R i d
g e
le
n
ngi
Heard & Mcdonald Islands
Pl
(to Australia)
at
n
n
ea
7 49 dia 134 7
u
In
ic- n
ant sin P l a i Banzare South Indian Basin
Atl Ba y
e r b Seamounts Limit of winter pack ice
eer
E n d The largest animal ever seen alive was a 110 ft (34 m),
Limit of summer pack ice
170-ton (tonne) female blue whale.
Antarctic Circle Antarctic Circle
ing
0 km 1500

8
.ne ANTARCTICA 8
0 miles 1500
OCEANS
136
t 136
123
A B C D E
124 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
Australasia & Oceania

A B C D
107 Northern Wake Island
International Dateline
Mariana (to US)
Islands
(to US)
1 MARSHALL
P h i l i p p i n e Saipan M i ISLANDS
Guam c Rat
S e a (to US) r ak
o Ch
ai
n al
n
R
Philippines Yap MICRONESIA e ik
Cha
C a r o l Chuuk Pohnpei in
ww
i n
s
Sulu Babeldaob e Islands Kosrae
I s
T u l bert
Sea l a
(Gi
n d
ng
PALAU s
w a
a
2 107
M e l a n Nauru Is r u
.Ea
Banaba lan
Celebes e NAURU ds)
Borneo
Sea Bisma rck Archip ela
s KIR IB A TI
go i
Equa
tor
syE Mount Wilhelm
14,793ft (4509m)
Bismarck Sea
New Britain
Solomon
Sol
om
on SOLOMON
I s ISLANDS
la
a TUVALU
Celebes
B a n d a
New Guinea
ngi Sea Santa Cruz
nd
S e a PAPUA NEW Guadalcanal Islands
s
Arafura
n
S t r a i t GUINEA
Timor Sea rres
To
Flores
eer
Coral
VANUATU
G
3 Espiritu Santo Vanua Levu

re
Gulf Sea
Timor Malekula
ing
Viti
at
Arnhem of Cape Coral Sea Efate

Sea Levu
Land Carpentaria York Islands New Caledonia
B
Ashmore &
a
Cartier Islands Peninsula (to Australia) (to France)

FIJI
rr
(to Australia)
G New
.ne
ie
re Caledonia
r
a
R
t
AUSTRALIA t
IN D IAN
ee
D
i
f
s e ll
Great
nn
v
O C EAN Sandy cdo e

id
Simpson
M a a ng
e
Desert Norfolk Island

in
ng
R Desert
123 Uluru
Ra
4 (to Australia)
g Ra ge
Gibson (Ayers Rock)

ey
Lord Howe
g
Gr
D e s e r t L. Eyre North
lin
Island
n North Cape
icor
ar
(to Australia)
n
Great
D
apr V i c t o r i a L. Torrens North

fC
co Desert Island
opi a in Mu Mount Kosciuszko
Tr Pl rra y 7310ft (2228m) NEW
b o r l i a n Bi ght ZEALAND
r tra
us
la
Kangaroo Tasman South Island

ul
S tr a it
tA
Island
N
Bass Sea Aoraki (Mt Cook)

ea
Gr
12,283ft (3744m)
5 Cape Leeuwin Tasmania
Antipodes
Auckland Islands Islands
136 (to New Zealand)
A Downloaded
C D
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 125
E F G H
Hawai
ian 107
(to U Islan
S) ds
Johnston Atoll
(to US)
1
Kingman Reef
P A C I F I C O C E A N
(to US)
a
Palmyra Atoll
Islands
(to US)
ww
Baker & Howland
(to US) Teraina
Tabuaeran
Kiritimati
e telin
w
i
International Da 134 2
L
Jarvis Island
.Ea
i
n
(to US)
KI R I B A T I
e
Malden Island Equato

I s
P h oe nix Islan ds
syE
Starbuck Island
r
s
l a
KI
Tokelau
R
n d
Norther
n Co Penrhyn
ngi
IBA
(to NZ) Millennium

Wallis & ok
Isla Island
s
Futuna
TI
Manihiki nd Marquesas Islands

(to France) SAMOA s Flint Island
n
e
Cook Islands
TONGA Samoa
Vava‘u
American (to NZ)
(to US) So
Tua
mo
tu eer 3
Group
Niue
o kI s l a n d s
c i et
y Tahiti
Isl
an
ing
n
C o I
ds
(to NZ) n sl
e r
.ne
t h a
Tongatapu u
S o Rarotonga
n
Group
ds
Îles
Au F r e n c h P o l y n e s i a Pitcairn,
Henderson,
t
y
str (to France)

Kermadec Islands al Ducie &
(to New Zealand) Oeno Islands
es
Marotiri (to UK)

l Pitcairn Island
134 4
Tro
pic
of C
o apr
ico
rn
P
0 km 1000
0 miles 1000
Chatham Islands
(to New Zealand)
5
136
E Downloaded
G H
The Southwest Pacific

A B C D
ch
134
Guam
en
(US unincorporated MARSHALL
Tr
territory) HAGÅTÑA
1 ISLANDS
M i s
Ra
a
Yap ri an
Ra
tak
Ma c
Caroline Islands r
lik
Majuro
o
Cha
n
Ch
Chuuk Is. Pohnpei
NGERULMUD
in
e
ai
PALIKIR
ww
n
MICRONESIA
PALAU Kosrae s
2 121
w The Pitohui bird has a poison on its feathers and skin
i
.Ea similar to the poison arrow tree frog, making it the BAIRIKI
a
only known example of a poisonous bird. Tarawa
Equator
syE PAPUA NEW GUINEA
NAURU
Banaba
I N D O N E S I A
Bismarck Archip
elag ngi
New Ireland
M
3
Mt Wilhelm
14,793ft (4509m)
Madang
o
n eer
Bougainville I.
New
e
l
New Guinea Lae
New Britain
Georgia
Islands ing a
A r a f u r a
PORT MORESBY Solomon
Sea HONIARA
.ne n
Santa Cruz
Islands
e
S e a
Gulf
Torres Strait
SOLOMONt
ISLANDS
s
i
4 128 of C o r a l S e a a
Carpentaria Banks Is.
Found only in the rainforest of New Guinea, VANUATU
Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, with a wingspan
of 11 inches (280 mm), is the G Coral Sea Islands PORT VILA
largest butterfly in the world. re (Australian external
a territory)
New Caledonia
(French special
t
B
collectivity)
ar
AUSTRALIA
ri
Îles
er
5 NOUMÉA Loyauté
Re
ef
Tropic of Capricorn 131
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
135
P A C I F I C O C E A N 1
In 1995, the International Date Line was repositioned around Kiribati

territory, bringing Millennium Island 14 hours ahead of UTC, making it
the first landfall for sunrise at the dawn of the new millennium.
ww Kingman Reef
(US unincorporated
territory)
Palmyra Atoll
(US incorporated territory)
w .Ea
Baker & Howland Is.
Teraina
Tabuaeran
135 2
( Gilb
(US unincorporated Jarvis I. L

T u nr t I s l a n
Kiritimati
territory) (US unincorporated i
n
syE
e
territory) e Equator
g a ds)
ru
I
K I R I B A T I Phoenix Islands ngi KIRIBATI
s
l
a
n
Samoa is home to the world’s smallest known
spider, the Patu marplesi, which spans a mere eer
n
d
s 3
TUVALU 0.017 inches (0.4 mm).

ing
FONGAFALE Tokelau
(NZ dependent territory)
American Vostok I. .ne
Wallis
P o
& Futuna SAMOA
l y n
Samoa
(US unincorporated
territory)
Northern
Cook Is.
Flint I. t
Millennium I.
135
(French overseas ÁPIA PAGO

e s i a F r e n c h P o l y n e sia
4
collectivity) PAGO (French overseas
FIJI Vava‘u Îles de l
a S ocollectivity)
Vanua Levu Group Cook Islands cié
té
Niue (in free assoc. PAPEETE
SUVA
Ha‘apai (in free assoc. with NZ)
Viti Group Tahiti
Levu with NZ) Southern
TONGA ALOFI Cook Is.
NUKU‘ALOFA AVARUA 0 km 500

Rarotonga 5
0 miles 500
135 Tropic of Capricorn
E Downloaded
G H
A B C D E
128
120 121
1 On Christmas Day, 1974, Cyclone Tracy devastated Darwin with 1

winds of up to 175 mph (280km/h), resulting in 71 deaths,
ww
thousands of injuries, and 95 percent of the city destroyed.
w
I N D O N E S I A Arafura
Sea
Melville
.Ea
Island Croker Island
One of the largest states in the world, with an area of T i m o r
more than 1,000,000 sq miles (2.6 million sq km), Bathurst Island Van Diemen
2 123 S e a Gulf 130 2
Western Australia covers a third of the Australian
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
continent and yet supports a population DARWIN Arnhem
syE
Cape
of only 2.5 million people. Bonaparte Londonderry Joseph Land
Archipelago Bonaparte
Gulf Pine Creek Katherine
ngi
I N D I A N Heywood
Western Australia
Islands Wyndham Vi c t o r ia
n
Ki
O C E A N n Daly
Kimberley Kununurra
Riv e r
gS
Waters
oun
d
3 Iron ore trains made up of just under Plateau Top Springs 3
Roadhouse
eer
350 cars, weighing 44,500 tons (tonnes), Fitzroy
2 miles (3 km) long, and hauled by 6 to 8 Broome Crossing Halls Creek Tanami
h
Fi
locomotives, routinely run between
ac
tzr
oy River
Be
Newman and Port Hedland. Desert
Port Hedland
ile
E ig hty
ing
M
Gr
Tennant Creek
eat N O R T H E R N

Dampier
Exmou
t
.ne Marble Bar
San
dy Des
Fort
t Percival
ert
hG
esc T E R R I T O R Y
4 Onslow ue 4
Lakes s
ulf
Riv
Exmouth Hamers er ge
As h ley
W E S T E R N an
bu Ra Lake Mackay n e l l R
rt ng Lake
e
Ba
Newman Macdon
Tropic of Capricorn
rle o n R
eR Disappointment
ange i v e r G i b s o n D e s e r t Alice Springs
L. Macleod Lake
Carnarvon A U S T R A LAmadeus I A
Shark Bay Robins on Uluru
n River Lake Carnegie (Ayers Rock)
Dirk Hartog Denham h iso Ra
c
ng
e 2845ft (867m) ges
Island Lake Wells n
5 Meekatharra s Musgrave Ra 5
Mur
A U S T R A L I A
S O U T H
Kalbarri Mount Magnet
ww
Great Victoria Desert
Lake Carey Coober Pedy
Geraldton Lake Barlee
w
A U S T R A L I A
Lake Moore Lake Rebecca
Moora Reid
Coolgardie Kalgoorlie
r Plain
Gingin Merredin Lake Cowan arbo
.Ea
Southern
ll Penong
6 PERTH
Nu 6
Northam Cross Eucla Lake
Fremantle Ceduna Gairdner
Brookton Norseman
Mandurah
Australian Bi
Bunbury Wagin eat ght Elliston
Gr
syE
Busselton Katanning
Manjimup Esperance Port
Augusta Lincoln
Albany The Nullarbor Plain is so flat that the
ngi
Trans-Australian Railway runs
n
through it in a dead straight line
7 123 Around 18 percent of Australia is covered in 131 7
for 297 miles (478 km), the longest
desert, the biggest being The Great Victoria section of straight track in the world.
Desert, which at 163,900 sq miles (424,400 sq km)
is over 10 times the size of Belgium.
eer Residents of Coober Pedy have built their homes

I N
D I
A N
ing below ground to escape temperatures that can
reach 113˚F (45˚C) during the summer months.
0 km 400

8 8
.ne
O C
0 miles 400
136
t E A N
136
129
A B C D E
A B C D E
130
IND
121 126
ON
The saltwater crocodile, or “saltie,” is PAPUA NEW GUINEA
ES
1 the largest of all living reptiles. Males The venom of the box jellyfish (also known 1
IA
can reach lengths of 22 ft (6.7 m) and
ww
as the sea wasp or marine stinger) can
weigh as much as 4400 lb (2000 kg). kill a person in between 30 seconds
They also have the strongest bite force
w
and four minutes.
of any living creature. Strait
Torres
Cape York Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is the
Arafura world’s largest area of coral islands
G
Sea Wessel Islands
.Ea
and reefs, running for about 1,240
r
miles (2,000 km) along the coast
DARWIN
e
Ar n h e m Cape of Queensland.
2 126 2
Land York Princess
a
128
Pine Creek
syE
Groote Eylandt Peninsula Charlotte
Bay Koalas feed only on nutrient-poor
t
Katherine Gulf of eucalypt leaves and consequently
Carpentaria M have evolved a low energy lifestyle
Cooktown
Eastern Australia
itc
he based around sleeping for
ngi
B
Daly Waters Wellesley ll

Ri
Islands v Port Douglas 20 hours each day.
n
at
G r e er
a
Top Springs Ba Gi
lbe C o r a l S e a
Roadhouse rk rt Cairns
r
ly Riv
er
T Normanton
3 Coral Sea Islands 3
r
Burketown
ab
l
eer
G Hinchinbrook Island (to Australia)
Divi
N O R T H E R N Tully
el
re i
Fli
go
d
an
n
ry
e
d
Townsville
i
de
Tanami
rs
Tennant Creek
Ra
n
r
ng
Desert Ri
Bowen
ve
Se
ing
r
Charters Whitsunday
lw
T E R R I T O R Y
y
Mount Isa Towers Group
g R
n Cloncurry
R Hughenden
R
an Mackay

an
.ne ge
Winton
g
e
Alice t Q U E E N S L A N D Clermont
e
4 Springs 4
es Longreach Barcaldine Emerald
Macdonnell Rang Tropic of Capricorn
f
A U S T R A L I A Rockhampton
Biloela
Uluru (Ayers Rock)
2845ft (867m) Simpson Windorah Tambo Bundaberg Fraser Island
M usgrave Ranges Desert Charleville Maryborough
ge Miles
n Roma
S O U TH AU S TR A L I A Ra Dalby
y BRISBANE
Gre at Lake re Cunnamulla St. George
5 Coober Lake G Toowoomba Surfer's Paradise 5
ge
Eyre
Victoria Pedy North -16m Blanche Goondiwindi Gold
Des ert Murwillumbah
er
Ran
Lake Eyre South Marree Lake v Moree
e
Ri Coast
g
Callabonna Ba
r w on
ww
Lake
an
Walgett Grafton
ng
es
Torrens Lake R Bourke
d
i
Tarcoola ier Armidale
Frome rr Coffs Harbour
w
id
Ba Wilcannia Tamworth
Flin
Rang ers
Penong Lake Nyngan
iv
Gairdner Port Broken Port Macquarie
D
Ceduna Augusta Hill N E W S O U T H
n
Whyalla Peterborough Ivanhoe Dubbo at
R i ver re
.Ea
River g
Eyre hlan
Darli
6 Crystal Brook Lac G Newcastle 6
Peninsula ray R i v e r Gosford
Mur
lf
Mildura W A L E S Parramatta
Port Gawler SYDNEY
Gu
Cootamundra
Lincoln
er
M
ADELAIDE Wagga Wollongong
enc
rr
Ouyen Wagga
Sp
syE
ay
River Mount CANBERRA
Kosciuszko
n
Kangaroo Island AUSTRALIAN
ia
Horsham Bendigo 7310ft (2228m)
l CAPITAL TERRITORY
ra Cooma
V I C T OR I A st ps
ngi
Mount Gambier Ballarat Au Al
129 MELBOURNE
Geelong T a s m a n
n
Portland Traralgon
7 Huge truck rigs known as Warrnambool 134 7
Road Trains, which can reach South East Point
King Island B a s
up to 175 ft (53.5 m) in length, s Strait S e a
Flinders Island
eer
carry freight across the vast Ba
nk
distances of the Australian interior. Marrawah s
Burnie S t r
They have as many as four a
it
trailers, weighing more than Devonport Launceston

150 tons (tonnes) in total.

TASMANIA
ing The platypus lives in an aquatic
environment, suckles its young
like a mammal, lays eggs, and
HOBART has webbed feet and a bill

0 km 400
8 8
.ne
resembling that of a duck.

0 miles 400
136
t 136
131
A B C D E
A B C D E
132
127 127
The lizardlike tuatara is found on some of the islands

1 and rocky stacks off New Zealand. It is the sole 1
remaining representative of the reptilian order
ww
T a s m a n
Three Kings Sphenodontia, which first evolved before the
Islands
dinosaurs. It has a third “eye” on the top of
w
North Cape its head, which is sensitive to light.
S e a Great Exhibition
Te Kao Bay
Kaitaia
.Ea
Ninety Mile Beach is in fact only about
55 miles (88 km) long. Nevertheless, this still Paihia
makes it one of the longest sandy Kaikohe
2 131 Whangarei 135 2
beaches in the world.
Ruawai
syE
New Zealand
Great Barrier
N or t h I s lan d Warkworth Island
Hauraki
Gulf
Takapuna
Around 130 CE, something in the order of 33 billion tons Whitianga
ngi
(tonnes) of pumice was ejected in a massive volcanic Auckland Manurewa
n
eruption that left a 20,000 sq mile (51,800 sq km) debris Waiuku Ba y o f
Paeroa
field and created an enormous caldera that Plen ty East Cape
subsequently became Lake Taupo. Tauranga
3 Hamilton Lake Whakatane
3
Ruatoria
eer
Cambridge Rotorua
Rotorua a
es ra
Te Kuiti m
ku g
North Taranaki R a u R an
More than 39 million sheep thrive in New Zealand’s Bight Taupo Gisborne
mild climate, outnumbering the human
population by eight to one.
ing New Plymouth
Lake
Taumarunui Taupo Wairoa
Stratford Hawke

Napier
NEW ZEALAND
.ne Taihape Bay
4
t South Taranaki Hawera
Bight
Wanganui n g iti
ke i Hastings
Waipawa 4
Ra
Cape Farewell Palmerston North Woodville

Tasman Levin Cape Turnagain
Bay Paraparaumu Masterton
Motueka Picton Lower Hutt
Karamea Bight
Richmond nge WELLINGTON
Seddonville a
Cook
nd R u Blenheim
Westport mo ira Cape Palliser
a
ch
Str
W
Though still the highest peak in Ri
ait
5 New Zealand, at 12,316 ft Reefton ce 5
en
ar
(3754 m), a massive rock Greymouth Cl
Kaikoura
fall in 1991 reduced the
Hokitika Hurunui
height of Aoraki (Mount
ww
Cook) by 33 ft (10 m). Otira Pegasus
s
l pRak Rangiora Bay New Zealand has always been a leader
w
A ai
a in progressive social legislation. In
Fox Glacier n Christchurch
e rAoraki (Mt Cook) s 1893, it was the first country to grant
12,283 (3744m) lain
M Haast th yP Banks women the right to vote.
Mayfield rbur
ilf
u te Ashburton Peninsula
o
o
.Ea
an
rd
C
6 S Fairlie Canterbury 6
So
Lake
un
Wanaka Timaru Bight S ou t h I s lan d
d
W
ai
Milford Lake Wanaka ta
ki Studholme
Sound Wakatipu The royal albatross colony on Otago Peninsula is the
only mainland nesting site for these birds in the world.
nd
syE
Lake Te Queenstown Oamaru
la
Anau Alexandra Soaring on wings up to 9’6’’ (3 m) across, breeding
rd
pairs mate for life and have been known to live
eri
Te Anau Lumsden for over 60 years.
Cluth
Fio
Tai
a
Otago Peninsula
ngi
Wai
Mosgiel
Dunedin
au
Gore
n
Balclutha
P A C I F I C
7 131 Riverton Invercargill 135 7
Fovea
u
x
O C E A N
Halfmoon Bay
eer
St
ra
it The Kakapo is a nocturnal flightless parrot that lives in burrows.
Stewart When in danger, its main form of defense is to remain perfectly
South West
Island
Cape still, which made it an easy target for predators such as the
ing
dogs, cats, rats, and ferrets that were introduced in the 19th
century. Consequently, it is in grave danger of extinction;
in 2014 there were only 126 birds left in existence.
0 km 100

8 8
.ne
0 miles 100
136
t 136
133
A B C D E
134 OCEANS
The Pacific Ocean

A B C D
137 ai t
Arctic Circle
Str
i ng
B er
Bering
1
Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is 35,838 ft Aleutian S e a
Sea of ds
(10,923 m), or almost 7 miles (11 km), below the
Basin slan
Okhotsk Aleutian I
surface of the Pacific. At this depth water pressures ch r e nch
nd
s ren Aleutia
n T
is around 16,000 lbs/sq inch (1,127 kg/cm sq). I sla t k aT
gh
l
Kur
i cha c ou
Vladivostok pa
n am cifi Tr
b i Ja ) il-K Pa ook
Go of Sea Kur est n Chin
er a w i
S e East th s docin
o
107 ww A S I A Y e llow Riv

g t ze
Y an
Shanghai
Yellow Osaka
Sea Se
(
a
a Tokyo
Nagoya h
N
or B a Men
Midway Islands
w Japan
nc
in e (to US)
2 Ch Tr Northern
st yu
Haw
Sh asin
.Ea Ea k Mariana aiian

B
Tropic of Cancer Hong Kong u Ridge

iko
Ry Islands Wake Island

(to US)
ku
Taiwan (to US) Mid Johnston

-Pacif
ic Mountains
syE Philippine en ana Atoll

Mek
Manila Sea Guam ch (to US)

MARSHALL
i
(to US)
ar
P A C I
Ph B
ong
Philippines pp M r M i c r ISLANDS
ili a
ngi
i
sin ne Challenger Deep o n C e ntr a l
South China Pa c i f i c Kingman Reef
35,838ft (10,923m) MICRONESIA e Ba s i n Baker &(to US)
Sea
Celebes Ca rol in e Isl s
Singapore PALAU ands Melanesian i
n
Sea Howland Is.
Equator Borneo Basin a (to US) Jarvis I.
eer
Su
Celebes (to US)

3 M NAURU
m
tr E a s t I n d i e s e K I RIBA TI
a
a Java Sea Banda New l a Tokelau (to NZ)

n
ing
Sea A Guinea TUVALU
Jakarta Java raf SOLOMON e
Timor ur
aS ISLANDS s Wallis (to & Futuna
France)
SAMOA
Timor ea C oral S ea i American
Gr
Sea tB a
.ne Samoa
ea
Coral Sea (to US)

Gr ar Islands VANUATU
INDIAN ea rier (to Australia) Cook
t
FIJI TONGA Islands
tD
New Caledonia
Re
(to NZ)
ivi
ef
Tropic of Capricorn (to France) Niue

din
Kermadec Islands (to NZ)

OCEAN A U S T R A L A S I A Norfolk (to NZ)
g Ran
123 Island o
L o r R i se
4
Great Mu (to Australia) P
dH
Sydney
ge
u s t r a l i a n B i gh t rray o
A we
Tasman
North Island
0 km 2000 South Australian Sea New
Basin Tasmania Hobart Zealand Chatham Islands
0 miles 2000
South Island (to NZ)
Campbell
Internat
Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii rises 33,132 ft

(10,098 m) from the ocean floor to its peak 13,677 ft Plateau
(4169 m) above the surface of the Pacific Ocean, and
contains around 9,700 cubic miles (39,731 cu km) of rock.
io
Pac
nal Datel
5 ific- ic
Antarct
Antarctic Circle
136 ANTARCTICA
ine
A Downloaded
C D
OCEANS 135
E F G H
137 Arctic Circle

R
Anchorage o
c Hudson
k Labrador 1
y Bay
M Sea
Gulf of
Alaska
o
u
n
NORTH
t
Vancouver a AMERICA
Cascadia
i
Pacific giant kelp can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm)

n
Basin
s
Fracture Zone a day, and may eventually reach up to 200 ft (60 m),
Murra
y Fra
ww
ct
San Francisco
ure Z
one
Long Beach
or 34 times the height of the average man.
ATLANTIC 48
w racture Z
one
.Ea
G
Gulf of
OCEAN 2
ul
olokai F Mexico Greater Tropic of Cancer

fo
M Ant
fC
Hawaiian Islands ille

s
ali
syE
e
(to US) ture Zon
for
n Frac
Clario Mid
nia
dle Carib
bean Sea
F I C O C E A N Tre Americ
nch a
Palmyra
Atoll (to US)
Clipper
ton F
ractu
re Zon
e Clipperton Island
(to France) Guatemala
Basin
Panama City
ngi The Pacific Equatorial
Counter Current flows
Kiritimati
n eastward toward South

a
Zone
(Christmas Island)
Galap
agos F
rac t u r e
Gallego Rise
Galapagos Islands
eer
America, carrying up
to 40 million tons 3
i
(to Ecuador)
Per
KIRIBATI (tonnes) of warm water
ing
s e
Marquesas
Islands Marquesas Bauer with it every second.
s
u-
Penrhyn Galapagos
u re Zon e
R i
Basin
Tiki Fract
Ch
Basin Rise n e Callao

Zo
.ne
e
u r e
il
ct
Tahiti French Basin a Fra SOUTH
Mendañ
e
al
Polynesia Aus tr one
n
Tr
i c
eZ
s
r act ur
t
(to France) Sala y Gomez
ench
y F Isla San Ambrosio AMERICA

Pitcairn, (to Chile)
i f
Îles (to Chile)

l Henderson, Easter Fracture Zone Tropic of Capricorn
e
A u Îles Gambier Isla San Félix

in
str Ducie &

a c
ale Easter Island

s Oeno Islands (to Chile) (to Chile)
as
(to UK) Islas Juan Fernández 49 4

P
Valparaiso
Southwest re Zon
e (to Chile) le
Fractu hi
n
Pacific Agassiz Ch
s t
ile C
Basin Ri
A
a
se
E
Elta Mornington
nin Abyssal
Frac
ture Plain
Zon
e Cape Horn
Limit of winter pack ice
Passage
Ridg
e S o utheast hausen Plain Drake
P a c ific Basin Bellings 5
Peter I Island
Plain (to Norway) ack ice
Antarctic Circle
Am undsen Limit of summer
p
136
E Downloaded
G H
136 POLAR REGIONS
Antarctica
A B C D
48 Limit
of wi
ATLANTIC OCEAN nter
pac
k
ice
1 South Georgia
(to UK)
South Atlantic-Indian Basin INDIAN
Sandwich
T HERN OCEA
Scotia Islands
(to UK) SOU N OCEAN
Antarctic Circle En
Sea
Lazarev Sea de
Weddell Plain rb
ww South Orkney
y
Pl
Islands Limit
of
ai
sum
Dronning Mau
n
South Shetland Li m e me
2 48 it of summer pack ic Land d r 122
Islands
.Ea
pa
ck i
Ground visibility in the
ce
A Antarctic during the summer
nt
ar
cti
c
Pal P en
syE
Weddell Sea Coats
Land
months can be as much
as 150 miles (250 km). Enderby
Land
me Ronne
ngi
in
Ice Shelf Mackenzie

r
Alexander
sula
Bay
La
Island
ANTARCTICA
n Princess
nd
3 Bellingshausen
eer Elizabeth
Land Davis
Tra
Sea
ing
East Sea
Ellsworth South
ns
Peter I Island West a n Pole Shackleton

Limit o
(to Norway) Land ta Antarctica

South Ice Shelf
M
Antarctica rc
tic Geomagnetic
.ne
f
ar Pole
summ
ie
By
M
Amundsen rd
t
ou
Lan
e r pa
d Wilkes
nt
Sea Land
ck ic
Ross Ice
ain
e
k ic
Shelf
e
pac
s
4 134 135
r
me
PACIFIC Victoria Terre

Ross
su m
Am u n ds e n Land Adélie
Sea
of
P l ai n
OCEAN
it
im
George V L
The largest iceberg of recent times Land
broke off from the Ross Ice Shelf The world's windiest place is reputed
in the spring of 2000. It was about to be Commonwealth Bay, George V
186 miles (300 km) from end to Land, where wind speeds of 200 mph
end and 25 miles (40 km) wide. (320 km/h) have been recorded.
5
Paci fic-An tarctic Ridge NP
134
PLOHV
A Downloaded
C D
POLAR REGIONS 137
Arctic
E F G H
Provideniya
95 A
Ber
A
Arctic C
ircle S
SK )
ing
A SA R U S
A L of U S I A I 1
St
rt N
ra
it
(pa A
E RIC Chukchi
Ostrov
F E
D A
AM Sea Vrangelya E
R
ic e
A
TH
k
ac East
me
rp c T
e
ki
e
of su m pac Siberian I
v Ridg
Limit
R
Limit of permanent
ww
NO
Sea
O
Tuktoyaktuk Chukchi
N
f Plain
leye
ul Beaufort
16
w Am
u nd
s en
G Sea
.Ea Canada
Chukchi
Plateau Me
nde
Novosibirskiye
Ostrova
95 2
Victoria syE Basin The Arctic Ocean is the world's

smallest ocean, with a total area of
5,440,000 sq miles (15,1000,000 sq km),
Island
CANADA
ngi
and is almost permanently covered
by pack ice.
Queen
Elizabeth A R C T I C
n
Makarov
Basin
eer Severnaya
Zemlya 3
Islands North
ing
L a ncas
sin
Pole
Baffin Kara
.ne
Ellesmere I
sland O C E A N S e a Dikson
Ba
Island Sv
Franz yTataya An
ter S
Lincoln Josef Land rough na

n
t Ostrov
se
Sea
oun
E as t N o v
Belyy
n
ice
Kn ud R a sm u s s e a
ce
N
d
ki
ack
Land n
ac
er p
Baffin
tp
Wandel en
aya
mm
an No vaya
II
16 Bay Sea er m 94 4
VI
p
it of
Zem
Zemlya
su
Lim f
d ik
it o
Lan eder
a
ly
Li m Tr
Greenland Svalbard ough
Fr
(to Denmark) Spitsbergen (to Norway)

ng
Ko
Longyearbyen
ce
The Arctic Lion’s Mane is the

ck i
Bjørnøya
Barents
pa
world’s largest jellyfish, 7 ft (to Norway)

Greenland
ter
(2.1 m) in diameter. Its main Sea

win
Sea
body trails tentacles up to North Cape
f
it o
NP e Murmansk

180 ft (55 m) in length. dg
Lim
Ri Norwegian Y 5
PLOHV h ns A
Archangel
Mo Sea
RW
FIN
Jan Mayen
NO
(to Norway)
mark Strait 62
LA
Den E U R O P E
N
D
E Downloaded
G H
138
The
world
wfactfiles
ww
.Ea
syE
ngi
n eer
ing
.ne
t

139
ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
n eer
ing
.ne
t

A B C D E
140
A S I A Franz Josef Land

1 (to Russia) 1
ww
ARCTIC Svalbard
(to Norway)
North
w
Pole
OCEAN
.Ea
Jan Mayen
Queen Elizabeth (to Norway)
2 Yuk o n
Islands 2
ALASKA
syE
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
Ar
Greenland
ct
ic
(Denmark)
Ci
rc Baffin
le
ngi
Bay
nzie
Ba
R
ff
n
in
Great Bear
M acke
o
Lake
Isl
Great Slave Lake
c
NUUK
and
3 3
eer
k
Lake Athabasca
y
North & Central America
PACIFIC C ing Reindeer Hudson

La
b
A Lake Bay ra
M
do
OCEAN N r
A

o
.ne D A n
Lake Winnipeg tia
Sna
t en ns
u
ke ur tai
4 Lake
La oun 4
e
n
Superior Gulf of
nc
re
St.Lawrence
w
St Pierre &
a
t
Great Lake Huron Miquelon
.L
St
OTTAWA (France)
a
UNITED STATES Lakes
o Lake Lake Ontario
Mi
i
Michigan
rad
ss
Lake Erie
ns
ou
ri ATLANTIC
ai
Colo
io
nt
Oh
ou
WASHINGTON, D.C.
O F A M E RAI C A
s
M
rka OCEAN
n
5 ns 5
i
a a
s
hi
pp
Tr c
opi a la Bermuda
issi
co pp
fC
anc A (UK)
er
M iss
ww
Sargasso Sea
Rio
Sierra M
ad
Gra
Virgin Islands (US)
nd
re O
e
British Virgin
cc
Turks & Caicos
i
Islands (UK) Islands (UK)
Gulf of Mexico
NASSAU DOMINICAN Anguilla (UK)
M Ed e n t a l
X
HAVANA THE BAHAMAS REPUBLIC ST KITTS & NEVIS
.Ea
Puerto
I
MEXICO CITY C U
6 BA Rico (US) ANTIGUA & 6
Cayman SANTO BARBUDA
C
Islands (UK) HAITI DOMINGO Guadeloupe
O PORT-AU-PRINCE
BELMOPAN (France)
JAMAICA KINGSTON Montserrat (UK) DOMINICA
GUATEMALA BELIZE
Martinique (France) ST LUCIA
syE
GUATEMALA CITY HONDURAS BARBADOS
Clipperton Island ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
(French Polynesia) SAN SALVADOR TEGUCIGALPA
Aruba (Neth.) GRENADA
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA TRINIDAD
Curaçao Bonaire
MANAGUA (Neth.) (Neth.) & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
ngi
SAN JOSÉ PANAMA CITY
Equ
n
ator es
PANAMA
d
7 7
n
A
S O U T H or
Equat
eer
POLITICAL FACTFILE
A M E R I C A
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
8,116,571 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(21,021,940 sq km) Barbados 1807 people per sq mile
(698 people per sq km)

TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
23
ing LARGEST COUNTRY:
Canada 3,855,171 sq miles
0
0
1000 km
1000 miles
(9,984,670 sq km)

TOTAL POPULATION:
8 8
560 million
.ne
LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:

Mexico City, Mexico 22.2 million
t SMALLEST COUNTRY:
St. Kitts & Nevis 101 sq miles
(261 sq km)
141
A B C D E
A B C D E
142
1 Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC 1
ww
OCEAN
CARACAS
Is
th a
gd
P a m u s of
nama a
VENEZU E L A
uc
SOUTH AMERICA
ale n a
co GEORGETOWN
Ca
Orino
.Ea
Meta PARAMARIBO
G
S UR
BOGOTÁ CAYENNE
G UY
u
A
IN A
avi
are ia French
2 2
M
Gu Guiana
E
na
NA
COL O MB IA H i (France)
syE
g h l a n d s
Equator QUITO Equator
Caqu Rio Negro
South America
et á
o n
ECUADOR N
P u tu
mayo A m a z o n A maz
ap
ngi
o
n
M arañón
B a s i n
Xin
a
gu
Ju ru á ir
de
A
a
P
3 B M R A Z I L 3
us
eer
o Fr a n c
E
Pur Sã
n
is
co
ins
R
os Represa de
d
U Di Sobradinho
ia
e
M a dre d
e
Tocant
gua
LIMA
ing
ra
Ben
A
s
Lake
Titicaca BRASÍLIA
LA PAZ

.ne
4
t
BOLIVIA
SUCRE
4
Tropic of Capricorn PARAGUAY Tropic of Capricorn

ASUNCIÓN a
Isla San Isla San Félix
Paran
E
Ambrosio (Chile)
A
(Chile) ay
gu
ru
U
L
Paran
N
5 5
e s
I
Islas Juan Fernandez Lagoa dos Patos
I
(Chile) URUGUAY
SANTIAGO
T
ww
H
BUENOS AIRES MONTEVIDEO
N
w
A n d
C
PACIFIC
E
Co l o r ad
o
Río Neg
ro ATLANTIC
OCEAN
G
.Ea
6 Isla de Chiloé OCEAN 6
A R
syE
Falkland Islands
Patagonia
(UK)
Strait of
ngi
Magellan
n
Tierra del Fuego
7 South Georgia 7
Cape Horn (UK)
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA:
6,731,428 sq miles
(17,434,410 sq km) eer COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
POPULATION DENSITY:
Ecuador 147 people per sq mile

12
Brazil 3,286,470 sq miles
0
0
500 km
500 miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (8,511,965 sq km)

8 406 million 8
.ne SMALLEST COUNTRY:
SOUTH AMERICA

São Paulo, Brazil 21.7 million
t Suriname 63,039 sq miles
(163,270 sq km)
143
A B C D E
A B C D E
144
E U R O P E
1 1
A TL A N T I C
ww
AFRICA
Black Sea
OCEAN
w
Africa
M e
Ceuta ALGIERS d i
.Ea
(Spain) Melilla t e
(Spain) TUNIS r r
Madeira RABAT s a n A S I A
in TUNISIA
(Portugal) ta e a
2 MOR OCCO o u n TRIPOLI n S e a Sy r i a n 2
M Deser t
s
la
syE
Islas Canarias At CAIRO
(Spain)
Pe
Lib ya n
rs
Ni le
i
A L G E R I A De s e rt
an
LAÂYOUNE
L I B Y A
Gu
WESTERN E G Y P T
lf
ngi
R
SAHARA
(disputed)
n
e d
Tropic of Cancer S a h a r a Tropic of Cancer
Arabian
S e
MAURITANIA Tibesti
a
3 3
NOUAKCHOTT
eer
M A L I Peninsula
S e n e gal
N I G E R
r KHARTOUM ERITREA
DAKAR Nige C H A D
SENEGAL ASMARA
NIAMEY S U D A N
GAMBIA BAMAKO
BANJUL
BISSAU
INA
RK O OUAGADOUGOU
ing N’DJAMÉNA
DJIBOUTI
Blu
S DJIBOUTI
B
GUINEA- GUINEA NIGERIA ADDIS
FA U
eN
BISSAU CONAKRY ABABA

i
SOMALILAND
l
CÔTE

e
ON
FREETOWN D'IVOIRE ABUJA (not internationally
BENIN
.ne
Nige
SOUTH
TOGO
(IVORY COAST)
r recognized)
GHANA
RO
SIERRA LEONE PORTO-NOVO

t CENTRAL AFRICAN SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
Wh
MONROVIA YAMOUSSOUKRO
ME
4 LOMÉ REPUBLIC She 4

LIBERIA ACCRA BANGUI JUBA bel
i SOMALIA
CA
ite N
MALABO Uele Lake

ile
EQUATORIAL GUINEA YAOUNDÉ Turkana MOGADISHU

Co ngo
UGANDA KENYA
GABON Lake
Equator SÃO TOMÉ LIBREVILLE KAMPALA Equator
Victoria
GO
N
RWANDA KIGALI NAIROBI
SAO TOME &
O
PRINCIPE C BRAZZAVILLE BURUNDI
BUJUMBURA
Cabinda KINSHASA DEM. REP. TANZA NIA
(part of Angola) CONGO Lake
DODOMA
Tanganyika
5 Ascension I. 5
(UK) LUANDA
Lake Nyasa COMOROS
ANGOLA MALAWI MORONI
ww
LILONGWE Mayotte
E
Z A M B I A (France)
w
St Helena LUSAKA
IQ
(UK) Zambezi
B
HARARE ANTANANARIVO
M
A TL A N T IC NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE
ZA
.Ea
6 O C E AN BOTSWANA MADAGASCAR 6
MO
WINDHOEK
Kalahari
Tropic of Capricorn Desert Tropic of Capricorn
GABORONE PRETORIA
MAPUTO
syE
MBABANE SWAZILAND
Or ang e Ri ver
LESOTHO
BLOEMFONTEIN MASERU
SOUTH
ngi
I N D I A N
CAPE TOWN
AFR IC A
n
7 Cape of Good Hope O C E A N 7
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA:
11,437,865 sq miles
(29,624,100 sq km)
eer COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
POPULATION DENSITY:
Mauritius 1671 people per sq mile

54
Algeria 919,590 sq miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (2,381,740 sq km) 0 1000 km

8 1109 million 8
.ne SMALLEST COUNTRY: 0 1000 miles
AFRICA

Cairo, Egypt 16.4 million
t Seychelles 176 sq miles
(455 sq km)
145
A B C D E
146 EUROPE
Europe
A B C D
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: REYKJAVÍK
1
3,739,678 sq miles ICELAND Ar
c ti
(9,685,756 sq km ) cC
ircl
e
46
Norwegian
TOTAL POPULATION:
Faroe Islands
721 million Sea
ww (Denmark)
Y
A
Moscow, European Russia 16.7 million
W
w
Shetland Islands
2 R
COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST Outer O
.Ea
POPULATION DENSITY:
Monaco 48,181 people per sq mile
(18,531 people per sq km)
Hebrides
British
Orkney Islands
N
E
OSLO
syE Isles North
W
LARGEST COUNTRY:
European Russia 1,527,341 sq miles Sea
(3,955,818 sq km)
ngi
S
IRELAND
DENMARK
DUBLIN UNITED
SMALLEST COUNTRY: COPENHAGEN
KINGDOM
3
Vatican City, Italy 0.17 sq miles
(0.44 sq km)
n eer LONDON
AMSTERDAM
NETH.
El
be
ing
THE BERLIN
BELGIUM HAGUE
BRUSSELS GE RMA N Y
PARIS
L oir e
LUXEMBOURG
LUXEMBOURG
e .nePRAGUE
t
CZECH REPUBLIC
in
Bay of Biscay FRANCE

Rh
LIECH. BRATISLAVA
BERN VIENNA
SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA
Ga
4 ATLANTIC r SLOVENIA
on
LJUBLJANA
PORTUGAL
ne
ZAGREB
Eb
OCEAN MONACO CROATIA

ro
Tag MADRID SARAJEVO

us ANDORRA SAN MARINO
LISBON BOSNIA
I T
Madeira
(Portugal)
SPAIN Corsica & HERZ.
G ua d a l q u i v i r VATICAN CITY
A
s ROME
nd Y
L
sla
Gibraltar B alearic I
(UK) Sardinia
Ceuta M e d i t
Canary Islands (Spain) Melilla e
5 (Spain) (Spain) r
r Sicily
a
n e
A F R I C A VALLETTA a n
MALTA
A Downloaded
C D
EUROPE 147
E F G H
U r a
1
l
O b'
M o u
I rt ysh
N
N D
n t a
E
D
ww
or
th e
L A
rn D
i n
vin
a
s
w
I N
Lake Onega 2
R U S S I A N
.Ea
F
HELSINKI
Lake Ladoga
STOCKHOLM
TALLINN
syE F E D E R A T I O N
ea
ESTONIA
c S
LATVIA
ngi
lti
RIGA MOSCOW l
Ba
ra
U
LITHUANIA
n
lga
VILNIUS
eer
Vo
KALININGRAD MINSK
3
(Russ.Fed.)
WARSAW
BELARUS
Don ing Aral Sea
POLAND KIEV
.ne
UKRAINE
t
per
SLOVAKIA (the Ukrainian territory of

BUDAPEST MOLDOVA Crimea was annexed by
ie
Dn Russia in 2014)
C
HUNGARY CHIfiINÂU
as
4
ROMANIA
pi
Caucasus
A
SERBIA
an
BELGRADE BUCHAREST
S
e
ea
MONTENEGRO nub Black Sea

Da
I
PODGORICA
PRISHTINË BULGARIA
SOFIA
KOS.
(disp.) SKOPJE
S
MACED. TURKEY
TIRANA
ALBANIA A
G R EECE 0 1000 km
5
0 1000 miles
ATHENS
S e a Crete
Cyprus
E Downloaded
G H
148 ASIA
Asia
A B C D
A R C T I C O C E A N
Franz Josef
Land
Severnaya
1 Zemlya
Laptev Sea
Kara Sea
Le
na
ww R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
b
O
E U R O P E
w
Yen
2 Irty
.Ea
ise
sh
y
Black
Sea Lake Baikal
syE
ASTANA
ANKARA
GEORGIA KAZAKHSTAN
TURKEY TBILISI
ULAN BATOR
Tr
ARMENIA
ngi
CYPRUS
op
of AZERBAIJAN MONGOLIA
ic
Ca NICOSIA YEREVAN UZBEKISTAN

BAKU
nc BEIRUT SYRIA BISHKEK
er LEBANON TURKMENISTAN
DAMASCUS
3
JERUSALEM
ISRAEL
AMMAN
JORDAN
TEHRÁN
BAGHDAD
IRAQ I RA N
n AflGABAT
DUSHANBE
eer
TASHKENT
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
C H I N A
ing
KABUL
KUWAIT ISLAMABAD
KUWAIT AFGHANISTAN
MANAMA
ze
BAHRAIN
Red
.ne
gt
RIYADH QATAR PAKISTAN NEW n
DOHA DELHI
NEPAL THIMPHU Ya
s
SA U D I
I ndu
ABU DHABI
BHUTAN
t
Sea
U.A.E. KATHMANDU
A R A B IA MUSCAT Ga
n g e s BANGLADESH
A F R I C A SANA OM AN
DHAKA VIETNAM
I N D I A MYANMAR HANOI
Y EMEN (BURMA) LAOS
4 Arabian
NAY PYI TAW VIENTIANE
Socotra
Equ (Yemen) Sea Bay of THAILAND
ato Bengal BANGKOK
r CAMBODIA
Laccadive Andaman &
Islands Nicobar Islands PHNOM
(India) (India) PENH
COLOMBO
SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA
MALE’
SRI KOTTE M ALA
MALDIVES LANKA KUALA LUMPUR
PUTRAJAYA
SINGAPORE
5
I N
I N D I A N O C E A N JAKARTA
A Downloaded
C D
ASIA 149
E F G H
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA:
1
17,006,354 sq miles
(44,046,472 sq km)

49
TOTAL POPULATION:
4309 million
wwSea of
Okhotsk LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:
Tokyo, Japan 39.4 million
w Kuril Islands
.Ea
COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
POPULATION DENSITY:
Singapore 22,881 people per sq mile
2
NORTH
syE LARGEST COUNTRY:
Asiatic Russia 5,065,394 sq miles
er
JA PA N
ngi (13,119,382 sq km)
nc
KOREA
Ca
PYONGYANG TOKYO of SMALLEST COUNTRY:

ic
BEIJING
SOUTH
KOREA
SEOUL
SEJONG CITY Tr
nop
eer
Maldives 116 sq miles
(300 sq km)
3
Ryukyu Islands
ing
TAIBEI (TAIPEI)
.ne
TAIWAN P ACIF IC
O CEAN t
4
MANILA
r
P H I L I P P I NES ato
Equ 0 1000 km
0 1000 miles
BRUNEI BANDAR
SERI BEGAWAN
Y S I A
A US T R AL AS I A
5
D O N E S I A & O C E ANI A
DILI
EAST TIMOR
E Downloaded
G H
Australasia & Oceania

A B C D
Wake Island
Northern (to US)
1 Mariana
Islands
(US)
Philippine M
i MARSHALL
HAGÅTÑA c
Sea Guam r
(US) o ISLANDS
n
e MAJURO
ww NGERULMUD
Babeldaob
Caro
line
Islan
M I CRO NE S I A
PALIKIR
ds s
i
2 BAIRIKI
.Ea
a
PALAU NAURU
M e l a n NAURU
e KIRIBATI
Equa
tor
syE PAPUA NEW
GUINEA a
s
i
TUVALU
A S I A
ngi SOLOMON
ISLANDS
FONGAFALE
3 n
PORT MORESBY
eer
HONIARA
VANUATU
Coral Sea
Islands ing PORT VILA
Ashmore &
Cartier Islands
(Australia) New Caledonia
.ne
(France)
SUVA
G
(Australia) FIJI
t
re
a
t NOUMÉA
D
INDIAN
iv
id
4 OCEAN
in
AUSTRALIA
g R
Norfolk Island
(Australia)
g
ange
lin
Lake Eyre North

Lord Howe
ar
D
Lake Torrens Island

(Australia)
ico rn NEW
apr
fC ZEALAND
op ic o M urray
CANBERRA
Tr
WELLINGTON
5 Tasman
Sea
Tasmania
A Downloaded
C D
E F G H
POLITICAL FACTFILE
Johnston Atoll
(US) TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
3,244,632 sq miles (8,403,608 sq km) POPULATION DENSITY:

1
Nauru 1165 people per sq mile
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: (449 people per sq km)
14
LARGEST COUNTRY:
TOTAL POPULATION: Australia 2,967,893 sq miles
37.5 million (7,686,850 sq km)
ww LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:

Sydney, Australia 4.8 million
SMALLEST COUNTRY:
Nauru 8.1 sq miles (21 sq km)
w
Baker & Howland
Islands Jarvis Island 2
(US)
.Ea
a
(US)
P A C I F I C
KIRIBATI
syE Equa
i
Phoenix Islands
KIRIBATI O C E A N tor
Tokelau
(NZ) ngi
s
n
Wallis & Marquesas Islands
Futuna American Cook Islands
(Fr.)
MATÁ’UTU
SAMOA Samoa (NZ)
ÁPIA PAGO PAGO

(US)
eer 3
ing
e
TONGA So
cie PAPEETE
.ne
ty
Niue Isl
an
n
(NZ) ds
NUKU‘
ALOFA
AVARUA
Île
French Polynesia
(France) Pitcairn, t
y
sA
u Henderson,
str
al Ducie & 4
Kermadec Islands es
(New Zealand) Oeno Islands
l
(UK)
o Tro
p ic
of C
P apr
icor
n
0 1000 km
0 1000 miles 5
Chatham Islands
(New Zealand)
E Downloaded
G H
152
Key to factfile maps
FOREWORD
This factfile is intended as a guide to a world that is continually changing as
political fashions and personalities come and go. Nevertheless, all the
material in these factfiles has been researched from the most up-to-date
and authoritative sources to give an incisive portrait of the geographical,
social, and economic characteristics that make each country unique.
ww
ELEVATION
w
KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS
.Ea DRAINAGE FEATURES
4000m/13,124ft
syE River
3000m/9843ft ngi Seasonal river
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft n Canal
eer
Lake
500m/1640ft
ing
Seasonal lake
200m/656ft
0 SYMBOLS .ne
Below sea level Capital city t
BORDERS Major town
Full international International airport
Mountain
Disputed de facto
The asterisk in the Factfile denotes the country's
Territorial claim official language(s)
Date of formation denotes the date of political

Cease-fire line origin or independence of a state, i.e. its emergence
as a recognizable entity in the modern political world
State/Province The area figure denotes total land area

ASIA 153
Afghanistan
About 75% of this landlocked Asian country is
inaccessible. The Islamist Taliban, ousted in 2001, continue
to fight a guerrilla war against Afghan and NATO-led forces.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Predominantly mountainous. Mainly agricultural, severely
Highest range is the Hindu Kush. disrupted by war. Illicit opium trade is big
Mountains are bordered by fertile plains. cash earner. Natural gas pipeline planned
Desert plateau in the south. from the Caspian Sea to Pakistan.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: The UN estimates that it
w
Harsh continental. Hot, dry
summers. Cold winters with heavy
.Ea
snow, especially in the Hindu Kush.
could take 100 years to remove the
10 million landmines laid since 1979
PEOPLE & SOCIETY syE

Mujahideen factions fought first
UZBEK.
TAJIKISTAN
CHINA
ngi
against Soviet invaders (from 1979), and
TURKMENISTAN
Mazár-e Sharíf
Maímanah
Kunduz
Faízábád
Baghlán d u
Ku
sh
then against each other (after 1989).

n eer
in
H
Cháríkár
Taliban insurgents won control in 1996 Herát KABUL
Jalálábád
and imposed a strict Islamist regime: Khyber Pass
women were denied all rights and ethnic

tensions were exacerbated. In 2001, a
ing
Ghazní
PAKISTAN
US-led intervention justified as a “war

Gereshk Kandahár
.ne
t
IRAN
on terrorism” helped install an elected
anti-Taliban regime. NATO troops led 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
the anti-insurgency campaign, but aimed 0 100 km 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
ultimately to hand over and withdraw. 0 100 miles 200m/656ft
FACTFILE DENSITY: 122 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic LANGUAGES: Pashtu*, Tajik, Dari*, other
of Afghanistan RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 80%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1919 Shi’a Muslim 19%, other 1%
CAPITAL: Kabul ETHNIC MIX: Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Hazara
POPULATION: 30.6 million 19%, Uzbek and Turkmen 15%, other 3%
TOTAL AREA: 250,000 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
(647,500 sq. km) CURRENCY: Afghani = 100 puls
154 EUROPE
Albania
Lying at the southeastern end of the Adriatic Sea,
Albania was the last east European country to liberalize its
economy. The regional strife of the 1990s has left a difficult legacy.
Narrow coastal plain. Interior is Oil and natural gas reserves
mostly hills and mountains. Forest and have potential to offset rudimentary
scrub cover over 40% of the land. infrastructure and lack of foreign
investment. Organized crime problem.
ww
CLIMATE
Mediterranean coastal climate,
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
w
with warm summers and cool winters.
Mountains receive heavy rains or
snows in winter. .Ea
MONTENEGRO
Lake Scutari
Shkodër
KOSOVO
(disputed)
200m/656ft
Sea Level
syE
Kukës
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Adriatic

The pace of economic reform
remains a major issue. Albania's ngi Sea
Durrës TIRANA
MACEDONIA
application for EU membership reached

candidate status in 2014. Mosques and
churches have reopened in what was
n eer Lushnjë
Fier
Elbasan
Berat
Lake
Ohrid
Lake
Prespa
once the world’s only officially atheist

state. The Greek minority in the south
Vlorë
ing Korçë
suffers much discrimination. Delvinë .ne

INSIGHT: The Albanians’ name
for their country, Shqipërisë, 0 50 km
Ionian
Sea
t
GREECE
means “Land of the Eagles” 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Albanian*, Greek

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Albania RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 70%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1912 Albanian Orthodox 20%,
CAPITAL: Tirana Roman Catholic 10%
POPULATION: 3.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Albanian 98%, Greek 1%,
TOTAL AREA: 11,100 sq. miles other 1%
(28,748 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 302 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lek = 100 qindarka (qintars)
AFRICA 155
Algeria
On the Mediterranean coast, and independent from
France since 1962, Algeria is now Africa's largest country. Its
regime used the army to keep Islamists from power in 1992.
85% of the country lies within Oil and natural gas exports.
the Sahara Desert. Fertile coastal Political turmoil has led to exodus of
region with plains and hills rises skilled foreign labor. Limited agriculture.
to meet the Atlas Mountains.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: Some of the world’s
highest dunes are located in
w
Coastal areas are warm and
temperate, with most rainfall during
.Ea
the mild winters. The south is very
the deserts of east central Algeria
Mediterranean Sea
ALGIERS Béjaïa Annaba
syE
hot, with negligible rainfall.
Tlemcen
Oran
Tiaret
Constantine
Sétif Batna
t s . Biskra
ngi
At l a s M TUNISIA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MOROCCO
Ghardaïa
Algerians are predominantly Arab, Béchar
under 35 years of age, and urban. Berbers
consider the mountainous Kabylia region
in the northeast to be their homeland.
n eer I-n-Salah Tas LIBYA
They have been granted greater ethnic

rights in recent years. The Sahara sustains
MAUR.
ing sil
i-n
-A
jje
r
just 500,000 people, mainly oil workers MALI .ne

A h a g g a r
Tamanrasset
t
S a h a r a
or Tuareg nomads herding goats and NI GER
camels. A national reconciliation process 2000m/6562ft

1000m/3281ft
has followed the suppression of the 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
Islamist challenge to the regime. Sea Level 0 200 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Democratic LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tamazight, French
Republic of Algeria RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 99%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 Christian and Jewish 1%
CAPITAL: Algiers ETHNIC MIX: Arab 75%, Berber 24%,
POPULATION: 39.2 million European and Jewish 1%
TOTAL AREA: 919,590 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(2,381,740 sq. km) CURRENCY: Algerian dinar = 100 centimes
156 EUROPE
Andorra
A tiny landlocked principality, Andorra lies high in the
eastern Pyrenees between France and Spain. It held its first
full elections in 1993. Tourism is the main source of income.
High mountains, with six deep, Tourism and duty-free sales
glaciated valleys that drain into the dominate the economy. Banking secrecy
Valira River as it flows into Spain. laws and low consumer taxes promote
investment and commerce. France and
ww
CLIMATE
Cool, wet springs followed by dry,
Spain effectively decide economic policy.
The country is dependent on imported
w
warm summers. Mountain snows linger
until March.
.Ea
food and raw materials.
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Immigration is strictly monitored
and restricted by quota to French
P y r
F R A N C E
and Spanish nationals seeking ngi Arinsal

e n e e s
Soldeu
employment in Andorra. Low taxes
attract wealthy expatriates. A
referendum in 1993 ended 715 years
n eer Ordino
Canillo
Encamp
Port
d'Envalira
of semifeudal status, but Andorran ing

Escaldes
a
society remains conservative. ANDORRA LA VELLA
.ne
V a l ir
Sant Julià de Lòria
INSIGHT: Andorra’s coprincipality

status dates from the 13th century.
The “princes” are the president of France 0 5 km
S P A I N t
and the bishop of Urgel in Spain. 0 5 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish, Catalan*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of Andorra French, Portuguese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1278 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 94%,
CAPITAL: Andorra la Vella other 6%
POPULATION: 85,293 ETHNIC MIX: Spanish 46%, Andorran 28%,
TOTAL AREA: 181 sq. miles other 18%, French 8%
(468 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 474 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
AFRICA 157
Angola
Located in southwest Africa, Angola suffered a civil war
following independence from Portugal in 1975, until a
2002 peace deal. Hundreds of thousands of people died.
Most of the land is hilly and grass- Potentially one of Africa’s richest
covered. Desert in the south. Mountains countries, but long civil war hampered
in the center and north. economic development. Oil and
diamonds are exported.
ww
CLIMATE
Varies from temperate to tropical. CONGO
w
Rainfall decreases north to south. Coast
is cooler and dry.
.Ea
CABINDA
(part of Angola)
ng
o
Co
DEM. REP.CONGO
M’Banza
Congo
syE
Uíge
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
LUANDA Lucapa
Civil war pitched the ruling Malanje Saurimo
Kimbundu-dominated MPLA against
UNITA, representing the Ovimbundu. ngi ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Cu
a
ezi
nz
Luena mb
n Za
a
Multiparty elections in 1991–1992, after Lobito
the MPLA had abandoned Marxism, failed
to stall the war for long. Power-sharing eer
Benguela Huambo
Planalto
do Bié
from 2002 ended when the MPLA won

the 2008 election. In 2006, separatists in
Namibe ing
Lubango Menongue
ZAMBIA
the Cabinda exclave agreed a peace deal.

Cunene
.ne
INSIGHT: Angola has the greatest
number of amputees (caused by
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
NAMIBIA
t 0
BOTSWANA
200 km
200m/656ft
landmines) in the world Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Angola Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo
CAPITAL: Luanda Protestant 20%, indigenous beliefs 12%
POPULATION: 21.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Ovimbundu 37%, other 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 481,351 sq. miles Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%
(1,246,700 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 45 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Readjusted kwanza = 100 lwei
158 ANTARCTICA
Antarctica
The circumpolar continent of Antarctica is almost entirely covered by
ice, some up to 1.2 miles (2 km) thick. It also contains 90% of the Earth’s
freshwater reserves.
GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The bulk of Antarctica’s ice is No indigenous population.
contained in the Greater Antarctic Ice Scientists and logistical staff work at
Sheet – a huge dome that rises steeply the 40 permanent, and as many as
from the coast and flattens to a plateau 100 temporary, research stations. A
ww
in the interior. few Chilean settler families live on
King George Island. Tourism is mostly
w
CLIMATE
Powerful winds create a storm belt
.Ea
around the continent, which brings cloud,
by cruise ship to the Antarctic Peninsula.
Annual tourist numbers are
around 35,000.
can fall to –112°F (–80°C). syE

fog, and blizzards. Winter temperatures 0
0
1000 km
1000 miles
South
ngi
Orkney Is.
Anta
rcti
cC
i SOUTHERN
n
rcl
Territorial Claims: South e
OCEAN
Chilean claim
Argentinian claim
Shetland Is.
King
George I. Weddell eer M
au
n nd
d
L e
ing
Sea
ue
Brazilian zone of interest Ende r by

Q
Antarctic
Peninsula Land
British claim
Norwegian undefined limit R o nne Ice
She lf East
South A n t a r c t i c a .ne
t
Ellsworth Pole
Australian Land Tr
claim an
sa
nd
We s t nt
A nt ar c t ic a
La
ar
A munds e n
French claim
ct
Ross Ice
s
Se a
ke
ic
New Zealand claim Shelf il

M
W
V La
ic nd
ts.
to
ri
Ross SOUTHERN
The Antarctic Treaty of 1959
a
Sea OCEAN
South
holds all territorial claims in SOUTHERN
Balleny Is. Magnetic
OCEAN Pole Ice Cap
abeyance in the interest of Permanent Ice
international cooperation
FACTFILE INSIGHT: If the ice sheets of

DATE OF FORMATION: 1961 Antarctica were to melt, the
TOTAL AREA: 5,405,000 sq. miles world’s oceans would rise by as much
(14,000,000 sq. km) as 200–210 ft (60–65 m)
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 159
Antigua & Barbuda
A former colony of Spain, France, and the UK, Antigua
and Barbuda lies at the outer edge of the Leeward Islands group
in the Caribbean, and includes the uninhabited islet of Redonda.
Mainly low-lying limestone and Tourism is the main source
coral islands with some higher volcanic of revenue and the biggest provider
areas. Antigua’s coast is indented with of jobs. Financial services and Internet
bays and harbors. gambling are expanding. High debt.
ww
CLIMATE ATLANTIC
OCEAN
w
Tropical, moderated by trade winds
and sea breezes. Humidity and rainfall are
.Ea 0
0 5 km
5 miles
Th
low for the region.
eH
Codrington
syE
ig
Codrington
hla
200m/656ft Lagoon
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Barbuda
nds
Sea Level
Population almost entirely of
African origin, with small communities of ngi Isla
nd
Palmetto
Point
Europeans and South Asians. Women’s

status has risen as a result of greater
access to education. Wealth disparities
n eer V.C. Bird
Intl. Airport Long I.
s 30
mi
l es
(50
Spanish
Point
ing
ST. JOHN’S k m)
Guiana I. ap
are small. The Bird family dominated art
politics from 1960, but lost power to the Antigua
United Progressive Party (UPP) from 2004. Bolans .neFreetown Green I.
INSIGHT: In 1865, Redonda was

“claimed” by an eccentric Englishman
Falmouth
t u
G P
a
ge pe
sa ou
as del
as a kingdom for his son Caribbean Sea
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English patois

OFFICIAL NAME: Antigua and Barbuda RELIGIONS: Anglican 45%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1981 other Protestant 42%, Roman Catholic 10%,
CAPITAL: St. John’s other 2%, Rastafarian 1%
POPULATION: 90,156 ETHNIC MIX: Black African 95%,
TOTAL AREA: 170 sq. miles other 5%
DENSITY: 530 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: E. Caribbean $ = 100 cents
160 SOUTH AMERICA
Argentina
Argentina occupies most of southern South America.
After 30 years of intermittent military rule, democracy returned
in 1983. Economic crash in 2001 led to largest-ever debt default.
The Andes form a natural border Agricultural exports led recovery.
with Chile in the west. East are the Drought and global downturn in 2008.
heavily wooded plains (Gran Chaco) and Recession again in 2014, another default.
treeless but fertile Pampas plains. Bleak
ww
PARAGUAY
and arid Patagonia lies in the south. BOLIV IA
o
Salta ha
w
C Posadas
CLIMATE San Miguel de Gr
an
Corrientes
The Andes are semiarid in the north
.Ea Tucumán
Sa
l a do BRAZIL
and snowy in the south. Pampas have a CHILE Santa Fe Paraná URUGUAY
syE
A
mild climate with summer rains. San Juan Córdoba Rosario
BUENOS AIRES
Mendoza
s
pa
n
La Plata
ngi
Pam
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Santa Rosa
Mar del Plata
People are largely of European d Bahía Blanca
descent; over one-third are of Italian

n Neuquén N e g
eer
r o
Bahía Blanca
e
Viedma
origin. Indigenous peoples are now a tiny AT L AN T IC
Patagonia
minority, living mainly in Andean regions

s
or in the Gran Chaco. The middle classes

were worst hit by the economic
ing Golfo
San Jorge
O C E AN
meltdown of 2001–2002. Bahía

Grande .ne
Falkland Islands
(to UK)
INSIGHT: The Tango originated

in the poorer quarters of Buenos 0 400 km
Río Gallegos
Strait of
Magellan
Tierra
del
Fuego
t 4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
200m/656ft
Aires at the end of the 19th century 0 400 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Italian, Amerindian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Argentina languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1816 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 70%, other 18%,
CAPITAL: Buenos Aires Protestant 9%, Muslim 2%, Jewish 1%
POPULATION: 41.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Indo-European 97%, Mestizo
TOTAL AREA: 1,068,296 sq. miles (European–Amerindian) 2%, Amerindian 1%
DENSITY: 39 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Argentine peso = 100 centavos
ASIA 161
Armenia
The smallest of the former USSR’s republics, Armenia
lies landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. After
1988, a confrontation with Azerbaijan dominated national life.
Rugged and mountainous, with Overseas remittances and
expanses of semidesert and a large lake agriculture each account for a sixth
in the east: Sevana Lich. of GDP. Main products are wine,
tobacco, potatoes, and fruit. Well-
wwCLIMATE
Continental climate, with little
developed machine-building and
manufacturing – includes textiles
w
rainfall in the lowlands. The winters are
often bitterly cold.
.Ea
and bottling of mineral water.
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Christianity is the dominant
religion, but minority groups are
GEORGIA
Alaverdi
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
well integrated. War with Azerbaijan ngi Vanadzor
Les
Gyumri
n
Sevan AZERB A I J A N
over the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh
eer
se
TURKEY Hrazdan
forced 350,000 Armenians living in
r C
Ashtarak Sevana
Vagharshapat Lich
Azerbaijan to return home, many to
live in poverty. There are close and
Armavir
ra
ing
YEREVAN
Ararat
auc
A
a
s
important ties to the 11-million-strong
Armenian diaspora. .ne su
s
INSIGHT: In the 4th century, Armenia

became the first country to adopt 0 50 km
AZERBAIJAN
t
A r as
Kapan
IRAN
Christianity as its state religion 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Armenian*, Azeri, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Armenia RELIGIONS: Armenian Apostolic Church
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 (Orthodox) 88%, Armenian Catholic Church
CAPITAL: Yerevan 6%, other 6%
POPULATION: 3 million ETHNIC MIX: Armenian 98%, Yezidi 1%,
DENSITY: 261 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dram = 100 luma
Australia
An island continent in its own right, Australia is the
world’s sixth-largest country. European settlement began over
200 years ago. Most Australians now live in cities along the coast.

Located between the Indian The first settlers arrived in
and Pacific oceans, Australia has a Australia at least 100,000 years ago.
variety of landscapes, including tropical Today, the Aborigines make up around
rainforests, the arid plateaus, ridges, 2% of the population. European
ww
and vast deserts of the “red center,”
the lowlands and river systems draining
colonization began in 1788, and was
dominated by British and Irish
w
into Lake Eyre, rolling tracts of pastoral
.Ea
land, and magnificent beaches around
much of the coastline. In the far
immigrants, some of whom were
convicts. White-only immigration drives
brought many Europeans to Australia,
syE
east are the mountains of the
Great Dividing Range. Famous natural
but since the 1960s multiculturalism
has been encouraged and most new
features include Uluru (Ayers Rock) and
the Great Barrier Reef. ngisettlers are Asian; Cantonese has
overtaken Italian as the second most
CLIMATE
The west and south are semi-arid
n
widely spoken language. Wealth
eer
disparities are small, but Aborigines,
the exception in an otherwise
with hot summers. The arid interior
can reach 120°F (50°C) in the central
ing
integrated society, are marginalized:
their average life expectancy is around
desert areas. The north is hot .ne
ten years less than other Australians.
throughout the year, and humid
during the summer monsoon. East,
southeast, and southwest coastal
t
Illegal immigration is a key political divide;
Liberal–National government policies aim
to turn back asylum seekers or process
areas are temperate. and resettle them offshore.

OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of LANGUAGES: English*, Cantonese, other
Australia RELIGIONS: Various Protestant 38%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1901 Catholic 26%, nonreligious 19%, other 17%
CAPITAL: Canberra ETHNIC MIX: European 90%, Asian 7%,
POPULATION: 23.3 million Aboriginal 2%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 2,967,893 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(7,686,850 sq. km) CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
THE ECONOMY Upward trend in Asian visitor arrivals

Efficient mining and agriculture: has strengthened tourism. The effects
particular success in viticulture. Large of droughts, floods, and cyclones have
resource base: coal, iron ore, bauxite, dented economic growth in recent years.
and most other minerals. Protectionism
abandoned to open up Australian markets. INSIGHT: Australia has the most
Concentration on trade with Asia: China’s endemic mammals and reptiles in the
rapidly expanding demand for minerals world. Species include marsupials such as
means it has now surpassed Japan as the kangaroo and wombat, the egg-laying
ww
Australia’s major trading partner.
A raff u ra Se a
platypus, and the freshwater crocodile
w .Ea
Bama
Bamag
Bama
aamag
ag
ga C
Cape
Ca
Cap
ape
ppee Y ork
Gre
Timor P A C I F I C
Daarrw
Da rw
rwi
wiin
Sea
eaa
at
A rn
rnh
rrnhe
nh
n
nhe
hem Gu l f
syE
O C E A N
off
Ba
Lan
Land
L and
a nd C ar
a r p e n ttaar ia
ia
rr
ie
ngi
K i mb
m b e r le
ley
I N D I A N
r
P la
lateau Cair
Cai
Cairn
irn
rrn
ns C o r a l
R
ee
O C E A N S e a
Gr
N O R T H E R N
n
f
Town
Towns
Tow
To
Towns
own
owns
w
wn
n
nssvvil
ville
vi
vill
iilll
eer
T E R R I T O R Y
ea
t
Po
Port
Po
ort
or
rrtt H
Hedl
Hedla
Hed
He
eedla
edl
ed
dl
dlla
dlaand
nd Great Sandy Mount
Mo
Mo
ou
unt
untt Isaa Mac
Ma
Macka
cka
ay
D
Ham
R a negr s l e y
Disa
Di
Disap
Dis
D
D e s e r t Lakee
iisap
is
isa
sa
ssap
Lak
Lake
La
a p poi
ap pooint
point
poin
oin
oi
iin
nt
ntment
m Macka
Gibson
cka
ckay
kaa y Macdonnell
Ranges Alice
Alic
Alice
liccee Spri
pri
pr
riing
ngs
ngs
ing iv
id
in
Rock
Roc
Ro
Roc
o
ockh
ckh
kh
khaampto
m n
.ne
e QUEEN SLAND
Desert Ulur
Ulu
Uluru
Ul
U lur
llu
luru
uru
u rru
u g Bund
Bun
B
Bu
un
u
und
n
nda
daberg
da b
(Aye
(Ayer
(Aye
(Ay
(AAyy s Roc
A R oocc k)
k) R
W E S T E R N ((8
(86
(867m
886
867m
867
67m
667
77m m) Simpson a
F ra
r as
a s e r I.
t
Carn
Ca
Caarn
arna
narvo
na
narvon
rvvon
rvon
on D es
eeser
sser
err t
n g
Laake
Lake
Lak
L aakke
ke Carn
Carne
Car
arne
rrn
rne
ne gie
ne giee
gi G e
Gyym mpi pe
Meek
Me
M
Meeka
Mee
eeek
eeka
eka
eka
kath
thar a
tharr Bris
Br
B rris
risb
sbane
Great Toowo
oowo
ooowo
ow
ow
wo oomomba
o mba
A U S T R A L I A Laak
Lak
ake
k Eyre re
re Goo l d Coast
G
Victoria Ipsw
Ipswi
IIp
pswi
p
psw
psswwicch
wi h
SOUTH Su
S urfers
nge
es
Desert ng ng Pa
P araradise
rli
Ra
Ra
Geraldt
dto
dt
tto
on
n AUSTR ALIA Da Graf
Graft
Gra
Gr
G rraft
ra
raf
aaft
afft
fto on
n
ers
r Plain
ng
Kal
K
Kalgo
Ka
Kalg
algo
aalg
lgoorlie
rliee o
b Co
C oof f
ffs
fff
fs
Fl ind
NEW SOUTH
di
r
lla Port
Por
P
Po
o
ort Aug
Au
Augus
Au ug
ugus
ugu
g
gus
guusta a Ha
H aarrbo
rb ur
vi
Perth
Per
Pe
erth
rtth
th Nu Broke
Broke
rok
rro
ok
o
oke
ken Hililll
Di
New
Ne
N eew
wca
wc
w cca
astle
Dar ng
Fremaan
ntl
ntttle
lee Whya
Wh
W hyal
h
hya
yal
ya
allaa Port
Por
Por
orrtt P Pir
Pirie
irie
rie
rieie WALES
at
Ra
re
Rockingh
haam
ha m Eliz
Eliza
El
Eliz
lliza
iza
izzza
aabeth
bet
be
beth
b eet
eth
tth
h Syd
Sy
S ydn
yyd
dne
d n
neey
G
Wagga
Wagg
W gga
ggga
ga
lin e
Bunb
nbbu
bury ry Port Li
Linc
Lin
inc
ncco
nco
co
oln
lln
n
Esp
EEspe
Esper
sper
sp
spera
spe
eerraan
anc
nce
n Adela
Ade
Ad
A de
d
delae id ide M Wa
Wag
Wagga
Wagg
W agg
agga
a gga
g
gggaa
g Wol
Wo
W ollllo
ollo
o longong
g
Cape Leeuw
uw
win ur
ra A Albu
Albur
Al
Alblbur
bu
bur
urry CA
C AN
A NBERRA
NB
Alba
Alban
Alb
Al
Allban
b
ban
any
an Kananga
ang
nga
gaa rroo
oo I.
I. Bendig o y
go AU
AUS
A U
UST
US
SST
STR
TRA
TRA ALI
LLIA
IAN
I
CA
CAPPITTTA
A AL TERRITORY
T
G r e a t A u s t r a l i a n VICTORIA
A ustralian
Au us Alps
B i g h t Melb
Mel
M
Melboelb
elbo
ellb
bo
ou urrrne
urn
urne
rn
ne
ne
Geel
G
Gee
Geelo
Ge ee
eelo
eel
eello
e
elo
lonng
g
T a s m a n
Bas
B
Bass
aasss
s s Stra
Stttrra
S
Str
Strai
rai
a it
it S e a
Bu
Burrn
urn
rni
niie
n
1000m/3281ft TAS
ASS MA
MANNIA
NI
IIA
A Lau
La
Lau
un
n
ncce
eston
s
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft 0 400 km Ho
Hob
ob
ba
bar
bart
arrt
a
Sea Level
Below Sea Level 0 400 miles Sou
Sout
South
S o uth
ou t h E ast Cape
th
164 EUROPE
Austria
Bordering eight countries in the heart of Europe,
Austria was created in 1918 after the collapse of the Habsburg
Empire. Neutral after World War II, it joined the EU in 1995.
Mainly mountainous. Alps and Large manufacturing base, despite
foothills cover the west and south. lack of energy resources. The skilled labor
Lowlands in the east are part of the force is key to high-tech exports.
Danube River basin. Eurozone member. Limited GDP growth
ww
CLIMATE
has returned since 2009 recession.
w
Temperate continental climate.
The western Alpine regions have
.Ea
colder winters and more rainfall.
INSIGHT: Many of the world’s great
composers were Austrian, including
Mozart, Haydn, Schubert, and Strauss

Though Austrians speak German,
3000m/9843ft
ngi
2000m/6562ft CZECH REP.
1000m/3281ft
they like to stress their distinctive 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
identity in relation to Germany. Vienna
n Sea Level
eer
Linz e VIENNA SLVKA.
b
Da n u
is a major cultural center. Minorities Wels
Sankt Pölten
are few; there are some ethnic Croats, Salzburg Steyr
Slovenes, and Hungarians, plus

refugees from conflict in former
GERMANY
Dornbirn ing Bad Ischl
Wiener
Neustadt
Leoben
Yugoslavia. Though strongly Roman

LIECH. Innsbruck
p
s
A l Wolfsberg .ne Graz
HUNG.
Catholic, Austrian society is less

conservative than some southern
German Länder. Class divisions
SWITZ.
0 50 km
ITALY Villach
t
Klagenfurt
SLOVENIA
remain strong. 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: German*, Croatian, Slovenian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Austria Hungarian (Magyar)
CAPITAL: Vienna nonreligious 9%, other 8%, Protestant 5%
POPULATION: 8.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Austrian 93%, Croat, Slovene,
TOTAL AREA: 32,378 sq. miles and Hungarian 6%, other 1%
ASIA 165
Azerbaijan
Situated on the western coast of the Caspian Sea, it
was the first Soviet republic to declare independence in 1991.
Territorial disputes with Armenia have dominated politics since.
Caucasus Mountains in west, Oil and natural gas exports drive
including Naxçivan exclave south of economic growth. Pipeline to Ceyhan,
Armenia. Flat, low-lying terrain on the Turkey, has opened up European market.
coast of the Caspian Sea. Severe pollution in Baku.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: The fire-worshipping
Zoroastrian faith originated in
w
Low rainfall. Continental, with
bitter winters, inland. Subtropical in
coastal regions. .Ea
Azerbaijan in the 6th century BCE
RUSS. FED.

Azeris, a Muslim people with
GEORGIA
Ku
a
u
fiäki c a
C
s
Quba Caspian
Sea
ngi
ra u s
Gäncä Mingäàevir Sumqayıt
ethnic links to Turks, form a large
Le
BAKU
majority. Thousands of Armenians,
n Ku
ss
ra
eer
ARMENIA
er
Nagorno-
Russians, and Jews have left since Karabakh
Ca
Xankändi Äli-Bayramlı
uc
independence. Influx of half a million

ing
as
s as
Ar
u
Azeri refugees fleeing war with Armenia Naxàıvan
over the disputed enclave of Nagorno

Karabakh. Armenians there operate with IRAN
.ne Länkärän
de facto independence. The status of

women deteriorated after the fall of
communism but they are slowly
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
t
0 100 km
Sea Level
regaining their position. Below Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Azeri*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Azerbaijan RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 68%, Sunni Muslim
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 26%, Russian Orthodox 3%, Armenian
CAPITAL: Baku Apostolic Church (Orthodox) 2%, other 1%
POPULATION: 9.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Azeri 91%, other 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 33,436 sq. miles Lazs 2%, Russian 2%, Armenian 2%
(86,600 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 281 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New manat = 100 gopik
166 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
The Bahamas
Located off the Florida coast in the western
Atlantic, the Bahamas comprises an archipelago of some 700
islands and 2400 cays, only around 30 of which are inhabited.
Long, mainly flat coral Major tourist destination, especially
formations with a few low hills. for US visitors. Financial services: banking
Some islands have pine forests, and insurance.
lagoons, and mangrove swamps.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: The country’s extensive
merchant fleet consists mainly of
w
Subtropical. Hot summers and
mild winters. Heavy rainfall, especially
.Ea
in summer. Hurricanes can strike in Fl
a
id
“flag-of-convenience” vessels
registered by foreign owners
or Grand
Bahama I.
f
so
July–December.
syE
ait
Freeport 200m/656ft
St r
Sea Level
Great Abaco
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Over 60% of the population live ngi Berry Is.
Nicholls Providence
New Eleuthera I.
A T L A N T I C
on New Providence. Tourism employs
over half of the labor force. There are
marked wealth disparities, from urban
n Town
eer
Town
NASSAU
Andros I. Andros Ex
um
aS
O C E A N
Cat I.
San Salvador
ing
Exuma
ou
Rum Cay
professionals in the banking sector to Cays d
n
Long I.
traditional fishermen on outlying islands
and illegal Haitian and Cuban immigrants. .ne Crooked I.
t
Mayaguana
More women are now entering the Acklins I.
professions. Government priorities Cai cos

Passa
ge
are tackling narcotics trafficking and 0 100 km Great

combating money laundering. 0 100 miles
Inagua

OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole,
of the Bahamas French Creole
DATE OF FORMATION: 1973 RELIGIONS: Baptist 32%, other 29%,
CAPITAL: Nassau Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%
POPULATION: 400,000 ETHNIC MIX: Black African 85%, other 15%
TOTAL AREA: 5382 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(13,940 sq. km) CURRENCY: Bahamian dollar = 100 cents
ASIA 167
Bahrain
Bahrain is an archipelago of 49 islands between the
Qatar peninsula and the Saudi Arabian mainland. Only three of the
islands are inhabited. It was the first Gulf emirate to export oil.
All islands are low-lying. The Main exports are refined petroleum
largest, Bahrain Island, is mainly sandy and aluminum products. As oil reserves
plains and salt marshes. run out, natural gas is of increasing
importance. Major Middle East offshore
ww
CLIMATE
Summers are hot and humid.
banking center, hit by global banking
crisis in 2008–2009.
w
Winters are mild. Low rainfall.
.Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Persian
Gulf Al Busaytín
Al Muíarraq
To mainland Jidd Íaf§
Jazírat al
Muíarraq
MANAMA
syE
The key social division is between
the Shi’a majority and Sunni minority.
Sunnis hold the best jobs in bureaucracy
(Saudi Arabia)
Madínat ‘Ísá
Sitrah
and business while Shi’as tend to do ngi Ar Rifá‘ al

Umm an Gharbí
Na‘sán
Ar Rifá‘ ash
Sharqí
Gulf
menial work. Bahrain is socially liberal.
The al-Khalifa family has ruled since
1783, but transformed Bahrain into a
n Gulf
eer
of
Bahrain
Ba hra in
of
Bahrain
200m/656ft
Sea Level
constitutional monarchy in 2002. Protests

calling for greater democracy rocked the
ing
country since the 2011 "Arab Spring". .ne
INSIGHT: The 16 Hawar Islands were
awarded to Bahrain in 2001 after a 0 10 km
t Hawar
Islands
lengthy dispute with Qatar 0 10 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Bahrain RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Shi’a) 99%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971 other 1%
CAPITAL: Manama ETHNIC MIX: Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%,
POPULATION: 1.3 million other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
TOTAL AREA: 239 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical-
(620 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 4762 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Bahraini dinar = 1000 fils
168 ASIA
Bangladesh
Bangladesh lies at the north end of the Bay of Bengal
and frequently suffers devastating flood, cyclones,
and famine. It seceded from Pakistan in 1971.
Mostly flat alluvial plains and Agriculture is vulnerable to
deltas of the Brahmaputra and Ganges unpredictable climate. Bangladesh
rivers. Southeast coasts are fringed accounts for 80% of world jute fiber
with mangrove forests. exports. Poor infrastructure deters
ww
CLIMATE
investment. Growing textile industry.
500m/1640ft
w
Hot and humid. During the
monsoon, water levels can rise 20 ft (6 m)
.Ea Rangpur ra
200m/656ft
Sea Level
t
apu
Saidpur
above sea level. INDIA
Br a h m
Dinajpur

After a period of military rule,
Jamalpur
Mymensingh
Sylhet
Bangladesh returned to democracy in ngi Rajshahi
Ga
Shirajganj Ghat
Brahmanbaria
1991; political instability has continued,
however, and corruption is a major
problem. A third of the population
n INDIA
Pabna
eer
Jessore
Ha ng
rin es
(P
ad
DHAKA
ma
)
Comilla
ing
gh
t Barisal
á
Khulna
live in poverty, but living standards are Mouths Chittagong
improving. Women are prominent in
.ne
of the Ganges
politics, but their rights are neglected. B a y
MA R
t
A
)
o f
(B ANM
B e n g a l
UR
Y
INSIGHT: Torrential monsoon M
rains flood two-thirds of the 0 100 km
country every year 0 100 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Republic LANGUAGES: Bengali*, Urdu, Chakma,
of Bangladesh Marma, Garo, Khasi, Santhali, Tripuri, Mro
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 88%,
CAPITAL: Dhaka Hindu 11%, other 1%
POPULATION: 157 million ETHNIC MIX: Bengali 98%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 55,598 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(144,000 sq. km) CURRENCY: Taka = 100 poisha
Barbados
Barbados is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands.
Once solely inhabited by the native Arawak, Barbados
was first colonized by British settlers in the 1620s.
Encircled by coral reefs. Fertile and Well-developed tourism sector
predominantly flat, with a few gentle hills based on climate and accessibility.
to the north. Financial services, offshore banking,
and information processing are key
ww
CLIMATE
Moderate tropical climate. Sunnier
industries. Sugar production has
dwindled. High cost of living.
w
and drier than its more mountainous
neighbors.
.Ea 0
0
5 km
5 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Independent from the UK since
1966. Some latent tension between the
Speightstown
economically dominant white community ngi ATLANTIC

OCEAN
and the majority black population, but
violence is rare. Increasing social mobility
has enabled black Barbadians to enter
n eer Holetown
Bathsheba
the professions. Despite political stability,

and good welfare and education services,
ing Marchfield
pockets of abject poverty remain. BRIDGETOWN

.ne
INSIGHT: Barbados retains a strong
British influence and is referred to by its
Hastings
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Oistins
t
Grantley Adams
Intl. Airport
200m/656ft
neighbors as “Little England” Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bajan (Barbadian English), English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Barbados RELIGIONS: Anglican 40%, other 24%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 nonreligious 17%, Pentecostal 8%,
CAPITAL: Bridgetown Methodist 7%, Roman Catholic 4%
POPULATION: 300,000 ETHNIC MIX: Black African 92%, White 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 166 sq. miles other 3%, mixed race 2%
DENSITY: 1807 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Barbados dollar = 100 cents
170 EUROPE
Belarus
Literally “White Russia,” Belarus lies landlocked in
eastern Europe. It reluctantly became independent when the
USSR broke up in 1991. It has few resources other than agriculture.
Mainly plains and low hills. The Industry outmoded and mainly
Dnieper and Dvina rivers drain the state-owned. Depends on Russia for
eastern lowlands. Vast Pripet Marshes energy and raw materials: tensions
in the southwest. over natural gas prices.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: The number of cancer
w
Extreme continental climate.
Winters are long, sub-freezing, but
.Ea
mainly dry; summers are hot.
and leukemia cases soared after
the 1986 Chernobyl disaster
LA TV IA

Only 2% of people are non-Slav,
200m/656ft
Sea Level We
ste Vitsyebsk/Vitebsk
rn D
so ethnic tension is minimal. Russian ngi LITHUANIA

vina RUSS.
FED.
Orsha
culture dominates. Belarus was the
slowest ex-Soviet state to implement n eer Lida
Barysaw/Borisov
MINSK Mahilyow/Mogilev
POLAND
political reform; President Lukashenka Hrodna/Grodno
has been labeled as Europe’s last ing

Baranavichy/
Slutsk Babruysk/Bobruysk
Dn
dictator. Enthusiasm for a merger with Baranovichi
Russia has waned. Wealth is held by a

Brest Pinsk Pripet
.ne
Rechytsa
i ep
Mazyr
er
Homyel’/
Gomel’
t
Marshes
small ex-Communist elite. Fallout from UKRAI NE
the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in U K RA IN E
Ukraine still seriously affects health and 0 100 km

the environment. 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Belarussian*, Russian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Belarus RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 80%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Roman Catholic 14%, other 4%,
CAPITAL: Minsk Protestant 2%
POPULATION: 9.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Belarussian 81%, Russian 11%,
TOTAL AREA: 80,154 sq. miles Polish 4%, Ukrainian 2%, other 2%
DENSITY: 117 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Belarussian rouble = 100 kopeks
EUROPE 171
Belgium
Belgium lies in northwestern Europe. Its history has been
marked by tensions between the majority Dutch-speaking
(Flemish) and minority French-speaking (Walloon) communities.

Low-lying coastal plain covers two- Variety of industrial exports,
thirds of the country. Land becomes hilly including steel, glassware, cut
and forested in the southeast (Ardennes). diamonds, and textiles. High
levels of public debt. Bureaucracy
ww
CLIMATE
Maritime climate with Gulf Stream
larger than European average.
w
influences. Mild temperatures, with heavy
cloud cover and rain. More rainfall and
.Ea
weather fluctuations at the coast.
INSIGHT: Belgium holds the world
record for the country with the longest
period without a government
PEOPLE & SOCIETYsyE

Since 1970, Flemish regions have
North Sea
ngi
N ETHERLANDS
Oostende Antwerpen
become more prosperous than those Brugge
n
Gent Mechelen
of the minority Walloons, overturning
se
Me u
traditional roles and increasing friction.
Belgium moved to a federal system from eer
Kortrijk Aalst
Tournai
Leuven
BRUSSELS Liège
1980 in order to contain tensions, but

recent fractious politics have raised
Mons
ing La Louvière
Namur
Charleroi
GER.
doubts over the union's survival.

FRANCE
500m/1640ft .ne es
n
The Flemish separatist N-VA heads the
Flanders government and since 2010 has
been the largest party at federal level. 0
200m/656ft
Sea Level
40 km
t
Ard
en LUX.
Brussels hosts key EU institutions. 0 40 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dutch*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Belgium German*
CAPITAL: Brussels other 10%, Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 11.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Fleming 58%, Walloon 33%,
TOTAL AREA: 11,780 sq. miles other 6%, Italian 2%, Moroccan 1%
Belize
Belize lies on the eastern shore of the Yucatan
Peninsula. Formerly called British Honduras, Belize was the last
Central American country to gain its independence, in 1981.
Almost half the land area is Tourism, agriculture, and offshore
forested. Low mountains in southeast. banking. Oil extraction began in 2005.
Flat swampy coastal plains. Sugar, textiles, lobsters, and shrimp are
exported. Serious hurricane damage is a
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. Very hot and humid, with
recurring problem.
w
May–December rainy season. 0 50 km
Corozal
0 50 miles
.Ea
Louisville
do
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MEXICO
n
Orange Walk
Ho
syE
English-speaking black Creoles
r
ive
Maskall
are outnumbered by Spanish speakers,
wR
Crooked Tree
including native mestizos (European–
ngi
Ne
Belize City
ze
Amerindian) and immigrants from
li
e
B
Reef
neighboring states. The Creoles have
traditionally dominated society, but n eer
BELMOPAN
San Ignacio
Dangriga
.
high levels of emigration to the US
ts
GUATEMALA
ing
er
M
have weakened their influence. The
rri
a
y
Afro-Carib garifuna have their own
language. Corruption, and trafficking of San Antonio
M
a
.ne Ba
Monkey River
Town
people and narcotics, are major problems.
INSIGHT: Belize’s barrier reef is

1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Punta Gorda
S arstoo n
t
Caribbean
Sea
200m/656ft
the second-largest in the world Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, Spanish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Belize English*, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib)
CAPITAL: Belmopan other 20%, Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%
POPULATION: 300,000 ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 49%, Creole 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 8867 sq. miles Maya 11%, other 9%, Garifuna 6%
DENSITY: 34 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Belizean dollar = 100 cents
AFRICA 173
Benin
Benin stretches north from the west African coast.
In 1990, Benin became one of the pioneers of African
democratization, ending 17 years of one-party Marxist-Leninist rule.
Sandy coastal region. Numerous Strong agricultural sector: cash
lagoons lie just behind the shoreline. crops include cotton, oil palm, and
Forested plateaus inland. Mountains in cashew nuts. Large-scale smuggling is
the northwest. a serious problem. France is the main
ww
CLIMATE
aid donor. Recent floods.
w
Hot and humid in the south.
Two rainy seasons. Hot, dusty
.Ea
harmattan winds blow during the
INSIGHT:
Voodoo is
thought to have
BURKINA
NIGER
N
ig
er
originated in Malanville
syE
December–February dry season.
Benin, and was
taken to Haiti
FASO
Kandi
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
There are 42 different ethnic ngiby slaves Natitingou
Ndali
groups. The southern Fon have tended
to dominate politics. Other major
groups are the Adja and Yoruba.
n eer
Djougou
Parakou
ing
TOGO
The northern Fulani follow a nomadic Savè

NIGERIA
lifestyle. North–south tension is

mainly due to the south being more 500m/1640ft .ne Ou é me
developed. French culture, centered
on Cotonou, is highly prized. Substantial
differences in wealth reflect a strongly 0
200m/656ft
Sea Level
100 km
Lokossa
Ouidah
tPORTO-NOVO
Cotonou
hierarchical society. 0 100 miles A TLA NTIC O CEAN
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Fon, Bariba, Yoruba,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Benin Adja, Houeda, Somba, French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Indigenous beliefs and
CAPITAL: Porto-Novo Voodoo 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%
POPULATION: 10.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Fon 41%, other 21%,
TOTAL AREA: 43,483 sq. miles Adja 16%, Yoruba 12%, Bariba 10%
DENSITY: 241 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
174 ASIA
Bhutan
Perched in the eastern Himalayas between India and
China lies the landlocked Kingdom of Bhutan. It is largely closed to
the outside world to protect its culture; TV was banned until 1999.
Low, tropical southern strip rising Reliant on India for trade. Most
through fertile central valleys to high people farm their own plots of land and
Himalayas in the north. Around 70% of herd cattle and yaks. Steep land unsuited
the land is forested. for cultivation. Development of cash
ww
CLIMATE
crops for Asian markets.
w
South is tropical, north is alpine,
cold, and harsh. Central valleys warmer
in east than west. .Ea
INSIGHT: In 2004 Bhutan became
the first country in the world to ban
smoking and the sale of tobacco

The king was absolute monarch
CHINA
until 1998, and the first democratic ngi H i m a l a y a s

elections were held a decade later. Most
people are devoutly Buddhist and
originate from Tibet. The Hindu Nepalese
n eer
Paro
International
THIMPHU
Wangdi
Phodrang
Shemgang
Tashigang
settled in the south. Bhutan has 20

languages. In 1988, Dzongkha (a Tibetan
ing
Chhukha
Phuntsholing Samdrup
dialect native to just 16% of the people)

INDIA
.ne Jonkhar
was made the official language. The

Nepalese community regard this as
“cultural imperialism,” causing
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t0 50 km
200m/656ft
considerable ethnic tensions. Sea Level 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dzongkha*, Nepali, Assamese

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Bhutan RELIGIONS: Mahayana Buddhist 75%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1656 Hindu 25%
CAPITAL: Thimphu ETHNIC MIX: Drukpa 50%, Nepalese 35%,
POPULATION: 800,000 other 15%
TOTAL AREA: 18,147 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
(47,000 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 44 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Ngultrum = 100 chetrum
SOUTH AMERICA 175
Bolivia
Landlocked high in central South America, Bolivia is
one of the region’s poorest countries. La Paz is the world’s
highest capital city: 13,385 feet (3631 m) above sea level.
A high windswept plateau, the Gold, silver, zinc, tin, oil, natural gas:
altiplano, lies between two Andean all vulnerable to world price fluctuations.
mountain ranges. Semiarid grasslands Social issues and nationalization of
to the east; dense tropical forests natural gas sector deter investors. Major
ww
to the north. coca producer. Lack of manufacturing.
Rich eastern provinces want autonomy.
w
CLIMATE
Altiplano has extreme tropical
.Ea
climate, with night-frost in winter. Guayaramerín
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
syE
500m/1640ft
North and east are hot and humid. Riberalta 200m/656ft
Sea Level
PERU Gu
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Wealthy Spanish-descended families ngi Ben
i Trinidad
ap o
ré
n
Lake
have traditionally controlled the economy. Titicaca
A
eer
BRAZIL
The indigenous majority faces widespread LA PAZ
discrimination. Amerindian Evo Morales, Montero
n
president from 2005, is cutting poverty,

Cochabamba
Oruro
ing SUCRE
Santa Cruz
Puerto
d
redistributing land, and pushing for inter-

national recognition of legal coca use.
Alti
p l a Potosí
no .ne Ch
ac
o Suárez
an
e
CHILE
t
Gr
Tupiza PARAGUAY
Tarija
INSIGHT: Between 1825 and 1982
s
Bolivia averaged more than one armed A RG EN TIN A 0 200 km

coup a year 0 200 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Plurinational State of Bolivia LANGUAGES: Aymara*, Quechua*, Spanish*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1825 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%, other 7%
CAPITALS: La Paz (administrative); ETHNIC MIX: Quechua 37%, Aymara 32%,
Sucre (judicial) Mestizo (mixed European–Amerindian) 13%,
POPULATION: 10.7 million European 10%, other 8%
(1,098,580 sq. km) CURRENCY: Boliviano = 100 centavos
176 EUROPE
Bosnia & Herzegovina

Perched in the highlands of southeast Europe, Bosnia
and Herzegovina was the focus of the bitter ethnic conflict that
accompanied the early 1990s dissolution of the Yugoslav state.
Hills and mountains, with narrow Potential to recover status as a
river valleys. Lowlands in the north. thriving market economy with a strong
Mainly deciduous forest covers about manufacturing base, but still struggles
half of the total area. with resettling refugees and the legacy
ww
CLIMATE
of war. Little foreign investment.
w
Continental. Hot summers
and cold, often snowy winters.
.Ea Bihaá
Sa
va
Prijedor
REPUBLICA SRPSKA
CROATIA
Modriâa
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Despite sharing the same origin
D Banja Luka
i
n
Doboj
Tuzla SERBIA
na
Zvornik
and spoken language, Bosnians have
os
been divided by history between ngi a
r
ic
A
Travnik B Zenica
Bugojno
Srebrenica
D
rin
a
Orthodox Serbs, Roman Catholic Croats,

and Muslim Bosniaks. Ethnic cleansing
was practiced by all sides in the civil war,
n eer
CROATIA
lp
s FEDERACIJA
BOSNA I
HERCEGOVINA
SARAJEVO
displacing about 60% of the population.

Hopes for EU integration will require
ing Mostar
further ethnic reconciliation.

2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft .ne MONTENEGRO
INSIGHT: The murder of Archduke

Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo in 0
200m/656ft
Sea Level
50 km
t
1914 triggered the First World War 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bosnian*, Serbian*, Croatian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Bosnia and Herzegovina RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 40%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1992 Orthodox Christian 31%, Roman Catholic
CAPITAL: Sarajevo 15%, other 10%, Protestant 4%
POPULATION: 3.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Bosniak 48%, Serb 34%,
TOTAL AREA: 19,741 sq. miles Croat 16%, other 2%
DENSITY: 192 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Marka = 100 pfeninga
AFRICA 177
Botswana
Landlocked in the heart of southern Africa, Botswana
boasts the world’s largest inland river delta. Diamonds provide
potential wealth, but the country is crippled by HIV/AIDS.
Lies on vast plateau, high Overreliance on diamonds:
above sea level. Hills in the east. vulnerable to world price fluctuations.
Kalahari Desert in center and Beef is exported to Europe. Tourism
southwest. Swamps and salt pans aimed at wealthy wildlife enthusiasts.
ww
elsewhere and in Okavango Basin. AIDS is devastating the population.
w
CLIMATE
Dry and prone to drought.
.Ea
Summer wet season, April–October.
ZAMBIA
K wa
nd o
Kasane
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
syE
Winters are warm, with cold nights.
NAMIBIA
Ok a v a n go
Delt a
Maun
ZIMBABWE
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

The nomadic San bushmen, ngi Makgadikgadi
Francistown
the first inhabitants, are marginalized.
One in five adults are living with
HIV/AIDS: only Swaziland and Lesotho are
n eer
Ghanzi
Selebi Phikwe
Serowe
worse affected. Life expectancy is

Kalahari
Desert
ing Mahalapye
po
po
Li m
around 64 years. Diamond revenue has
widened wealth inequalities.
GABORONE
Kanye .ne Mochudi
t
SOU TH
Lobatse
A FRICA
INSIGHT: Water, Botswana’s most

precious resource, is honored in the 0 200 km
name of the currency – pula 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Setswana, English*, Shona,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Botswana San, Khoikhoi, isiNdebele
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 RELIGIONS: Christian 70%, nonreligious 20%,
CAPITAL: Gaborone traditional beliefs 6%, other 4%
POPULATION: 2 million ETHNIC MIX: Tswana 79%, Kalanga 11%,
DENSITY: 9 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Pula = 100 thebe
178 SOUTH AMERICA
Brazil
Covering almost half of South America, Brazil is the site
of the world’s largest and ecologically most important rainforest.
The country has immense natural and economic resources.

Rainforest grows around the Diverse population includes
massive Amazon River and its delta, Amerindians, black people of
Equatorr
covering almost half of Brazil’s total African descent, European
land area. Apart from the basin of the immigrants, and those of COLOMBIA
ww
River Plate to the south, the rest of the
country consists of highlands. The
mixed race. Amerindians suffer
prejudice from most other
w
mountainous east is part-forested
.Ea
and part-desert. The coastal plain
in the southeast has swampy areas.
groups. Shanty towns in the
cities attract poor migrants
from the northeast. Urban
(2000 km) long. syE

The Atlantic coastline is 1240 miles crime, violent land disputes,
and unchecked development in
CLIMATE ngi
Amazonia tarnish Brazil’s image as
a modern nation. Catholicism and
PERU
Brazil’s share of the Amazon

Basin has a model tropical equatorial
climate, with high temperatures and
n
the family unit remain strong.
eer
THE ECONOMY
rainfall all year round. The Brazilian
plateau has far greater seasonal
ing
Dominant regional economy.
Huge potential for growth based on
variation. The dry northeast suffers .ne
abundant natural resources. A leading
frequent droughts, though coastal
regions are occasionally flooded by
bouts of torrential rain. The south has
t
exporter of coffee, sugar, soybeans,
and orange juice. Social tension
threatens stability. Infrastructure
hot summers and cool winters. needs investment. Downturn in 2014.
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese*, German, Japanese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federative Rep. of Brazil Italian, Spanish, Polish, Amerindian languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1822 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant
CAPITAL: Brasília 15%, atheist 7%, other 4%
POPULATION: 200 million ETHNIC MIX: White 54%, mixed race 38%,
TOTAL AREA: 3,286,470 sq. miles Black 6%, other 2%
DENSITY: 61 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Real = 100 centavos
SOUTH AMERICA 179
INSIGHT: Since 1900, a third of

Brazil’s indigenous Amerindian groups
have become extinct due to disease,
VENEZUELA Frenchh starvation, or the forceful taking of land
Guian
an
na
(Fran
(Fra
ran
ance
ancee))
ce) by miners, loggers, and settlers
SURIN
SUR
URIN
UR
RIN
INAME
AME
Bo
Boa
Bo
oaaV
Viista
Vist
Vis
nco
GUYAN
G UYAN
UYA
YA
ANA
AN
ATLANTIC
Bra
G u i a n
a H i g h l a n d s Maca
Mac
Ma
M aca
ac
ac páá
Japurá
Ri o Ne
g ro
Ilha
IIlh
lh
lha
lh
haa de
de Equator OCEA N
on Maraj
Ma
M arajj ó B
Be
Belé
elé
elé
lém
Amaz
ww
A m a z o n Ma
Man
Mana
M an
aana
nau
nauss
ns
Sa arém
Sant
Sa éém
m SSão
ão
ão Luís
Luíss
To c a nti
ós
aj
B a s i n a
eir a íb
a
ap
w
á
ad T
ru
n
Ju For
FFo
o
ort
rrttalez
a a
Par
M San
Xin
.Ea Impe
IIm
mpe
mp
m peratr
atr
aat
ttrriz
iz Ter
TTe
eere
erre
resi
sin
sina
i a
Irir
Fernando
us
gu
r dee No
d N ronha
i
Pu
syE Na
N atal
at
ns
Port
Po
P o o Velho
ho
h o Jua
JJu
uaaz
uaz
u a eeiro
eir
ei
iro
rro
o
Ar
ão
S
T oc anti
M do
d o Norrte te
te JJo
oãão
o Pessoa
ipua n ã
a
RoB
Rio Bran
Bra
rra
ran
anc
annco
co Repr
Repre
R epre
eepr r saa Camp
Ca
Cam
C aam
m inanaa Olinda
nu
en a
ngi dee S
d Soo bradi
bbrad
rradi
raad
adi
di n
d nbbboo
nbo Grrran
Gra
Gran
G raa de
d Reeec
R eci
ci
c fe
el
Juru
Chap
ada Mac
M
Maac
ace
ace
ceió
Gu
apo
dos sco
n
Pa
nci
ré rec P T gu
Tagu
guat
atin
aati
tin
ttiiin
nga
ga
de M lanal Ara
Ar
Arac
A ra
rac
aaccaju
acaaajj
eer
is
Fra
aia
BOLIVIA ato to Fei

FFeir
Fe
eeir
eiir
ira de
de Santana
Sa
Gr
gu
São
os Salv
SSal
Sa
alv
alv
lvador
ad
so
ing
ra
Cui
Cuia
C uia
uiabá
bá A
Brazilian
Ita
It
ta
tabu
abuna
ab
BRA
RAS
RASÍL
SÍÍL
ÍLIA
HighlandsIA
Vit
Vitó
Vi
V it
itó
ittó
órri
ór ria
ia da Conquista
al
Goiâ
G
Goi oiâ
o
oiiâ
iân
niaia
ia Mon
Mont
Mo
M ont
onntteess
.ne
an
Cllar
Clar
Cla
C laross
la
ay
nt
Uber
U
Ube
ber
beeerrlâ
b lân
lând
ând
âân
nd
n dia
ia
P a ra gu
t
Gove
Gov
G
Go ove
ov
o verrn nad
na
n aaddor
or Valadares
Pa
Uber
Ubeber
be
ber
eraab
aba
baa
b
Camp
Camp
mpo
mp Bel
Belo
Be
B elo
elo
oH Hor
Hoo
orrizo
izon
iz
zzo
o
onntete
Gran
G r nd
dee Rib
Ri
Ribe
R ib
ib
ibe
beeirã
irrã
irão
irrão
ão PPr
ão Pre
retto
re o
Ba
Baur
B aur
au
au urru Vitó
Vi
Vit
V iit
itó
tóória
i
Nova
Nov
N
No ova
ovva
o va Caaam
Cam
C mp
m pos
P A RA G U A Y Lon
Lond
LLo
o
on
ond
nd
n dri
rina
rrinn Cam
iin Camp
C
Ca am
aampmp
m pin
inas
nas
n aass
Igua
gua
uaaççu
u DuqDuququ
q ue dede Caxias
á
SSão
ão o PPaul
Pa
Pau
aau
uo
P a r an
Riio
Rio
R io d
dee JJan
anei
ane
annee ro
n
San
Sa
Sant
nto
nt os
os
Curi
Cu
C uri
u
urritib
tib
tiba
ib
baa
Join
JJo
oin
invi
invilill
vvill
ililllle
Florianópolis
ARG E N T IN
NA
Cax
Caxi
Ca
C axi
aax xiaass do Sul
xi S
ATLANT IC 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Por
PPo
orrrtto A
ort
o Alle
legre
eg
eg 200m/656ft
Lagoa
Lago
Lag
L
Laa ggoa
ago
agoa
ag gooa
oa ddos
do
o s Pa
os Pa
Patos OCEA N Sea Level
Pel
PPelo
Pe
elo
eel
lo
lota
ttas
as
URUGU
UAAY
Y Riio
Ri
Rioo Gra
Gr de
Gr
Gran
Mirim
Miri
Mi
Mir
M iir
iri
irim
r iim
m Lagoon
La 0 500 km
0 500 miles

180 ASIA
Brunei
Lying on the northern coast of the island of Borneo,
Brunei is surrounded and divided in two by the Malaysian
state of Sarawak. It has been independent since 1984.
Mostly dense lowland rainforest Oil and natural gas production
and mangrove swamps, with some has brought one of the world’s highest
mountains in the southeast. standards of living. Massive overseas
investments. Major consumer of
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. Six-month rainy season
high-tech hi-fi, video equipment,
and Western designer clothes.
w
with very high humidity.
.Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
So uth C hina Sea
Pekan Muara
syE
Malays benefit from positive
discrimination. Many in the Chinese
community are stateless. Since a failed
Kampong
Bunut
BANDAR SERI
BEGAWAN
rebellion in 1962, Brunei has been ruled ngi Tutong
Bangar
n
Pekan Seria
by decree of the sultan. In 1990, “Malay Kampong
eer
Kampong
Kuala Belait
Muslim Monarchy” was introduced, Bukit Sawat Batang Duri
promoting Islamic values as state

ing
Kampong
Tanajor
ideology. Women, less restricted than Kampong
Sukang
in some Muslim states, usually wear
headscarves but not the veil.
Kampong
Teraja
.ne
MALAYSIA
INSIGHT: The sultan spent

US$350 million building the world’s
B o r n e o
t0
0
20 km
20 miles
largest palace at Bandar Seri Begawan
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Malay*, English,

OFFICIAL NAME: Brunei Darussalam Chinese
CAPITAL: Bandar Seri Begawan Buddhist 14%, Christian 10%, other 10%
POPULATION: 400,000 ETHNIC MIX: Malay 67%, Chinese 16%,
TOTAL AREA: 2228 sq. miles other 11%, indigenous 6%
(5770 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 197 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Brunei dollar = 100 cents
EUROPE 181
Bulgaria
Located in southeastern Europe, Bulgaria was under
communist rule from 1947 to 1989. Significant political and
economic reform since then enabled it to join the EU in 2007.
Mountains run east–west across Good agricultural production,
center and along southern border. including grapes, for well-developed
Danube plain in north, Thracian plain in wine industry, and tobacco. Expertise
southeast. Black Sea to the east. in software development. Industry
ww
CLIMATE
and infrastructure are outdated.
w
Hot summers, cooler at the coast.
Snowy winters, especially in mountains.
.Ea
East winds bring seasonal extremes.
INSIGHT: Archaeologists have found
evidence of wine-making in Bulgaria
dating back over 5000 years

The communists tried forcibly to
ROMANIA
suppress cultural identities; once free ngi D

an u be Ruse
Dobrich
n
Pleven
movement was allowed in 1989, there Vratsa Shumen Varna
was a large exodus of Bulgarian Turks.

Privatizations in the 1990s left many Turks
SERBIA
eer Ba
lka
SOFIA
Veliko Tûrnovo
n Mountians
Sliven
ing
Burgas
Pernik Kazanlûk
landless, prompting further emigration. Pazardzhik Plovdiv
Stara Yambol
Zagora
Black
Sea
Roma suffer discrimination at all levels
of society. Women have equal rights in
MAC.
.ne
Khaskovo
TURKEY
theory, but society remains patriarchal.

EU accession included caveats demanding
further action against organized crime, 0 50 km
GREECE t 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
human trafficking, and corruption.

200m/656ft
0 50 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bulgarian*, Turkish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Bulgaria Romani
DATE OF FORMATION: 1908 RELIGIONS: Bulgarian Orthodox 83%,
CAPITAL: Sofia Muslim 12%, other 4%, Roman Catholic 1%
POPULATION: 7.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Bulgarian 84%, Turkish 9%,
TOTAL AREA: 42,822 sq. miles Roma 5%, other 2%
DENSITY: 169 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lev = 100 stotinki
182 AFRICA
Burkina Faso
The west African state of Burkina Faso was known as
Upper Volta until 1984. It became a multiparty state in 1991,
though former military ruler Blaise Compaoré remains in power.
The Sahara covers the north of Cotton is the major cash crop,
the country. The south is largely but the encroaching Sahara Desert is
savanna. The three main rivers are restricting agriculture. Beneficiary of
the Black, White, and Red Voltas. foreign debt cancellation plans.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: Droughts and poor
w
Tropical. Dry, cool weather
November–February. Erratic rain
.Ea
March–April, mostly in southeast.
soils mean that many Burkinabés
seek work southward in Ghana and
Côte d’Ivoire

No single ethnic group is
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
MALI
ngi
Sea Level
dominant, but the Mossi, from Ouahigouya

NIGER
around Ouagadougou, have

always played an important part
in government. The people from
n eer Kaya
OUAGADOUGOU
Koudougou
ing Fada-Ngourma
Wh
the west are much more ethnically l ta Re

ite
Vo d
mixed. Extreme poverty has led to a
.ne
ack Bobo-Dioulasso Vo Tenkodogo
Vo
Bl lta a
lt
strong sense of egalitarianism. Most Léo BENI N
women are still denied access to Banfora

t
TOGO
B la ck
GHANA
education, though their absence

Vo l t a
from public life belies their real CÔTE

D 'IV OIRE
0 100 km
power and social influence. (IV ORY COA ST) 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mossi, Fulani, French*, Tuareg,

OFFICIAL NAME: Burkina Faso Dyula, Songhai
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Muslim 55%, Christian 25%
CAPITAL: Ouagadougou traditional beliefs 20%
POPULATION: 16.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Mossi 48%, other 21%,
TOTAL AREA: 105,869 sq. miles Peul 10%, Lobi 7%, Bobo 7%, Mandé 7%
AFRICA 183
Burundi
Small, densely populated and landlocked, Burundi lies
just south of the equator, on the Nile–Congo watershed in central
Africa. More than two-thirds of people live below the poverty line.
Hilly with high plateaus in center Overwhelmingly agricultural
and savanna in the east. Great Rift Valley economy, mostly subsistence. Small
on western side. quantities of gold and tungsten.
Potential of oil in Lake Tanganyika.
ww
CLIMATE
Temperate, with high humidity.
Ongoing political fragility.
w
Heavy and frequent rainfall, mostly
October–May. Highlands have frost.
.Ea RWA N D A Kirundo
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Burundi has been riven by ethnic
conflict between majority Hutu and the
Kayanza
Bubanza
Ngozi Muyinga
Cankuzo
Tutsi, who controlled the army – with ngi BUJUMBURA

Karuzi
Ruyigi
repeated large-scale massacres: hundreds
of thousands of people died between
1993 and 2004. The constitution now
n eer
DEM.REP.
CONGO
Gitega
TANZANI A
ing
Bururi Rutana
guarantees an ethnic balance in the Lake
Makamba
government and army. Twa pygmies
.ne
Tanganyika
were not involved in the conflict. Nyanza-Lac
INSIGHT: Burundi’s fertility rate

is one of the highest in Africa. On 0 50 km
t 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
average, women have six children 0 50 miles 500m/1640ft
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kirundi*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Burundi Kiswahili
CAPITAL: Bujumbura traditional beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%,
POPULATION: 10.2 million Protestant 5%
TOTAL AREA: 10,745 sq. miles ETHNIC MIX: Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, Twa 1%
DENSITY: 1030 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Burundi franc = 100 centimes
184 ASIA
Cambodia
Located on the Indochinese peninsula in southeast Asia,
Cambodia has emerged from genocide, civil war, and invasion
from Vietnam. Tourism has rebounded, and is a key income earner.
Mostly low-lying basin. Tônlé Sap Economy is heavily aid-reliant, still
(Great Lake) drains into the Mekong River. recovering from civil war. Rubber and
Forested mountains and plateau east of timber are exported. Self-sufficient in
the Mekong. rice. Garment industry is growing. Land
ww
CLIMATE
disputes and corruption issues.
w
Tropical. High temperatures
throughout the year. Heavy rainfall during
May–October monsoon. .Ea
INSIGHT: Cambodia has many
impressive temples (including Angkor
Wat), which date from when the country
PEOPLE & SOCIETYsyE

Devastated by US bombing, then
was the center of the Khmer Empire
TH A ILA N D LA OS
by the Khmer Rouge regime, whose ngi Phumî

Sâmraông
Sisôphôn
Chôâm
Khsant Phumî
Virôchey
extreme Marxist program killed over a

million between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia
then endured further civil conflict and
n eer
Bâtdâmbâng
Poûthîsât
Tônlé Sap
Kâmpóng
Kâmpóng Trâbék
Mekong
ing
Chhnâng Krâchéh
Vietnamese occupation. The effects are Krông Kaôh Kâmpóng Cham
PHNOM PENH
still felt, reflected in the high rates of
.ne
Kông
G ulf Prey Vêng
orphans, widows, and land-mine victims. of Sihanoukville
A fragile stability has lasted since
elections in 1993. King Norodom
Sihanouk, a key figure in politics,
Tha ila nd
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
(Kâmpóng Saôm)
t
0
VIETNAM
100 km
200m/656ft
abdicated in 2004. Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Khmer*, French, Chinese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Cambodia Vietnamese, Cham
DATE OF FORMATION: 1953 RELIGIONS: Buddhist 93%, Muslim 6%,
CAPITAL: Phnom Penh Christian 1%
POPULATION: 15.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 69,900 sq. miles other 4%, Chinese 1%
DENSITY: 222 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Riel = 100 sen
AFRICA 185
Cameroon
Situated in the corner of the Gulf of Guinea, Cameroon
was effectively a one-party state for 30 years. Multiparty
elections, since 1992, regularly return that same party to power.

Over half the land is forested: Oil reserves. Very diversified
equatorial rainforest in north, evergreen agricultural economy – timber, cocoa,
forest and wooded savanna in south. bananas, coffee. Fuel smuggling from
Mountains in the west. Nigeria undermines refinery profits.
wwCLIMATE
Corruption. Port for Chad and CAR.
w
South is equatorial, with plentiful
rainfall, declining inland. Far north is beset
by drought. .Ea
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Lake
Chad
CHAD

Around 230 ethnic groups; no
0 100 km
NIGERIA
Maroua
single group is dominant. The Bamileke ngi 0 100 miles Garoua
is the largest, though it has never held

political power. North–south tensions are
diminished by the ethnic diversity. There
n eer Ngaoundéré
Meiganga
is more rivalry between majority French-

and minority English-speakers.
Bamenda
ing
Kumbo
Bafoussam CENTRAL
AFRICAN
Kumba
Douala
Nkongsamba
.ne
YAOUNDÉ
REPUBLIC
INSIGHT: Cameroon’s name

derives from the Portuguese word
camarões, after the shrimp fished by the
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
EQ.
Edéa Mbalmayo
Ebolowa
GABON
tC ONGO
GUINEA
early European explorers
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bamileke, Fang, Fulani,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cameroon French*, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 35%, traditional
CAPITAL: Yaoundé beliefs 25%, Muslim 22%, Protestant 18%
POPULATION: 22.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Cameroon highlanders 31%, Bantu
TOTAL AREA: 183,567 sq. miles 27%, other 21%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%
Canada
Canada extends from the Arctic to its US border
along the 49th parallel. Unified under British rule from 1763, its
development and expansion attracted large-scale immigration.

The world’s second-largest Two-thirds of the population live
country, stretching north to Cape in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence lowlands,
Colombia on Ellesmere Island, south fostering some shared cultural values with
to Lake Erie, and across five time the neighboring US. Important differences,
ww
zones from the Pacific seaboard to
Newfoundland. Arctic tundra and
however, include wider welfare provision
and Commonwealth membership. The
w
islands in the far north give way
.Ea
southward to forests, interspersed
with lakes and rivers, and then the vast
French-speaking Québécois wish to
preserve their culture and language from
further Anglicization, and demand to be
syE
Canadian Shield, which covers over half
the area of Canada. Rocky Mountains
recognized as a “distinct society.” The
government welcomes ethnic diversity
in west, beyond which are the Coast
Mountains, islands, and fjords. Fertile ngi among immigrants, promoting a policy
that encourages each group to maintain
lowlands in the east.
CLIMATE
nits own culture. Other sizable immigrant
eer
groups include Chinese, Italians, Germans.
Ukrainians, and Portuguese. Land claims
Ranges from polar and subpolar in
the north, to continental in the south.
ing
made by the indigenous peoples are being
redressed. Nunavut, an Inuit-governed
Winters in the interior are colder .ne
territory that covers nearly a quarter of
and longer than on the coast, with
temperatures well below freezing and
deep snow; summers are hotter. Pacific
t
Canada’s land area, was created from a
portion of the Northwest Territories in
1999. Women are well represented at most
coast has the mildest winters. levels of business and government.
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, French*, Chinese, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Canada RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 44%, Protestant
DATE OF FORMATION: 1867 29%, other and nonreligious 27%
CAPITAL: Ottawa ETHNIC ORIGIN: British, French, and other
POPULATION: 35.2 million European 87%, Asian 9%, Amerindian, Métis,
TOTAL AREA: 3,855,171 sq. miles and Inuit 4%
(9,984,670 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 10 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Canadian dollar = 100 cents
THE ECONOMY creation in 1994 of the NAFTA free trade

Wide-ranging resources, providing area, but reliance on the US market makes
exports, cheap energy, and raw materials the Canadian economy vulnerable to
for manufacturing, underpin a high US slowdowns. Unemployment rose
standard of living, with smaller wealth during the 2009 recession, but the
disparities than in the US. Prices for economy rebounded quickly.
primary exports fluctuate, but the high
oil price has encouraged development INSIGHT: The Magnetic North Pole,
of Alberta’s vast oil fields. Manufactured where the dipping needle of a
ww
exports have flourished under growing
global competition, especially since the
compass stands still, migrates across
northern Canada
w .Ea
ARCTIC OCEAN + Magnet
gnet
net
n
neeettic
ic N
Nor
Noor
ortth
h
Ellesmere I.
El
syE
Pole
P o
Qu
Que
Quee
Q ue
uee
eeen ElizaElliizab
E iza
iz
zzaaabbet
zab eeth
tthh
IIssla
Isla
sslla
land
nds
n ddss Baffin
Beaufort
Sea
Par
Parr
P
Paarrrrry Is
aarr Isla
lan
lland
and
aan
Bathu
B
Ba
ngi
nds
nd
Bath
aathu
ath
at
thhu
tthu
h urst
u rrst
rssstt I .
Deevon
Devon
D von
vvo
Bay
o n II.
n
UNITED STATES S Baan
B
Ban
ank
an
nks
nkk s I.
ks I.
OF AMERICA A
(ALASKA)
A))
M
Victo
Vict
V icto
iict
Islan
Isl
IIsla
Is
cto
ct
sla
ttoooria
sslan
laan
llan
and
r iiaa
ri
ria
Baf
Baff
B
Baaff
aaf eer
ffffin
in Islan
sla
ssl
lan
lla
aan
n
ndd
Dav
is S
ing
a tr
M ac
ait
Gre
Great
Gre
Grea
Gr
rrea
ea
ea Be Bear
B eaar
eear
ar
ck
Mel
Melv
Me
Melvi
M ellv
elvi
eelv
lv
lvi
viiille
l llee
lle
YU
YUK
YUKO
Y UKO
U
UKK
KO ON
en
Lake
L
Lak
Laake
aak
kkee
k e nz i
Peni
Penin
Pen
Pe
P eenin
en
niinsu
nin
n i su
in suulla
ula la
zi
TTERR
ER
ERR
ER RR R IIT
ITOR
ITO
TOR
TTO
O RY
ORRY
.ne
eM
N UN A V UT Iq
Iqal
IIqa
q
qaal
qal
alu
uit
iitt
e
Wh
Whi
Whit
Wh
hiit
hit
iteeh
ehor
eho
ho
hor
h o
orrssee
R o c
NORTHWEST (Fr
(Fro
((F
Frro
FFro
robbis
bish
biiis
ish
ssh
heerr Baay
her ay)
y
ou
Sout
South
Sou
S
Soouth
oou
uth
u t h aam
ampto
amp
mpto
mp
m ppto
t o n I.
to
TERRITORIES
nta
Yel
Yell
Ye
Y elllllowkn
eel
llloowk
owkn
ow
wkn
w kniif
ife
ffe
e
t Labrador
ins
k y
Péénin
Péni
Pénin
Pén
P nin
n in
n su
sule
ssul
u llee
ul Sea
Grea
Gre
Gr
Great
G rreeat
reat
eaatt S
ea Slllavve
Slav ve d’U
d’Ung
d’
d’Un
d ’Ung
’’U
Ung
U
Unn ava
va
va
BRIT I S H Lake
La
L a e NEWFO
U
PACI FI
F IC
IC C O L U M B I A eace Hudson & LAB NDLAN
P Lak
La
Lake
L aake
kkee RAD D
M o
OCEAAN OR
Coast Mo
sc a
Athab
Atha
Ath
A tha
tth
ha asca
assc
ssca
ccaa Bay Labrador
Quee en
en
ba
MAN
MANI
MA
M ANI
AN
A NII TOBA
N TTOB
OB
OBA
OB
BAA
ha
Charlot
ottt
t ttee St.
St
SSt.J
tt.J
.John
.Joh
ohn’
o hn’
hn
hn
n’’s
u n
At
Islannd Q UÉ B E C Gul
G
Gulf
Guul
u
ulfllff
ALB
ALBE
AL
A LB
LLBE
BER
BE RTTA
RTA
TA SASK
SAS
SSA
ASSK
A
ASK
SKA
ATCH
ATC
ATTC
TTCH
CH
C HEW
EWA
EEWAN
WA
WAN
W AN
A N Jaame
Jame
James
JJam
aam
ames
meeess
mes
m
off NewfNeewf
N
Newew
ew
wffoou
oun
ound
und
un
u nddlan
n lan
la
and
t a
Bay
Ba
Bay
ay ce
u
Edm
Edmo
EEd
dm
dmo
d m
moont
nto
nton
nto
to
ton
onn Lake
La
L ake
ak
ake
ke en S
Stt L
Laawrenc
renc
re
ren
eenc
en
nc
nce
nta
r
i n
aw
Winn
Winni
Wi
Win
W inn
iin
nn
n n ppeg
peeegg PRINCE
RINCE
INCE
NCE
NCE
NC
Vanco
an uvve
v er
er Caaalg
C
Calg
allgary
ryy
ins
SSas
Sask
Sa
assk
aask
kaat
atoo
ato
too
tto
oo
o on EDW
EDWAR
ED
EEDWARD
D
DWA
DW
DWARD
DWAR
WAR
WARD
W ARD
A RD II..
St L
Islan
an
nd O N TA R I O
s
LLet
Le
Leth
eth
eet
tth
hb
brrid
bri
brid
riid
ri dg
gee Reg NEW
N W
Vict
ctto ia V
oria
ori
orria
ia Vaan
Van
Vanc
aanc
nccco
n ouve
ouv
o
ouuvvveer
uve
u Regi
Re
R egi
eeg
giin
g naa Win
Winn
W
Wiin
inn
in
nnn
nipeg
ipeg
ip
peg
pe
p eeg
g Qu
Qué
Québ
Q uéb
u
uéébecc
éb BR
B RU
RUUN
N
NSW
SWWIIC
ICK
CK
C K
Thu
Thun
TTh
hu
hun
h un
u nde
der
d er Ba
Bay
B a Lava
Lav
LLa
aava
avvvaal Hali
Hal
Ha
H aaliffax
ax
Lake
Lak
akeke
ke Mont
Mon
Mo
M on
o
ont
n
nttrréal
ré
ééal
all NO
N O
OVA
OVV
VA SCOTIA
Lak
La ake
aak
kkee Huron
Hur
Hu
H uro
uron
ur
u rron
ro
oon
n
Super
errior
ior
ioor OT
OTTA
OTT
OTTA
TTA
TT
TAWWA
A
Tor
TToro
To
orro
oro
o rontontto
n to Osha
Osh
O
Ossha
ssh
haw
waa
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Lake
Lak
L aake
k Ontarioo ATLANTIC
Lake
kee Hammiillt
m lto
to
toon
n OCEAN
Michigan
n Ni ra Falls
Niaga
Nia
Ni
3000m/9843ft Lake
La
L
Lak
aake
ak
kke Erie
2000m/6562ft Wind
Wi
Win
W in
indso
sor
or
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0 400 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level 0 400 miles
188 AFRICA
Cape Verde
Off the west coast of Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean,
lies the group of islands that make up Cape Verde, a
Portuguese colony until it gained independence in 1975.
Ten main islands and eight smaller Most people are subsistence farmers.
islets, all of volcanic origin. Mostly Clothing is the main export. No natural
mountainous, with steep cliffs and resources. Mid-Atlantic location ensures
rocky headlands. work maintaining ships and planes.
ww
CLIMATE 0 50 km
w
Warm, and very dry. Subject to 2000m/6562ft
0 50 miles 1000m/3281ft
droughts that can sometimes last for
years at a time. .Ea 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
syE
Santo
Antão
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mindelo
Santa Luzia Sal
Most people are of mixed
Portuguese–African origin (Mestiço); ngi São Vicente
n
São Nicolau
the rest are descendants of African slaves Boa Vista
or more recent immigrants. Creolization

of the culture negates ethnic tensions. eer Ilhas de Barlavento
Sal Rei
Over half of the population live on

Santiago. Around 700,000 Cape Verdeans
A T L A N T I C
ing
.ne
O C E A N
live abroad, mostly in the US. Ilhas de Sotavento Maio
INSIGHT: Poor soils and lack of

surface water mean that Cape
Brava
Fogo
São Filipe
Santiago
(São Tiago)
t
Tarrafil
PRAIA
Verde is dependent on food aid
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese Creole, Portuguese*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cape Verde RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%, other 2%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 Protestant (Church of the Nazarene) 1%
CAPITAL: Praia ETHNIC MIX: Mestiço 71%, African 28%,
POPULATION: 500,000 European 1%
TOTAL AREA: 1557 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential-
(4033 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 321 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Escudo = 100 centavos
AFRICA 189
Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked
country lying between the basins of the Chad and Congo Rivers.
Politics suffers frequent interruption by coups and rebellions.
Comprises a low plateau, Dominated by subsistence farming.
covered by scrub or savanna. North Exports include diamonds, cotton,
is arid. Equatorial rainforests in the timber, and coffee. Aid needed to
south. The Ubangi River forms the support refugees. Instability and
ww
border with the Democratic Republic
of the Congo.
poor infrastructure hinder progress.
w
CLIMATE
.Ea
The south is equatorial; the
INSIGHT: “Emperor” Bokassa’s
eccentric rule from 1965 to 1979 was
followed by military dictatorship until
syE
north is hot and dry. Rain occurs all
year round, with heaviest falls
between July and October.
democracy was restored in 1993
ngi 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Birao
n
Sea Level SUDAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Baya and Banda are the
largest ethnic groups, but the lingua eer CHAD
Ndélé
Ouanda
Djallé
SO UTH
franca is Sango, a trading creole spoken

by the minorities in the south who
Batangafo
Bozoum
ing
Kaga Bandoro SUDAN
.ne
Sibut Bambari
Bouar
Carnot Bangassou
have traditionally provided most BANGUI
CAM
Mobaye
t
Berbérati
political leaders. Less than 2% of the U b a n gi
ER
population live in the north. Recent D EM . REP. CON G O

O
CONGO
O
rebellions by northern militias have

N
0 200 km
displaced thousands of people. 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Sango, Banda, Gbaya,

OFFICIAL NAME: Central African Republic French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 35%, Roman
CAPITAL: Bangui Catholic 25%, Protestant 25%, Muslim 15%
POPULATION: 4.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Baya 33%, Banda 27%,
TOTAL AREA: 240,534 sq. miles other 17%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
(622,984 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
190 AFRICA
Chad
Landlocked in north-central Africa, Chad has had a
turbulent history since independence from France in 1960.
Intermittent periods of civil war followed a military coup in 1975.
Mostly plateaus sloping westward to The discovery of oil, and the
Lake Chad. Northern third is Sahara. Tibesti opening of a pipeline to the coast via
Mountains in north rise to 10,826 ft (3300 m). Cameroon, are transforming Chad’s
economy, though the new wealth is
ww
CLIMATE
Three distinct zones: desert in
unlikely to reach most people.
w
north, semiarid region in center,
and tropics in south.
.Ea
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
LIBYA
syE
Tibe s t i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level
Half the population live in Chad's

S a h a r a
southern fifth. The northern third has
only 100,000 people, mainly Muslim Toubou ngi NIGER
nomads. Democracy was restored in 1996

by ex-coup leader Idriss Déby, who has
won all elections since. Instability has
n eer Bol Abéché
continued, first with tension between

Muslims and southern Christians and,
Lake Chad
NIGERIA
ing Mongo
SUDAN
more recently, with rebellions in the east.

N’DJAMÉNA
Bongor
Fianga .ne CENTRAL
INSIGHT: Lake Chad is slowly

drying up – it is now estimated to 0
CAMEROON
200 km
Moundou
Bénoy
Doba
t
Sarh AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
be just 3% of the size it was in 1963 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French*, Sara, Arabic*, Maba

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Chad RELIGIONS: Muslim 51%, Christian 35%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 traditional beliefs 7%, animist 7%
CAPITAL: N'Djaména ETHNIC MIX: Other 30%, Sara 28%,
POPULATION: 12.8 million Mayo-Kebbi 12%, Arab 12%,
TOTAL AREA: 495,752 sq. miles Ouaddai 9%, Kanem-Bornou 9%
SOUTH AMERICA 191
Chile
Chile extends in a ribbon down the west coast of South
America. It returned to elected civilian rule in 1989 after a
referendum forced out military dictator General Pinochet.

Fertile valleys in the center World’s biggest copper producer.
between the coast and the Andes. Growth in foreign investment due to
Atacama Desert in north. Deep-sea political stability. Exports PERU
channels, lakes, and fjords in south. include wine, fishmeal, BOLIVIA
ww fruits, and salmon. Arica
Serious earthquake Iquique
e rt
CLIMATE
A n ca m a Des
w
Arid in the north. Hot, dry damage in 2010. Antofagasta
s
summers and mild winters in the center.
.Ea
de
PACIFIC
Higher Andean peaks have glaciers and INSIGHT:
a
OCEAN
At
in the south. syE
year-round snow. Very wet and stormy Chile’s Atacama
Desert is the driest
place on Earth, Viña del Mar
Valparaíso SANTIAGO
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ngi making it the

perfect location
Rancagua
Talcahuano Talca
Most people are mestizo (mixed
Spanish–Amerindian descent), and are
highly urbanized. General Pinochet’s
n eer
for hi-tech space
observatories
Concepción
Valdivia
Chillán
Temuco
ingPuerto Montt
s
dictatorship was brutally repressive,
Ande
4000m/13124ft Isla de Chiloé
but the business and middle classes
prospered. Over a third of the
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft .ne
t
ARGENTINA
population live in Santiago, many in Sea Level
large slums. There are three main

Punta Arenas
indigenous groups, including the 0 300 km
Rapa Nui of Easter Island. 0 300 miles Strait of Magellan
Cape Horn
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Amerindian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Chile languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1818 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 89%, other
CAPITAL: Santiago and nonreligious 11%
POPULATION: 17.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo and European 90%,
TOTAL AREA: 292,258 sq. miles other Amerindian 9%, Mapuche 1%
DENSITY: 61 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Chilean peso = 100 centavos
192 ASIA
China
Covering a vast area of eastern Asia, China is bordered
by 14 countries. A one-party Communist state since 1949, it has
recently become a dominant force in global manufacturing.

A land of huge physical diversity, Most people are Han Chinese. The
China has a long Pacific coastline to rest of the population belong to one of
the east. Two-thirds of the country is 55 minority nationalities, or recognized
uplands. The southwestern mountains ethnic groups. Many of these groups have
ww
include Tibet, the world’s highest
plateau; in the northwest, the Tien
a disproportionate political significance
as they live in strategic border areas. A
w
Shan Mountains separate the arid
.Ea
Tarim and Dzungarian basins. The
rolling hills and plains of the low-lying east
policy of resettling Han Chinese in remote
regions is deeply resented and has led
to uprisings in Xinjiang and Tibet. The
syE
are home to two-thirds of the population. government has relaxed the one-child
family policy, particularly for minorities,
CLIMATE
China is divided into two main ngi after some small groups were brought
close to extinction. Chinese society is
climatic regions. The north and west
are semiarid or arid, with extreme
temperature variations. The south and
n patriarchal in practice, and generations
eer
tend to live together. However, economic
change is breaking down the social
east are warmer and more humid, with
year-round rainfall. Winter temperatures
ing
controls of the Mao Zedong era.
Divorce and unemployment are rising. A
vary with latitude, but are warmest on the .ne
resurgence of religious belief has occurred
subtropical southeast coast. Summer
temperatures are more uniform, rising
above 70°F (21°C).
t
in recent years. Materialism has replaced
the puritanism of the past; there are now
more cell phones in China than in the US.
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mandarin*, Cantonese, other

OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Republic of China RELIGIONS: Nonreligious 59%, traditional
DATE OF FORMATION: 960 beliefs 20%, other 13%, Buddhist 6%,
CAPITAL: Beijing Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 1.39 billion ETHNIC MIX: Han 92%, other 4%, Hui 1%,
TOTAL AREA: 3,705,386 sq. miles Miao 1%, Manchu 1%, Zhuang 1%
(9,596,960 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 385 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Yuan = 10 jiao = 100 fen
ASIA 193
THE ECONOMY and consumer goods helped drive global

China has shifted from a centrally recovery. China is now the world’s largest
planned to a market-oriented economy; exporter and second-largest economy.
liberalization has gone furthest in the The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015)
south where the emerging business seeks to limit population growth and
class is based. Exports led annual GDP improve social infrastructure.
growth of over 10% in 2003–2007. Faced
with a global downturn from 2008, INSIGHT: China has the world’s
Chinese stimulus packages boosted oldest continuous civilization. Its
ww
domestic spending. The buying power
of China’s huge market for raw materials
recorded history began 4000 years ago,
with the Shang dynasty
w .Ea Amur
RUSSIAN
syE Manzh
ho
houl
ou
uli
Heeih
Heih
Heeiih
he
FEDE
FED
FE
FEDER
EDE ATION
DE
ngi
P l ai n
Qiqi
Q iqi
qiihar
ha
haarr
Alta
Alt
A
Al
llta
lttta
ay Harb
Ha
arrb
aarb
rbiin
n Jix
K AZAK HSTA
STAN
STA
TAN
T
TAAN
AN Jiixi
Ji
Jixi
ixxxii
u ri a n
Kar
Kara
Ka
Kara
ar
a ram
ra
Yiiini
Yin
Yini
Y in
ma
may
niin
n ng
ay
ay
g
n MONGOLIA
eer Xilililinh
Xili
X nho
nho
hot
ot
Chan
Cha
Ch
C han
h
ha an
angchu gcch
gch
cchu
hu
h un
nch
JJiilili
i n
ha Ü Ürü
Ürüm
rrüm
rü
üm
ümq
qii
KY R
RGG Y Z STAN
STA
S
STTA
TAN
TAANN Tien S n G o b i Sh
SShen
hen
h ennyyang
ya
yan ang
aanng
n gN
Ma
Hami
Ham
Ha
H aam
m
mii
A Fuxi
Fux
FFuuxxxiin
uxi
u Fus
FFush
usssh
u hu unn O NO
NOR
ORTH
OR
OLI
ing n KO
Korl
Kor
Ko
K o
orlla Ans
Ansh
A nssh
nsh
n shaan KOREA
K O EA
A
Ka
Kas
Kash
K asshi
a
ash
shi
sh Tak
Takl
Ta
T akl
a
akklllii m
k maka
mak
ma
makan
aka
akan
ak
a ka
k
kan
an
a n Loop
L
Lop
op Nur ur N E R M ONG Jiin
JJinz
iinz
nzzh
n ho
hou
ou
o u
TAJIKISTA AN
AN I N BEI
BE
B E
EIIJIN
IJJI
JIN
IIN
NG Ta
TTanang
aanng
n gssha
shan
sh
han
ha
h aann Da Dand
Dan
D and
aan nd
n dong
on
He
AFGHANISTAN N Shamo
S ha amo
ammo
m o Yume
Yum
Yu
Y um
u m
me e n Da
Dal
D ali
a li
l a
ann
h a n Datoa
ato
at to
t o ng
n g Bo Hai
Bo
un S
.ne
ai
ng
PAKISTANANN Alt a SShij

Sh
hijijjiiazh
h azh
aazzh
zh huuan
ua
uang
u ang
ng
n g Tia
TTian
iian
aan njjin
jiiinn
Go
G ollm
olm
o lmu udd Q Qin
Qing
Qi
Qingh
ingh
in
ing
ngh
ngghhai
ai HHu u Hu Ziibo
Zib
ZZibo
ib
ib
bo o
Aksai Chin
in
n- Kunlun Shan Xiin
Xini
Xin
X iini
ninng g Jina
in
naan
Qing
Qin
Q iing
n dao
administered by
y China,
claimed by Indiaa
Demchok/Dêmqog q gg--
Plateau of Tibet
X NG ZIZHI
XIZA ZIZHI
IZHIQU QUU
Lan
LLanz
La
anz
aannzzh
n zhohou
hou
o u
B
Baoj
Ba
Bao
a
aoj
aoo
ojj i
Luoy
LLuo
Nan
uo
Nany
N an
aany
X
oyaang
oy
Xi’a
Xi i’a
i
i’
nyaang
ny
an
’a
’ a
an
ng Zh
ng
n
ng
n g
Zhen
ZZhe
Huai
H
hen
he
heenngzh
uainan
gzho
gz
g
nan
zho
zzh
n
hou
Xuz
Xuzh
X
Xu uzzho
uzh
u zho
zh
Nan
Nanj
Na
N an
t
aanj
ou u
njiin
nj ing
ng
n g
Yel l o w
Sea
H
administered by
y China,
a,, i (TIB
BET)
T)) Gu
Guan
Gua
G uan
u
uaan
a n gyua
gyu
gy
g yua
yu
yua
u a n SShha ghai
han h
Salwe
ze
claimed by Indiaa m en Wuha

W
Wu u
uh
uha
ha
hanan
t
ng
a Che
Ch
Chen
C hen
he
h een
ng gd
gdu
du
d u
Ya
Sh
Shas
Sha
Sh has
ha aassh
hii
Meko
Han
Ha
H an
an ng gzhou
zhou
ho
l a Lh LLhas
has
h assa
Cho
Ch
Chon
C ho
hon
h o n gqi
gqin
g
gqqi
qin
q i
inn g
NEPAPAL
PA
AL y a s Zig
ZZi
Zigo
ig
iigo
go
g ong
ng Poy
Poya
Poyan
P
Pooy
oyan
ooya
yyananng Hu
ng Hu
ng
East
BHUTA
B HUTA
HUT
HU
UTA
UT
U TA
T AN Cha
Chan
Ch
C ha
han
h ang
an gssha
gsh
gsha
sha
shha Naanc
Nanc nch hang
ha
hanaang
anng
n g C hi na
Guiy
Gu
G uiy
u iyaang
an
ng
ng Hen
Hen
Heng
He en
eng
ng gyyang
yanan
ang ng FFu uzzhou Sea
u
INDIA
Ku
Ku
Kun
Kunm
un
unm
nm
nmin
iing
ng
ng Liu
LLiuz
Li
iuz
iiu
u
uzzh
hou
ho
ou
ou
Wuzh
Wuz
Wu
Wuz
uuzh ou SSh
zhou Sha
han
ha
haan
nto
tou
tou
ou
MYANMMA
AR R Na
Nann
Nan
Nann
an
ann
nniin
ing
ng
ng Gu
Gua
Guan
G ua
uan
uaan
nggzh
gz
zho
zhou
(BURMA)) VIETN
VIIETN
IET
ETN
ET
TN
TNAM
AM
Mac
Maca
Ma
Maca
aac
ccaao Hon
Hon
Ho
Hongng Kong g
LLA
LAOS
LAO
AO
AOS
O S Gu
G
Gulf
ulff
ulf
off
Tonk
nki
nk
kkiin H aaina
Ha ina n Dao So ut h
C h ina
4000m/13124ft Sea
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0 400 km
200m/656ft
194 SOUTH AMERICA
Colombia
Lying in northwest South America, Colombia has
coastlines on both the Caribbean and the Pacific. It is primarily
noted for its coffee, emeralds, gold, and cocaine trafficking.
The densely forested and almost Healthy and diversified export
uninhabited east is separated from the sector – includes coffee and coal.
western coastal plains by the Andes, Considerable growth potential, but
which divide into three ranges narcotics-related violence and corruption
ww
(cordilleras) with intervening valleys. deter foreign investors.
w
CLIMATE
Coastal plains are hot and wet. The
.Ea
highlands are much cooler. The equatorial
Santa Marta
Barranquilla
Sincelejo
Cartagena
Valledupar
Sea
Caribbean
east has two wet seasons.

syE Montería
PANAMA Cúcuta
Bucaramanga
VENEZUELA
ngi
OCEAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Medellín
ta
s
Me
Most Colombians are of mixed
Or
Manizales
i n o co
BOGOTÁ
blood. Blacks and Amerindians have
the least political representation. Civil n Armenia
eer
Cali
d
e
Villavicencio
N
FIC
Neiva
n
eg r o
conflict since the 1960s has killed over Popayán
ing
CI
Pasto
A
220,000 people and displaced more

PA
Equator
than five million. The fighting is deeply ECUADOR
.ne
C aq
Pu
tu u et BRAZIL
á
entwined with the narcotics trade.
m
PERU
ay
Violent crime is common.

t
o
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Colombia is the world's 1000m/3281ft 0 200 km
500m/1640ft
main source of emeralds Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE Amerindian languages

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Colombia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%, other 5%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1819 ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo (European–Amerindian)
CAPITAL: Bogotá 58%, White 20%, European–African 14%,
POPULATION: 48.3 million African 4%, African–Amerindian 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 439,733 sq. miles (1,138,910 sq. km) Amerindian 1%
DENSITY: 120 people per sq. mile GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Wayuu, Páez, other CURRENCY: Colombian peso = 100 centavos
AFRICA 195
Comoros
Off the east African coast, between Mozambique and
Madagascar, lies the archipelago republic of the Comoros,
comprising three main islands and a number of smaller islets.
Main islands are of volcanic origin One of the world’s poorest
and are heavily forested. The remainder countries. Subsistence-level farming.
are coral atolls. Vanilla and cloves are main cash crops.
Lack of basic infrastructure.
ww
CLIMATE
Hot and humid all year round, INSIGHT: The Comoros is the world’s
w
especially on the coasts. November to
May is hottest and wettest period.
.Ea
largest producer of ylang-ylang – an
extract from tree blossom used in
manufacturing perfumes
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
The Comoros has absorbed a
diversity of people over the years,
Grande Comore
(Njazidja) 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
including Africans, Arabs, Polynesians,andngi Koimbani

200m/656ft
Sea Level
Persians. There have also been Portuguese,

Dutch, French, and Indian immigrants.
Ethnic discord is rare, but regional tensions
n eerMORONI
Foumbouni
between islands are marked. The country

is politically unstable and there have been
Dembéni
ing INDIAN OCEAN
frequent coups. A fragile new federal Mohéli

(Mwali) .ne Ouani
Moutsamudou
system was introduced in 2002, though in
2009 the island presidents were reduced
to governors. A political and business 0
Mozambique
Channel
20 km
Fomboni
t Moya
Anjouan
(Nzwani)
elite controls most of the wealth. 0 20 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Comoran*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Union of the Comoros French*
CAPITAL: Moroni Roman Catholic 1%, other 1%
POPULATION: 700,000 ETHNIC MIX: Comoran 97%,
(2170 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 813 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Comoros franc = 100 centimes
196 AFRICA
Congo
Astride the equator in west-central Africa, this former
French colony emerged from 20 years of Marxist-Leninist rule in
1990. Democracy was soon overshadowed by years of violence.
Mostly forest- or savanna- Oil provides over 85% of export
covered plateaus, drained by the revenue. Timber is extracted. Foreign
Ubangi and Congo river systems. debt cut by two-thirds in 2010. Industrial
Narrow coastal plain is lined with base around Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire.
ww
sand dunes and lagoons.
INSIGHT: In 1970, Congo became
w
CLIMATE
Hot, tropical. Temperatures rarely
.Ea
fall below 86°F (30°C). Two wet and two
the first African country to
declare itself a communist state
C. A. R.
the equator. syE

dry seasons. Rainfall is heaviest south of 0
0
200 km
200 miles
CAMEROON
ngi Ouésso
n gi
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft
U ba
n
San
One of the most tribally Sea Level
eer
gh
conscious and heavily urbanized
a
Equator
Owando
countries in Africa, with most people
ing
o
GABON
ng
living in the Brazzaville–Pointe-Noire
Co
region. Main tensions are between
the Bakongo in the north and the Mossendjo
.neDjambala
DEM. REP.
Mbochi in the south. Relative peace
was secured in 1999, and “ninja” rebels
in the Pool region, around Brazzaville,
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Loudima
Pointe-Noire
Nkayi
Kinkala
t CONGO
BRAZZAVILLE
ANGOLA
signed a peace deal in 2003. (Cabinda)
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kongo, Teke, Lingala,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Congo French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 50%, Roman
CAPITAL: Brazzaville Catholic 35%, Protestant 13%, Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 4.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Bakongo 51%, Teke 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 132,046 sq. miles other 16%, Mbochi 11%, Mbédé 5%
AFRICA 197
Congo, Dem. Rep. (DRC)
A former Belgian colony in east-central Africa, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is Africa’s second-
largest country and the scene of one of its worst regional wars.

Rainforested basin of Congo River Rich resource base: minerals
occupies 60% of the land area. High (copper, coltan, cobalt, diamonds)
mountain ranges and lakes stretch down dominate export earnings. War and
the eastern border. decades of corruption have caused
ww
CLIMATE
economic collapse. Food aid is needed
to ease humanitarian crisis.
w
Tropical and humid. Distinct wet
and dry seasons south of the equator.
.Ea
The north is mainly wet.
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
U b a n gi
SOUTH
SUDAN

There are 12 main ethnic groups
Bumba
Mbandaka
Isiro
Kisangani
Lake
Albert
UGANDA
ngi
Equator
Lu a l
o
Congo Goma
ng
CONGO
and around 190 smaller ones. Civil war Co
Basin RWANDA
ab a
Bukavu
from 1996 drew neighboring countries
into a bloody conflict. The indigenous n ANGOLA
(Cabinda)
eer
KINSHASA
Kikwit
Ilebo
Kananga Kalemie
BURUNDI
TANZANIA
ATL EAN
forest pygmies, victimized in the war, are Matadi Lake
ing
Mbuji-Mayi Tanganyika
OC
ANT
now a marginalized group. A tentative ANGOLA

Kasai Kamina
IC
peace deal in 2003 has been undermined

by intercommunal violence in the east. .ne Likasi
ZAMBIA
Lubumbashi
INSIGHT: The DRC’s rainforests

comprise 6% of the world’s, and 50% of
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t ZAMBIA
0 200 km
200m/656ft
Africa’s, remaining woodlands Sea Level 0 200 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic LANGUAGES: Kiswahili, Tshiluba, French*
of the Congo RELIGIONS: Christian 70%, Kimbanguist 10%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 Muslim 10%, traditional beliefs and other 10%
CAPITAL: Kinshasa ETHNIC MIX: Other 55%, Mongo, Luba, Kongo,
POPULATION: 67.5 million and Mangbetu-Azande 45%
(2,345,410 sq. km) CURRENCY: Congolese franc = 100 centimes
Costa Rica
Costa Rica, Central America’s most stable country, is
rich in pristine scenery and exotic wildlife. Its neutrality in
foreign affairs is long-standing, but it has strong ties with the US.
Coastal plains of swamp and Main exports are bananas, coffee,
savanna rise to a fertile central plateau, pineapples, and beef, but all vulnerable
which leads to a mountain range with to fluctuating world prices. Stability has
active volcanic peaks. attracted multinationals. History of high
ww
CLIMATE
inflation. Pioneer of eco-tourism. Plans
to be the world's first carbon neutral
w
Hot and humid in coastal regions.
Temperate central uplands. High
annual rainfall. .Ea
country (by 2025).
0
0
50 km
50 miles

Most people are mestizo, of partly
NICARAGUA
Sa
n Juan
Spanish–partly Amerindian origin. There ngi Liberia

Cañas Quesada
Caribbean
Sea
is a black, English-speaking minority and

around 35,000 indigenous Amerindians.
Plantation owners are the wealthiest
n eer
San Ramón
Puntarenas
SAN JOSÉ
Heredia
Turrialba Limón
Cartago
group, while one in five people live in

poverty. Nonetheless, living standards are
ing San Isidro
C
de
o
Ta rdi
la lle
.ne
PACIFIC m ra
A
an
ca
NAM
high for the region, and education and OCEAN
healthcare provision is good.
INSIGHT: Costa Rica’s 1949

3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t
Península
de Osa
PA
200m/656ft
constitution bans a national army Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, English Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Costa Rica Bribri, Cabecar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 71%, Evangelical
CAPITAL: San José 14%, nonreligious 11%, other 4%
POPULATION: 4.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo and European 94%,
TOTAL AREA: 19,730 sq. miles Black 3%, Chinese 1%, Amerindian 1%, other 1%
DENSITY: 249 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: C.R. colón = 100 céntimos
AFRICA 199
Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
One of the larger nations along the coast of west Africa,
Côte d’Ivoire is the world’s biggest cocoa producer. Since 2002 its
image of stability has been rocked by civil war and electoral chaos.
Sandy coastal strip and rainforested Main crops are cocoa and coffee.
interior, with savanna plateau in north. Oil is now major export. Good
infrastructure. Lack of professional
CLIMATE training. Instability deters investment.
ww
Hot all year. Two wet seasons in
south; north has one, with lower rainfall. M A LI
w
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
.Ea
Over 60 tribes; largest is the Baoulé
Odienné
BU RK INA
Korhogo
FA SO
syE
(an Akan group). Southern Christians
harbor resentment against non-Ivorian
Muslims in the north. Plantations employ
G U IN EA
millions of migrant workers (including ngi Lac de

Man Kossou
Bouaké
children), though thousands fled back to

Burkina during the 2002–2005 civil war.
Rebels joined a transitional government
n Guiglo
eer
Daloa
YAMOUSSOUKRO Dimbokro
Gagnoa
Abengourou
GHANA
in 2007. President Gbagbo delayed

elections until 2010 and then refused to
LIBERIA
ing Divo
Abidjan
y Coast
Grand-Bassam
.ne
San Pédro
Ivor
step down; civil conflict led to his ouster. G ulf o f G uinea
INSIGHT: The Basilica of Our Lady of

Peace in Yamoussoukro is the largest
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t
ATLANTIC OCEAN
0 100 km
200m/656ft
church in the world Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Akan, French*, Krou, Voltaïque

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Côte d’Ivoire RELIGIONS: Muslim 38%, Roman Catholic 25%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 traditional beliefs 25% , Protestant 6%, other 6%
CAPITAL: Yamoussoukro ETHNIC MIX: Akan 42%, Voltaïque 18%, Mandé
POPULATION: 20.3 million du Nord 17%, Krou 11%, Mandé du Sud 10%
200 EUROPE
Croatia
Though it was controlled by Hungary from medieval
times and was a part of the Yugoslav state for much of
the 20th century, Croatia has a very strong national identity.
Rocky, mountainous Adriatic The war cost the economy an
coastline is dotted with islands. Interior is estimated $50 billion. Unemployment has
a mixture of wooded mountains and been persistently high. Corruption deters
broad valleys. foreign investment. Tourism is mainly on
ww
CLIMATE
the Dalmatian coast. EU membership.
w
The interior has a temperate 0 50 km
continental climate. Mediterranean

.Ea
0 50 miles
Âakovec
Varaªdin
climate along the Adriatic coast. Koprivnica D r HUNGARY
a
syE
va
SER ube
SLOVENIA
Da
ZAGREB Virovitica
n
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Karlovac
BIA
S Osijek
K upa Sa l a v o n i a
Croats are distinguished from
ngi
Rijeka
a
va Vukovar
tr
s
Bosniaks and Serbs by their Roman I Slavonski
Brod
n
Pula
Catholic faith and use of the Latin
eer
BOSNIA
alphabet. Many Serbs fled Croatia during Zadar D
&
HERZEGOVINA
the early 1990s conflict that accompanied i
ing
na
D
Yugoslavia’s breakup. Croatia's entry into

ri
c
a
l
A
m Split
the EU, delayed by border disputes with
.ne
lp
s
a
Slovenia, finally occurred in 2013. Adriatic t
i
a
t
Sea
Dubrovnik MON.
INSIGHT: Croatia only regained 1000m/3281ft
control of Serb-occupied Eastern 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Slavonia, around Vukovar, in 1998 Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Croatian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Croatia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 other 7%, Orthodox Christian 4%,
CAPITAL: Zagreb Muslim 1%
POPULATION: 4.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Croat 90%, Serb 5%,
DENSITY: 197 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kuna = 100 lipa
Cuba
A former Spanish colony, Cuba is the largest island in
the Caribbean. It became the only communist country
in the Americas after Fidel Castro seized power in 1959.

Mostly fertile plains and basins. Sugar industry now superseded by
Three mountainous areas. Forests of tourism and nickel. US trade embargo,
pine and mahogany cover one-quarter since 1961. Shortages drive black market.
of the country. Parallel use of US dollar (1993–2004), and
wwCLIMATE
then convertible peso, boosted
investment but created a “dollarized”
w
Subtropical. Hot all year round,
and very hot in summer. Heaviest rainfall
.Ea
in the mountains. Hurricanes can strike
elite: dual peso system to be scrapped.
INSIGHT: Fidel Castro had become
in the fall.
syE the world’s longest-serving non-
hereditary ruler before handing power
to his brother Raúl in 2006
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Castro regime has reduced ngi its
of
formerly extreme wealth disparities,
given education a high priority, and
established an efficient health service.
n
HAVANA
Marianao
Stra rida
eer
Flo
Matanzas
ATLANTIC
Santa Clara
OCEAN
ing
Pinar Cienfuegos
del Río
Political dissent, however, is not Ciego de Avila
Archipiélago de los
Camagüey
tolerated. A dramatic fall in living
standards since the late 1980s has led
Canarreos
Caribbean
Sea .ne
Bayamo
Santiago
Holguín
Guantánamo
thousands of Cubans to flee to the US,

to seek asylum. About 70% of Cubans
are of Spanish descent. There is little
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t
de Cuba GUANTÁNAMO
BAY
(to USA)
0 100 km
200m/656ft
ethnic tension. Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cuba RELIGIONS: Nonreligious 49%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1902 Catholic 40%, atheist 6%, other 4%,
CAPITAL: Havana Protestant 1%
POPULATION: 11.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Mulatto (mixed race) 51%,
TOTAL AREA: 42,803 sq. miles White 37%, Black 11%, Chinese 1%
(110,860 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 264 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Cuban peso = 100 centavos
202 EUROPE/ASIA
Cyprus
Cyprus lies south of Turkey in the eastern
Mediterranean. Since 1974, it has been partitioned between
the Turkish-occupied north and the Greek-Cypriot south.
Mountains in the center-west give Tourism. Eurozone member.
way to a fertile plain in the east, flanked Weathered 2009 downturn, but banks
by hills to the northeast. crashed in 2013: Cypriots lost savings
under IMF/EU bailout terms. North
ww
CLIMATE
Mediterranean. Summers are hot
lacks investment and wages are lower.
w
and dry. Winters are mild, with snow in
the mountains.
.Ea
INSIGHT: The Green Line, which
separates north from south, was
opened for the first time in 2003
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
The Greek majority practice
Orthodox Christianity. Since the 16th
Mediterranean Sea Dipkarpaz
(Rizokarpason)
ngi
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
(only recognized by Turkey)
century, a minority community of Turkish Lapta (Lápithos) Girne (Kerÿneia)
n
Famagusta
Muslims has lived in the north of the Bay
eer
Güzelyurt (Mórfou) Deêirmenlik
island. In 1974 Turkish troops occupied (Kythréa) Gazimaêusa
NICOSIA (Famagusta)
the north and proclaimed the Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC),
but it is recognized only by Turkey.
Páfos
Troodos
Mts.
ing Lárnaka
Agia Nápa
.ne
Sovereign
Lemesós Base Area
Over 100,000 mainland Turks have settled Sovereign (Limassol) (to UK)
there since. UN-led mediation failed to

reunite the island ahead of EU accession
in 2004, so the north was left out 0 25 km
Base Area
(to UK)
Akrotiri
t Cease-fire line
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of membership; peace talks continue. 0 25 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Greek*, Turkish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cyprus RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 78%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 Muslim 18%, other 4%
CAPITAL: Nicosia ETHNIC MIX: Greek 81%, Turkish 11%,
POPULATION: 1.1 million other 8%
TOTAL AREA: 3571 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential systems
(9250 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
DENSITY: 308 people per sq. mile (new Turkish lira in TRNC = 100 kurus)
EUROPE 203
Czech Republic
Once part of Czechoslovakia, a central European
communist state in 1948–1989, the Czech Republic peacefully
dissolved its union with Slovakia in 1993. It joined the EU in 2004.

Landlocked in central Europe. Traditional heavy industries
Bohemia, the western territory, is a (machinery, iron, car-making) have been
plateau surrounded by mountains. successfully privatized. Prague attracts
Moravia, in the east, is characterized by tourists. Skilled workforce. Will join euro
ww
hills and lowlands. in 2017 at earliest.
w
CLIMATE
Cool, sometimes cold winters and
.Ea
warm summer months, which bring most
INSIGHT: Charles University in Prague
was founded in the 13th century
of the annual rainfall.

syE GERMANY
Liberec
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Secular and urban society, with ngi Karlovy
Vary
Ústí nad Labem
Elb
POLAND
high divorce rates. Czechs make up the
vast majority of the population, while
the next largest group are Moravians.
n Kladno
eer
Plzeõ
PRAGUE
m
e
ia
Hradec Králové
Pardubice
Ostrava
The 300,000 Slovaks left after partition

are now permitted dual citizenship.
Bo
he
ing
Âeské
Budêjovice
Olomouc
Moravia
Havíüov
Zlín
.ne
Brno
Ethnic tensions are few, but there AUSTRIA SLOVAKIA

is widespread hostility toward the
Roma minority. A new commercial
elite is emerging alongside
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t 0 50 km
200m/656ft
postcommunist entrepreneurs. Sea Level 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Czech*, Slovak,

OFFICIAL NAME: Czech Republic Hungarian (Magyar)
DATE OF FORMATION: 1993 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 39%, atheist
CAPITAL: Prague 38%, other 18%, Protestant 3%, Hussite 2%
POPULATION: 10.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Czech 90%, other 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 30,450 sq. miles Moravian 4%, Slovak 2%
DENSITY: 351 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Czech koruna = 100 haleru
204 EUROPE
Denmark
Denmark occupies the Jutland peninsula and over
400 islands in southern Scandinavia. Greenland and the
Faeroe Islands are self-governing associated territories.
Fertile farmland covers two-thirds Natural gas and oil reserves. Skilled
of the terrain, which is among the workforce key to high-tech industrial
flattest in the world. About 100 islands success. Pork, bacon, dairy products are
are inhabited. exported. Opted not to join the euro,
ww
CLIMATE
though its currency is pegged.
w
Damp, temperate climate with
mild summers and cold, wet winters.
Rainfall is moderate..Ea
200m/656ft
Sea Level
ag
er
r ak
Bornholm
Rønne

Income distribution is the most
Sk
Aalborg
Kattegat
even in the West. Danish liberalism is ngi J y l l a n d

Viborg Randers
challenged over immigration: cultural

clashes have arisen with immigrant
minorities. Almost all women now work;
n eer
Silkeborg
Herning
Horsens
Århus
COPENHAGEN
Helsingør
ing
Vejle Roskilde
a
Esbjerg
Denmark is a world leader in childcare
Se
Odense
Kolding
tic
Sjælland
provision. Marriage is becoming less
.ne
Fyn
Bal
North Svendborg Næstved
common, even for couples with children. Sea Sønderborg
INSIGHT: Denmark is Europe’s

oldest kingdom – the monarchy 0
GERMANY
50 km
L ollan d
t Nykøbing
Fa l st er
dates back to the 10th century 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Danish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Denmark RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 95%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 950 Roman Catholic 3%, Muslim 2%
CAPITAL: Copenhagen ETHNIC MIX: Danish 96%, other (including
POPULATION: 5.6 million Scandinavian and Turkish) 3%, Faeroese
TOTAL AREA: 16,639 sq. miles and Inuit 1%
DENSITY: 342 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Danish krone = 100 øre
AFRICA 205
Djibouti
A city-state with a desert hinterland, Djibouti lies in
northeast Africa on the Red Sea. Once known as the French
Territory of the Afars and Issas, independence came in 1977.

Mainly low-lying desert and Djibouti’s major assets are its ports
semidesert, with a volcanic mountain in a key Red Sea location.
range in the north.
INSIGHT: Chewing the leaves of the
wwCLIMATE
Almost no rain, though the
mildly narcotic qat shrub is an age-old
social ritual in Djibouti
w
monsoon is very humid. The 109°F (45°C)
heat of summer is unbearable.
.Ea
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level ERITREA Red Sea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE Below Sea level
Ba
The main ethnic groups are
b el
ETHIOPIA ◊a√√a’to
the Issas in the south, and the
ngi
Mand
nomadic Afars in the north. Tensions
eb
between them developed into a
guerrilla war in 1991–1994. Smaller
tribal groups make up the rest of
n eer
Gâlâfi
Tadjourah
Lac ‘Assal
de T
ad jo
Obock
ura Gulf of
Aden
the population, and the rural peoples

are mostly nomadic. Wealth is
ing Go
lfe
DJIBOUTI
.ne
Goubétto Damêrdjôg
concentrated in Djibouti city. Lake Abhe

SOMALILAND
t
Mouloud (not internationally
France exerts considerable influence Guélîlé recognized)
in Djibouti, supporting it financially ETHIOPIA
and maintaining a naval base and 0 30 km
a military garrison. 0 30 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Somali, Afar, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Djibouti Arabic*
CAPITAL: Djibouti Christian 6%
POPULATION: 900,000 ETHNIC MIX: Issa 60%, Afar 35%,
DENSITY: 101 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Djibouti franc = 100 centimes
Dominica
Dominica is renowned as the Caribbean island that
resisted European colonization until the 18th century.
It achieved independence from the UK in 1978.
Mountainous and densely forested. Based on bananas, but has lost
Volcanic activity has given the land very preferential access to EU market. Some
fertile soils, hot springs, geysers, and diversification: flowers, coffee, fruit.
black sand beaches. Agriculture vulnerable to hurricanes.
ww
CLIMATE
Eco-tourism. Some offshore banking.
w
Tropical, cooled by constant trade
winds. Heavy annual rainfall. Tropical
.Ea
depressions and hurricanes are likely
INSIGHT: Dominica is known as
“Nature Island,” due to its spectacular
flora and fauna
June–November.
syE ca P
assage
ngi ini 2000m/6562ft

PEOPLE & SOCIETY om 1000m/3281ft
The majority of Dominicans D
Prince
Portsmouth 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
are descendants of African slaves
brought over to work on banana
plantations. The Carib Territory on
n Rupert
eer
Bay
Northern Forest
Reserve
Marigot Sea Level
the northeast of the island is home

to the only surviving indigenous
Caribbean ing
Mahaut
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
community in the Caribbean. Wealth

Sea
Canefield
.ne
t
Airport
disparities are not as marked as
ROSEAU
elsewhere in the region, but the
alleviation of poverty has become a Martinique 0 10 km
major plank of government policy. Passage
0 10 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French Creole, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 77%,
Dominica Protestant 15%, other 8%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978 ETHNIC MIX: Black 87%, mixed race 9%,
CAPITAL: Roseau Carib 3%, other 1%
POPULATION: 73,286 GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
TOTAL AREA: 291 sq. miles (754 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar
DENSITY: 253 people per sq. mile = 100 cents
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic occupies the eastern two-
thirds of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. Spanish-
speaking, it seeks closer ties to the anglophone West Indies.
Highlands and rainforested Mining (nickel and gold), sugar,
mountains – including the highest peak in and textiles. Tourism, remittances, and
the Caribbean, Pico Duarte – interspersed exports all rely heavily on US market.
with fertile valleys. Extensive coastal Hidden economy based on trans-
ww
plain in the east. shipment of narcotics to the US.
w
CLIMATE
Hot and humid close to sea level,
.Ea
cooler at altitude. Heavy rainfall,
INSIGHT: Santo Domingo is the oldest
city in the Americas. It was founded in
1496 by the brother of Christopher Columbus
syE
especially in the northeast.
Puerto Plata ATLANTIC
ngi
Monte Cristi
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mao OCEAN
Santiago
White landowners – especially San Francisco
n
Pico Duarte
those descended from the original HAITI C10, 417ft (3175m)
de Macorís
Spanish settlers – form the wealthy

elite. The mixed-race majority controls eer
ord
San Juan
iller
u La Vega
a Central
SANTO El Seibo
commerce and forms the bulk of the

professional middle classes. White and
Lago
Enriquillo
ing DOMINGO
San Cristóbal
San Pedro
La Romana
mixed-race women are entering the

Barahona
Caribbean .nede Macorís
professions. Great disparities of wealth

exist; the black and Haitian-immigrant
populations occupy the bottom of 0 50 km
Sea
t 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
the social ladder. 0 50 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, French Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Dominican Republic RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1865 and nonreligious 5%
CAPITAL: Santo Domingo ETHNIC MIX: Mixed race 73%, European 16%,
POPULATION: 10.4 million Black African 11%
(48,380 sq. km) CURRENCY: Dominican Republic peso
DENSITY: 557 people per sq. mile = 100 centavos
208 ASIA
East Timor
East Timor occupies the once Portuguese-owned
eastern half of the island of Timor. Invaded by Indonesia in
1975, it became independent in 2002 following a long struggle.
A narrow coastal plain gives way to Widespread poverty. Violence
forested highlands. The mountain in 1999 damaged infrastructure. Riots
backbone rises to 9715 ft (2963 m). in 2006 undermined stability, further
deterring foreign investment. Agreement
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. Heavy rain in wet season
with Australia on division of oil revenue
from the Timor Sea.
w
(December–March), then dry and hot,
particularly in the north.
.Ea INSIGHT: Once dependent on
sandalwood, the economy is being
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
The population is almost entirely
Roman Catholic. The Timorese are a mix
transformed by oil under the Timor Sea
Se
of Malay and Papuan peoples, and many ngi Pulau Wetar

lat
R
om
an
indigenous Papuan tribes survive. There is
n
g
an urban Chinese minority, and ethnic
Indonesian settlers became numerous eer Pulau Alor
it Ataúro Wet
ar Str
Lospalos
ait
ing
ra
Pulau St Manatuto Tutuala

ai
after annexation in 1975. Pantar O m b DILI
a
Preindependence violence in 1999 (part of Pante
.ne
Maliana e
East Macassar S
was politically rather than ethnically Timor)
Suai T i m
o r
motivated. Women do not have access
to the professions and levels of
domestic violence are notably high. 0
Ti m or
100 km
t 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Living standards are low. 0 100 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tetum* (Portuguese/

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic Austronesian), Bahasa Indonesia, Portuguese*
of Timor-Leste RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 2002 (including Muslim and Protestant) 5%
CAPITAL: Dili ETHNIC MIX: Malay/Papuan groups c. 85%,
POPULATION: 1.1 million Indonesian c. 13%, Chinese 2%
TOTAL AREA: 5756 sq. miles (14,874 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 195 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
SOUTH AMERICA 209
Ecuador
Once part of the Inca heartland, Ecuador lies on the
western coast of South America. Its territory includes the
fascinating Galápagos Islands, 610 miles (970 km) to the west.
Broad coastal plain, inter-Andean Oil provides around half of
central highlands, dense jungle in export earnings. World’s biggest banana
upper Amazon basin. exporter. Use of US dollar offers stability,
but less control. Defaulted on debt in
ww
CLIMATE
The climate is hot and moist on
2008, prioritizing social spending.
0 100 km
w
the coast, cool in the Andes, and hot
equatorial in the Amazon basin.
.Ea PA C I F I C
OCEAN
COLOMBIA
0 100 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Most people are of Amerindian–
Esmeraldas
Ibarra
Sa
nM
ig u el
s
Equator
Spanish extraction (mestizo). Black
communities exist on the coast. The ngi Santo Domingo
QUITO N ap o
e
de los Colorados
strong and largely unified Amerindian
movement leads the pressure for social
reform. Recent left-wing policies have
n Manta
eer
Portoviejo
Riobamba
d
Ambato
given greater rights to women, the poor,

Guayaquil
ing
Milagro
n
and Amerindians. Extreme poverty has

fallen from 17% in 2006 to 8.6% in 2013.
Gulf
of
Guayaquil
Cuenca
Machala
.ne
t
A
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
Loja
INSIGHT: Darwin's study on the PERU 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Galápagos Islands in 1856 played a 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
major part in his theory of evolution Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Quechua, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Ecuador Amerindian languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1830 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%; Protestant,
CAPITAL: Quito Jewish, and other 5%
POPULATION: 15.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 77%, White 11%,
TOTAL AREA: 109,483 sq. miles Amerindian 7%, Black African 5%
210 AFRICA
Egypt
Occupying the northeast corner of Africa, Egypt is divided
by the highly fertile Nile Valley. A long tradition of ethnic
and religious tolerance has been shaken by the rise in Islamism.
Fertile Nile Valley separates arid Oil and gas. Cotton. Tolls from the
Libyan Desert from smaller semiarid Suez Canal. Tourist industry and foreign
eastern desert. Sinai peninsula has investment affected by terrorist attacks
mountains in south. and ongoing political instability.
ww
CLIMATE
Mediterranean Sea Nile Delta
w
Summers are very hot, but winters
are cooler. Rainfall is negligible, except
on the coast. .Ea
Al Iskandaríyah
Munkhafaç
CAIRO
Al Jízah
Bur Sá’íd
ISRAEL
Al Ismá‘ílíya
Suez Canal
As Suways
JORDAN
syE LIBYA
al Qaœœára Al Minyá Sinai
N il e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mubarak's military-backed regime
was ousted in a popular uprising in the ngi Asyú√
Sawháj Qiná
Hurghada
Re
n
d
"Arab Spring" of 2011, but the subsequent Al Uq§ur
Se
elected Muslim Brotherhood government
eer
L i b y a n
a
D e s e r t Aswán
was in turn ousted. Clashes between
Muslims and Copts are rising. Women's
access to education and economic status
ing
Lake Nasser
Administrative
border
are threatened by Islamism. Rapidly SUDAN

.ne
Political border
growing population. Poverty in the south.
INSIGHT: In 450 BCE Herodotus

2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
t
0 200 km
Sea Level
visited the already-ancient pyramids Below Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French, English,

OFFICIAL NAME: Arab Republic of Egypt Berber
CAPITAL: Cairo Coptic Christian and other 10%
POPULATION: 82.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Egyptian 99%, other (Nubian,
TOTAL AREA: 386,660 sq. miles Armenian, Greek, Berber) 1%
(1,001,450 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 214 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Egyptian pound = 100 piastres
El Salvador
El Salvador is Central America’s smallest and most
densely populated country. Already struggling to recover from a
civil war in the 1980s, it was badly struck by earthquakes in 2001.
El Salvador is a narrow coastal Coffee, sugar. Garment industry.
belt backed by two mountain ranges. Overseas remittances. Frequent natural
There is a central plateau. The country is disasters damage infrastructure and
located within a seismic zone, and there deepen country’s reliance on aid. Most
ww
are more than 20 volcanic peaks. businesses suffer extortion by gangs.
Violence deters investors and tourism.
w
CLIMATE
Tropical coastal belt is very hot,
.Ea
with seasonal rains. Cooler, temperate
INSIGHT: Independent since 1841,
El Salvador is named after Jesus Christ,
climate in highlands.
syE “the savior” of Christians
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Ethnic tensions are few. Economic ngiGUATEMALA Metapán HONDURAS
disparities sparked the 1981–1991 civil war
between the US-backed government and n Santa Ana L empa
eer Embalse
Chalatenango
Lem
pa
Ahuachapán Cerrón Grande Sensuntepeque
left-wing FMLN guerrillas; 75,000 people
died, many of them unarmed civilians,
and human rights abuses were
Sonsonate SAN
SALVADOR
ing a
San Vicente
San Miguel
.ne
Zacatecoluca
mp
La Unión
Le
widespread. In 2009 the FMLN won the Usulután
presidency, but wealth disparities still

exist despite some reform. Gangs now
control much of daily life; the murder
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
PACIFIC OCEAN
t 0 25 km
200m/656ft
rate is rising again despite a 2012 truce. Sea Level 0 25 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of El Salvador RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 80%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1841 Evangelical 18%, other 2%
CAPITAL: San Salvador ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo (European–Amerindian)
POPULATION: 6.3 million 90%, White 9%, Amerindian 1%
TOTAL AREA: 8124 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(21,040 sq. km) CURRENCY: Salvadorean colón
DENSITY: 788 people per sq. mile = 100 centavos; US dollar = 100 cents
212 AFRICA
Equatorial Guinea
Comprising the mainland territory of Río Muni and five
islands on the west coast of central Africa, Equatorial Guinea,
despite its name, lies just north of the equator.
The islands are mountainous and Oil and gas now account for almost
volcanic. The mainland is lower, with all of exports; the government has
mangrove swamps along the coast. promised to reinvest oil funds in
development. Timber, cocoa, coffee.
ww
CLIMATE
The island of Bioco is extremely INSIGHT: In 2003, state radio
declared President Obiang Nguema
w
wet and humid. The mainland is only
marginally drier and cooler.
.Ea
to be “like God in Heaven”
2000m/6562ft MALABO
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Equatorial Guinea is the only
Spanish-speaking country in Africa. Río
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Isla
da
Bioco
Muni is sparsely populated and most ngi ATLANTIC CAMEROON

Bight of Biafra
people there are Fang, an ethnic group

also found in Cameroon and northern
Gabon. Bioco is populated by Bubi
n OCEAN
eer
Gulf
of
Niefang
Micomeseng
ing
Guinea Bata
Mongomo
and a minority of Creoles known as Mbini Uolo
R í o
Fernandinos. Tensions between the
two territories have been reignited Cabo Etembue
M u
.ne n i
t
San Nsoc
by the discovery of oil off Bioco. Juan
Cogo
Wealth is concentrated in the ruling Isla de

Corisco
GABON
clan; oil revenue since 1995 has made 0 40 km
little impact on most people. 0 40 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Equatorial LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Fang, Bubi,
Guinea French*
CAPITAL: Malabo other 10%
POPULATION: 800,000 ETHNIC MIX: Fang 85%, other 11%, Bubi 4%
(28,051 sq. km) CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
AFRICA 213
Eritrea
Lying along the southwest shore of the Red Sea, Eritrea
won a long war for independence from Ethiopia in 1993. The two
neighbors fought a bitter border war in 1998–2000.

Mostly consists of rugged Legacy of disruption and
mountains, bush, and the Danakil Desert, destruction from wars; resettlement of
which falls below sea level. refugees. Susceptible to drought and
famine: dependent on food aid. Most of
ww
CLIMATE
Warm in the mountains; desert
the population live at subsistence level.
Potential for extraction of gold, copper,
w
areas are hot. Droughts from July
onward are common.
.Ea
and oil. Red Sea location: port at Massawa.
0 100 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Tigrinya-speakers, mainly
Orthodox Christians, are the most
SUDAN Kerora
Red Sea
0 100 miles
numerous of nine main ethnic groups. ngi Dahlak

Archipelago
A strong sense of nationhood has
been forged by war. Women played a
vital role in combat. Around two-thirds
n eer
Ak’ordat
Barentu
Keren Mîts’íwa (Massawa)
ASMARA
ing
Teseney Adi Ugri
of people are subsistence farmers. ETHIOPIA
Suwa
Multiparty elections, due under the
.ne
D
an
Red Sea
1997 constitution, are yet to be held. ak ‘Aseb
INSIGHT: Eritrea was modern Italy's

first African colony. It's named for the
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
t il
DJIBOUTI
Sea Level
ancient Greek for Red Sea: Erythra Thalassa Below Sea Level
FACTFILE Arabic*, Saho, Bilen, Kunama, Nara, Hadareb

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Eritrea RELIGIONS: Christian 50%, Muslim 48%,
CAPITAL: Asmara ETHNIC MIX: Tigray 50%, Tigre 31%, other 9%,
POPULATION: 6.3 million Saho 5%, Afar 5%
TOTAL AREA: 46,842 sq. miles (121,320 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
DENSITY: 139 people per sq. mile parliamentary system
LANGUAGES: Tigrinya*, English*, Tigre, Afar, CURRENCY: Nakfa = 100 cents
214 EUROPE
Estonia
The smallest and most Western-oriented of the former
Soviet-ruled Baltic states, Estonia is also the most developed,
but its standard of living is well below the EU average.
Estonia’s terrain is flat, boggy, and Timber and oil shale. Good
partly forested, with over 1500 islands. productivity. Strong growth accompanied
Lake Peipus forms much of the eastern EU accession in 2004, but first EU country
border with Russia. to enter recession in 2008. Drastic
ww
CLIMATE
spending cuts aided quick revival. Joined
eurozone in 2011. Low debt burden.
w
Maritime, with some continental
extremes. Harsh winters, with cool
.Ea
summers and damp springs.
INSIGHT: Estonia pioneered online
voting in 2007, and voting by cell

Estonians are related ethnically
phone in 2011
and linguistically to the Finns. Friction ngi Gulf of Finland

TALLINN Rakvere
Kohtla-
Järve Narva
between ethnic Estonians and the large

Russian minority led to a reassertion of
Estonian culture and language. Outright
nBaltic
Sea
eer
Hiiumaa
Haapsalu
Tapa
Paide Lake
Peipus RUSS.
discrimination against the Russian

language was only ended in 2000.
Saaremaa Pärnu
ing Viljandi Tartu
Võrtsjärv
FED.
Estonians are predominantly Lutheran.

Gulf
of
Riga .ne Lake Pskov
Valga
Võru
Families are small. The divorce rate has
reduced since the 1980s peak. Market
reforms have increased prosperity; a
LATVIA
t 0 50 km
200m/656ft
few people have become very rich. Sea Level 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Estonian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Estonia RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 56%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Orthodox Christian 25%,
CAPITAL: Tallinn other 19%
POPULATION: 1.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Estonian 69%, Russian 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 17,462 sq. miles other 4%, Ukrainian 2%
AFRICA 215
Ethiopia
The former empire of Ethiopia once dominated
northeast Africa. A Marxist regime in 1974–1991, now a free-market
democracy, it has suffered economic, civil, and natural crises.
Great Rift Valley divides Overwhelmingly dependent on
mountainous northwest region from agriculture; coffee is main export crop.
desert lowlands in northeast and War-damaged infrastructure and periodic
southeast. Ethiopian Plateau is drained serious droughts and famines undermine
ww
mainly by the Blue Nile. growth. There is a heavy reliance on food
aid. Landlocked since secession of Eritrea.
w
CLIMATE
Moderate, with summer rains.
.Ea
Highlands are warm, with night frost and
0
0
200 km
200 miles
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
snowfalls on the mountains.
syE 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
76 Ethiopian nationalities speak ngi ERITREA Re
d
Se
Below Sea Level
n
Mek’elé a
286 languages. Oromo (or Gallas) are SUDAN
D Des
Gulf of
an
eer
Gonder a
er kil
the largest group. Ethnic representation Bahir Dar
t
DJIBOUTI
Aden
is a major political issue. Orthodox Blue Nile Desé
Christianity has a very ancient history in

Ethiopia. Former emperor Haile Selassie
Ethiopian
ADDIS
ABABA ing Diré Dawa
SOMALILAND
inspired Rastafarianism.
Highlands Nazrét
.ne
Hárer (not internationally
recognized)
ley ft
Jíma
t Ogaden
Val t Ri
SOUTH
SUDAN
a
Gr e
INSIGHT: King Solomon and the Queen

L. Turkana SOMALIA
of Sheba are said to have founded the
Kingdom of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) c. 1000 BCE KENYA

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Democratic LANGUAGES: Amharic*, Tigrinya, other
Republic of Ethiopia RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 40%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1896 Muslim 40%, traditional beliefs 15%, other 5%
CAPITAL: Addis Ababa ETHNIC MIX: Oromo 40%, Amhara 25%,
POPULATION: 94.1 million other 13%, Sidama 9%, Tigray 7%, Somali 6%
(1,127,127 sq. km) CURRENCY: Birr = 100 cents
Fiji
A volcanic archipelago in the South Pacific, with two
large islands and 880 islets. Tensions between native Fijians
and the Indian minority have sparked a succession of coups.
Main islands are mountainous, Tourism was main sector, though
fringed by coral reefs. Remainder are damaged by instability. Coups have also
limestone and coral formations. caused international isolation. All sectors
struggling: sugar production, gold mining,
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. High temperatures all year
textiles, timber, and commercial fishing.
w
round. Cyclones are a hazard.
.Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Sea Level PACIFIC
OCEAN
syE
The British introduced workers from
India in the late 19th century, and by 1946
their descendants outnumbered the ethnic
Yasawa Nabavatu Labasa
Vanua Levu
ngi
Group
Nabouwalu
Fijians. Ethnic-Fijian nationalism is strong. Bligh Water
Koro
Taveuni
Many Indo-Fijians left after the 1987 coup,

restoring ethnic Fijians to a majority. The
first Indo-Fijian-dominated government
n Lautoka
eer
Rakiraki
Viti Levu
Ovalau
Koro
Gau Se a
Lak
eba
Pa
ssa
ge
was ousted in 2000. The army led another

coup in 2006: elections were held in 2014.
Sigatoka
Kadavu
Passing
SUVA
a ge
Moala
Lau Group
Women are lobbying for more rights.

Kadavu
.ne
INSIGHT: Both Fijians and Indians
practice fire-walking; Indians walk on 0 100 km
PACIFIC OCEAN
t
hot embers, Fijians on heated stones 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Fijian, English*, Hindi, Urdu,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Fiji Tamil, Telugu
DATE OF FORMATION: 1970 RELIGIONS: Hindu 38%, Methodist 37%,
CAPITAL: Suva Roman Catholic 9%, Muslim 8%, other 8%
POPULATION: 900,000 ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian (Fijian) 51%, Indian
TOTAL AREA: 7054 sq. miles 44%, other 5%
DENSITY: 128 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Fiji dollar = 100 cents
EUROPE 217
Finland
Finland’s language and national identity have been
influenced by both its Scandinavian and Russian neighbors.
Once aligned with the USSR, Finland is now a member of the EU.
South and center are flat, with low Strong engineering and electronics
hills and many lakes. Uplands and low sectors: home of Nokia. Wood, pulp, and
mountains in the north. 60% of the paper production.
land area is forested.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: Finland has Europe’s largest
inland waterway system
w
Long, harsh winters with frequent
snowfalls. Short, warmer summers.
.Ea
Rainfall is low, and decreases northward.
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
NORWAY
Inarijärvi

One in four of the population lives
SWEDEN
Lapland
RUSS.
in the Greater Helsinki region. Swedish-ngi Arctic Circle

Rovaniemi
FED.
speakers live mainly in the Åland Islands

in the southwest. The Sámi (Lapps) lead a
seminomadic existence inside the Arctic
n 0
0
100 km
eer
100 miles
Oulu
Circle. Women make up 48% of the labor

force, continuing a long tradition of
ing
G ulf
of Kuopio
.ne
Vaasa
Bo thnia Joensuu
equality between the sexes. Finnish Jyväskylä Haukivesi
women were the first in Europe to get

the vote, in 1906, and the first in the
world able to stand for parliament.
Åland
Pori
Turku
Espoo
t
Tampere
Lahti
Kotka
HELSINKI
Saimaa
Families tend to be close-knit. Baltic Sea
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Finnish*, Swedish*, Sámi

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Finland RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 83%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1917 other 15%, Orthodox Christian 1%,
CAPITAL: Helsinki Roman Catholic 1%
POPULATION: 5.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Finnish 93%, other (including
TOTAL AREA: 130,127 sq. miles Sámi) 7%
218 EUROPE
France
Stretching across western Europe, from the English
Channel (la Manche) to the Mediterranean Sea, France was Europe’s
first modern republic, and is still a leading industrial power.
Broad plain covers northern half of Chemicals, electronics, heavy
the country. High mountain ranges in the engineering, cars, and aircraft typify a
east and southwest, with a mountainous strong and diversified export sector.
plateau in the center. World leader in cosmetics, perfumes, and
ww
CLIMATE
quality wines. Modernized agriculture.
w
Three main climates: temperate
and damp northwest; continental east;
.Ea
and Mediterranean south.
E ng l i s h Ch a nne l
Channel Is.
(to UK)
Le Havre
Calais
Rouen
Lille
Amiens
BELGIUM
Reims
LUX.
GERMANY
syE
Caen Strasbourg
Brest Versailles PARIS
Le Mans Nancy
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Rennes Orléans Mulhouse R hi
ne
Strong national identity coexists

with pronounced regional differences, ngi Bay
Nantes
L o i re Tours
Clermont-
Dijon
Besançon SWITZ.
L. Geneva
n
Mâcon
including local languages. Immigration of Limoges Ferrand Lyon
laws have been tightened since the 1970s,
eer
B i s c a y Cognac Massif
St.-Étienne
Grenoble
Rhône
s ITALY
lp
but ethnic minorities growing up in city Bordeaux Central
suburbs feel increasingly alienated.

Wearing the veil is banned in public. New
Biarritz Toulouseing Montpellier
A
Avignon Aix-en-
Provence MONACO
Nice
.ne
P y r Marseille Cannes
e n e e
s Toulon
equality laws are under debate. SPAIN
ANDORRA
Perpignan Corse
(Corsica)
INSIGHT: France is the most

popular tourist destination in the
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
tMe dite r r anea n
Sea
0 100 km
200m/656ft
world, with over 80 million visitors a year Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE Breton, Catalan, Basque

OFFICIAL NAME: French Republic RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%, Muslim
DATE OF FORMATION: 987 8%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Buddhist 1%
CAPITAL: Paris ETHNIC MIX: French 90%, North African 6%,
POPULATION: 64.3 million German (Alsace) 2%, Breton 1%, other 1%
LANGUAGES: French*, Provençal, German, CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
AFRICA 219
Gabon
Gabon is a former French colony straddling the equator
on Africa’s west coast. Independent since 1960, it returned to
multiparty politics in 1990, after 22 years of one-party rule.

Low plateaus and mountains lie Oil accounts for 75% of exports,
beyond the coastal strip. Two-thirds of but reserves are dwindling: not much
the land is covered by rainforest. post-oil planning. High debt problem.
Tropical hardwoods and manganese.
ww
CLIMATE
Hot and tropical, with little INSIGHT: Libreville was founded
w
distinction between seasons. Cold
Benguela current cools the coast.
.Ea
as a settlement for freed French
slaves in 1849
CAMEROON
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Some 40 different languages are
spoken. The Fang, who live mainly in
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
Oyem CONGO
the north, are the largest ethnic group, ngi LIBREVILLE

Makokou
but have yet to gain control of the

government. Oil wealth has led to the
growth of an affluent middle class, but
n eer
Port-
Gentil
O g o ou
é Lambaréné
Equator
one in three people still live in poverty.

Menial jobs are done by immigrant
ing
Koulamoutou
Mouila
Moanda
Franceville
workers. Education follows the French .ne

Tchibanga
system. With 87% of people living in
towns, Gabon is one of Africa’s most
urbanized countries. The government is 0
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
100 km
t CONGO
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
encouraging population growth. 0 100 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE Nzebi, Mpongwe

OFFICIAL NAME: Gabonese Republic RELIGIONS: Christian (mainly Roman Catholic)
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 55%, traditional beliefs 40%, other 4%,
CAPITAL: Libreville Muslim 1%
POPULATION: 1.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Fang 26%, Shira-punu 24%, other
TOTAL AREA: 103,346 sq. miles (267,667 sq. km) 24%, foreign residents 15%, Nzabi-duma 11%
LANGUAGES: Fang, French*, Punu, Sira, CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
220 AFRICA
Gambia
Gambia is a riverbank state on the west coast of Africa,
almost entirely surrounded by Senegal. It was renowned for its
stability until its government was overthrown in a coup in 1994.
Located on the narrow strip of land Around 75% of the labor force is
bordering the Gambia River. Long, sandy involved in agriculture. Groundnuts are
beaches are backed by mangrove swamps the principal crop. Fish stocks are
along the river. Savanna and tropical declining. Eco-tourism is promoted,
ww
forests higher up. though most visitors come for the
beaches. Banjul is one of west Africa’s
w
CLIMATE
Subtropical, with wet, humid
.Ea
months July–October, and warm, dry
finest deepwater ports: significant
re-export trade. Smuggling problems.
season November–May.
syE INSIGHT: Overfishing in the waters
off Gambia and Senegal, mainly by
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Little tension between various ngi foreign vessels, is a growing problem
ethnic groups. The largest group, the

Mandinka, has traditionally held power.
Islam is a strong social influence, though
n eer SENEGAL
there is no official state religion. A small Bakau
expatriate community from the UK lives Serekunda

BANJUL ing
Farafenni Georgetown
Brikama
Gam b i a
.ne Basse
ATL EAN
on the coast. Seasonal migrants come Gunjur SENEGAL Santa Su

OC
t
AN
from neighboring states to harvest

TIC
groundnuts each year. Women are active

as traders. Yahya Jammeh, who led the 0 50 km
200m/656ft
1994 coup, is still the elected president. 0 50 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mandinka, Fulani, Wolof, Jola,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Gambia Soninke, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 90%, Christian 8%,
CAPITAL: Banjul traditional beliefs 2%
POPULATION: 1.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Mandinka 42%, Fulani 18%,
TOTAL AREA: 4363 sq. miles Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other 5%
DENSITY: 466 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dalasi = 100 butut
ASIA 221
Georgia
Located on the eastern shore of the Black Sea,
Georgia has been torn by civil war and ethnic disputes since
achieving independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Kura Valley lies between Caucasus Transit revenues from pipelines
Mountains in the north and Lesser taking oil to the West. Long-established
Caucasus range in south. Lowlands and booming wine industry. Political
along the Black Sea coast. instability. Fast pace of reforms in late
ww
CLIMATE
2000s, at cost of high unemployment.
w
Subtropical along the coast,
changing to continental extremes at high
.Ea
altitudes. Rainfall is moderate.
INSIGHT: Western Georgia was the
land of the legendary Golden Fleece of
Greek mythology

Paternalistic society, with strong
family, cultural, and literary traditions. ngi C
a
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Georgia was converted to Christianity in

326 CE. Armenians in the south are the
poorest group. Civil conflicts in the early
n Sokhumi
eer
Zugdidi
u
c
Kutaisi
a
s
u
1990s against Abkhaz and Osset
separatists displaced 300,000 people.
Black
Sea
Poti
Batumi ing
Samt’redia
Ku
ra
Tskhinvali
Gori
s
Telavi
Abkhazia and South Ossetia now

Akhaltsikhe
Lesse
TURKEY .ne
r C a u cas
us
TBILISI
Rustavi
effectively operate as separate states,

backed up by Russian forces since the
2008 war. Russia opposes Georgian hopes
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t
ARMENIA
0
AZERBAIJAN
100 km
of joining the EU and NATO. 200m/656ft
FACTFILE Armenian, Mingrelian, Ossetian, Abkhazian

OFFICIAL NAME: Georgia RELIGIONS: Georgian Orthodox 74%, Muslim
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 10%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Armenian
CAPITAL: Tbilisi Apostolic Church (Orthodox) 4%, other 2%
POPULATION: 4.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Georgian 84%, Armenian 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 26,911 sq. miles (69,700 sq. km) Azeri 6%, Russian 2%, Ossetian 1%, other 1%
LANGUAGES: Georgian*, Russian, Azeri, CURRENCY: Lari = 100 tetri
222 EUROPE
Germany
Europe’s strongest industrial power and its most
populous nation, Germany was divided after military defeat in 1945
into a free-market west and a communist east, but reunified in 1990.
Central European coastal plains in Major exporter of electronics,
the north, rising to rolling hills of central heavy engineering, chemicals, and cars.
region and Alps in far south. Worst recession for 60 years in 2008–
2009. Aging population.
ww
CLIMATE
Damp, temperate in northern and DENMARK
Baltic Sea
w
central regions. Continental extremes in
mountainous south.
.Ea North Sea
Hamburg
Bremen
Kiel
Lübeck
Elb
Rostock
POLAND
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE e
O
NETHER- BERLIN
de
Regionalism is strong. The north Hannover
r
LANDS
is mainly Protestant, while the south is
staunchly Roman Catholic. Social and ngi Duisburg
Dortmund
Essen Kassel
Magdeburg
Leipzig
Dresden
n
Düsseldorf Köln Erfurt
economic differences still exist between Bonn Chemnitz
eer
Rh
BELGIUM Frankfurt
east and west. Turks are the largest single
ine
am Main
CZECH
ethnic minority; many came as guest LUX. Mannheim
workers in the 1950s–1970s. Immigration

rules now favor skilled workers.
FRANCE ing Nürnberg REPUBLIC
Stuttgart
Dan
ub
e
ne
.ne
Rh i
München
Feminism is strong.
n Alps
INSIGHT: Germany’s rivers and

canals carry as much freight as
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
SWITZ. B a v a r i a
t AUSTRIA
0 100 km
200m/656ft
its busy highways Sea Level 0 100 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic LANGUAGES: German*, Turkish
of Germany RELIGIONS: Protestant 34%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1871 Catholic 33%, other 30%, Muslim 3%
CAPITAL: Berlin ETHNIC MIX: German 92%, other 3%,
POPULATION: 82.7 million other European 3%, Turkish 2%
(357,021 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
AFRICA 223
Ghana
The heartland of the ancient Ashanti kingdom, Ghana in
west Africa was once known as the Gold Coast. It has experienced
intermittent periods of military rule since independence in 1957.

Mostly low-lying. The west is World’s second-largest cocoa
covered by rainforest. One of the producer. Oil discovered in 2007: on
world’s largest artificial lakes – Lake stream from 2010. Hardwood trees such
Volta – was created by damming the as maple and sapele. Gold mining.
ww
White Volta River.
INSIGHT: Ghana was the first colony
w
CLIMATE
Tropical. There are two wet seasons
.Ea
in the south, but the north is drier, and
in west Africa to gain independence
BURKINA
FASO 0 100 km
has just one.
syE Bolgatanga
0 100 miles
a
olt
Wa
White V
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
ngi
Black V
Tamale
Around 75 cultural-linguistic CÔTE
groups. The largest is the Akan, who
n
D’IVOIRE
ol
eer
(IVORY
ta
include the Ashanti and Fanti peoples. COAST)

Southern peoples are richer and more Lake
urban than those of the north. There

are few tribal tensions. Family ties are
Kumasi
Sunyani
ing Volta
TOGO
strong. Women play a major role in Koforidua Volt

.ne
a
Asamankese
market trading. The 2000 election saw
Ghana’s first peaceful handover of
power. Poverty levels have been
Sekondi-
Nsawam
Cape Coast
ld C
o a st
Takoradi G o Gulf of Guinea
Tema
ACCRA t 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
significantly reduced. ATLANTIC OCEAN Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Twi, Fanti, Ewe, Ga, Adangbe,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Ghana Gurma, Dagomba (Dagbani), English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1957 RELIGIONS: Christian 69%, Muslim 16%,
CAPITAL: Accra traditional beliefs 9%, other 6%
POPULATION: 25.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Akan 49%, Mole-Dagbani 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 92,100 sq. miles Ewe 13%, other 13%, Ga and Ga-Adangbe 8%
DENSITY: 292 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Cedi = 100 pesewas
224 EUROPE
Greece
The Balkan state of Greece is bounded on three sides
by the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Ionian seas. It has a strong
seafaring tradition, with some of the world’s richest shipowners.
Mountainous peninsula and over Public debt and budget deficit very
2000 islands. Large plain along the high: EU bailouts to avoid bankruptcy.
mainland’s Aegean coast. World’s largest shipping fleet. One of
Europe’s top tourist destinations. Fruit,
ww
CLIMATE
Mainly Mediterranean, with dry,
vegetables, olives. Large black economy.
BULGARIA
w
hot summers. Alpine climate in
northern mountain areas.
.Ea ALBANIA
MACEDONIA
Sérres
Dráma
Thessaloníki
Xánthi TURKEY
Alexandroúpoli
syE
Kateríni Thracian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea
Ioánnina Límnos
Postwar industrial development Kérkyra Kérkyra
Lárisa
Vólos Lésvos
Vóreies
altered the dominance of agriculture and
ngi
(Corfu) Pi
n Sporádes
Aegean
do
Lamía
seafaring. Rural exodus to cities has been Kefalloniá s Chíos
Sea
n ATHENS
Pátra Peiraías
stemmed but a third of the population
lives in Athens. Age-old culture and Greek
Orthodox Church balance social mobility.
Ionian
eer
Zákynthos
Kórinthos
Pel o
pó
Isthmós
Korinthou
Sámos
Náxos
ing
nn
Sea
iso
Kalámata Kos
Civil marriage and divorce only legalized
s
in 1982. There has been much recent civil

unrest against severe austerity measures. Mediterranean
.ne
Sea of Crete
Chaniá
Ródos
Kárpathos
t
Sea Irákleio
Kríti (Crete)
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: The modern Olympics, 1000m/3281ft
first held in Athens in 1896, evolved 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
from Olympia’s ancient Greek games Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Greek*, Turkish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Hellenic Republic Macedonian, Albanian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1829 RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 98%,
CAPITAL: Athens Muslim 1%, other 1%
POPULATION: 11.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Greek 98%,
Grenada
The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada
made world headlines in 1983 when the US and Caribbean
allies mounted an invasion to sever links with Castro’s Cuba.
Volcanic in origin, with densely Severe damage from Hurricane Ivan
forested central mountains. Its territory in 2004 to crops and 90% of buildings;
also includes the islands of Carriacou and reconstruction taking years. Nutmeg,
Petite Martinique. cocoa, bananas, and mace. Smuggling
ww
CLIMATE
is a serious problem.
w
Petite Martinique
Tropical, tempered by trade winds. 0 8 km
Hurricanes are a hazard in the July–

November wet season..Ea 0 8 miles
Hillsborough
Carriacou

Grenadians are mainly of African
origin; their traditions remain strong, ngi Ronde I.
Diamond I.
especially on Carriacou. Inter-ethnic

marriage has reduced tensions between
the groups. Extended families, often
n Caribbean
Sea
eer ATLANTIC
OCEAN
headed by women, are the norm. Wealth

disparities are not marked, but levels of
Victoria
ing
poverty are growing.
Grand
Roy Grena da
.ne
Grenville
INSIGHT: Known as “the spice island

of the Caribbean,” it is the world’s
Point
Salines
Airport
ST. GEORGE’S
t 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
second-largest nutmeg producer Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Grenada RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 68%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1974 Anglican 17%, other 15%
CAPITAL: St. George’s ETHNIC MIX: Black African 82%, Mulatto
POPULATION: 109,590 (mixed race) 13%, East Indian 3%, other 2%
(340 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
DENSITY: 837 people per sq. mile 100 cents
Guatemala
The largest and most populous nation on the Central
American isthmus, Guatemala returned to civilian rule
in 1986 after 32 years of violent and repressive military rule.
Narrow Pacific coastal plain. Central Coffee, sugar, and bananas are top
highlands with volcanoes. Short coast on exports. Tourism. Damage from natural
the Caribbean Sea. Tropical rainforests in disasters. Marked wealth inequalities
the north. inhibit domestic market.
ww
CLIMATE
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
w
Tropical: hot and humid in coastal 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
regions and north. More temperate in
central highlands. .Ea 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Us
Lago
Petén Itzá
syE
um
ac
in BELIZE
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MEXICO
ta
Amerindians, concentrated in the
highlands, form a majority. Power, wealth, ngi Cari bbean
Sea
and land are controlled by ladinos

(Westernized Amerindians and mestizos).
Catholicism is predominant, mixed with
n Si
eer
er
r a Totonicapán
Cobán
M otag
ua
Puerto Barrios
Lago de
Izabal
ing
Mad HONDURAS
re Zacapa
Amerindian beliefs. Literacy is low. A Chimaltenango Jalapa
Mazatenango GUATEMALA CITY
quarter of the population live on less
than $2 a day. Violent crime is a problem.
Antigua Guatemala
Escuintla Jutiapa
.ne
INSIGHT: Guatemala, which means
“land of trees,” was the center of the 0
PACIFIC
OCEAN
100 km
San José
t
EL SALVADOR
ancient Mayan civilization 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Quiché, Mam, Cakchiquel,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guatemala Kekchí, Spanish*
CAPITAL: Guatemala City Protestant 33%, other and nonreligious 2%
POPULATION: 15.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Amerindian 60%, Mestizo
TOTAL AREA: 42,042 sq. miles (European–Amerindian) 30%, other 10%
DENSITY: 370 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Quetzal = 100 centavos
AFRICA 227
Guinea
Located on the west coast of Africa, Guinea was the
first French colony in Africa to gain independence, in 1958. The
country was under military rule in 1984–1995 and 2008–2010.
Coastal plains and mangrove Substantial gold, diamond, and
swamps in west rise to forested or especially bauxite reserves. Cash crops:
savanna highlands in the south. bananas, coffee, pineapples, palm oil.
Semidesert in the north. Poor infrastructure. Instability.
wwCLIMATE INSIGHT: The colors of Guinea’s flag
w
Tropical, with a wet season April–
October. Conakry is especially rainy.
.Ea
Hot, dry harmattan wind blows from
represent the three words of the
country’s motto: work (red), justice (yellow),
and solidarity (green)
syE
Sahara during dry season.
GUINEA-
SENEGAL
MALI
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Peul and Malinké make up most of ngi BISSAU
F o u t
a
Labé
Siguiri
g er
the population, but rivalries between
n
Ni
l l o n
D j a
eer
er
Boké N ig
them have allowed coastal peoples such Kindia Kankan
as the Soussou to dominate politics. CÔTE
Daily life revolves around the extended

family. Women acquired influence under
ATLANTIC
CONAKRY
ing SIERRA Kissidougou
D’IVOIRE
(IVORY
COAST)
Marxist party rule between 1958 and

OCEAN LEONE
.ne Nzérékoré
1984, but the Muslim revival since then
has reversed the trend. Private enterprise
has created a business class. A deadly
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t LIBERIA
0 100 km
200m/656ft
Ebola outbreak hit the country in 2014. Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Pulaar, Malinké, Soussou,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guinea French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1958 RELIGIONS: Muslim 85%, Christian 8%
CAPITAL: Conakry traditional beliefs 7%
POPULATION: 11.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Peul 40%, Malinké 30%,
TOTAL AREA: 94,925 sq. miles Soussou 20%, other 10%
DENSITY: 123 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Guinea franc = 100 centimes
228 AFRICA
Guinea-Bissau
Known as Portuguese Guinea while a colony,
Guinea-Bissau lies on Africa’s west coast. Since 1994, its
nascent democracy has been plagued by coups and rebellions.
Low-lying, apart from savanna Mostly subsistence farming. Lack of
highlands in northeast. Rainforests and sufficiency in rice staple. Main cash crop
swamps are found along coastal areas. is cashew nuts. Major cocaine transit
route from South America to Europe.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical, with wet season May-
Offshore oil as yet untapped. Fisheries
and timber potential.
w
November and dry season December-
April. Hot, dry harmattan desert wind
.Ea
blows during dry season.
INSIGHT: In 1974, Guinea-Bissau
became the first Portuguese

The largest ethnic group is the
colony to gain independence
SENEGAL
Balante, who live in the south. Though ngi São Farim

Gamamudo Pitche
only around 1% of the population, the
mixed race Portuguese–African mestiços
dominate the top ranks of government
n eer
Canchungo
Domingos
Mansôa
BISSAU
Bafatá
ing
Arquipélago
dos Bijagós
and bureaucracy. Most people live and Quebo
work on small family farms, grouped in
self-contained villages. The bulk of the
Catió
.ne
GUINEA
urban population live in Bissau, where

they face economic hardship. Narcotics
traffickers are taking advantage of the 0 50 km
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
t
200m/656ft
ongoing instability. 0 50 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese Creole, Balante,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guinea-Bissau Fulani, Malinké, Portuguese*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1974 RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 50%,
CAPITAL: Bissau Muslim 40%, Christian 10%
POPULATION: 1.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Balante 30%, Fulani 20%, other
TOTAL AREA: 13,946 sq. miles 16%, Mandyako 14%, Mandinka 13%, Papel 7%
SOUTH AMERICA 229
Guyana
On the northeast coast of South America, Guyana is
the continent's only English-speaking country. Independent
since 1966, it has close ties with the anglophone Caribbean.
Mainly artificial coast, reclaimed Diverse exports: gold, sugar, fish,
by dikes and dams from swamps and bauxite, rice, timber, diamonds. Debt
tidal marshes. Forests cover 85% of relief granted. Narcotics transit zone.
the interior, rising to savanna uplands
INSIGHT: Guyana means “land of
ww
and mountains.
many waters,” reflecting its dense
network of rivers
w
CLIMATE
Tropical. Coast cooled by sea
.Ea
breezes. Lowlands are hot, wet, and
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
syE
VENEZUELA
humid. Highlands are a little cooler. Spring
Garden GEORGETOWN
Bartica New
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Guyana is a complex multiracial ngi G
u
i a
Linden
Amsterdam
Corriverton
society. Tension exists between the
n eer
n
a
ty n e
u r an
Afro-Guyanese, descended from slaves, BRAZIL H i
SURINAME
Co
and the Indo-Guyanese, descendants of
ing
g h
laborers brought over after slavery was Ess

(claimed
e q uibo
l a n
abolished. Politics is highly polarized by Suriname)
around this split and has often spilled

(claimed by
Venezuela)
.ne
d s
over into violence on the streets.

Amerindian subsistence farmers are the
poorest people in society and have
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t 0 100 km
200m/656ft
little representation. Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, Hindi, Tamil,

OFFICIAL NAME: Cooperative Republic Amerindian languages, English*
of Guyana RELIGIONS: Christian 57%, Hindu 28%,
CAPITAL: Georgetown ETHNIC MIX: East Indian 43%, Black African
POPULATION: 800,000 30%, mixed race 17%, Amerindian 9%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 83,000 sq. miles (214,970 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 11 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Guyanese dollar = 100 cents
Haiti
Formerly a French colony, Haiti shares the Caribbean
island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. At
independence in 1804, it became the world’s first black republic.
Predominantly mountainous, with Fragile economy completely
forests and fertile plains. shattered by 2010 earthquake. Ongoing
problems of instability, hurricane damage,
CLIMATE high unemployment, narcotics trafficking.
ww
Tropical, with rain throughout the
year. Humid in coastal areas, much cooler INSIGHT: A slave rebellion headed
w
in the mountains.
.Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
by Toussaint Louverture in 1791 led to
Haiti’s independence
ATLANTIC
syE
Île de la Tortue
Most Haitians are of African OCEAN
descent. A few have European roots, 1000m/3281ft
Port-de-Paix Cap-Haïtien
Limbé
primarily French. The rigid class structure
ngi
M a s
500m/1640ft s i f Fort-
200m/656ft d u Liberté
maintains vast disparities of wealth. Sea Level
Gonaïves N o
r d
The majority of the population live in
n Desdunes
DOMINICAN REP.
Golfe de la
extreme poverty; Haiti is one of the

poorest countries in the Americas. eer Gonâve St-Marc Petite-
Rivière-
Hinche
A combination of political oppression

and a collapsing economy led thousands
Jérémie
ing
Île de la Gonâve
PORT-AU-PRINCE
de-l'Artibonite
to seek asylum in the US or the

Massif de
la Hotte
Cayes .ne
Jacmel
Pétionville
Dominican Republic. Though most are

Christians, many Haitians practice
Voodoo, which was recognized as an 0 50 km
Caribbean Sea t
official religion in 2003. 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French Creole*, French*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Haiti RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 55%, Protestant
DATE OF FORMATION: 1804 28%, other (including Voodoo) 16%,
CAPITAL: Port-au-Prince nonreligious 1%
POPULATION: 10.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Black African 95%, Mulatto
TOTAL AREA: 10,714 sq. miles (mixed race) and European 5%
DENSITY: 968 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Gourde = 100 centimes
Honduras
Straddling the Central American isthmus, Honduras
returned to democratic rule in 1984, after a period of military
government. Hurricane Mitch devastated the country in 1998.

Narrow plains along both coasts, Garments, coffee, bananas, and
with a mountainous interior, cut by river shellfish are exported. Remittances
valleys. Tropical forests, swamps, and account for a fifth of GDP. Debt relief
lagoons in the east. from 2005. Mineral potential. High
ww
CLIMATE
underemployment and corruption.
w
Tropical coastal lowlands are hot
and humid, with May–October rains.
.Ea
Interior is cooler and drier.
INSIGHT: The Honduran currency is
named after a Lenca Indian chief who
was the main leader of resistance to the

The majority of the population is
Spanish conquest in the 16th century
0 100 km
mestizo (mixed European–Amerindian). ngi

0 100 miles
C a r ib b ean
An English-speaking garífuna (black)
community and Miskito Amerindians
struggle to preserve their rights to land
n eer
GUATEMALA
San Pedro Sula
Tela
La Ceiba
Se a
Laguna de
Caratasca
ing
El Progreso
along the remote Caribbean coast. Santa Rosa
de Copán Comayagua
Juticalpa
Coco
Women’s status remains low. Wealth
inequalities are large and poverty is at
TEGUCIGALPA
EL SALVADOR .ne
Danlí
t
NICARAGUA
the root of social tension. Two-thirds PACIFIC Choluteca
of the population live in poverty. The OCEAN
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
army ousted the president in 2009. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Violent crime is a major issue. Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Garífuna (Carib),

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Honduras English Creole
CAPITAL: Tegucigalpa Protestant 3%
POPULATION: 8.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 90%, Black African 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 43,278 sq. miles Amerindian 4%, White 1%
DENSITY: 187 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lempira = 100 centavos
232 EUROPE
Hungary
Landlocked in central Europe, Hungary was one of the
twin centers of the once-great Habsburg Empire. It lost two-
thirds of its historical territory for supporting Germany in WW I.
Landlocked. Fertile plains in east Strong industrial base. Hard-hit by
and northwest; west and north are hilly. 2007–2009 global downturn: currency
The Danube River cuts through the plummeted. IMF bailout to avoid
country and the capital. meltdown. Spending cuts. Fast growth
ww
CLIMATE
in 2014. No date set for joining euro.
w
Continental, with wet springs, late
but very hot summers, and cold, cloudy
.Ea
winters. The transition between seasons
INSIGHT: The Hungarian language
is Asian in origin and is most closely
related to Finnish
tends to be sudden.
syE UK
ngi
RA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SLOVAKIA
Miskolc IN
E
Hungary’s population has been Nyíregyháza
n
D a n ub e
shrinking since the 1980s. Mostly ethnic Györ
eer
AUST. Debrecen
Tatabánya BUDAPEST
Hungarian (Magyar), there are small Szombathely
Szolnok
minorities of Germans, Jews, and Székesfehérvár
ing Kecskemét
SL
Danube
Balaton
neighboring peoples. Roma face Békéscsaba
OV
Nagykanizsa
EN
ROMANIA
particular discrimination. The government
.ne
IA
Szeged
is greatly concerned about the fate of Pécs
t
SERBIA
ethnic Hungarians in Romania, Serbia, CROATIA
and Slovakia. Hungary joined the EU in

2004. Working hours are longer than in 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
western Europe. 0 50 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hungarian (Magyar)*

OFFICIAL NAME: Hungary RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 52%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1918 Calvinist 16%, other 15%, nonreligious 14%,
CAPITAL: Budapest Lutheran 3%
POPULATION: 10 million ETHNIC MIX: Magyar 90%, Roma 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 35,919 sq. miles German 3%, Serb 2%, other 1%
DENSITY: 280 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Forint = 100 fillér
EUROPE 233
Iceland
Europe’s westernmost country, Iceland’s strategic ocean
location straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Its spectacular
landscape is largely uninhabited, aside from coastal towns.
Grassy coastal lowlands, with fjords Once reliant on fish. Aluminum
in the north. Central plateau of cold lava smelting. Tourism. Banks overexposed
desert, geothermal springs, and glaciers. in 2007–2009 global downturn. Nation
Around 200 volcanoes, with numerous bankrupt, króna depreciated 90%.
ww
geysers and solfataras.
INSIGHT: The word geyser is
w
CLIMATE
Its location in the middle of the
.Ea
Gulf Stream moderates the climate.
taken from Geysir (the “gusher”)
in southwest Iceland
ark
Strait 0 50 km
syE
Mild winters and brief, cool summers. De
nm Ar
cti
cC
irc
le
0
Norwegian
50 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Icelanders share a strong national ngi Sea
identity, with few foreign residents.

Their language has changed little in
700 years, in part due to the country’s
n eer
Keflavík
Akranes
REYKJAVÍK
Akureyri
Húsavík
isolation. There is high social mobility,

free health care, and low-cost heating
Hafnarfjörður Kópavogur
Selfoss
ing Egilsstaðir
(geothermal and hydropower).

Vestmannaeyjar
.ne
Vatnajökull
Iceland’s recent banking collapse

and near financial ruin has swung
the long-running debate over EU
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
t
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Sea Level
membership in favor of joining. Ice Cap
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Icelandic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Iceland RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 84%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1944 nonreligious 3%, Roman Catholic 3%,
CAPITAL: Reykjavík other (mostly Christian) 10%
POPULATION: 300,000 ETHNIC MIX: Icelandic 94%, other 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 39,768 sq. miles Danish 1%
DENSITY: 8 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Icelandic króna = 100 aurar
234 ASIA
India
India is the world’s second most populous country and
largest democracy. Despite some success in reducing the
birth rate, its population will probably overtake China’s by 2028.

Separated from northern Asia by India’s planners, overseeing an
the Himalaya mountain range, India economic revolution, see its growing
forms a subcontinent. As well as the population rather than environmental
Himalayas, there are two other main constraints as the main brake on
ww
geographical regions, the Indo-Gangetic
plain, which lies between the foothills
development. Nationwide awareness
campaigns promote birth control
w
of the Himalayas and the Vindhya
.Ea
Mountains, and the central-southern
Deccan plateau. The Ghats are smaller
but cultural and religious pressures
encourage large families. Rural
deprivation spurs urban migration,
and west coasts. syE

mountain ranges located on the east to live in sprawling slums. Over 70%
of people survive on less than $2 a
CLIMATE ngi day. The majority of Indians are Hindu.

Various attempts to reform the Hindu
Varies greatly according to latitude,
altitude, and season. Most of India has
three seasons: hot, wet, and cool.
ncaste system, which determines
eer
social standing and even marriage,
have met with violent opposition.
Summer temperatures in the north
can reach 104°F (40°C). Monsoon rains
ing
Severe tensions exist between Hindus
and the Muslim minority, especially
normally break in June, petering out in .ne
in Kashmir and Gujarat. Smaller ethnic
September to October. In the cool
season, the weather is mainly dry.
The climate in the warmer south is less
t
groups exist in the northeast, and
many struggle for greater autonomy.
Over two million people are living
variable than in the north. with HIV/AIDS.
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hindi*, English*, Urdu, Bengali,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of India Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Bihari, Gujarati, Kanarese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947 RELIGIONS: Hindu 81%, Muslim 13%,
CAPITAL: New Delhi Christian 2%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1%
POPULATION: 1.25 billion ETHNIC MIX: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 1,269,338 sq. miles Mongoloid and other 3%
(3,287,590 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 1091 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Indian rupee = 100 paise
ASIA 235
THE ECONOMY textiles exported. High-tech industries,

One of the world’s fastest-growing outsourcing center. Success of
economies. Protectionism has given way “Bollywood” films. Cheap labor.
to free-market economics. Tea, gems, Huge market, held back by poverty.
5000m/16405ft
4000m/13124ft INSIGHT: India’s national
3000m/9843ft animal, the tiger, was depicted
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft as early as 4000 years ago by the
500m/1640ft A ‘line off control’ Mohenjo-Daro civilization
200m/656ft
ww
Sea Level
was agreed
g between
India and Pakistan
i 19
in
n
1972
722
Aksai Chin -
Ak
w rínag
SSrrí naaaga
naga
n ag
ga
g ar n
mu & d u s
ad
administered byy China,
I
claimed by India
.Ea
Jamm
JJam
Jaamm
am
a m
mm
Kash
Kas
Ka
K asssh
ash
a hm
miir
mir
ir Demchok/Dêmqog q g-
H administered byy China,
Amrrit
ritsasaarr
JJala
Jal
Ja
aala
lla
an
ndh
ndha
ndd
dha
dhha
h ar clla ed by India
cclaim
syE i Much of Arunáchal Pradeesh h

Lud
LLuud
udh
u d
dhhián
naa Chan
Cha
Ch
C han
ha
h ndíg
aan
and garh
gar
gaaarrrh
arh h is claimed by Chin
hina
hi
ina
na
na
m CHINA
t s
s er Mee
Meer
M eeeerru
eeer utt a a
PAKISTA
STA
TA
AN
A N
Th
ar
D
NEW D
e
DELH
DE
DEL
ELH
EL
ELHI
LH
Delh
De
Del
D eel
elh
elhi
lhi Ba
lh
Ág
Bar
Bare
B aare
arre
ngi
reilly
iliilllly
lllllyy NEPA
N EPA
AL
AL
l a
Sh igu
Shil
Sh ig
igur
ig
gur
u
urri
y
BHUT
B
BHU
BHH
HU
HUT
UT
U TA
ANN ma pu
Bra
h
tra
MY
M YAN
YA
Y A
ANNMAR
n
grra
gra
ra Luck
Luc
LLu
uck
uc
u ckno
no
now
oww Assam (BUR
(B
BU MA)
Jodh
JJod
d purr Jaipur
Kota
Kot
Ko
K o
ota
t
Gw
Gwal
Gw
wa
wal
aalliior
orr
o
Kánpur
np
npu
n pu
pur
p ur a n g e s
ur
G
eer
Patn
PPa
atttn
aatnna BA
BAN
BANG
B A
ANG
ANNG
N GLA
LAD
LLADE
ADE
AD
A DE
D ESH
SH Im
Im
mpph
p hál
Ga
ng
Váráán
nasi
na
nas
asi
aasssii es
Gulf
Guullff
off Ka
Ra
Ran
Rann
Ran
an
ann
Kachc
Ka
nn
off
achcchh
n
adábád
hh Ahma
hh
Ind
Indo
In
ndo
n
nddo
d o
ore
re
re
hópál
Bh
B Jaba
JJab
Ja
aaba
ba
balpur
lp
lpu
pu
pur
u
Dhhanbád
Dhan
D han
urr Ránchi
hii Háora
ora
Ko
K
ra (C
(C
o
olk
Cal
lk
kaata
kat
alcu
al
attta
cutt
ccut
u
ut
utt
a
ttttaa))
ing
.ne
Kachc
hcchhhh Jams
Jam
Ja
ams
aam
mshe
heed
hedd
dppurr Mout
Mou
Mouth
Mo
M outh
ou
ooutu
uttthhs
uth
ada ooff tth
he G
Gaanges
Gan ges
Jámn
mn
nag
naaagar
ar N ar m
Rájkot
jko
jjk
kot
ott Vaaad
Vado
Vad
V ado
d
dood
dara
dar
daaara
ar
rra
a
Nág
gpu
gpur
pur
pu
p urr
u Ma Cut
C
Cuuttttttaaack
u ck
ck
Gulf
G
Guuf
ulf
of
of
mbbhát
Khamb
Mummbai
mbaai
Súra
rrat
aatt
Kal
Kaly
Ka
K llyyán
aly
aal
ne D e c c a n
Pune
Pu
Pune
Pun
un
u ne
God
Nánd
áv
nde
nded
n ded
deed
d
t
h a ná
Viiissákha
s V
Vis kha
kh
di
hap
h aapatnam
Bay
of
t
(Bomb
baayy)
ba
derábád
We
Hyde
Hyd
yyde
de
ar
Bengal
i
h
Arabian oláp
Sol
SSo pu
pur
ur
ur
G
ste
K ris
Sea hna
rn
rn
Paana
an
an
naajiji Hub
Hubl
H ubl
blli
b Anda
A d ma
man
an Isl
Isla
Is
sla
laands
n
te
Gh
Nor
orrrttthh
Eas
Miid
M iddle
Chheennai Andam
man an
An
A ndaman
nd an
at
((M
Madras) I N D I A N
Soou
out
uth
th
Ban
Bang
B an
an
ang
ng galor
aalo
al
lo
llor
orre
o
s
Andam
A ndamman Por
orrtt Blair
irr
Lakshadwee
adwee eepp
ee Mys
My
Myso
M yso
yysso
sore
e Sale
Sal
SSa
aale
lem
O C E A N Litt
itt
ttle
(Laccaadi
addiv
diiive
dive
ivvee Is
Is.)
Is.
s) Andam
Anda
And
An
A nda
ndam
n
nddam
dda
aam
maan
n
Coim
Coim
oim
imb
baat
bato
atto
atoore
re
Mad
M
Maadu
aad
d
duura
rai
aaii Nicobba
bar
ar IIs
Isla
sll nd
ssla nds
n ddss
K hii/i/C
Koch
Kochi/
i/Co
/Co
Coch
occh
chi
h
hin
hiin
n
Grrreeat
G
Indira Po
Poi
ooiin
ntt Nic
N ic
icobar
0 200 km
0 200 miles
236 ASIA
Indonesia
Formerly called the Dutch East Indies, Indonesia is the
world’s largest archipelago, with 18,108 islands scattered across
3000 miles (5000 km). It is the world’s fourth most populous nation.

Indonesia is highly mountainous, The basic Melanesian–Malay ethnic
with numerous tropical swamps. The division disguises a diverse society. Bahasa
land is covered with dense rainforest, Indonesia, the national language, coexists
especially on New Guinea, where it with at least 250 other spoken languages
ww
remains largely unexplored. There are
more than 200 volcanoes, many of
or dialects. Attempts by the Javanese
w
which are still active. Earthquakes,
St
.Ea
eruptions, and tsunamis are hazards. it
ra
Baand
Banndaaac
nd aace
aa
aacce
eh
of
M
The islands of Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumatra, Lan
LLang
La
an
aang
ng
ngssaa al
ac
syE ca Kepul
epullaua
aua
uan
ann
and Borneo were once joined together Ace
Ac
Aceh
A ceeh
cceh h
Med
Meda
M
Me eda
eed
daan
d
N atu a
Natuna
Natun
by dry land, which has since been
submerged by rising sea levels. Coastal
ngi
Peeem
PPemm
maatang
tan
tan
ta
aang
ng
n gsia
sian
ssi
iian
ia
anta
ttar
ar
lowland development distinguishes Pulau

au N
Nias
Nia
Niias
aass Paka
PPak
Pa
ak
aaka
ka
kan
nbar
nba
nbbar
ba
b aarru Sin kaw
Singkawa
awa
wan
ng
ng
some of the large islands.

n eer PPada
aadang
ng S u m aat
Su atr
ttrr a
Pont
Pon
ont
nttiian
n
ntian
iana
ia
annaak
n
Kep
Pe
ula
Ja
JJam
ambi
am Bangk
Ba
Ban
B angk
angk a
gu
ua
CLIMATE
ing
nu
Keta
Ke
Keta
etapa
pan
pang
pa
aang
g
n
Pang
PPan
Pa
angkalp
an
ang alp
piinan
in
ina
n
naaan
nan ng
M
The climate is predominantly

ng
en
an
w
ta
ai PPale
Pal
Pa
ale
aal
lemb
mban
m ban
b aan
ng
tropical monsoon. Variations relate mainly
.ne
Ba
Pulau
B gku
Ben
Beng kkullu isa
kulu
ulu
ul
u lu
r
n Belitung
to differences in latitude and altitude; Baand
B an
nddaarr Lamp
am
mpu
m
mppu
p un
ng g
hilly areas are cooler overall. Rain falls
throughout the year, often in
thunderstorms, but there is a relatively
I ND I AN
O C E AN
t Bogo
Bog
B
Boog
o
ogo
Ban
Band
Ba
and
an
JAKA
go
g
AKA
AK
ndun
nd
KARTA
K
or Se
un
ung
ng
Sema
SSem
em
eema
g JJa
maarang
m
Jav
ran
ng
ng
aavv a
Yog
Yog
Yogy
ogy
gyakart
g akar
kkar
arta
ta
dry season from June to September. Surakart
Surak ta
kart
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Javanese, Sundanese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Indonesia Madurese, Bahasa Indonesia*, Dutch
DATE OF FORMATION: 1949 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 86%, Christian 9%,
CAPITAL: Jakarta Hindu 2%, other 2%, Buddhist 1%
POPULATION: 250 million ETHNIC MIX: Javanese 41%, other 32%,
TOTAL AREA: 741,096 sq. miles Sundanese 15%, coastal Malays 12%
DENSITY: 360 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Rupiah = 100 sen
ASIA 237
political elite to suppress local cultures THE ECONOMY

have been vigorously opposed, especially Varied resources, especially natural
by the Aceh of northern Sumatra, and gas. Cheap and plentiful labor pool.
the Papuans. Religious and interethnic Sizable state-owned sector, and state
hostility is a problem, with clashes control of prices of basic goods. Large
between Christians and Muslims in many foreign debt rescheduled. The 2004
areas, and discrimination against ethnic tsunami, which killed over 130,000
Chinese leading to mob attacks on their people, devastated northern Sumatra.
businesses. Gender equality is enshrined Bureaucracy and corruption damage
ww
in law; women are active in public life. business confidence. Regional conflicts
and terrorist attacks deter tourists and
BRU
BR
RUN
UN
NEI
EI
w .Ea
investors. Piracy is rife.
P A C I F I C
MAL
MALA
M ALA
AL
A LLA
AYSIA
A
syE
Ce le bes O C E A N
ull an
M nung
Se
Sea
ngi
er
gu
Leeok
Leo
Leok
eok
ok Manado
Manad
Manado
Haalm
Halm
lma
lm
ma hera
Pe
Ternaat
Tern ate
ate
te
Borneo
Baal
Bali
B
Bal
aalililikkpap
kp
kpa
paaap
pap
p paan
pann
Sam
Sama
SSa
am
aama
m
marind
i da
Palu
alu
al
lu
lu
Pos
Poso
PPo
o
oso
osso
so
Goro
Gor
Go
G oro
orro
o rontal
nttta
nta
n
Molucca
tal
Sea
alo
al
alo
n Ma
Soro
oro
o
orro
ong
ng
eer
Eqq uato
Equat
Equato
uatt o r
Man
Mano
M
Maaano
an
nokw
kkwar
war
w
waaarri
ing
lu k
u
SSam
Samp
aamp
am
mp
m pit
Sul
Su
S ullawe
u l awes
awe
aaw
wee ssii
w C e r a m S e a (Mo Mani
niiw
n wor
wori
woorrrii
ori
o
Ko
K otabaru
o u Wafl
Waf
Wa
W afl
fliiaa lu Jay
Jaya
JJa
ay
aya
ayya
ap
pura
puu
ura
urra
ra
cc Fakf
Fak
FFa
aakf
kfak
ak
.ne
as
Ken
Ke
end
nd
nda
dari )
PAPU
PAP
Banjarmasin
Ba n M
Ma
Mar
Mart
art
aarrrttapur
ap a Pegunun gan Ma
APU
Ambo
Ambo
mbon
b n PuPu
Pula
Pulula
ul l u
Par
Pa
areparre
re Sera
Seera
eer
rraa m oke
UA NEW
t
Makassar Ama
Am
mam
m amapar
par
are
ar
are
Pa
Pap
P
Papu
ap
aapu
pu
p ua
NEW GUIN
Ja v a S e a Banda Sea
r (Irrian
(Ir iaan
ia n Jay
Jaaya
Jaya
ay
yaa)
y
ama Pulau
Su
Sura
SSur
ura
u
urrra
ab
bayaayaa u an D Kep
Kep
Ke
epul
ulauan
n New
Ne
Pro
PProb
ro
rob
ob bolin
o ggggo
g K epula Yamd
Yamde
am
m enu
nu
u Aru
Aru
Ar
ru GU
G
Gui
Gu
G u iin
ui nea UIN
ba an
JJemb
Je
emb
eem
mb
m ber
er Flo
F lor
ores
INEA
Raaab
Rab
Rabab
au
NEA
l
r
Den
Denp
D
Deeen
enp
np
n pas
asa
aasar
sar
ssa
aarr pu
EA
Ma
M
Mala
alangg Ke ani m
Baali
Ba
Bali
li
li Ended h
EAST
EAS
E
EAAST
A ST
T TIM
TIIMOR
OR T Ara f ura
raa
Pulau
Pula
Puulau Kup
Kupa
K up
upa
u p
pang
an
ng
g S ea
S umba
Sumb
mba
ba Tim
T
Timo
imoorr
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft INSIGHT: Indonesia has a very
500m/1640ft youthful population: almost 30%
Sea Level
of its people are under 15 years of age
0 500 km
0 500 miles
238 ASIA
Iran
Since the 1979 Islamic fundamentalist revolution led
by Ayatollah Khomeini, the Middle Eastern country of Iran
has been the world’s largest theocracy.
High desert plateau with large salt A leading oil producer, though
pans in the east. West and north are sanctions limit exports. Government
mountainous. Coastal land bordering restricts contact with the West, blocking
Caspian Sea is rainy and forested. acquisition of vital technology. High
ww
CLIMATE
unemployment, inflation. Black market.
w
Desert climate. Hot summers, and
bitterly cold winters. Area around the
.Ea
Caspian Sea is more temperate.
INSIGHT: More than a hundred
offenses carry the death penalty
AZERBAIJAN

Many ethnic groups, including
TURKEY Tabríz Ardabíl
Orúmíyeh
Caspian
Sea
TURKMENISTAN
Mashhad
ngi
Za
TEHRÁN
Persians, Azaris (ethnically related to
gro
Qom I r anian
n
sM
Azeris), and Kurds. Militant Shi’a Islamism Kermánsháh Arák

E§fahán P lat e au AFGHANISTAN
eer
ou
nt
has dominated since the 1979 revolution. IRAQ
Ahváz
ai
ns
The mullahs’ belief that adherence to Khorramshahr Kermán
religious values is more important than

economic welfare has led to fall in living
KUWAIT Ábádán
ing
Shiráz Záhedán PAKISTAN
standards. Female emancipation has been

Persian
Gulf
.ne Bandar-e ‘Abbás
reversed. Student-backed demonstrations

favoring greater liberalism have been
suppressed. International sanctions press
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t 0 200 km
200m/656ft
for end of uranium enrichment program. Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Farsi*, Azeri, Luri, Gilaki, Arabic,

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic of Iran Mazanderani, Kurdish, Turkmen, Baluchi
DATE OF FORMATION: 1502 RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 89%,
CAPITAL: Tehran Sunni Muslim 9%, other 2%
POPULATION: 77.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Persian 51%, Azari 24%,
TOTAL AREA: 636,293 sq. miles other 10%, Lur and Bakhtiari 8%, Kurdish 7%
(1,648,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Islamic theocracy
DENSITY: 123 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Iranian rial = 100 dinars
ASIA 239
Iraq
Oil-rich Iraq is situated in the central Middle East. The
last five decades have been dominated by dictatorship, war, and
civil strife. A US-led Coalition ousted Saddam Hussein in 2003.
Mainly desert. The Tigris and Economy and infrastructure have
Euphrates rivers water fertile regions and been destroyed. Given stability and aid
create the southern marshland. for reconstruction, hopes of recovery
Mountains along northeast border. would rest on massive oil reserves.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: As Mesopotamia, Iraq
w
Southern deserts have hot, dry
summers and mild winters. North has dry
.Ea
summers, but winters can be harsh in the
0
was the site where the Sumerians
established the world’s first civilization
100 km
syE
TURKEY
mountains. Rainfall is low. 0 100 miles
Al Maw§il Arbíl
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Carved out of remnants of the ngi SYRIA
As Sulaymáníyah
Tigr
Kirkúk
Ottoman Empire, Iraq is home to Arab
n Euphra IRAN
is
Muslims (mainly Shi’a, some Sunni),
northern Kurds (persecuted under eerSyrian
Ar Ramádí
tes
Buíayrat ath Tharthár
Ba‘qúbah
BAGHDAD
Saddam), and smaller minorities. Since

Saddam’s removal, sectarian violence
JORDAN Desert
ingKarbalá’
An Najaf Euph
Al ‘Amárah
.ne
Tig
r ate
s
ris
has overshadowed efforts to build SAUDI An Ná§iríyah
democracy. US forces withdrew in 2011.

By 2014 Islamic State jihadists controlled
part of the country. After years of war
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
ARABIA
t Al Ba§rah
KUWAIT
200m/656ft
and sanctions, poverty is widespread. Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Kurdish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Iraq Turkic languages, Armenian, Assyrian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1932 RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 60%, Sunni
CAPITAL: Baghdad Muslim 35%, other (including Christian) 5%
POPULATION: 33.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 80%, Kurdish 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 168,753 sq. miles Turkmen 3%, other 2%
DENSITY: 200 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New Iraqi dinar = 1000 fils
240 EUROPE
Ireland
In the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Britain,
the Irish Republic governs about 85% of the island of Ireland,
with the remainder (Northern Ireland) being part of the UK.
Low mountain ranges along an Efficient agriculture, electronics,
irregular coastline surround an inland and food-processing industries. Rapid
plain punctuated by lakes, undulating growth until 2008: housing bubble burst,
hills, and peat bogs. banks faltered. Large EU bailouts to avoid
ww
CLIMATE
bankruptcy. Struggling with budget deficit.
w
The Gulf Stream accounts for the
mild and wet climate. Snow is rare,
.Ea
except in the mountains.
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
UNITED

Though homogeneous in ethnicity
Donegal
Do ne ga l
Ba y
KINGDOM
(Northern Ireland)
and Roman Catholic by religion, society ngi Westport

Sligo
Dundalk I ri sh
n
S ea
has undergone a major generational Mullingar
eer
Athlone
change, liberalizing birth control, Galway
n
DUBLIN
Dún Laoghaire
divorce, abortion, and general attitudes. o
Shannon nn Lough
ing
ATLANTIC Airport Wicklow
Sha
Derg
Mts.
Traditionally an emigrant nation, except OCEAN Limerick Kilkenny
for a decade of net immigration in the
2000s. Ireland and the UK signed a peace
Tralee Tipperary
Clonmel
Killarney .ne Wexford
Waterford
deal over Northern Ireland in 1998.
INSIGHT: About 40% of Irish

Cork
t C e ltic
Se a
0 50 km
people can speak Irish Gaelic 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Irish Gaelic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Ireland RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 87%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1922 other and nonreligious 10%,
CAPITAL: Dublin Anglican 3%
POPULATION: 4.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Irish 99%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 27,135 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
(70,280 sq. km) system
ASIA 241
Israel
Created as a new state in 1948, Israel lies on the eastern
shore of the Mediterranean. Palestinian resistance to
Israeli occupation has led to years of fierce violence.

Coastal plain. Desert in the south. High-tech industries, modern
In the east lie the Great Rift Valley and infrastructure, and educated workforce,
the Dead Sea – the lowest point on the but hampered by conflict and boycotts.
Earth’s land surface.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: All Jews worldwide have
the right to Israeli citizenship
w
Summers are hot and dry. Wet
season, March–November, is mild.
.Ea LEBANON
Hefa Tverya
SYRIA
Golan
Heights
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Large numbers of Jews settled
in Palestine before Israel was founded
Mediterranean
Sea
Natzrat Lake
Tiberias
Netanya Jordan
in 1948. After World War II, there was ngi Tel Aviv-Yafo
Holon
WEST BANK
Petah Tikva
n
Ashdod Jericho
a massive increase in immigration. Bethlehem JERUSALEM
Sephardi Jews from the Middle East
and Mediterranean are now in the eer Gaza
GAZA STRIP
(under Palestinian
Hebron
Dead Sea
majority, but Ashkenazi Jews from

central Europe still dominate business
ing
administration) Be’er Sheva
.ne
HaNe ge v
0 50 km
and politics. Palestinians in Gaza and EGYPT
0 50 miles
Jericho gained limited autonomy in 1994
but Israeli–Palestinian talks on a two-
state solution, backed by most of the
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
t
JORDAN
Sea Level Elat
world, have repeatedly foundered. Below Sea Level Gulf of Aqaba

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Israel LANGUAGES: Hebrew*, Arabic*, Yiddish,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 German, Russian, Polish, Romanian, Persian
CAPITAL: Jerusalem (not internationally RELIGIONS: Jewish 76%, Muslim (mainly Sunni)
recognized) 16%, other 4%, Christian 2%, Druze 2%
POPULATION: 7.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Jewish 76%, Arab 20%, other 4%
(20,770 sq. km) CURRENCY: Shekel = 100 agorot
242 EUROPE
Italy
The Italian peninsula was home to the Roman Empire,
one of the greatest ancient civilizations. The south
has two famous volcanoes, Vesuvius and Etna.
The Appennines form the back- World leader in industrial and
bone of a rugged peninsula, extending product design, fashion, textiles. Strong
from the Alps into the Mediterranean tourism and agriculture. Large public
Sea. Alluvial plain in the north. sector debt: austerity packages. Reforms
ww
CLIMATE
have failed to restore GDP
growth. Lack of jobs.
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
w
Mediterranean in the south.
Seasonal extremes in the mountains and
.Ea
on the northern alluvial plain.
SWITZERLAND
Al
ps
AUSTRIA
Bolzano
SLOVENIA
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level

Ethnically homogeneous, but with
Torino
FRANCE
Milano
Genova
Po
Verona Trieste
Venezia
Parma Golfo di
Venezia
a gulf between the prosperous, industrial ngi Bologna Rimini

Pisa Firenze SAN MARINO
Ancona
Adriatic
north and the poorer, agricultural south.
Strong regional identities persist,
especially on Sicily and Sardinia.
n eer A
p Perugia
p
ROME n n
VATICAN CITY
e
in
o
Sea
Bari
Family ties remain strong, though the

influence of the Roman Catholic
Sassari
ing
Sardegna
Napoli
Salerno
Taranto Lecce
Church has lessened.

(Sardinia)
Cagliari
Tyrrhenian
Sea
.ne Ionian
Cosenza S e a
INSIGHT: Italy was a collection of

dukedoms, monarchies, and city- 0
Me dite r r an e an Palermo
100 km
Sea
Sicilia
(Sicily)
t
Messina
Siracusa
states before unification in the 1860s 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Italian*, German, French,

OFFICIAL NAME: Italian Republic Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian
CAPITAL: Rome other and nonreligious 13%, Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 61 million ETHNIC MIX: Italian 94%, other 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 116,305 sq. miles Sardinian 2%
Jamaica
First colonized by the Spanish and then by the
English, the Caribbean island of Jamaica achieved independence
in 1962. It remains an influential force in Caribbean politics.
Mainly mountainous, with lush Major bauxite producer, though
tropical vegetation. Inaccessible sector vulnerable to changes in world
limestone area in the northwest. Low, prices. Tourism and light industry. Sugar,
irregular coastal plains are broken by hills bananas, coffee, and rum are exported.
ww
and plateaus. Debt burden dominates budget.
High underemployment.
w
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot and humid at sea
.Ea
level, with temperate mountain areas.
INSIGHT: Jamaica’s Rastafarians
revere the late emperor of Ethiopia,
syE
Hurricanes are likely June–November. Haile Selassie, as their spiritual leader, and
see Africa as their spiritual home
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Social tensions result from vast ngi Caribbean
Sea
disparities in wealth, rather than race.
Economic and political life is dominated
by a few wealthy, long-established
n Savanna
eer
-la-Mar
Montego Bay
The Cockpit
Country
St. Ann's Bay
Ocho Rios
Port Antonio
ing
Ewarton
families. Many women hold senior Mandeville Spanish Town KINGSTON
positions in public life. Armed crime,
much of it narcotics-related, is a
May Pen
.ne
Old
Harbour Portmore
problem. Large areas of Kingston,

which have their own patois, are ruled
by violent gangs. Jamaican music styles
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0
t Caribbean
Sea
40 km
200m/656ft
are influential worldwide. Sea Level 0 40 miles
FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Other and nonreligious 45%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Jamaica other Protestant 20%, Church of God 18%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 Baptist 10%, Anglican 7%
CAPITAL: Kingston ETHNIC MIX: Black African 91%, Mulatto
POPULATION: 2.8 million (mixed race) 7%, European and Chinese 1%,
TOTAL AREA: 4243 sq. miles (10,990 sq. km) East Indian 1%
DENSITY: 670 people per sq. mile GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
LANGUAGES: English Creole, English* CURRENCY: Jamaican dollar = 100 cents
244 ASIA
Japan
Japan is located off the east Asian coast and comprises
four principal islands and over 3000 smaller ones. A powerful
economy, it has an emperor as ceremonial head of state.

The terrain is predominantly One of the most racially
mountainous, with fertile coastal homogeneous societies in the world.
plains; over two-thirds is woodland. A sense of order and social structure
There is no single continuous was founded on a strongly ingrained
ww
mountain range; the mountains divide
into many small land blocks separated
respect for elders and social superiors.
In business, this underpinned the now
w
by lowlands and dissected by numerous
.Ea
river valleys. The islands lie on the
Pacific “Ring of Fire,” and earthquakes
much-diluted “lifetime employer”
concept, where company allegiance
determined social life as well as career.
syE
and volcanic eruptions are frequent. The
Pacific coast is vunerable to tsunamis.
There is little tradition of generational
rebellion, but the youth market is
There are numerous hot springs.
ngi
powerful and current fashions focus on
teenagers. The education system is highly
CLIMATE
Generally temperate–oceanic.
Spring is warm and sunny, while
n
pressurized. Nongraduates have difficulty
eer
reaching management-level jobs, so
competition for university places is
summer is hot and humid, with high
rainfall. In western Hokkaido and
ing
intense. Long-term jobs for women are
now the norm. One of the world’s best
northwest Honshu, winters are very .ne
healthcare systems and increased
cold, with heavy snowfall. Freak storms
and damaging floods in recent years
have raised concern over global
t
longevity have led to an aging population,
with one in four people already over
65. The cost of living is high, especially
climate changes. in Tokyo.
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Japanese*, Korean,

OFFICIAL NAME: Japan Chinese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1590 RELIGIONS: Shinto and Buddhist 76%,
CAPITAL: Tokyo Buddhist 16%, other (including Christian) 8%
POPULATION: 127 million ETHNIC MIX: Japanese 99%, other (mainly
TOTAL AREA: 145,882 sq. miles Korean) 1%
DENSITY: 874 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Yen = 100 sen
ASIA 245
THE ECONOMY INSIGHT: The Japanese are

World’s third-largest economy. A still among the world’s most avid
market leader in high-tech electronics and newspaper readers, with daily sales
cars. Global spread of business. Once- around 47 million copies
revolutionary management and
production methods. Long-term research
and development. Talent for developing
ideas from abroad. Protectionism in Laa Pé
Pérouse
P rouse
ouse S
Stra
Str
tra
trraait
i Kuril Islands
Administered by the Russ. Fed.,
domestic economy. Reform of financial claimed by Japa
J p n
ww
sector delayed by traditional economic
power brokers. Major coal importer.
Hokkaidó
Asah
Asa
As ahika
ahikkaw
ikaw
kaaw
awa Kit
Ki
Kita
K iita
it
ttaam
mii
Kuri
Kur
K
Kuuri
u rril Is.
w
Retreat from nuclear power after massive
damage caused by 2011 earthquake and
tsunami: resulting energy imports bill .Ea
Otar
O
SSapp
Mu
Mu
Sap
Sa
uro
ur
tar
ta
aarru
app
aap
rro
pp
p
orra
or
poro
ran
an
an
orro
or o
Obi
Ob
Obih
O
TTom
To
om
o
biihi
bih
b
m
ma
iih
hiro
iro
ir
akkom
ko
ro
oma
om
o m
maai
Kus
Kush
K us
ush
ussh
hir
hiro
iro
ro
ro
ended 30 years of trade surpluses.

syE Hak
Ha
ako
aak
kodat
kodaat
daate
tte
e
Sakishima-
Ibusuki
Kyúshú ngi Aom
Ao om
Hiirrro
Hi osa
mo
saak
orrii
aki
kkii
Hac
H
Haaac
ach
chinohe
PACIFIC
n OCEAN
shotó
Nansei
-shotó Naze
eer
Sea of Akit
Ak kitta Mo
Mor
M ori
or
orriio
okka
ka
Amami-guntó Japan
Naha 0 100 km ( E a s t S e a ) Sak
aka
ak
kaata
ta H o nshú
Ho
PACIFIC OCEAN
0 100 miles
Saado
Sa
Saddo
do
Ish
Ishi
IIs
shi
ssh
hiinom
h no
noma
n oma
o
om
maakkii
m
Niiiiig
Niig
N igaatta
ig ta ing
Send
SSen
Seeend
en
n
nddai
da
ai 2000m/6562ft
Aizu
Aiz
Ai
A izu
iiz
zzu-Wak
Naga
Na
Nag
N ag
aga
ag
-W
Wak
Wak
gaao
akam
oka
ok ka
ka
amat
aama
mat
ma
m atssu
at u
K
FFu
ó
ukkus
u
riy
ri
r iy
ya
ushim
a
shima
sh
h
m a
.ne 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Sea Level
Ma
Mats
M ats
at
ats
tsuuee
Oki
Ok
O ki
ki
Dózzenen
en
TTott
Kana
otttto
ott
Fuk
Fuku
aza
zaawa
zaw
uku
uk
u
orrrii
ori
kui
ku
aw
Toya
Toy
TTo
wa
wa
o
oyayaama
Giifu
Gifu
Gif
G
amama
iifffu
u
Tak
TTaka
Ta
Nag
Na
Naga
N
akkkaassa
aaka sak
saki
aki
aak
aga
aag
kkii
gaano
g no
IIwak
Iw
w
wak
wa
TOK
TO
T
aki
ak
Oyam
Oya
O
Oyyam
yya
OKY
OK
aam
ma
Hiita
Hita
Hit
YO O
taachi
t
Tsush
shhiim
ima
m
maa Kawa
Kaw
Ka
K awa
aaww
waassak
saaak
aki
ki
ki Chib
Ch
C h
hib
iba
ib TOKYO
Kyó
K
Kyót
Kyyó
yót
óto
ót Naag
Nag
Nago
N aago
go
g oyyaa Odaw
Oda
Od
O daw
daawaar
d ara
ra 0 150 km
Hir
Hiro
H
Hiiirro
iro
rosshim
shi
sh ima Okay
him
hiim
h Ok
O
Okakay
kaayyaam
ka ama
ma
ma
To
TToy
oyyyo
o ottaa
Kób bee Ósak SShiz
Shhiizzu
hi
hiz uoka
uo oka
o kkaa
Izu-
saaaka
ssaka
akkkaa 0 150 miles
taakkyyússh
Kita
Kita hú Yam
Yama
Y
Ya aam
ama
m
maagguc
gu
guch
uc
uch
ucchhi Hamaama
aammamatsmat
m atsu
at
ats
Fu
Fuku
uku
ukkuok
ku oka
o kkaa Kócchi
chhii
h
shotó
Saaaga
SSaga
Sag
ag
ga
ga Óit ttaa S
ita Shhi
Shik
Shi
hhik
i k ooku
ik okku
ku Tok
TToku
okku
ok
oku ushsshim
him
h im
ima
Nag
Nag
Naga
aaga
gaasaki
g sakkkii Philippine
Yaat
Yats
Yat
Y ats
ats
tsus
ush
ushi
u shi
ssh
hiirro
h o Naka
Nak
Na
N aaka
kamura
mu Hachijó-ji
jiima
ma Sea
Koshi
hikij
kiji
kij
ijim
ijjim
im
ma-
a-
PACIFIC
reett
tttóó
Izu-shotó
ó OCEAN
Miy
Miya
Miya
iyyyaaza
zaki
zaki P A C I F I C
Kago
go
goshim
ossh
shim
hiim
him
ima Sumisu-ji
jiim
ima
K yyú
Kyú
Ky ú shú
IIbus
b
bus
buusu
us uki
uk
ki
ki O C E A N Ogasawara-shotó
Kazan-rettó
0 200 km
0 200 miles
246 ASIA
Jordan
The Kingdom of Jordan lies east of Israel, and
borders the Palestinian West Bank. Usually pro-Western in
outlook, Jordan fears the rise of Islamists in Syria and Iraq.
Mostly desert plateaus, with Lack of water. Exports garments,
occasional salt pans. Lowest parts lie potash, fertilizers, and phosphates.
along the eastern shores of the Dead Sea Tourism hit by regional instability.
and the Jordan River.
INSIGHT: The Nabataean ruins of
ww
CLIMATE
the ancient city of Petra attract
thousands of tourists every year
w
Hot, dry summers. Cool, wet
winters. Areas below sea level very hot
.Ea
in summer, and warm in winter. SYRIA
Syrian IRAQ

Jordanians are mainly Muslim
Irbid
J o rdan
Ar Ramthá
Al Mafraq
Az Zarqá’
Desert
with a strong national identity, but with ngi Wádí as Sír

Dead
AMMAN
Ma’dabá
Bedouin roots. The monarchy’s power
base lies among the rural tribes, which
also provide the backbone of the army.
n Sea
eer
ISRAEL
Al Karak
SAUDI
ARABIA
Protests since 2011 have elicited gradual

political reform, with greater powers for
ing
Wádí Músa‘
(Petra)
parliament. Jordan ceded its claim to the

EGYPT
Gulf Al ‘Aqabah .ne
West Bank to the aspiring Palestinian
state in 1988. Palestinian refugees make
up over a third of the population. Recent 0
of
Aqaba
50 km
t
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
influx of over 600,000 Syrian refugees. 0 50 miles Below Sea Level

OFFICIAL NAME: Hashemite Kingdom LANGUAGES: Arabic*
of Jordan RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 6%,
CAPITAL: Amman ETHNIC MIX: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%,
POPULATION: 7.3 million Armenian 1%
TOTAL AREA: 35,637 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
(92,300 sq. km) CURRENCY: Jordanian dinar = 1000 fils
ASIA 247
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan was the last of the former Soviet
republics to declare independence. Foreign investment in
the oil and natural gas sector is strengthening its regional power.

Mainly steppe. Volga Delta and Vast mineral resources: natural gas,
Caspian Sea in the west. Central plateau. oil, bismuth, uranium, and cadmium. Oil
Inhospitable Altai Mountains in the east. pipelines to China and Black Sea. Many
Semidesert in the south. Western investors. Wheat exported. Sale
wwCLIMATE
of farmland legal only since 2003.
INSIGHT: The Soviet-built Baykonyr
w
Dry continental. Temperature
variations between desert south and
.Ea
northern steppes are large. Winters are
space center is still an important launch
site for international missions
syE
mildest near the Caspian Sea.
RUSS. FED. Kostanay Ir
t
RUSS. FED.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

ngi Rudnyy
ys
Ural’sk
h
ASTANA
Kazakhstan’s ethnic diversity Kirghiz Steppe Karagandy
Ust’-
n
Kamenogorsk
arose mainly from forced settlements
eer Zhezkazgan Ozero
there during Soviet times. Since Caspian
Sea
Baykonyr
Balkhash
Taldykorgan
independence, the proportion of ethnic Aktau S yr Kyzylorda
ing
Da
ry Almaty CHINA
Aral
Russians has dropped. Many emigrated, Taraz
a
Sea
UZBEK. Shymkent
while ethnic Kazakhs arrived from
neighboring states. Very few Kazakhs
TURKMEN.
.ne KYRGYZSTAN
maintain a traditional nomadic lifestyle,

but Islam and loyalty to clans remain
strong. There are significant disparities
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
t 0 400 km
Sea Level
of wealth. Below Sea level 0 400 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kazakh*, Russian, Ukrainian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kazakhstan German, Uzbek, Tatar, Uighur
CAPITAL: Astana Orthodox Christian 44%, other 9%
POPULATION: 16.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Kazakh 57%, Russian 27%,
TOTAL AREA: 1,049,150 sq. miles other 8%, Ukrainian 3%, Uzbek 3%, German 2%
DENSITY: 16 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Tenge = 100 tiyn
248 AFRICA
Kenya
Kenya straddles the equator on Africa’s east coast. After
nearly 40 years in power, the KANU party was soundly
defeated in elections in 2002. Corruption is a serious issue.
A central plateau is divided by the Tourism, hurt by sporadic violence.
Great Rift Valley. North of the equator is Flowers, tea, and coffee. Sizable informal
mainly semidesert. To the east lies a economy. Diversified manufacturing
fertile coastal belt. sector. Needs food aid, especially to
ww
CLIMATE
cope with 2011 famine. Oil exploration.
w
The coast and the Great Rift Valley SOUTH Elemi ETHIOPIA
SUDAN Triangle
are hot and humid. The plateau interior is
.Ea Lake
Gre
temperate. The northeastern desert is Turkana
at R
Chalbi
syE
hot and dry. Rain usually falls April–May Desert
ift Va
and October–November. UGANDA
Marsabit
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ngi Eldoret

y lle
Meru
SOMALIA
n
Kisumu Nakuru Equator
70 ethnic groups share about 40 Nyeri
languages. Strong clan and family links in
rural areas are being weakened by urban
Lake
Victoria
eer
Kericho
NAIROBI Thika
Machakos
migration. Poverty, severe drought, and

years of high population growth
TANZANIA
ing Ungama
exacerbate ethnic tensions. 5000m/16405ft .ne

Malindi Bay
INSIGHT: Kenya has more than

60 game reserves, national parks,
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Mombasa
t INDIAN
OCEAN
0 100 km
200m/656ft
and marine reservations Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kiswahili*, English*, Kikuyu,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kenya Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba
DATE OF FORMATION: 1963 RELIGIONS: Christian 80%, Muslim 10%
CAPITAL: Nairobi traditional beliefs 9%, other 1%
POPULATION: 44.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Other 28%, Kikuyu 22%,
TOTAL AREA: 224,961 sq. miles Luhya 14%, Luo 14%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%
DENSITY: 203 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kenya shilling = 100 cents
Kiribati
Situated in the mid-Pacific, the islands adopted the
name Kiribati (pronounced “Keer-ee-bus,” a corruption of their
former name “Gilberts”) upon independence from Britain in 1979.

Kiribati consists of three groups of Since exhaustion of Banaba’s
tiny, very low-lying coral atolls scattered phosphate deposits in 1980, copra (dried
across 1,930,000 sq. miles (5 million sq. coconut) and fish have become the main
km) of ocean. Most of the 33 atolls have exports. Foreign aid and remittances are
ww
central lagoons. vital to compensate for Kiribati’s isolation
and lack of resources.
w
CLIMATE
Central islands have a maritime
.Ea
equatorial climate. Those to north and
INSIGHT: In 1981, the UK paid A$10
million to Banabans to compensate for
the destruction of their island by mining
syE
south are tropical, with constant high
temperatures. There is little rainfall. All land under
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ngi

200m/656ft
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Officially I-Kiribati, many local
n Tungaru
eer
L
in
people still refer to themselves as Tarawa Kiritimati
e
Equator
Isl
Gilbertese. Almost all are Micronesian,
ing
Banaba Phoenix
and
apart from the inhabitants of the Islands
s
island of Banaba, who employed
anthropologists to establish their racial Tarawa .ne Millennium
Island
distinction. Most people are poor

subsistence farmers and many travel
abroad to work. The islands are Betio
Bonriki
t 0 600 km
BAIRIKI
effectively ruled by traditional chiefs. 0 600 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Kiribati

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kiribati RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 55%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979 Kiribati Protestant Church 36%,
CAPITAL: Bairiki (Tarawa Atoll) other 9%
POPULATION: 103,248 ETHNIC MIX: Micronesian 99%,
DENSITY: 377 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
250 ASIA
North Korea
Separated from the democratic South by the world’s
most heavily defended border, the Stalinist North Korean
state has been isolated from the outside world since 1948.
Mostly mountainous, with fertile Minerals are only resource. Vital
plains in the southwest. aid streams lost with global collapse of
communism after 1989. Decades of
CLIMATE economic mismanagement have led to
ww
Continental. Warm summers and
cold winters, especially in the north,
chronic food shortages. Lack of fuel.
Disproportionate defense budget.
w
where snow is common.
.Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
RUSS.
FED.
syE
Life is heavily regulated. Cult of
personality is more powerful than the
state-controlled religions, which include
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Ch’ôngjin
Korea’s own Chondogyo. Women are ngi C H I N A
expected to work and to run the home.

Children are looked after in state-run
crèches. The Korean Worker’s Party is the
n eer
Sinûiju
Kanggye
Hûich’ôn
Hamhûng
Kimch’aek
Iwôn
sole party. Its elite have a privileged

lifestyle. Globally condemned for its
ing
Hûngnam
Wônsan Sea of Japan
.ne
Korea
Ba y (East Sea)
PYONGYANG
nuclear weapons tests, the regime's grip Namp’o
on power perpetuates its pariah status.
INSIGHT: Internet access is limited,

Haeju
Y e llo w
Kaesông
SOUTH
KOREA
t 0 50 km
Se a
and restricted to the political elite 0 50 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic People’s LANGUAGES: Korean*
Republic of Korea RELIGIONS: Government-controlled
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 religions include Chondogyo, Buddhism,
CAPITAL: Pyongyang and Christianity
POPULATION: 24.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Korean 100%
TOTAL AREA: 46,540 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: One-party state
(120,540 sq. km) CURRENCY: North Korean won = 100 chon
ASIA 251
South Korea
South Korea occupies the southern half of the Korean
peninsula. Under US sponsorship, it was separated from the
communist North in 1948 and is now a capitalist economy.
Over 80% is mountainous and two- World’s biggest shipbuilder.
thirds is forested. The flattest and most High-tech goods and cars: rising demand
populous parts lie along the west coast from China. Strong regional competition.
and in the extreme south. Aging population.
ww
CLIMATE 0 50 km
w
There are four distinct seasons.
Winters are dry, and bitterly cold.
.Ea
Summers are hot and humid.
0 50 miles NORTH
KOREA
Sea of Japan
(East Sea)

Inhabited for the last 2000 years
SEOUL
Incheon
Suwon
Seongnam
Gangneung
Donghae
by a single ethnic group. The nuclear ngi SEJONG CITY
n
Yellow Daejeon
family is replacing traditional extended
eer
Sea
households. Since the 1953 armistice, the Gunsan Daegu
Koreas have remained technically at war. Ulsan
Reunification is the ultimate goal, but the ing Masan
t
Gwangju Busan
rai
St
two sides fluctuate between harsh
rhetoric or belligerence and conciliation,
Mokpo Yeosu
.ne Ko
re
a
allowing cross-border family reunions.
INSIGHT: Half of all Koreans are

Jeju Strait
Jeju
Jeju-do
t 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
named Kim, Lee, Park, or Choi Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Korean*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Korea RELIGIONS: Mahayana Buddhist 47%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 11%,
CAPITALS: Seoul; Sejong City (administrative) Confucianist 3%, other 1%
POPULATION: 49.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Korean 100%
(98,480 sq. km) CURRENCY: South Korean won =
DENSITY: 1293 people per sq. mile 100 chon
252 EUROPE
Kosovo
Once part of the former Yugoslav state, Kosovo seceded
from Serbia in 2008. International recognition, mainly from
Western countries, is strongly opposed by Serbia and Russia.
Landlocked and mountainous, with One of the poorest countries in
two plains in the east and west. Europe. Aid and remittances cover a large
trade deficit. Organized crime: smuggling
CLIMATE of fuel, cigarettes, and cement. Uncertain
ww
Continental, with warm, sunny
summers and cold, snowy winters.
status deters foreign investors. High
unemployment. Use of euro has helped
w .Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The balance of Albanians to Serbs
fight inflation. Lignite deposits. Inefficient
agriculture.
syE
in Kosovo has changed dramatically over
centuries, both groups suffering
interethnic violence at various times.
SERBIA
Attacks against Albanians in the late ngi MONT.

ra G
ora
Mitrovicë/Mitrovica
1990s caused a million to flee. After

NATO stepped in, many Serbs left:
Albanians now form a 92% majority. Most
n eer
M
ok Pejë/Peá
Deçan/
Klinë/Klina
Vushtrri/Vuâitrn
Kamenicë/Kamenica
PRISHTINË
Gjilan/Gnjilane
ing
Deâane
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Albanians are Muslim. Serbs dominate Ferizaj/Uroševac
three northern provinces, which have Prizren
threatened to secede.
ALBANIA
.ne
INSIGHT: The UN administered
Kosovo in 1999–2008 after NATO 1000m/3281ft 0
t
MACEDONIA
50 km
500m/1640ft
intervention to stop Serb ethnic cleansing 200m/656ft 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Albanian*, Serbian*, Bosniak,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kosovo Gorani, Roma, Turkish
DATE OF FORMATION: 2008 RELIGIONS: Muslim 92%, Roman
CAPITAL: Prishtinë Catholic 4%, Orthodox Christian 4%
POPULATION: 1.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Albanian 92%, Serb 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 4212 sq. miles Bosniak and Gorani 2%, Turkish 1%, Roma 1%
ASIA 253
Kuwait
Kuwait lies at the northwest tip of the Gulf, dwarfed
by its neighbors Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. It was a British
protectorate until 1961, when full independence was granted.

Terrain is low-lying desert. The Oil and natural gas dominate
lowest land is in the north. Cultivation is the economy. Skilled workforce, raw
only possible along the coast. materials, and food are imported. High
standard of living. Financial services:
ww
CLIMATE
Summers are very hot and dry.
stock market lost 40% of value in 2008.
INSIGHT: During the 1991 Gulf War,
w
Winters are cooler, with some rain and
occasional frost at night.
.Ea
Iraq deliberately set fire to 800 of
Kuwait’s 950 oil wells
0 25 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Oil-rich monarchy, ruled by
the al-Sabah family. It is a conservative
I R A Q
0 25 miles
Sunni Muslim society, but women are ngi Jazírat

Búbíyán
relatively free. Nonetheless, a 1999
decree giving women the vote was
blocked for six years in parliament
n eer Jál al-Liyáí
Shiqqat al Qalíb
Al Baírah
Persian
by Islamic traditionalists. Immigrant

workers, from other Arab states, India,
ing
KUWAIT CITY
Al Jahrá’
Gulf
As Salímíyah
and Pakistan, now outnumber native

As Salímí Qalíb ash Shuyúkh
Al Aímadí.ne Al Fuíayííl
A§ flubayííyah
citizens. US-led forces rescued Kuwait
t
As
SAUDI ARABIA
after the 1990 Iraqi invasion, and later
hS
h
used it as a launchpad for the 2003

uq
ay
200m/656ft q Al Wafrá’
invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, English

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Kuwait RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 45%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1961 Shi’a Muslim 40%, Christian, Hindu,
CAPITAL: Kuwait City and other 15%
POPULATION: 3.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%,
TOTAL AREA: 6880 sq. miles South Asian 9%, other 7%, Iranian 4%
(17,820 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 494 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kuwaiti dinar = 1000 fils
254 ASIA
Kyrgyzstan
A small and mountainous landlocked state in central
Asia, Kyrgyzstan is one of the least urbanized ex-Soviet republics,
and was slow to develop its own sense of cultural identity.
The mountainous spurs of the Mainly still under state control;
Tien Shan range contain glaciers, alpine corruption issues. Agriculture employs a
meadows, forests, and narrow valleys. third of the labor force. Cotton, wool,
Semidesert in the west. meat, and tobacco exports. Mercury,
ww
CLIMATE
gold, and antimony are mined. Great
potential for hydroelectric power.
w
Varies from permanent snow and
cold deserts at high altitudes, to hot
.Ea
deserts in low regions.
INSIGHT: Kyrgyz folklore is based
around the 1000-year-old poem, Manas,

Ethnic Kyrgyz have only been in
which takes a week to recite
the majority since the late 1980s – due ngi KAZAKHSTAN
BISHKEK Tokmak
Ozero Karakol
to a high birth rate and the emigration
of ethnic Russians. Wary of losing skills
vital to the economy, the government
n eer Talas Kara-
Balta
Issyk-
Kul’
Tie
Issyk-Kul’
n S
h an
has attempted to deter Russians from

leaving; concessions include making
UZBEKISTAN ing
Dzhalal-Abad
Naryn
.ne
Osh
Russian an official language. There C H I N A
t
Sulyukta
are some tensions between Kyrgyz
TAJIKISTAN
and Uzbeks, and a trend toward 4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
greater Islamization, particularly in 0 100 km 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
the poorer south. 0 100 miles 500m/1640ft
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kyrgyz*, Russian*, Uzbek,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kyrgyz Republic Tatar, Ukrainian
CAPITAL: Bishkek Orthodox Christian 30%
POPULATION: 5.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Kyrgyz 69%, Uzbek 14%,
TOTAL AREA: 76,641 sq. miles Russian 9%, other 6%, Dungan 1%, Uighur 1%
DENSITY: 72 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Som = 100 tyiyn
ASIA 255
Laos
A French colony prior to 1953, Laos lies landlocked in
southeast Asia. Heavily bombed during the Vietnam War, it fell
in 1975 to communist insurgents, whose regime remains in power.

Largely forested mountains, One of world’s least developed
broadening in the north to a plateau. nations. Poor infrastructure. Gold, copper,
Lowlands along the Mekong Valley. electricity, timber, garments, and coffee
are exported. Levels of foreign
ww
CLIMATE
Monsoon rains September–May.
investment are rising.
w
The rest of the year is hot and dry.
.Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
CHINA
Phôngsali
0
0
100 km
100 miles
syE
There are over 60 ethnic groups.
Lowland Laotians (Lao Loum) live along
the Mekong River and are rice farmers.
MYANMAR
(BURMA)
Houayxay
VIETNAM
Xam Nua
Upland and highland Laotians (Lao ngi M ekon g

Xaignabouli
Louangphabang
Xiangkhoang
Theung and Lao Soung) traditionally
employ environmentally damaging n THAILAND Ban Naxon
eer
VIENTIANE
Pakxan
M
ek
on
slash-and-burn farming, and grow
ing g
Thakhèk
illegal cash crops (notably opium). THAILAND
Khanthabouli
Government efforts to reform these
practices are resisted. .neMuang
Khôngxédôn
Salavan
INSIGHT: Three small Laotian

kingdoms were unified under
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t Pakxé
CAMBODIA
200m/656ft
French control in 1899 Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Lao*, Mon-Khmer, Yao,

OFFICIAL NAME: Lao People’s Democratic Vietnamese, Chinese, French
Republic RELIGIONS: Buddhist 65%, other (including
DATE OF FORMATION: 1953 animist) 34%, Christian 1%
CAPITAL: Vientiane ETHNIC MIX: Lao Loum 66%,
POPULATION: 6.8 million Lao Theung 30%, Lao Soung 2%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 91,428 sq. miles (236,800 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 76 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New kip = 100 at
256 EUROPE
Latvia
Latvia lies on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. Like
its Baltic neighbors, it regained independence from
Moscow in 1991, and joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
A flat coastal plain which is deeply Service-led economy. After fast
indented by the Gulf of Riga. Poor growth, global credit crunch brought
drainage creates many bogs and swamps Latvia to verge of bankruptcy in 2008:
in the forested interior. banks were bailed out, stringent austerity
ww
CLIMATE
measures imposed. Worst recession in EU
ensued. Back to fastest growth in EU in
w
Temperate, with warm summers
and cold winters. There is steady rainfall
throughout the year. .Ea
2012–2013. Adopted euro in 2014.
INSIGHT: In Latvia, life expectancy for

Latvians make up just under
men is ten years less than for women
two-thirds of the population and ngi Baltic

Sea
ESTONIA
are mostly Lutheran. They have been

officially favored by the state since 1991
over the largely Orthodox Christian
n eer
Ventspils
Gulf
of
Riga
Valmiera
Césis
RUSS.
FED.
ing
RIGA
Júrmala We
Russian minority. Latvian was declared Saldus Dv s t e r n
in Jékabpils
the only official language in 2000 and Dobele a
.ne
Jelgava
Liepája
has been used exclusively in schools Daugavpils
since 2004. This discrimination has
strained relations with neighboring
Russia. Women enjoy full equality.
LITHUANIA
t 0
BELARUS
50 km
200m/656ft
The divorce rate is high. Sea Level 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Latvian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Latvia RELIGIONS: Other 43%, Lutheran 24%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Roman Catholic 18%, Orthodox Christian 15%
CAPITAL: Riga ETHNIC MIX: Latvian 62%, Russian 27%,
POPULATION: 2.1 million Belarussian 3%, other 4%, Ukrainian 2%,
TOTAL AREA: 24,938 sq. miles Polish 2%
ASIA 257
Lebanon
Once a vibrant cultural hotspot, Lebanon suffered 14
years of civil war and occupation until a 1989 peace deal. It now
fears spillover from neighboring Syria's own civil war.

Behind a narrow Mediterranean Wine and fruit. Much infrastructure
coastal plain, two parallel mountain destroyed. Instability undermines Beirut’s
ranges run the length of the country, role as regional financial center. High
separated by the fertile Beqaa Valley. public debt. Refugee influx.
wwCLIMATE INSIGHT: The Cedar of Lebanon has

been the nation’s symbol for more
w
Winters are mild and summers are
hot, with high coastal humidity. Snow
.Ea
falls on high ground in winter.
than 2000 years

Huge gulf exists between the poor
Mediterranean
Sea Tripoli
Zgharta
SYRIA
ngi
n
0 20 km
a
and a small, rich elite. Politics reflects
b
0 20 miles n
no
divisions between the traditional ruling
n ba
i
Le
eer
L
ti-
Maronite Christians and Sunni and Shi’a Joûnié Baalbek
An
l
BEIRUT
Muslims. A 1989 power-sharing deal Zahlé
Baabda
ing e
b
a
ended civil war. Syria acted as power Be
qa
e
El SYRIA
broker until made to withdraw in 2005.
.ne
J
Saïda
Political crises add to instability. Israel
attacked in 2006 in a botched bid to
crush Iran-backed Hezbollah militants.
Lebanon hosts over a million Syrian
Soûr
Nabatîyé
Golan
Heights
t 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
refugees and 450,000 from Palestine. ISRAEL
Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French,

OFFICIAL NAME: Lebanese Republic Armenian, Assyrian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1941 RELIGIONS: Muslim 60%, Christian 39%,
CAPITAL: Beirut other 1%
POPULATION: 4.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 95%, Armenian 4%,
DENSITY: 1215 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lebanese pound = 100 piastres
258 AFRICA
Lesotho
The landlocked Kingdom of Lesotho is entirely
surrounded by – and economically dependent on – South Africa,
which even sent in troops to restore calm after rioting in 1998.
A high mountainous plateau, cut by Dependent on South Africa. Water
valleys and ravines. The Maluti Range runs and energy exported from Highlands
through the center. The Drakensberg Water Scheme. Subsistence farming.
Range lies to the east. Garment exports struggle to compete.
ww
CLIMATE
HIV/AIDS is depleting workforce.
w
Temperate. Summers are hot with
torrential rain storms. Snow is frequent in
.Ea
the mountains in winter. SOUTH Hlotse
Ca
l ed o n
syE AFRICA Teyateyaneng
i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mokhotlong
t
MASERU
The overwhelming majority of
ngi
u
l
g
a
people are Sotho, though there are
ber
M
n
Mantsonyane
some South Asians, Europeans, and Morija
ns
Chinese. A strong sense of national
eer
ke
Mafeteng
a
r
identity has tended to minimize D
ethnic tensions. Many men work

as migrant laborers in South Africa,
Mohales ing
O
ran
ge Ri v er
leaving women to run households.

Hoek
.ne SOUTH
AFRICA
INSIGHT: Lesotho has one of the

highest literacy rates in Africa – but one 3000m/9843ft
t 0 50 km
2000m/6562ft
of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS too 1000m/3281ft 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Sesotho*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Lesotho isiZulu
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 RELIGIONS: Christian 90%,
CAPITAL: Maseru traditional beliefs 10%
POPULATION: 2.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Sotho 99%, European
TOTAL AREA: 11,720 sq. miles and Asian 1%
DENSITY: 179 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Loti = 100 lisente
AFRICA 259
Liberia
Liberia, on Africa’s Atlantic coast, was founded as a
republic of freed slaves. A brutal coup in 1980 and years
of civil war have left a legacy of gang violence and looting.
A coastline of beaches and War caused economic collapse.
mangrove swamps rises to forested Rubber is key export. Bans now lifted on
plateaus and highlands inland. timber and diamond exports. Revenue
from merchant shipping licenses. Debt
ww
CLIMATE
High temperatures. There is only
burden. Vast iron ore reserves. Shutdown
in 2014 due to Ebola.
w
one wet season, from May to October,
except in the extreme southeast.
.Ea SIERRA
LEONE Voinjama
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
The key social distinction used
to be between Americo-Liberians –
GUINEA
descendants of freed slaves – and the ngi Tubmanburg CÔTE
n
D'IVOIRE
indigenous tribal peoples. However, Robertsport Gbanga (IVORY
political assimilation and intermarriage
have eased tensions. Intertribal tension eer MONROVIA
COAST)
is now a much more serious problem,

fueling the 1990–2003 civil war. A deadly ATLANTIC ing
Harbel
Buchanan
Zwedru
Ebola outbreak hit the country in 2014.

OCEAN
.ne
Greenville
INSIGHT: Liberia is named after

the people liberated from slavery 0 50 km
t Harper
who arrived from the US in the 1800s 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kpelle, Vai, Bassa, Kru, Grebo,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Liberia Kissi, Gola, Loma, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1847 RELIGIONS: Christian 40%, traditional
CAPITAL: Monrovia beliefs 40%, Muslim 20%
POPULATION: 4.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Indigenous tribes (12 groups)
TOTAL AREA: 43,000 sq. miles 49%, Kpellé 20%, Bassa 16%, Gio 8%, Krou 7%
DENSITY: 116 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Liberian dollar = 100 cents
260 AFRICA
Libya
Situated on north Africa’s Mediterranean coast, Libya
was declared a revolutionary state in 1969 by Colonel Gaddafi.
Civil war, launched in the 2011 "Arab Spring," ousted his regime.
Apart from the coastal strip and a Oil is key export. Dates, olives,
mountain range in the south, Libya is and fruit grow in oases, but most
desert or semidesert. food is imported. Recent instability.
Corruption and mismanagement.
ww
CLIMATE
Hot and arid. The coastal area has a INSIGHT: 90% of Libya is still desert,
despite grand irrigation projects
w
temperate climate, with mild, wet winters
and hot, dry summers.
.Ea Az Záwiyah
TUNISIA
TRIPOLI
Mediterranean
Sea
Al Bayçá’
syE
Mi§rátah
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ∏ubruq
Gharyán Khalíj Surt
Once a nation of nomads and Surt
Banghází
Ghadámis
livestock herders, it is almost 80%
ngi
ALGERIA
urban. Gaddafi's revolution wiped out
EGYPT
private enterprise and the middle classes,
and promoted Islam and African unity.
Sanctions were lifted after Libya offered
n eer
Ghát
Sabhá
I d h á n
M u r z u q
L i b y a n
D e s e r t
ing
Al Kufrah
S a h a r a
compensation for terrorist bombings and
NIGER
ended its Weapons of Mass Destruction
(WMD) program. In 2011, rebels from the CHAD
.ne
east took power with international help,
but failed to unite the country. Tripoli
is in the sway of Islamist militias, while
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
t 0
SUDAN
200 km
Sea Level
rival parliaments vie for political control. Below Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tuareg

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Libya RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 97%,
CAPITAL: Tripoli ETHNIC MIX: Arab and Berber 97%,
POPULATION: 6.2 million other 3%
TOTAL AREA: 679,358 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
(1,759,540 sq. km) CURRENCY: Libyan dinar
DENSITY: 9 people per sq. mile = 1000 dirhams
EUROPE 261
Liechtenstein
Perched in the Alps between Switzerland and Austria,
the state of Liechtenstein became an independent principality of
the Holy Roman Empire in 1719. It has close links with Switzerland.
The upper Rhine Valley covers the Banking secrecy (now modified)
western third of the country. The and low taxes help attract foreign
mountains and narrow valleys of the investment. Anti-money-laundering rules
eastern Alps make up the remainder. are recent. Diversified exports include
ww
CLIMATE
precision instruments, dental products,
and chemicals.
w
Warm, dry summers. Winters are
cold, with heavy snow in the mountains
.Ea
from December to March.
ine
2000m/6562ft Ruggell
Rh
1000m/3281ft

The principality’s role as a financial
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Mauren
Bendern
Planken
center accounts for its many foreign ngi AUSTRIA
n
Schaan
residents (a third of the population).
Half of the workforce are cross-border
commuters. Living standards are high, eer VADUZ
with few social tensions. Linked by a ing

SWITZERLAND
Sa
Triesenberg
mi
customs union since 1924, Switzerland
.ne Triesen
nat
s
al
handles Liechtenstein’s foreign affairs p
and defense issues.
INSIGHT: Women in Liechtenstein 0 4 km

t
Balzers
A
l
obtained the vote only in 1984 0 4 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: German*, Alemannish dialect,

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of Italian
Liechtenstein RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 79%, other 13%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1719 Protestant 8%
CAPITAL: Vaduz ETHNIC MIX: Liechtensteiner 66%, other 12%,
POPULATION: 37,000 Swiss 10%, Austrian 6%, German 3%, Italian 3%
TOTAL AREA: 62 sq. miles (160 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 597 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Swiss franc = 100 rappen/centimes
262 EUROPE
Lithuania
Lying on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, Lithuania is
the largest of the Baltic states. The first Soviet republic to declare
independence from Moscow in 1991, it joined the EU in 2004.
Mostly flat with moors, bogs, and High-tech and heavy industries:
an intensively farmed central lowland. engineering, shipbuilding, food processing.
Numerous lakes and forested sandy Bounced back from deep recession in
ridges in the east. 2009. Litas pegged to euro; adoption
ww
CLIMATE
of euro set for 2015.
w
Coastal location moderates
continental extremes. Cold winters, cool
.Ea
summers, and steady rainfall.
INSIGHT: The “amber coast” of
Lithuania produces most of the
world’s amber – fossilized resin

Homogeneous population, with
LATVIA
Lithuanians forming a large majority. ngi Tel#iai

Viek#niai
‹iauliai
Only 1200 Jews, known as Litvaks,
remain in Lithuania. Strong Roman
Catholic tradition and historic links
n
Baltic
Sea
eer
Plungë
Klaipëda
Skaudvilë
Panevëªys
with Poland. There are better relations

among ethnic groups than in other RUSSIAN ing
N e man Kaunas
Ukmergë
Baltic states and interethnic marriages

FEDERATION
Alytus
.ne
VILNIUS BELARUS
are fairly common. However, ethnic

Russians and Poles see a threat from
“Lithuanianization.” A large income
POLAND
t
Druskininkai
0 50 km
200m/656ft
gap has grown since independence. Sea Level 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Lithuanian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Lithuania RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 77%, other and
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 nonreligious 17%, Russian Orthodox 4%,
CAPITAL: Vilnius Protestant 1%, Old Believers 1%
POPULATION: 3 million ETHNIC MIX: Lithuanian 85%, Polish 7%,
TOTAL AREA: 25,174 sq. miles Russian 6%, Belarussian 1%, other 1%
DENSITY: 119 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Litas = 100 centu
EUROPE 263
Luxembourg
Part of the plateau of the Ardennes in western Europe,
Luxembourg is one of Europe’s richest states. A tax haven
and banking center, it is also home to key EU institutions.
Dense Ardennes forests in the Traditional industries such as
north, with a low, open plateau to the steelmaking have given way to the
south. Undulating terrain throughout. banking and service sectors. Low
taxes and banking secrecy laws
ww
CLIMATE
The climate is moist, with warm
attract foreign investors.
w
summers and mild winters. Snow is
common only in the Ardennes.
.Ea Clervaux
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
syE
s
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
e
Ethnic tensions are rare, despite
n
GERMANY
n
a large proportion of foreigners (over a
third of residents). Integration has been ngi d
r
e
Ettelbrück
straightforward; most are fellow western

n
A
Europeans and Catholics, mainly from

Italy and Portugal. Low unemployment eer Mersch
Echternach
lle
ing
se
Mo
and high salaries promote stability. BELGIUM
LUXEMBOURG
Divorce rates are rising and marriage
is becoming less common.
Pétange
Differdange .ne
INSIGHT: Luxembourg’s capital is
home to around 2000 investment 0
Esch-sur -Alzette
10 km
Dudelange
FRANCE t
funds and 150 banks 0 10 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Luxembourgish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Grand Duchy of German*, French*
Luxembourg RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1867 Orthodox Christian, and Jewish 3%
CAPITAL: Luxembourg-Ville ETHNIC MIX: Luxembourger 62%,
POPULATION: 500,000 foreign residents 38%
264 EUROPE
Macedonia
Landlocked Macedonia, formerly part of Yugoslavia,
was hit hard in the 1990s by sanctions on its northern trading
partners, and in 2001 by conflict with its Albanian minority.
Mainly mountainous or hilly, with Steel, minerals, clothing, shoes, and
deep river basins in the center. Plains in tobacco exported. High unemployment.
the northeast and southwest. Organized crime and large gray economy.
Progress with reforms. Investment
ww
CLIMATE
Continental climate with wet
boosted by EU candidate status.
w
springs and dry autumns. Heavy snowfalls
in northern mountains.
.Ea
INSIGHT: Ohrid is the deepest lake in
Europe at 964 ft (294 m)
syE
0 50 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
0 50 miles
Slav Macedonians are mostly SERBIA
Orthodox Christians, with some Muslims.
ngi
BULGARIA
KOSOVO
Officially, Muslim Albanians account for (disputed) Kumanovo
25% of the population, but they claim to

number a third. Albanian militants fought
a bitter war against the state in 2001. A
n Tetovo
eer
SKOPJE
Veles ‹tip
Koâani
Gostivar
ing
ALBANIA
peace deal promised greater equality, but Kiâevo Strumica

is yet to be fully implemented. A major
stumbling block to EU and NATO
Prilep
.ne Va
r
da
r
accession is Greece’s objection to the
name Macedonia, in order to prevent any
possibility of claims to historic
Lake
Ohrid
Ohrid
Lake
Prespa
Bitola
t 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
“Macedonian” lands in north Greece. GREECE
Sea Level
FACTFILE Turkish, Romani, Serbian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Macedonia RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 65%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Muslim 29%, Roman Catholic 4%, other 2%
CAPITAL: Skopje ETHNIC MIX: Macedonian 64%, Albanian 25%,
POPULATION: 2.1 million Turkish 4%, Roma 3%, Serb 2%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 9781 sq. miles (25,333 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Mixed
DENSITY: 212 people per sq. mile presidential–parliamentary system
LANGUAGES: Macedonian*, Albanian*, CURRENCY: Macedonian denar = 100 deni
AFRICA 265
Madagascar
Lying off east Africa in the Indian Ocean, the former
French colony of Madagascar is the world’s fourth-largest island.
Power struggles erupted onto the streets in 2002 and 2009.

More than two-thirds is a savanna- Most people are farmers. Cash
covered plateau, which drops in the east crops are vanilla, coffee, and cloves.
through rainforests to the coast. Garments and shrimp also exported.
Political crises deter investors.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical and often hit by cyclones. 0 200 km
w
Monsoons affect the east coast. 0 200 miles
Antsiraùana
The southwest is much drier.
.Ea 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft Analalava
Sambava
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
People are Malay-Indonesian
in origin, intermixed with later
200m/656ft
Sea Level Mahajanga
Marovoay
migrants from Africa. The main ethnic ngi Toamasina

division is between the Merina of the
central plateau and the poorer côtier
(coastal) peoples. The Merina were the
n eer ANTANANARIVO
Antsirabe
country’s historic rulers, and remain the

social elite. The 2009 unrest led to four
Morondava
ing Fianarantsoa
Ambositra
years of political transition.

M o z a mb iq ue
C ha nne l
.ne INDIAN
OCEAN
INSIGHT: 80% of Madagascar’s

plants and many of its animal
Toliara
t Farafangana
Amboasary
species are found nowhere else
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Malagasy*, French*, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Madagascar RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 52%, Christian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 (mainly Roman Catholic) 41%, Muslim 7%
CAPITAL: Antananarivo ETHNIC MIX: Other Malay 46%, Merina 26%,
POPULATION: 22.9 million Betsimisaraka 15%, Betsileo 12%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 226,656 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
(587,040 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 102 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Ariary = 5 iraimbilanja
266 AFRICA
Malawi
A former colony of the UK, Malawi lies landlocked in
southeast Africa, following the Great Rift Valley. Its name means
“the land where the sun is reflected in the water like fire.”
Lake Nyasa takes up one-fifth of Mainly subsistence farming.
the landscape. Highlands lie west of the Tobacco accounts for over half of export
lake. Much of the land is covered by earnings. Tea and sugar are grown.
forests and savanna. Drought and corruption are problems.
ww
CLIMATE 0 100 km
w
Mainly subtropical. The south is hot
and humid. Highlands are cooler.
.Ea
Karonga
TANZANIA
0 100 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Most Malawians share a common
Bantu origin. Protestant Chewa live in
Euthini
Mzuzu
Great Rif
central regions, while Muslim Yao live ngi ZAMBIA Chisumulti Likoma
(to Malawi)
along the lake and in the south. Unlike

neighboring states, ethnicity has not
been exploited for political ends.
n eer
LILONGWE t
Lake MOZAMBIQUE
Nyasa
Salima
ing
Va
Multiparty elections in 1994 ended Dedza

Mangochi
ll
e
the 30-year dictatorship of Dr. Banda. y
Half of the population lives in poverty.

MOZAMBIQUE
.ne Zomba
INSIGHT: Lake Nyasa is 353 miles

(568 km) in length and contains at least
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Blantyre
t
Nsanje
200m/656ft
500 species of fish Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Chewa, Lomwe, Yao,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Malawi Ngoni, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964 RELIGIONS: Protestant 55%,
CAPITAL: Lilongwe Muslim 20%, Roman Catholic 20%,
POPULATION: 16.4 million traditional beliefs 5%
TOTAL AREA: 45,745 sq. miles ETHNIC MIX: Bantu 99%, other 1%
DENSITY: 451 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Malawi kwacha = 100 tambala
ASIA 267
Malaysia
Malaysia stretches 1240 miles (2000 km) across
southeast Asia from the Malay peninsula to Sabah in eastern
Borneo. Federated in 1963, it included Singapore for two years.
The Malay Peninsula has central The key distinction is between
mountains, an eastern coastal belt, and Malays (Bumiputras, literally “sons of the
fertile western plains. Swampy coastal soil”) and the Chinese, who traditionally
plains rise to mountains on Borneo. controlled most economic activity. Since
ww
CLIMATE
the 1970s, Malays have been favored for
education and jobs, in order to address
w
Warm equatorial. Rainfall always
heavy, but with distinct rainy seasons.
.Ea
this imbalance.
THE ECONOMY
syE
INSIGHT: Malaysia is southeast Asia’s
major tourist destination, with over 25
Successful industrial base includes
electronics, manufacturing, and heavy
industry. Tourism is a major earner.
million visitors a year
ngi Leading producer of palm oil, tin, and
THAILAND
Kangar Kota Bharu
n tropical hardwoods.
eer Kudat Sulu
Sea
ing
George Town South China Kota Kinabalu Sandakan
Kuala Terengganu
Taiping Malay Sea
BRUNEI Keningau
Peninsula
KUALA LUMPUR
PUTRAJAYA
Kepulauan Bintulu
Miri
.ne
Sabah
t
Klang Natuna
Mersing B o r n e o
Natuna Sibu
2000m/6562ft Sarawak INDONESIA
1000m/3281ft SINGAPORE Sea Kuching Sri Aman
500m/1640ft I NDO NES IA 0 100 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level INDONESIA 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bahasa Malaysia*, Malay,

OFFICIAL NAME: Malaysia Chinese, Tamil, English
DATE OF FORMATION: 1963 RELIGIONS: Muslim 61%, Buddhist 19%,
CAPITALS: Kuala Lumpur; Putrajaya Christian 9%, Hindu 6%, other 5%
(administrative) ETHNIC MIX: Malay 53%, Chinese 26%,
POPULATION: 29.7 million indigenous tribes 12%, Indian 8%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 127,316 sq. miles (329,750 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 234 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Ringgit = 100 sen
268 ASIA
Maldives
Set in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lanka, the
Maldives is an archipelago of 1191 small coral islands, or atolls. 200
are inhabited. The word atoll comes from the Dhivehi word “atolu.”
Consists of low-lying islands and Fluctuating tourist industry is the
coral atolls. The larger ones are covered economic mainstay. Fish,
in lush, tropical vegetation. especially tuna, are the
main export. Upgraded Ihavandippolhu
Atoll
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. Rain falls throughout the
to a "middle income"
country, despite 2004
w
year, but is heaviest June–November,
during the monsoon. Violent storms
.Ea
occasionally hit the northern islands.
tsunami damage.
INSIGHT:
Faadhippolhu
Atoll
syE
Horsburgh
The islands, Atoll Male’
Atoll
PEOPLE & SOCIETY which all lie below
MALE’
Maldivians, who are all Sunni
Muslim, are descended from Sinhalese, ngi
4 ft (1.2 m), are
threatened by
Ari
Atoll
Felidhu
Atoll
Dravidian, Arab, and black ancestors. A
third of the population live on Male’.
Tourism has grown on separate resort
n
rising sea levels,
eer
brought about by
global warming
Mulakatholhu
Atoll
Kolhumadulu
islands away from residents. Politics was

controlled by a group of influential
and climatic
changes ing Hadhdhunmathi
Atoll
Atoll
families until young reformers pushed for I N D I A N.ne

One and Half Degree Ch a
North Huvadhu
nnel
t
Atoll
parties to be legalized in 2005. However, Sea Level
O C E A N South
legislative stalemate followed, and a Equator
Huvadhu
Atoll
controversial presidential election in 2013 0 100 km
returned the former elite to power. 0 100 miles
Addu Atoll
Gan
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dhivehi* (Maldivian), Sinhala,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Maldives Tamil, Arabic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 100%
CAPITAL: Male’ ETHNIC MIX: All Maldivians are of
POPULATION: 300,000 Arab–Sinhalese–Malay descent
TOTAL AREA: 116 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(300 sq. km) CURRENCY: Rufiyaa
DENSITY: 2586 people per sq. mile = 100 laari
AFRICA 269
Mali
A former French colony, Mali is landlocked in the heart
of west Africa. The 1991 coup ended the 23-year dictatorship of
Moussa Traoré and ushered in multiparty elections from 1992.
The northern half lies in the Sahara. Widespread poverty. Less than 2%
The inland delta of the Niger River flows of land can be cultivated. Vulnerable to
through grassy savanna in the south. drought. Gold, high-quality cotton, and
livestock account for 90% of exports.
ww
CLIMATE
In the south, intensely hot, dry
Tourism held back by instability and
kidnappings by Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb.
w
weather precedes the westerly rains.
The north is almost rainless.
.Ea ALGERIA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Most people live in the south and
are farmers, herders, or river fishermen.
MAURITANIA S a h a r a
ngi
Adrar des
Ifôghas
Nomadic Fulani and Tuareg herders travel
the northern plains. Rebellion broke out
there in 2012, initially Tuareg-led, but n S en
eg
eer
Niger
Tombouctou Gao
SEN
Islamist insurgents soon seized key al Mopti NIGER
ing
Kayes
EG
towns. They were pushed back with Ségou

AL
BAMAKO Koulikoro
international help, but low-level conflict
continues. Women have little status. GUINEA
Sikasso
.ne
BURKINA
FASO
INSIGHT: Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

was the center of the 14th-century 0 200 km
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
(IVORY COAST)
t 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Malinké trading empire 0 200 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bambara, Fulani, Senufo,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mali Soninke, French*
CAPITAL: Bamako traditional beliefs 6%, Christian 4%
POPULATION: 15.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Bambara 52%, other 18%,
TOTAL AREA: 478,764 sq. miles Fulani 11%, Saracolé 7%, Soninka 7%, Tuareg 5%
270 EUROPE
Malta
The densely populated Maltese archipelago lies between
Africa and Europe. Controlled throughout its history by successive
colonial powers, it gained independence from the UK in 1964.
The main island of Malta has Tourism provides 30% of GDP.
low hills and a ragged coastline with Joined eurozone in 2008. Developing
numerous harbors, bays, sandy beaches, offshore banking, high-tech industry.
and rocky coves. The island of Gozo is Semiconductors exported. Most
ww
more densely vegetated. goods have to be imported.
w
CLIMATE
Mediterranean climate. There
.Ea
are many hours of sunshine all year
INSIGHT: Malta is the only
country to receive the George
Cross for gallantry, in 1942 for
syE
round, with very little rainfall. national resilience to relentless
German bombardment
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Over the centuries, the Maltese ngi Gozo
0
0
5 km
5 miles
have been subject to Arab, Sicilian,

Spanish, French, and British influences.
Today, the population is socially
n Victoria
eer Kemmuna
(Comino) Mediterranean
Sea
conservative and devoutly Roman

Catholic – Malta only legalized divorce
ing
Buèibba
Mellieha St Èiljan
Msida
Sliema
in 2011, the last European country except

Malta
Mosta
.ne
Qormi Hamrun
VALLETTA
Luqa Marsaxlokk
the Vatican to do so. Population density
is among the highest in the world. Illegal
migration from Africa has increased
Rabat
Mediterranean
Sea
t
Biræebbuèa
200m/656ft
since Malta joined the EU in 2004. Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Maltese*, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Malta RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 98%, other
CAPITAL: Valletta ETHNIC MIX: Maltese 96%,
TOTAL AREA: 122 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
(316 sq. km) system
Marshall Islands
Under US rule as part of the UN Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands until independence in 1986, the Marshall
Islands comprises a group of 34 widely scattered atolls.
Narrow coral rings with sandy Almost totally dependent on US
beaches enclosing lagoons. Those in aid and the rent paid by the US for its
the south have thicker vegetation. missile base on Kwajalein Atoll. High
Kwajalein is the world’s largest atoll. unemployment. Revenue from licenses to
ww
CLIMATE
fish in Marshallese waters for tuna. Copra
and coconut oil are the only significant
w
Tropical oceanic, cooled year
round by northeast trade winds.
.Ea
agricultural exports.
All land under

100m/328ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Over half the popluation live
in Majuro, the capital and commercial
Bokaak
ngi
P A C I F I C O C E A N
center. Life on the outlying islands is still Rongelap
n
Enewetak
traditional, based around subsistence Bikini Ratak
agriculture and fishing. Tensions are high
due to poor living conditions, especially eer
Ujelang
Likiep
Chain
Wotje
in periods of drought or flooding.

Society is matrilineal, with land and titles
ing Kwajalein
Maloelap
handed down through the mother’s clan.

Ralik Chain
.ne Jabat
Jaluit
MAJURO
Majuro
INSIGHT: In 1954, Bikini Atoll was the

site for the testing of the largest US 0 200 km
tEbon
Narikrik
H-bomb – the 18–22 megaton Bravo 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Marshallese*, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Marshall Japanese, German
Islands RELIGIONS: Protestant 90%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1986 Catholic 8%, other 2%
CAPITAL: Majuro ETHNIC MIX: Micronesian 90%,
TOTAL AREA: 70 sq. miles (181 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
272 AFRICA
Mauritania
Two-thirds of Mauritania’s territory is desert – the only
productive land is that drained by the Senegal River. The
country has taken a strongly Arab direction since 1964.
The Sahara, barren except for Agriculture and herding. Iron,
some scattered oases, covers the north. copper, and gold mining. World’s largest
Savanna lands lie to the south. gypsum deposits. Offshore oil from 2006.
Rich fishing grounds.
ww
CLIMATE
The climate is generally hot and 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
w
dry, aggravated by the dusty harmattan
wind. Summer rain in the south, virtually
none in the north. .Ea
Sea Level ALGERIA

The Maures control political and
WESTERN
SAHARA Zouérat
economic life. Family solidarity among ngi Nouâdhibou

S a h a r a
MALI
nomadic peoples is particularly strong.
Ethnic tension centers on the
oppression of the black minority. Tens
n
ATLANTIC eer
Aœâr
Tidjikja
of thousands of blacks are estimated

to be in illegal slavery. Coups have
OCEAN
NOUAKCHOTT
Rosso ing
.ne
Néma
Sen Kaédi Kiffa
ega
interrupted civilian rule in recent years. l
INSIGHT: Slavery officially

became illegal in Mauritania in
SENEGAL MALI
t 0 200 km
1980, but de facto slavery still persists 0 200 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Hassaniyah Arabic,
of Mauritania Wolof, French
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 100%
CAPITAL: Nouakchott ETHNIC MIX: Maure 81%, Wolof 7%,
POPULATION: 3.9 million Tukolor 5%, other 4%, Soninka 3%
(1,030,700 sq. km) CURRENCY: Ouguiya = 5 khoums
AFRICA 273
Mauritius
The islands that make up Mauritius lie in the Indian Ocean
east of Madagascar. They have enjoyed considerable economic
success following recent industrial diversification and expansion.
The volcanic main island of Clothing manufacture, tourism, and
Mauritius is ringed by coral reefs, and sugar. Loss of preferential trade terms for
rises from the coast to a fertile central sugar and textiles. Offshore financial
plateau. The outer islands – Rodrigues, center. Growing outsourcing and ICT
ww
the Agalega Islands, and the Cargados
Carajos Shoals – lie some 300 miles
industries. Most food is imported.
w
(500 km) to the north.
CLIMATE .Ea
INSIGHT: The islands form part of the
Mascarene Archipelago – once a land
bridge between Asia and Africa
syE
Warm and humid. Tropical storms
are frequent December–March, the
hottest and wettest months.
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Ile Plate
Rodrigues
ngi Sea Level

Port Mathurin
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Most people are descendants of
laborers brought over from India in the
n eer Triolet
Grand Baie
Pamplemousses
19th century. A small minority of French

descent form the wealthiest group.
ing
PORT LOUIS
INDIAN
Creoles (descendants of African slaves) Curepipe .ne OCEAN
complain of discrimination. Literacy is

high. Health care is free. Crime rates
are low. Less-developed Rodrigues
Mahébourg t
0 10 km
Bel Ombre
has been self-governing since 2001. Souillac
0 10 miles
FACTFILE Tamil, Chinese, English*, French

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mauritius RELIGIONS: Hindu 48%, Roman Catholic 24%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968 Muslim 17%, Protestant 9%, other 2%
CAPITAL: Port Louis ETHNIC MIX: Indo-Mauritian 68%,
POPULATION: 1.2 million Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 718 sq. miles (1860 sq. km) Franco-Mauritian 2%
LANGUAGES: French Creole, Hindi, Urdu, CURRENCY: Mauritian rupee = 100 cents
Mexico
Mexico stretches from the US border southward into the
ancient Aztec and Mayan heartlands. Independence from Spain
came in 1836. One in five Mexicans lives in the sprawling capital.
Coastal plains along the Pacific and One of world's largest oil producers.
Atlantic seaboards rise to a high arid Corn, fruit, vegetables, sugar are cash crops.
central plateau. To the east and west are NAFTA has boosted exports, but exposes
the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. farmers to subsidized US competition.
ww
Limestone lowlands form the projecting
Yucatan peninsula.
Wealth disparity. Hit hard by 2008–2009
global downturn and swine flu crisis.
w
CLIMATE
.Ea
The plateau and high mountains are
INSIGHT: More people cross the
US–Mexican border each year –
illegally or legally – than any other
syE
warm for much of the year. Pacific coast
is tropical: storms occur mostly March–
December. Northwest is dry.
border in the world
ngi Tijuana
UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
n eer
Ciudad Juárez 500m/1640ft
Ba
200m/656ft
Most Mexicans are mestizos of Chihuahua
Ri
ja
Sea Level
oG
S ierccide
Ca
Spanish–Amerindian descent. Rural

O
ra
ing
S i e r r i e nt
lifo
nd
ra nt
e
Amerindians are largely segregated from
rnia
M al
ra al
Monterrey
ad
Ma
re
Hispanic society and most live in poverty, Gulf of
.ne
dre
San Luis Potosí Mexico Mérida

though the state promotes their culture. León
Guadalajara MEXICO CITY Yucatan
The Zapatista movement backs
indigenous rights. Few women in male-
dominated politics and business. 0
PACIFIC
OCEAN
500 km
Acapulco
t
Puebla
Sierra Mad
d e l S ur
re
Peninsula
BEL.
GUAT.
Narcotics-related violent crime is rising. 0 500 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Nahuatl, Mayan,

OFFICIAL NAME: United Mexican States Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, Totonac, Tzotzil
DATE OF FORMATION: 1836 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 77%, other 14%,
CAPITAL: Mexico City Protestant 6%, nonreligious 3%
POPULATION: 122 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 60%, Amerindian 30%,
TOTAL AREA: 761,602 sq. miles European 9%, other 1%
(1,972,550 sq. km GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 166 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Mexican peso = 100 centavos
Micronesia
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), situated in
the western Pacific, comprise 607 islands and atolls grouped
into four main island states: Pohnpei, Kosrae, Chuuk, and Yap.
Mixture of high volcanic islands Micronesians are physically,
with forested interiors, and low-lying culturally, and linguistically diverse.
coral atolls. Some of the islands have Melanesians live on Yap, Polynesians
coastal mangrove swamps. in Pohnpei. The supply of electricity
ww
CLIMATE
and running water is limited. Society
is based on matrilineal clans.
w
Tropical, with high humidity. There
is very heavy rainfall outside the January–
March dry season. .Ea THE ECONOMY
Dependent on US aid. Fishing
syE
INSIGHT: Chuuk’s lagoon contains the
licenses are a key source of foreign
revenue. Tourism, fishing, betel nuts,
copra are economic mainstays. Trust
sunken wrecks of over 100 Japanese
ships and 270 planes from World War II ngi fund created to reduce aid reliance.
Philippine
Sea
n Hall Is. eer 200m/656ft
ing
Yap Namonuito Sea Level
Murilo
Lamotrek Pohnpei Is.
Sorol Chuuk Is.
Olimarao Oroluk
.ne
Ngulu Weno PALIKIR
Woleai Nama
Pulusuk Pohnpei
Carol
ine
P A C I F I C
I slands
O C E A N
Satawan
Mortlock
Islands
Nukuoro 0
t Kosrae
200 km
0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Trukese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federated States of Yapese, English*
Micronesia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 50%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1986 Protestant 47%, other 3%
CAPITAL: Palikir (Pohnpei Island) ETHNIC MIX: Chuukese 49%, Pohnpeian 24%,
POPULATION: 106,104 other 14%, Kosraean 6%, Yapese 5%, Asian 2%
TOTAL AREA: 271 sq. miles (702 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
276 EUROPE
Moldova
The most densely populated of the former Soviet
republics, Moldova has strong ethnic, linguistic, and cultural
links with Romania, but relations with Russia remain paramount.
Steppes and hilly plains are drained Poorest country in Europe. Mainly
by the Dniester and Prut rivers. agricultural: produces wine, tobacco,
fruit. Food processing and textiles.
CLIMATE Depends on Russia for raw materials, fuel,
ww
Warm summers and relatively mild
winters. Moderate rainfall is evenly spread
exports. Political instability.
w
throughout the year.
.Ea
Dn
ie s te UKRAINE
r
Edineπ Soroca
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Rî∞cani
syE
A shared heritage with Romania
defines national identity, though in Bâlπi
Flore∞ti
Rîbniπa
D nie
Pr
1994 Moldovans voted against possible
ngi
Dubâsari
ut
ste
Reservoir
reunification with Romania. Most of
r
Orhei
TRANSNISTRIA
the population is engaged in intensive
agriculture. Transnistria is a breakaway
state along the east bank of the Dniester,
n eer
ROMANIA
CHIfiINÂU
(disputed)
Tighina
(Bendery)
Tiraspol
home to a largely ethnic Slav population.

The Gagauz, in the south, have
ing Comrat
accepted autonomy. Cahul .ne

INSIGHT: Vast underground wine
vaults contain entire “streets” of 0 50 km
t
200m/656ft
bottles built into rock quarries 0 50 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Moldovan*, Ukrainian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Moldova Russian
CAPITAL: Chisinau other 6%, Baptist 1%
POPULATION: 3.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Moldovan 84%, Ukrainian 7%,
TOTAL AREA: 13,067 sq. miles Gagauz 5%, Russian 2%, Bulgarian 1%, other 1%
DENSITY: 269 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Moldovan leu = 100 bani
EUROPE 277
Monaco
Monaco is a tiny principality on the Côte d’Azur. Its
destiny changed radically when the casino was opened in 1863.
Today, it promotes its image as an upmarket, glamorous destination.
A rocky promontory overlooking Tourism, gambling, financial
a narrow coastal strip that has been services. Banking secrecy laws and
enlarged through land reclamation. tax-haven conditions attract foreign
investment. Close links and customs
ww
CLIMATE
Mediterranean. Summers are hot
union with France (but not in EU).
No resources: depends on imports.
w
and dry; days with 12 hours of sunshine
are not uncommon. Winters are
mild and sunny. .Ea INSIGHT: High-profile social and
sporting events attract large crowds

Less than 20% of residents are
each spring, including the Rose Ball, Tennis
Open, and Grand Prix
Monégasques. Almost half are French, the ngi

rest Italian, American, British, Belgian, and
others. Nationals enjoy considerable
privileges, including housing subsidies
n eer
Lycée l'Annonciade
F R A N C E
Musée Nation
Larvotto Monte-Carlo
to protect them from Monaco’s high

property prices, and the right of first
Hospitalier
Grace
La Condamine
Grand Prix
Circuit
Casino
ing Centre de Congrès
Monte-Carlo
Sporting
Club d'Eté
Palais du Prince
refusal before a job can be offered to Stade Louis II
Port de Monaco
Ministère d'Etat
Cathédrale .ne
Côte d'Azur
a foreigner. Women have equal status,

but only acquired the vote in 1962.
Prince Albert married South African
Fontvieille Musée Océanographique
Mediterranean Sea
0
t 1000 m
swimmer Charlene Wittstock in 2011. 0 1500 yds
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French*, Italian, Monégasque, English

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of Monaco RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 89%,
CAPITAL: Monaco-Ville ETHNIC MIX: French 47%, other 21%,
POPULATION: 36,136 Italian 16%, Monégasque 16%
TOTAL AREA: 0.75 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
(1.95 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 48,181 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
278 ASIA
Mongolia
Landlocked between Russia and China, Mongolia is
a huge, isolated, and sparsely populated nation. Over
two-thirds of the country is part of the Gobi Desert.
A mountainous steppe plateau in Rich deposits of oil, coal, copper,
the north, with lakes in the north and uranium, and other minerals remain
west. The desert region of the Gobi largely untapped. Cashmere exports.
dominates the south. Democracy, from 1990, brought a shift
ww
CLIMATE
toward a market economy, but also rising
poverty. State involvement in mining is
w
Continental. Mild summers and
long, dry, very cold winters, with heavy
.Ea
snowfall. Temperatures can drop as low
an issue. Agriculture uses a third of the
workforce, mainly as herders.
as –22°F (–30°C).
syE INSIGHT: Horseracing, wrestling,
and archery are the national sports
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mongolia was unified by ngi RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Genghis Khan in 1206 and was later

n Ölgiy
Mörön
eer
Sühbaatar
A
absorbed into Manchu China. A Hovd Darhan

lt
i Erdenet
a
Altay
majority of ethnic Mongolians live M rule
n
within China in Inner Mongolia.

Tibetan Buddhism dominates.
ou
nt ULAN BATOR
ai
ns ing Ke
Saynshand
Choybalsan
The traditional, nomadic way of

G o b i
.ne
Dalandzadgad
life has been eroded as urban
migration continues, spurred by
ferocious winters, known as zud, which
CHINA
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft 0
t 400 km
1000m/3281ft
can devastate the rural economy. 500m/1640ft 0 400 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Khalkha Mongolian*, Kazakh

OFFICIAL NAME: Mongolia RELIGIONS: Tibetan Buddhist 50%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1924 nonreligious 40%, Shamanist and
CAPITAL: Ulan Bator Christian 6%, Muslim 4%
POPULATION: 2.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Khalkh 95%, Kazakh 4%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 604,247 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
(1,565,000 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 5 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Tugrik (tögrög) = 100 möngö
EUROPE 279
Montenegro
Perched on the Adriatic coast, this tiny republic
became a separate state in 2006, after 88 years of federation
with its neighbors in various forms of the state of Yugoslavia.
A narrow coastal strip on the Tourism (along Adriatic) drives
Adriatic. Fertile lowland plains around growth. Bauxite reserves, aluminum
Lake Scutari. Mountainous interior with industry. Return of investment, foreign
deep canyons. aid. Crackdown on cigarette smuggling,
ww
CLIMATE
black market, corruption led to approval
in 2010 as candidate for EU membership.
w
The lowlands have hot, dry
summers and mild winters. Heavy snow
.Ea
in winter in the mountains.
Uses euro, though not part of eurozone.
BOSNIA &

Most Montenegrins are Orthodox
HERZEGOVINA Pljevlja
SERBIA
ngi
Christians. They speak a language closely
Pivsko
Jezero Pi va S
Bijelo Polje
Ta
ra
related to Serbian, that also uses Cyrillic
script. Muslim Albanians, who make up n D ina
eer ric A
in
ja
vin
Berane H a j l a Roªaje
im
Nik#iá lps L KOSOVO
a
(disputed)
70% of the population of the southern
Ulcinj region, supported independence.
Foreigners, particularly Russians, British,
CRO. Herceg-Novi
ing
Cetinje PODGORICA
and Serbs, are buying Adriatic real estate.

Tivat
Budva
.ne
ALBANIA
t
Adriatic Lake
Scutari
Sea
Bar 2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Dark forests once cloaked 1000m/3281ft
Montenegro’s mountains; its name 0 20 km Ulcinj 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
means ”Black Mountain” 0 20 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Montenegrin*, Serbian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Montenegro Albanian, Bosniak, Croatian
CAPITAL: Podgorica Muslim 18%, Roman Catholic 4%, other 4%
POPULATION: 600,000 ETHNIC MIX: Montenegrin 43%, Serb 32%,
TOTAL AREA: 5332 sq. miles other 12%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%
280 AFRICA
Morocco
Morocco is a former French colony in northwest Africa.
Since 1975, it has occupied the territory of Western Sahara, the future
of which is yet to be determined by UN-supervised referendum.
Fertile coastal plain is interrupted in Major exporter of phosphates.
the east by the Rif Mountains. Atlas Investment in tourism and agriculture.
Mountain ranges to the south. Beyond Fishing. Relations with EU strained over
lies the outer fringe of the Sahara. illegal immigrants and cannabis trade.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: Karueein University in Fès,
w
Ranges from temperate and warm
in the north, to semiarid in the south.
.Ea
Cooler in the mountains.
founded in 859 CE, is the world’s
oldest existing educational institution

The Berber minority descend from
AT LA N T IC
Tanger Ceuta
Tétouan
Me di t erra n ea n
(to Spain) Melilla

(to Spain)
S ea
ngi
north Africa's original inhabitants, and live
O C E AN
RABAT
Mohammedia
Kénitra
Salé
Fès
Oujda
mainly in mountain villages. The Arab

majority inhabits the lowlands. Morocco
is unusual among Arab states in granting
n eer
Casablanca
Safi
Marrakech
Khouribga
un
ta
in
s
Jews religious freedom and civil rights.

The king is spiritual leader and head of
Essaouira
Agadir
las
M
At
ing
o
Ouarzazate ALGERIA
state. During the 2011 "Arab Spring" A nti

-A
tl as
.ne
protesters called for more democracy.
Islamists have gained influence in politics.
Islamist militancy and the emergence WESTERN SAHARA
(Occupied by
0 100 km
t 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of terrorist cells are of concern. Morocco) 0 100 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE French, Spanish

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Morocco RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 99%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956 other (mostly Christian) 1%
CAPITAL: Rabat ETHNIC MIX: Arab 70%, Berber 29%,
POPULATION: 33 million European 1%
TOTAL AREA: 172,316 sq. miles (446,300 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tamazight (Berber), CURRENCY: Mor. dirham = 100 centimes
AFRICA 281
Mozambique
Mozambique lies on the southeast African coast. It was
torn apart by a savage and devastating civil war between the
Marxist government and a rebel faction between 1977 and 1992.
Largely a savanna-covered plateau. Extremely dependent on aid.
The coast is fringed by coral reefs and Mineral potential. Cashew nuts, shrimp,
lagoons. The Zambezi River bisects cotton exported. Debt relief.
the country. 0 200 km
ww
CLIMATE
0 200 miles TANZANIA
Rov
um
a
w
Tropical. Temperatures are hottest
on the coast. Extremes of rainfall:
drought and flood. .Ea ZAMBIA
MALAWI
Lake Nyasa
Lichinga Lúrio
Pemba
Nacala
syE Lumbo
Lake
Cahora Bassa
Nampula
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Tete
Tensions exist between north
ngi
Za
Quelimane
and south, rather than between ethnic
m
be
ZIMBABWE
n
zi
groups. Life is centered on the extended Beira Mozambique Channel
family. Polygamy is fairly common. The

country is struggling with the legacy of eer INDIAN
a war that killed around a million people, ing Funhalouro

OCEAN
Li
and the effects of frequent floods and

.ne
mp
Inhambane
opo
droughts. Half the population lives in SOUTH Xai-Xai

abject poverty.
INSIGHT: Maputo’s busy port serves

AFRICA
SWAZILAND
MAPUTO
SOUTH
t 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
AFRICA 200m/656ft
Zimbabwe and South Africa Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Makua, Xitsonga, Sena, Lomwe,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mozambique Portuguese*
CAPITAL: Maputo Christian 30%, Muslim 14%
POPULATION: 25.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Makua Lomwe 47%, Tsonga 23%,
TOTAL AREA: 309,494 sq. miles Malawi 12%, Shona 11%, Yao 4%, other 3%
DENSITY: 85 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New metical = 100 centavos
282 ASIA
Myanmar (Burma)
Forming the eastern shores of the Bay of Bengal and
the Andaman Sea in southeast Asia, Myanmar has suffered
from isolation, political repression, and ethnic conflict.
The fertile Irrawaddy basin lies at Corrupt, mismanaged, subject to
the center. Mountains to the west, Shan sanctions – but gas, teak, and gems are
plateau to the east. Tropical rainforest exported. One of world's largest illegal
covers much of the land. opium producers. Goods
ww
CLIMATE
sold on black market
carry high prices.
w
Tropical. Hot summers, with high
humidity, and warm winters.
.Ea INDIA Myitkyina
y
CHINA
add
syE
0 200 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Irraw
0 200 miles
The military, in power from 1962, Monywa Mandalay
paid little regard to human rights, and
ngi Pakokku
g
Sagaing
on
ek
Sittwe Shan
didn't tolerate opposition. The National
M
Taunggyi Plateau LAOS
League for Democracy won elections in

1990, but was kept from power. Elections
in 2010, nominally restoring civilian rule,
n eer Bay
of
NAY PYI TAW Taungoo
Thandwe
Hinthada
Pyay
Insein
Bago
THAILAND
ing
Bengal
Pathein Thaton
were dominated by the new military- Yangon (Rangoon) Mawlamyine
Mouths of the Kyaikkami
backed party. Ethnic minorities are
fighting for independence. .ne
Irrawaddy
Dawei
INSIGHT: Myanmar is one of the

world’s biggest teak exporters,
4000m/13124ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Sea
t
Andaman
Mergui
Archipelago Isthmus
Myeik
200m/656ft of
though reserves are diminishing rapidly Sea Level Kra
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Burmese (Myanmar)*, Shan,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Karen, Rakhine, Chin, Yangbye, Kachin, Mon
Union of Myanmar RELIGIONS: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 Muslim 4%, other 2%, Animist 1%
CAPITAL: Nay Pyi Taw ETHNIC MIX: Burman (Bamah) 68%,
POPULATION: 53.3 million other 12%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%
DENSITY: 210 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kyat = 100 pyas
AFRICA 283
Namibia
Located in southwestern Africa, Namibia gained
independence from South Africa in 1990, after 24 years of
armed struggle. It regained the territory of Walvis Bay in 1994.
The Namib Desert stretches along Varied mineral resources, notably
the coastal strip. Inland, a ridge of uranium and diamonds. Rich offshore
mountains rises to 8000 ft (2500 m). fishing grounds. High unemployment.
The Kalahari Desert lies in the east. HIV/AIDS epidemic. One of Africa’s most
ww
CLIMATE
skewed distributions of wealth.
w
Almost rainless. The coast is usually
shrouded in thick fog, unless the hot, dry
berg wind is blowing..Ea
ANGOLA
Tsumeb
Rundu
ZAMBIA
Zambezi

The Ovambo, the main ethnic
N
a
m
Grootfontein
Otjiwarongo
group, live mainly in the more populous ngi

Swakopmund i b
WINDHOEK
north. Some 100,000 whites, many of
nWalvis Bay Rehoboth BOTSWANA
D e s e
German descent, are centered around

Windhoek and still control the economy. eer
AT L AN T I C
Kalahari
Desert
The minority San and Khoi bushmen are

O C E AN
ing Keetmanshoop
r t
Lüderitz
among the oldest human communities
in the world. Homosexual rights .ne e r
Or
a n e Riv
g
are restricted.
INSIGHT: The Namib is the Earth’s

2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
SOUTH
AFRICA t 0 200 km
200m/656ft
oldest, and one of its driest, deserts Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ovambo, Kavango, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Namibia Bergdama, German, Afrikaans
CAPITAL: Windhoek beliefs 10%
POPULATION: 2.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Ovambo 50%, other tribes 22%,
TOTAL AREA: 318,694 sq. miles Kavango 9%, Damara 7%, Herero 7%, other 5%
DENSITY: 7 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Namibian dollar = 100 cents
Nauru
Nauru lies in the Pacific, northeast of Australia.
Phosphate deposits gave its inhabitants huge temporary wealth,
but economic mismanagement has left them facing ruin.
A single low-lying coral atoll, with a Phosphate revenues diminished.
fertile coastal belt. Coral cliffs encircle an Sale of fishing rights only other resource.
elevated interior plateau. State trust fund invested badly overseas.
Offshore banking facilities closed after
ww
CLIMATE
Equatorial, moderated by sea
international pressure.
INSIGHT: Phosphate mining has
w
breezes. Occasional long droughts.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY .Ea

left 80% of the island uninhabitable
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
syE
Native Nauruans are of mixed
Micronesian and Polynesian origin.
Most live in simple, traditional houses
and spend their money on luxury ngi
n
Nauru General
cars and consumer goods. Welfare Hospital
and education are free. A diet of

imported processed foods has caused eer Phosphate Company
Hospital
Phosphate
Company
Site Office
widespread obesity and diabetes.

Mining was left to imported laborers,
Phosphate
Company ing Buada
Lagoon Broadcasting
.ne
Works Nauru Anibare
Transmitter
Post Office Civic Centre Bay
mainly from Kiribati, who lived in Meneng Hotel
enclaves of male-only barracks and

had few rights. Many young Nauruans
leave to seek a better life in Australia 0 1 km
Nauru
Secondary
School
Air Terminal
Police Station
t
State House
200m/656ft
Sea Level
or New Zealand. 0 1 mile Phosphate mines
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Nauruan*, Kiribati, Chinese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Nauru Tuvaluan, English
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968 RELIGIONS: Nauruan Congregational
CAPITAL: None Church 60%, Roman Catholic 35%, other 5%
POPULATION: 9434 ETHNIC MIX: Nauruan 93%, Chinese 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 8.1 sq. miles other Pacific islanders 1%, European 1%
(21 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
DENSITY: 1165 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
ASIA 285
Nepal
Nepal, lying between India and China on the southern
shoulder of the Himalayas, is one of the world’s poorest countries.
Its agricultural economy is heavily dependent on the monsoon.
Mainly mountainous. The area Agriculture employs two-thirds of
includes some of the highest mountains workforce. Crops include rice and wheat.
in the world, including Mount Everest. Tourism and investment affected by
Flat, fertile river plains form the south. instability. Reliant on aid and overseas
ww
CLIMATE
remittances. Hydropower potential.
w
Warm monsoon season from July
to October. The rest of the year is dry,
.Ea
sunny, and mild. Winter temperatures in
INSIGHT: Southern Nepal was
the birthplace of Buddha (Prince
Siddhartha Gautama) in 563 BCE
syE
the Himalayas average 14°F (–10°C).
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Tensions are few between ngiDadeldhurá
H
i
Jumlá
m C H I NA
the diverse ethnic groups. Buddhist
women, including Sherpas, face fewer
social restrictions than Hindus.
n Salyán
eerBaglung
a
y a
s
l a
29,029ft (8848m)
(Sagarmatha)
Pokhará
Mt. Everest
Trafficking of women and child labor are

problems. Human rights violations rose
ing
KATHMANDU Bhaktapur
Lalitpur
Ilám
during the 1999–2006 Maoist insurgency.

I NDI A Janakpur
.ne Birátnagar
The peace deal led to the abolition of

the monarchy and the Maoists joining
the political mainstream, but fractious
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0
t 100 km
200m/656ft
coalitions mean instability continues. Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Nepali*, Maithili, Bhojpuri

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Democratic RELIGIONS: Hindu 81%, Buddhist 11%,
Republic of Nepal Muslim 4%, other (including Christian) 4%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1769 ETHNIC MIX: Other 52%, Chhetri 16%,
CAPITAL: Kathmandu Hill Brahman 13%, Tharu 7%, Magar 7%,
POPULATION: 27.8 million Tamang 5%
TOTAL AREA: 54,363 sq. miles (140,800 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 526 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Nepalese rupee = 100 paisa
286 EUROPE
Netherlands
Astride the delta of five major rivers in northwest
Europe, the Netherlands built its historic wealth on
maritime trade. Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port.
Mainly flat, with 27% of the land Major trading hub. High-profile
below sea level and protected by dunes, multinationals. Diverse industrial base:
dikes, and canals. There are a few low chemicals, machinery, electronics, and
hills in the south and east. metals. Costly social welfare system.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: In 2002, the Netherlands
became the first country in the world
w
Mild, rainy winters and cool
summers. Gales from the North Sea
.Ea
are common in fall and winter.
to legalize euthanasia
e n
e i l a
n d e
n
syE
Sea Level d ee
z
d
Below Sea Level n Groningen
de
a
W
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
ad
Leeuwarden
W
The Dutch have a long history
ngi N o r t h
Ijs
of welcoming immigrants from former
sel
S e a
m
er
e
colonies and refugees seeking asylum.
However, lack of integration is now
raising fears about the failing asylum
n eer Haarlem
’S-GRAVENHAGE Leiden
(THE HAGUE)
AMSTERDAM
Apeldoorn
Utrecht
Enschede
system, immigrant crime, and militant

Islam. Population is mostly urban and
Delft
ing
Rotterdam
Ne
der R
ij n
Arnhem
Nijmegen
the density is high. The state does not Breda

M aa
s
.ne
Tilburg
GERMANY
t
s
try to impose a particular morality on Eindhoven
aa
M
its citizens. Laws concerning sexuality, BELGIUM

narcotics-taking, and euthanasia are 0 40 km Maastricht
among the world’s most liberal. 0 40 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of the LANGUAGES: Dutch*, Frisian
Netherlands RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 36%, other 34%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1648 Protestant 27%, Muslim 3%
CAPITALS: Amsterdam and The Hague ETHNIC MIX: Dutch 82%, other 12%,
POPULATION: 16.8 million Turkish 2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%
(41,526 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
New Zealand
Lying in the South Pacific, 990 miles (1600 km)
southeast of Australia, New Zealand comprises North and South
Islands, separated by the Cook Strait, and many smaller islands.
North Island, noted for hot Modern agricultural sector; world’s
springs and geysers, has the bulk of top exporter of dairy products. Dairy vies
the population. South Island is mostly with tourism as the biggest foreign-
mountainous, with eastern lowlands. exchange earner. Hi-tech manufacturing.
wwCLIMATE
Open economy. Strong trade links.
w
Generally temperate and damp.
The far north is almost subtropical,
.Ea
whereas southern winters are cold.
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
North Island
Auckland
PEOPLE & SOCIETYsyE

Maoris were the first settlers,
Sea Level
Hamilton
Tauranga
Rotorua
1200 years ago. Today’s majority ngi New Plymouth

Hastings
European population is descended
mainly from British migrants who settled
after 1840. Maoris’ living and education
n eer
Tasman
Sea Blenheim
Palmerston
North
WELLINGTON
standards are generally lower than

average. The government is continuing
Greymouth
South Island
ing A
lp
s Cook Strait
Christchurch
.ne
n
h er
ut Timaru
to negotiate the settlement of Maori So
t
Queenstown
land claims. P A C I F I C
O C E A N
Dunedin
Invercargill
INSIGHT: New Zealand was the first Stewart Island 0 200 km
country to give women the vote (1893) 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Maori*

OFFICIAL NAME: New Zealand RELIGIONS: Anglican 24%, other 22%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947 Presbyterian 18%, nonreligious 16%,
CAPITAL: Wellington Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%
POPULATION: 4.5 million ETHNIC MIX: European 75%, Maori 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 103,737 sq. miles other 7%, Samoan 3%
DENSITY: 43 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New Zealand dollar = 100 cents
Nicaragua
Nicaragua lies at the heart of Central America. The
Sandinista revolution of 1978 led to 11 years of civil war between
the left-wing Sandinistas and the right-wing US-backed Contras.
Extensive forested plains in the Textiles, coffee, meat, tobacco are
east. Central mountain region with many main exports: affected by world price
active volcanoes. The Pacific coastlands fluctuations. Remittances from abroad.
are dominated by lakes. Substantial debt relief has cut debt to
ww
CLIMATE
around 50% of GDP. Corruption.
w
Tropical. The lowlands are hot all
year round. The mountains are cooler.
.Ea
Prone to occasional hurricanes.
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Co co
PEOPLE & SOCIETY syE HONDURAS
t
as
Most people are mestizo (mixed
ngi
o Co
Ocotal
Spanish–Amerindian), and there is a large
n
Caribbean
white elite. Caribbean regions are home Estelí Matagalpa
Mosquit
eer
Sea
to communities of Miskito Amerindians Chinandega Matiguas
and blacks, who gained autonomy in 1987.
The revolution improved the status of
women, but these gains have been
León
San Rafael del Sur

ing
MANAGUA
Juigalpa
Granada Bluefields
undone by rampant poverty. Rivas

.ne
Lago de
Nicaragua
INSIGHT: Lake Nicaragua is the

only freshwater lake in the world 0 100 km
t
(Lake Nicaragua)
Sa
COSTA RICA n J u a n
to contain marine animals 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, English Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Nicaragua Miskito
CAPITAL: Managua Evangelical 17%, other 3%
POPULATION: 6.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 69%, White 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 49,998 sq. miles Black 9%, Amerindian 5%
DENSITY: 133 people per sq. mile) CURRENCY: Córdoba oro = 100 centavos
AFRICA 289
Niger
Niger lies in west Africa, upstream from Nigeria on the
Niger River. One of the world’s poorest states, it was ruled by one-
party or military regimes until multipartyism was allowed in 1992.
The north and northeast regions Vast uranium deposits. Frequent
are part of the Sahara. The Aïr Mountains droughts and food shortages. Banditry.
in the center rise high above the desert. Expansion of Sahara. Oil potential.
Savanna lies to the south.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: The name Niger comes from
the Tuareg word n’eghirren, which
w
High temperatures persist for most
of the year at around 95°F (35°C). The
.Ea
north is virtually rainless.
means “flowing water”
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft LIBYA

Tuareg nomads in the north feel
200m/656ft
Sea Level
ALGERIA
excluded from politics and the benefits ngi S a h a
ér
é
r a
of their area’s uranium resources. An early

n eer
Massif én
T
de l'Aïr
1990s rebellion reignited briefly in 2007– MALI Agadez
2009. In the south, egalitarianism and a
Ni
ing
ge
sense of community help to combat

r
Tahoua S a h e l CHAD
BUR SO
economic difficulties. Almost the entire NIAMEY
.ne
Birnin Konni Lake
FA
KIN
Zinder Diffa Chad

urban population lives in slum conditions. Dosso Maradi
A
t
Dogondoutchi
Two-thirds of the population is under 25. BENIN
Women have limited rights and restricted NIGERIA
access to education. The army seized 0 200 km
power briefly in 2010. 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hausa, Djerma, Fulani, Tuareg,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Niger Teda, French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Muslim 99%, other (including
CAPITAL: Niamey Christian) 1%
POPULATION: 17.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Hausa 53%, Djerma and Songhai
TOTAL AREA: 489,188 sq. miles 21%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani 7%, Kanuri 6%, other 2%
290 AFRICA
Nigeria
West Africa’s biggest nation, Nigeria is a federation of
36 states and the capital, Abuja. Dominated by military
governments since 1966, democracy returned in 1999.
Coastal area of beaches, swamps, Overdependent on oil, principal
and lagoons gives way to rainforest, and export since 1970s. Mismanagement and
then to savanna on the high plateaus. corruption. Debt reduced. Instability.
Semidesert to the north.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: Nigeria is Africa’s most
populous state – one in every six
w
The south is hot, rainy and humid
for most of the year. The arid north has
.Ea
one very humid wet season. The Jos
Africans is Nigerian
CHAD
syE
N I G E R
Plateau and highlands are cooler. Sokoto
Lake Chad
Katsina
Kano
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Some 250 ethnic groups: tensions ngi Ni
Maiduguri
ge
BENIN Kaduna
r
threaten national unity, with sporadic

intercommunal violence. The mainly n eer ABUJA
Jos
Plateau en
ue
B
Ilorin
Muslim north has introduced sharia Ogbomosho
(Islamic law); Boko Haram militants use

Ibadan
ing Makurdi
Niger
Lagos Enugu
bombings, assassinations, and abductions
to fight for an Islamic state. Women have
Bight of Benin Benin
ATLANTIC
City Uyo
.ne
CAMEROON
t
Port Harcourt
more economic independence in the OCEAN
south. Militants in the oil-rich Niger Delta 1000m/3281ft
demand a share in the oil wealth for the 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
region's impoverished population. 0 200 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hausa, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic of Nigeria Yoruba, Ibo
CAPITAL: Abuja traditional beliefs 10%
POPULATION: 174 million ETHNIC MIX: Other 29%, Hausa 21%,
TOTAL AREA: 356,667 sq. miles Yoruba 21%, Ibo 18%, Fulani 11%
DENSITY: 494 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Naira = 100 kobo
EUROPE 291
Norway
The Kingdom of Norway traces the rugged western coast
of Scandinavia. Settlements are largely restricted to southern and
coastal areas. Vast oil and natural gas revenues bring prosperity.
The western coast is indented with Western Europe’s top oil and natural
numerous fjords and features tens of gas producer: trust fund saves for post-oil
thousands of islands. Mountains and future. Metal, chemical, and
plateaus cover most of the country. engineering industries.
ww
CLIMATE
Generous aid donor.
High cost of living.
Hammerfest
RUSS.
w
Mild coastal climate. Inland, the
weather is more extreme, with warmer
.Ea
summers and cold, snowy winters.
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Narvik
Tromsø
FED.
FINLAND

Fairly homogeneous, but has
200m/656ft
Sea Level Bodø
Arctic Circle
welcomed refugees from Iraq, Somalia, ngi Norwegian SWEDEN

Bosnia, Sri Lanka, and elsewhere. Strong
family tradition, but divorce is common.
Fair-minded consensus promotes female
n eer
Sea
Trondheim
equality, boosted by the generous

childcare provision. Wealth is more
Ålesund
ing
evenly distributed than in most countries. Bergen Hønefoss .ne
Lillehammer
Voted against joining the EU in 1994.
INSIGHT: Near Narvik, mainland

No r th
Se a
Stavanger
Kristiansand
OSLO
Moss
t 0 200 km
rak
S k a ger
Norway is only 4 miles (7 km) wide 0 200 miles
FACTFILE language" and Nynorsk "new Norsk"), Sámi

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Norway RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 88%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1905 other and nonreligious 8%, Muslim 2%,
CAPITAL: Oslo Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1%
POPULATION: 5 million ETHNIC MIX: Norwegian 93%, other 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 125,181 sq. miles (324,220 sq. km) Sámi 1%
LANGUAGES: Norwegian* (Bokmål "book CURRENCY: Norwegian krone = 100 øre
292 ASIA
Oman
Oman occupies a strategic position on the Arabian
Peninsula, at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. It is the
least developed Gulf state, despite modest oil exports.
Mostly gravelly desert, with Oil and natural gas account for
mountains in the north and south. almost all export revenue. Commercially
Some narrow fertile coastal strips. extractable reserves are limited. Other
exports include fish, animals, and dates.
ww
CLIMATE
Blistering heat in the west.
Foreigners work in all sectors.
w
Summer temperatures often climb Strait of Hormuz
2000m/6562ft
Al Kha§ab
above 113°F (45°C). Southern uplands
.Ea
receive rains June–September.
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Musandam
Peninsula
Gulf
of
Oman
syE
Sea Level
UAE fluíár
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MUSCAT
Al Qábil Ar Rustáq
Urban drift has seen most
Omanis move to northern towns. The ngi Bahlah flamad flúr
majority are Ibadi Muslims who follow

an appointed leader, the imam. Ibadism is
not opposed to freedom for women, and
n eer
SAUDI
ARABIA
Arabian
Sea
a few women hold positions of authority.

Baluchi from Pakistan are the largest
ing Duqm
.ne
A r R u b ' a l K h á l í INDIAN
OCEAN
group of foreign workers.
INSIGHT: Until the late 1980s,

Oman was closed to all but
YEMEN
flalálah
flawqirah
t 0 100 km
business or official visitors 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Baluchi, Farsi, Hindi,

OFFICIAL NAME: Sultanate of Oman Punjabi
DATE OF FORMATION: 1951 RELIGIONS: Ibadi Muslim 75%, other Muslim
CAPITAL: Muscat and Hindu 25%
POPULATION: 3.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 88%, Baluchi 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 82,031 sq. miles Persian 3%, Indian and Pakistani 3%, African 2%
DENSITY: 44 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Omani rial = 1000 baisa
ASIA 293
Pakistan
Once a part of British India, Pakistan was created in 1947
in response to demands for an independent Muslim state. In
1971, Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) became a separate state.
Indus floodplain across east and Major cotton and rice producer,
south. Hindu Kush mountains in north. but unpredictable weather conditions
Semidesert plateau, mountains in west. often affect crop. Textiles. Instability.
Corruption. Aid to fight terrorism and
ww
CLIMATE
Temperatures can soar to 122°F
for earthquake reconstruction.
w
(50°C) in south and west, and fall to
–4°F (–20°C) in the Hindu Kush.
.Ea
5000m/16405ft
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft Hi
nd
CHINA
u K
us h
Karakoram
syE
Indus Range
ISLÁMÁBÁD
200m/656ft
Punjabis dominate government Sea Level Khyber Pass
and the army. Tensions with minority

ngi
Pesháwar
Ráwalpindi Siálkot
groups, exacerbated by the vast gap Sargodha
Gujránwála
n
AFGHANISTAN
between rich and poor. Strong family Faisalábád
eer
Lahore
Punjab
ties permeate politics and business. Quetta Multán
Indu s
Relations with India are tense over
Kashmir and terrorism. Islamist taliban
insurgency in tribal areas on Afghan
ing Sukkur
Baháwalpur
border: fighting has displaced millions.

IRAN Baluchistán
Sindh
Thar
.ne
Desert
INDIA
Karáchi
Hyderábád
t
s
du
INSIGHT: In 1988, Pakistan elected

In
Arabian Sea
Benazir Bhutto as the first female 0 200 km
prime minister in the Muslim world 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Urdu*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic of Pakistan Baluchi, Brahui
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 77%,
CAPITAL: Islamabad Shi’a Muslim 20%, Hindu 2%, Christian 1%
POPULATION: 182 million ETHNIC MIX: Punjabi 56%, Pathan (Pashtun) 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 310,401 sq. miles Sindhi 14%, Mohajir 7%, Baluchi 4%, other 4%
DENSITY: 612 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Pakistani rupee = 100 paisa
Palau
The 300-island Palau archipelago (known locally as
Belau) lies in the western Pacific Ocean. It achieved independence
in 1994, and is gradually reducing its aid dependence.
Terrain varies from thickly forested Tourism and fishing licenses are
mountains to limestone and coral reefs. main earners. Coconuts, bananas, and
Babeldaob, the largest island, is volcanic, taro. New 15-year US aid plan to 2024.
with many rivers and waterfalls.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: Palau’s reefs contain 1500
species of fish and 700 types of coral
w
Hot and wet. Little variation in daily
and seasonal temperatures. February–
.Ea
April is the dry season.
Ngaruangl
syE
Kayangel
Islands
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Native Palauans are a mix of
the original Southeast Asian migrants ngi 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Ollei
and Pacific settlers. A modern influx
from Asia, particularly the Philippines,
China, and Bangladesh, has led to tension.
n eer
P A C I F I C Ngardmau
NGERULMUD
ing
O C E A N
As 70% of the population live on the Koror Babeldaob
Airai
island-city of Koror, a new capital was
constructed recently on Babeldaob.
Oreor
.ne
Urukthapel
Native culture is preserved on outer

islands despite strong influence from the
US and Japan. Modekngei is a blend of
Peleliu
Angaur
Eil Malk
0
t 30 km
Christianity and local beliefs. 0 30 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Palauan*, English*, Japanese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Palau Angaur, Tobi, Sonsorolese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1994 RELIGIONS: Christian 66%, Modekngei 34%
CAPITAL: Ngerulmud ETHNIC MIX: Palauan 74%, Filipino 16%,
POPULATION: 21,108 other 6%, Chinese and
TOTAL AREA: 177 sq. miles other Asian 4%
(458 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
Panama
A Spanish colony until 1821, Panama is the southernmost
country in Central America. The colossal Panama Canal (which was
under US control until 2000) links the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Lowlands along both coasts, with Colón Free Trade Zone: world’s
savanna-covered plains and rolling hills. second-largest. Income from the canal
Mountainous interior. Swamps and (expansion project underway) and
rainforests in the east. merchant ships sailing under flag of
ww
CLIMATE
Panama. Banana and shrimp exports.
w
Hot and humid, with heavy rainfall
in the May–December wet season.
Cooler at high altitudes. .Ea
INSIGHT: The Panama Canal shortens
the sea route between the east coast of
the US and Japan by 3000 miles (4800 km)
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

A multiethnic society,
syE Caribbean Sea
dominated by people of mixed COSTA

ngi Cristóbal
Panama Canal
Colón
San Miguelito
PANAMA CITY
Spanish–Amerindian origin
(mestizo). Amerindians live in
remote areas. The Panama Canal
David n
RICA La Concepción C o r d i l l e r a
Cen t
eer
r a l
Santiago
Balboa
Archipielago La Palma
and former US military bases (the

last of which closed in 1999) have given
Golfo de
Chiriquí
Isla de Las
Chitré
Tablas
ing de las Perlas
Golfo de
Panamá
society a cosmopolitan outlook, but

Coiba
PACIFIC
OCEAN .ne COLOMBIA
Catholicism and the extended family

remain strong. Wealth is unevenly
divided. Money-laundering, narcotics 0 100 km
t 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
trafficking, and corruption are rife. 0 100 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE Amerindian languages, Chibchan languages

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Panama RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 84%,
CAPITAL: Panama City ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 70%, Black 14%,
POPULATION: 3.9 million White 10%, Amerindian 6%
DENSITY: 133 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Balboa = 100 centésimos; US
LANGUAGES: English Creole, Spanish*, dollar is also legal tender
Papua New Guinea

A former Australian colony, Papua New Guinea (PNG)
occupies the eastern section of the island of New Guinea
and several other island groups. Much of the country is isolated.
Mountainous and forested Minerals: gold, copper, oil, and
mainland, with broad, swampy river natural gas. High government spending
valleys. 40 active volcanoes in the north. almost led to national bankruptcy in
Around 600 outer islands. 2002. Strong GDP growth since 2007.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: PNG is home to the only
w
Hot and humid in lowlands, cooling
toward highlands, where snow can fall on
highest peaks. .Ea
known poisonous birds; contact with
the feathers of some species of pitohui
produces skin blisters

Around 800 language groups
New Guinea
Lorengau
Bism
arck P A C I F I C O C E A N
Arch
ngi Aitape Admiralty Is. ipel

ago
INDONESIA
Wewak New Ireland

and even more tribes. The main social Bismarck
Sea
Rabaul
distinction is between lowlanders, who

have frequent contact with the outside
world, and the very isolated, but
n Mount
Hagen
Madang New Britain
eer
Lae
Kandrian
Bougainville I. Kieta
ing
O
Solomon
Fl
increasingly threatened, highlanders.

en
Popondetta S e a
y
St
PORT nl Kiriwina Is.

a
ey
Great tensions exist between highland
tribes, and vendettas can often last
MORESBY Ra
.ne
ng
e Louisiade
Archipelago
several generations. The island of
Bougainville has been granted autonomy
and promised a referendum on
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t Coral Sea
0 200 km
200m/656ft
independence by 2020. Sea Level 0 200 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Independent State of LANGUAGES: Pidgin English, Papuan, English*,
Papua New Guinea Motu, c.800 native languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 RELIGIONS: Protestant 60%,
CAPITAL: Port Moresby Roman Catholic 37%, other 3%
POPULATION: 7.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian or mixed race 100%
(462,840 sq. km) CURRENCY: Kina = 100 toea
SOUTH AMERICA 297
Paraguay
Landlocked in central South America, and once a
Spanish colony, Paraguay’s post independence history has
included periods of military rule. Free elections held since 1993.
The Paraguay River divides the hilly Agriculture: soybeans are the
and forested east from a flat alluvial main export. Electricity exported from
plain, with marsh and semidesert scrub massive hydroelectric dams, including
land in the west. Itaipú (world’s second-largest, jointly run
ww
CLIMATE
with Brazil). Large informal economy.
Corruption and smuggling.
w
Subtropical. The Gran Chaco is
generally hotter and drier. All areas
.Ea
experience floods and droughts.
BOLIVIA
0
0 100 km
100 miles
Pa
syE
ragu
n
a BRAZIL
ay
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
o
r
c
G
The population is mainly mestizo
ngi
a
h
C
(mixed Spanish and native Guaraní origin).
Most people are bilingual, though in rural
areas Guaraní is more widely used. Cattle
ranchers populate the Chaco, along
n eer
Pedro Juan Caballero
Concepción
with communities of the German-origin

Mennonite Church. Right-wing Colorados
ARGENTINA
ing Represa
de Itaipú
in power for decades, except 2008–2012.

ASUNCIÓN
Lambaré
.ne Coronel Oviedo
Villarrica Ciudad
INSIGHT: The War of the Triple

Alliance (1864–1870) killed almost 90%
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Pilar
Paran
á
t del Este
Encarnación
200m/656ft
of Paraguay’s male population Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Guaraní*, Spanish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Paraguay German
CAPITAL: Asunción Protestant (including Mennonite) 10%
POPULATION: 6.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 91%, other 7%,
TOTAL AREA: 157,046 sq. miles Amerindian 2%
DENSITY: 44 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Guaraní = 100 céntimos
298 SOUTH AMERICA
Peru
Once the heart of the Inca Empire, before the Spanish
conquest in the 16th century, Peru lies on the Pacific
coast of South America, just south of the equator.
Coastal plain rises to Andes Abundant mineral resources:
Mountains. Uplands, dissected by fertile notably copper and gold. Rich Pacific fish
valleys, lie east of the Andes. Tropical stocks. World's largest cocaine producer.
forest in extreme east.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: Lake Titicaca is the world’s
highest navigable lake
w
Coast is mainly arid. Middle slopes
of the Andes are temperate; higher peaks
.Ea
Equator
COLOMBIA
Pu
are snow-covered. East is hot, humid,
tu
m
ECUADOR ay
syE
o
and very wet. Iquitos
Amazo
n
Marañón
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

ngi Piura
Ucay a
Chiclayo
Though most people are BRAZIL
Amerindians or mixed-race mestizos,
n
A
eer li
Trujillo Pucallpa
society is dominated by a small group Chimbote
n
Huánuco
of Spanish descendants. Amerindians, LIMA
ing
Huancayo
d
and the small black community, suffer Callao e

discrimination in towns, but access to Cusco
information and political power are

PACIFIC
OCEAN
Ayacuchos
Ica
Juliaca .ne Lake
t
Titicaca
growing; the first Amerindian president Arequipa
was elected in 2001–2006. Clashes with 4000m/13124ft Tacna
BOLIVIA
left-wing militants killed almost 70,000 2000m/6562ft

500m/1640ft
0 200 km CHILE
people between 1980 and 2000. Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Quechua*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Peru Aymara
CAPITAL: Lima ETHNIC MIX: Amerindian 45%, Mestizo
POPULATION: 30.4 million (European–Amerindian) 37%, White 15%,
DENSITY: 62 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New sol = 100 céntimos
ASIA 299
Philippines
Lying in the western Pacific Ocean, the Philippines is
the world’s second-largest archipelago, with 7107 islands, of
which 4600 are named but only around 1000 inhabited.
Larger islands are forested and Coconuts, bananas, pineapples
mountainous. Over 20 active volcanoes. exported. Growing outsourcing center.
Frequent earthquakes. Remittances from abroad. Corruption
and poor infrastructure limit growth.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. Warm and humid all year 2000m/6562ft
w
1000m/3281ft
round. Typhoons occur in the rainy 500m/1640ft Babuyan Is.
season: June–October.
.Ea 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Luzon
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
syE
Philippine
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea
Over 100 ethnic groups, most of Angeles
Cabanatuan
which are of Malay origin. The Catholic

Church is a dominant cultural force; it ngi South
MANILA
Batangas
Mindoro
Legazpi City
opposes family-planning, despite high

population growth. The Chinese minority
has been established for 400 years.
n eer
China
Sea
Panay
Iloilo
Calbayog
Samar
Bacolod City
Women play a prominent part in society.

High literacy levels. Islamist separatists and
Palawan
ing St
Puerto
Princesa Negros
it
ra Sulu
Cebu
Iligan
Butuan
communist insurgents undermine stability.

B a la
b ac Sea
Zamboanga
.ne Davao
General
INSIGHT: Mass “People Power”

demonstrations have brought down 0 200 km
Sulu
Archipelago
t Mindanao Santos
Celebes Sea
two presidents, in 1986 and 2001 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Filipino*, English*, Tagalog,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Philippines Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, many others
CAPITAL: Manila 9%, Muslim 5%, other (including Buddhist) 5%
POPULATION: 98.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Other 34%, Tagalog 28%, Cebuano
TOTAL AREA: 115,830 sq. miles 13%, Ilocano 9%, Hiligaynon 8%, Bisaya 8%
DENSITY: 855 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Philippine peso = 100 centavos
300 EUROPE
Poland
Located in the heart of Europe, Poland has undergone
massive social, economic, and political change since the
collapse of communism in 1989. It joined the EU in 2004.
Lowlands, part of the North Heavy industries dominate; services
European Plain, cover most of the growing. Foreign investment reflects large
country. The Tatra Mountains run along potential market. Rapid privatization. Only
the southern border. EU state to avoid recession in 2007–2009
ww
CLIMATE
global downturn. Not adopting euro yet.
w
Rainfall peaks during the hot
summers. Cold winters with snow,
.Ea
especially in mountains.
Baltic
Sea
Gdynia
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Gdaúsk
LITHUANIA
syE Szczecin
Olsztyn
G ER M A N Y
BELARUS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Bydgoszcz Biaîystok
Ethnic homogeneity masks social
ngi
O
Wîocîawek
de
tensions. Secular liberals criticize the

r
Poznaú
WARSAW
semiofficial status of the Roman Catholic
n
W
Zielona Îód¶
eer
is
a
Church, though its influence is now Góra
î
Radom
Wrocïaw Lublin
waning. Abortion is banned, except for
special cases. Growing wealth disparities CZECH
ing
Gliwice
Czèstochowa
Katowice Rzeszów
E
are resented. The German minority in the REP.
.ne
IN
Kraków
RA
west is becoming more assertive. Tatra Mts.
t UK
SLOVAKIA
INSIGHT: Wild wisent (European 1000m/3281ft
bison) live in the Bialowieza Forest 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
straddling the Poland–Belarus border Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Polish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Poland RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1918 other and nonreligious 5%,
CAPITAL: Warsaw Orthodox Christian 2%
POPULATION: 38.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Polish 98%, other 2%
DENSITY: 325 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Zloty = 100 groszy
EUROPE 301
Portugal
Portugal, with its long Atlantic coast, lies on the
western side of the Iberian Peninsula, which it shares with Spain.
It is the most westerly country on the European mainland.
The Tagus River bisects the Tourism. Exports of vegetables,
country roughly east to west, dividing fruit, wine, cars, and clothing. Mounting
mountainous north from lower and debt forced EU bailout in 2011 and tough
more undulating south. cuts to reduce the budget deficit.
ww
CLIMATE
w
North is cool and moist. South is
warmer, with dry, mild winters.
.Ea
Viana do
Castelo
Porto
Vila Real
Vila Nova
de Gaia
Do
ur
o Madeira
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
A homogeneous and stable society,
which is losing some of its conservative
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Coimbra 0
Madeira Is.
50 km
traditions. History of immigration from ngi SPAIN

0 50 miles
n
Santarém
former colonies, and recently from
eastern Europe. Urban areas and the
south are more socially liberal. The
Estoril
Barreiro eer LISBON
Évora
São
Miguel
north is more responsive to traditional

Roman Catholic values. Family ties
Setúbal
ing Beja Azores
remain important. Algarve .ne 0

0
200 km
200 miles
INSIGHT: Portugal is the world’s

leading producer of cork, which comes 0
Portimão
100 km
Faro
t 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
from the bark of the cork oak 0 100 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese*

OFFICIAL NAME: Portuguese Republic RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 92%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1139 Protestant 4%, nonreligious 3%, other 1%,
CAPITAL: Lisbon ETHNIC MIX: Portuguese 98%, African
POPULATION: 10.6 million and other 2%
302 ASIA
Qatar
Qatar projects from the Arabian Peninsula into the
Persian Gulf. A founding member of OPEC, it is one of the
region's wealthiest states due to oil and natural gas exports.
Flat, semiarid desert with dunes Steady supply of crude oil and
and salt pans. Vegetation is limited to huge natural gas reserves, plus related
small patches of scrub. industries. All other raw materials and
most foods are imported. Strong GDP
ww
CLIMATE
Hot and humid. Temperatures in
growth in 2004–2011. Economy is
heavily dependent
w
summer can soar to over 104°F (40°C).
Rainfall is rare.
.Ea
on foreign
workforce.
Ar Ru’ays
Al Khuwayr
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Only one in five residents is native-
born; the rest are guest workers from
G ulf
of
Ba hr a in
Madínat al
Ka‘bán
ngi
Al Khawr
across the Middle East, the Indian

subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and north
Africa. Qataris were once nomadic
Bedouins, but since the advent of oil
n eer
Ash Shaíaníyah
Ar Rayyán
DOHA
wealth, most now live in Doha and its

suburbs, leaving the north dotted with
ing
Umm Báb
Al Wakrah
abandoned villages. Women enjoy As Salwá

.ne Persian
t
Gulf
relative freedom; most wear the veil. SAUDI
ARABIA
UAE
INSIGHT: There are three times 0 30 km
200m/656ft
as many men as women in Qatar 0 30 miles Sea Level

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Qatar RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 95%,
CAPITAL: Doha ETHNIC MIX: Qatari 20%, other Arab 20%,
POPULATION: 2.2 million Indian 20%, Nepalese 13%, Filipino 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 4416 sq. miles other 10%, Pakistani 7%
DENSITY: 518 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Qatar riyal = 100 dirhams
EUROPE 303
Romania
Once dominated by Poles, Hungarians, and Ottomans,
Romania has been slowly converting to a market economy since the
1989 overthrow of its communist regime. It joined the EU in 2007.
Carpathian Mountains encircle Polluting, outdated heavy industry.
the Transylvanian plateau. Wide plains Unmechanized agricultural sector. Textile
to the south and east. Danube River and metal exports led growth in 2000s.
forms southern border. High budget deficits exposed economy
ww
CLIMATE
in 2007–2009 global downturn: IMF
bailout, austerity measures. Plans to join
w
Continental. Summers are hot and
humid, winters are cold and snowy. Very
heavy spring rains. .Ea
euro in 2019. Privatization continues.
UKRAINE
Pr
ut
Satu Mare
syE
Ca Boto∞ani
rp
HUNGARY Baia Mare at Suceava
h Ia∞i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Oradea
ia
n
Cluj-Napoca
Romanians are ethnically distinct
ngi ania Bacâu MOLD.
M
ylv Târgu
ns
ou
from their Slav and Hungarian (Magyar) Arad ra Mure∞
nt
T
ain
neighbors. Hungarians are the largest
n Timi∞oara
eer
Sibiu Bra∞ov Foc∞ani UKRAINE
s
Re∞iπa Galaπi
minority, living mainly in Transylvania. C a r p a √ i i M e r i d i o n a l i Buzâu Brâila
Danube
Drobeta-Turnu Pite∞ti
They are protected by the influence of Delta
ing
Severin Ploie∞ti
Hungary, unlike the Roma, who suffer SERBIA BUCHAREST Constanπa Black
Craiova
discrimination. Net emigration (since EU Sea
.ne
e
nub
Da Mangalia
membership) is slowing. Low birth rate.
INSIGHT: In 2001, Romania became

the last country in Europe to lift its
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
BULGARIA
t 0 100 km
200m/656ft
ban on homosexuality Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE Romani, German

OFFICIAL NAME: Romania RELIGIONS: Romanian Orthodox 87%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1878 Roman Catholic 5%, Protestant 5%,
CAPITAL: Bucharest Greek Orthodox 1%, Uniate 1%, other 1%
POPULATION: 21.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Romanian 89%, Magyar 7%,
TOTAL AREA: 91,699 sq. miles (237,500 sq. km) Roma 3%, other 1%
LANGUAGES: Romanian*, Hungarian (Magyar), CURRENCY: New Romanian leu = 100 bani
304 EUROPE / ASIA
Russian Federation
The Russian Federation was the core of the old Soviet
Union, which broke up in 1991. Russia is still the world's largest
state. Its diversity is a source of both strength and problems.

The Ural Mountains divide the 57 “nationalities” and 95 minorities
European steppes and forests from the in addition to ethnic Russians. Separatism
tundra and forests of Siberia. South- suppressed. Population predicted to fall
central deserts and mountains. to 107 million by 2050. HIV/AIDS rising.
ww
CLIMATE THE ECONOMY
w
Continental in European Russia,
.Ea
with warm summers and freezing winters.
Elsewhere climate ranges from sub-arctic
Vast resources (oil, gas, metals,
timber). Inefficient industry, agriculture.
Tax evasion. Black market and organized
to Mediterranean and hot desert.
INSIGHT: The Trans-Siberian
syE crime. Wealth disparities. 2009 recession.
Railroad, running 5578 miles

ngi B a ren
Ba reenn ts
ts
A R C T I C O C E A N Bee r iin
B
Sea
ng
(9297 km) from Moscow

n
Sever
Seve
S
Se
Sevver
er naya
ernayay
S eeaa Z mly
Zemlyl a
ly
eer
FIN
FFINL
INL
NLA AND ND
N D
to Vladivostok, is Kalining
gradad d Mu
M urmansk nsk
n ssk
k
(Russ. Fed
ed
d..))
the longest in the Saaan
Sank
SSanank
nkkt PPe
n Pete
etterb
ter
teeerb
errb
rburg
urg
urrg
Kam
ing
BELAA R
RU
U S ((St
(S
SStt Pe
PPet
Pete
eete
t rsbu
rsb
sbu
ssb
bu
b u
urg)
rrg)
rg
g))
g
world, traversing .
Yenisey
ts
cha
MO OSC
SCOW OW Nori
N or
ori
o ill’sk
l’s
’sk
’s
’sk
sk Ma
Maga
M
Mag
aga
ag
ag
gaad
daan
dan
an
eight time zones M
tk
Nizh
Niz
Ni
N izh
iiz
izhniy
zzh
hniy
niiiyy
n Sea
Se a
.ne
UKR
UK
KRA
KR
RAINE
IN
NE N Yak
Yaku
Y
Yaaak
aku
kku
uttsk
tssskk
l
Novg
Noovg
o vg
go
orod
oro
rro
od
od off
ra
C Perm
PPe
eerm
er
rrm
m’ Sib eria a O kkh
khot
kho
h o sskk
en
U
Ob
au
Vo
Volg
Vol
Vo
olg
olllg
go
ogr
og
ogra
gra
gra
rad L
t
3000m/9843ft Sak
Sakha
Sa
S akha
aak
k lin
liin
in
ca
Om
Oms
Omsk
O msk
sk
k To
’
GEO
ORGGIIA
IA Tom
TToms
oms
om
o m
mssk
su
2000m/6562ft Gro
Grroz
oznnyy
yyyy
s
1000m/3281ft KAZA
ZA
AKHSTA
AN
N Chi
Chit
C hiita
hit
iitta
500m/1640ft AZE
AZE
ZER
ERB.
RB. Irku
IIrk
Ir
rrku
rk
kutsk
ku sk
k S e a of
Se of
200m/656ft T rans-Si
Tran s-Si
Sii bbe
Sibe ber
eri
eer r ann Vlad
laa iivos
ivo
vos
osto
osttok
okk JJaaapan
o ap
apappan
a
Sea Level 0 1000 km Rail
ailill ro
ilroa
rroaad
road CHIN
CHI
C HI
HIN
INNA ( Eas
E aass t Se a)
Ea
MONG
ONG
ON
NGOLIA
NG A
Below Sea Level
0 1000 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Russian*, Tatar, Ukrainian, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Russian Federation RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 75%,
CAPITAL: Moscow ETHNIC MIX: Russian 80%, other 12%,
POPULATION: 143 million Tatar 4%, Ukrainian 2%, Chavash 1%, Bashkir 1%
TOTAL AREA: 6,592,735 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
(17,075,200 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 22 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Russian rouble = 100 kopeks
AFRICA 305
Rwanda
Rwanda lies just south of the equator in east central
Africa, far from the nearest sea port. Since independence
from France in 1962, ethnic tensions have dominated politics.

A series of plateaus descend from Reliant on aid. Production of
the ridge of volcanic peaks in the west tea and speciality coffee is booming.
to the Akagera River on the eastern Decade of strong GDP growth. Exports
border. The Great Rift Valley also passes tin, coltan, and iron ore. Ecotourism is
ww
through this region. growing. Possible oil and gas reserves.
Landlocked: high transportation costs.
w
CLIMATE
.Ea
Tropical, though tempered by the
altitude. Two wet seasons are separated
INSIGHT: Rwanda’s parliament in
2008 was the first in the world to
have more women members than men
syE
by a dry season, from June to August.
Heaviest rain in the west. 0 50 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ngi 0 50 miles

UGANDA TANZANIA
A
ka
DEM. REP.
For over 500 years the cattle-
n
ge
ra
CONGO
owning Tutsi minority were politically
dominant over the land-owning Hutu. In eer Ruhengeri
Lake Gisenyi
Byumba
1959, violent revolt led to a reversal of

the roles. Ethnic tensions are fierce; in
Kivu
ing KIGALI
the most recent violence, in 1994, over

Kibuye
.ne
Gitarama Kibungo
800,000 people, mostly Tutsi, were

massacred in an act of state-backed
genocide; trials are ongoing. Most
Cyangugu
Butare t 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
people live at subsistence level. BURUNDI 500m/1640ft
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kinyarwanda*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Rwanda Kiswahili, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 RELIGIONS: Christian 94%, Muslim 5%
CAPITAL: Kigali traditional beliefs 1%
POPULATION: 11.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, other
TOTAL AREA: 10,169 sq. miles (including Twa) 1%
DENSITY: 1225 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Rwanda franc = 100 centimes
306
St. Kitts & Nevis
A popular Caribbean tourist destination, St. Kitts and
Nevis lies in the northern part of the Leeward Island chain.
Nevis is the smaller and less developed of the two islands.
Volcanic in origin, with forested, Successful tourist industry is
mountainous interiors. Nevis has hot vulnerable to downturns in US market.
and cold springs. Financial services. Once-key sugar
industry closed down in 2005.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical, tempered by trade winds. INSIGHT: Nevis has been renowned
w
Little seasonal variation in temperature.
Moderate rainfall.
.Ea
as a spa since the 18th century, and is
known as the “Queen of the Caribbean”
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
The majority of the population
are descended from former African
Dieppe Bay Town
0
0
5 km
5 miles
slaves. There are small numbers of ngi St. Paul's

St Kitts Cayon
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Europeans, and South Asians, and a

community of Lebanese. Levels of
emigration are high, and overseas
n eer Old Road
Town
Golden Rock Airport
BASSETERRE
remittances are an important source
of national income. The government
Caribbeaning
has pledged to retrain sugar workers.
Sea
.ne ar ws
r o Newcastle
t
eN
Native professionals and civil servants

Th
Nevis
have largely replaced the former 1000m/3281ft Charlestown
expatriate elite. The secessionist 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Bath
Zion
movement on Nevis remains an issue. Sea Level

OFFICIAL NAME: Federation of Saint RELIGIONS: Anglican 33%, Methodist 29%,
Christopher and Nevis other 22%, Moravian 9%, Roman Catholic 7%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1983 ETHNIC MIX: Black 95%, mixed race 3%,
CAPITAL: Basseterre White 1%, other and Amerindian 1%
TOTAL AREA: 101 sq. miles (261 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
St. Lucia
St. Lucia is one of the most beautiful of the Caribbean
Windward Islands. Ruled by France and the UK at different
times in its past, the island retains the influences of both.
Volcanic and mountainous, with Bananas are still biggest export,
some broad fertile valleys. The Pitons, but struggling to compete since loss
ancient lava cones, rise from the sea on of preferential access to EU market.
the forested west coast. Successful tourism. Offshore banking.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: St. Lucia has two
w
Tropical, moderated by trade winds.
May–October wet season brings daily
.Ea
warm showers. Rainfall is highest in
Nobel laureates, the most per
capita in the world
ucia Channel
Saint L
the mountains.
syE 0
0
5 km
5 miles Gros Islet
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The population is a tension-free ngi CASTRIES
mixture of descendants of Africans,
Caribs, and Europeans. Family life and
the Roman Catholic Church are
n eer The ATLAN TI C
ing
Canaries
Pitons Praslin O CEAN
important to most St. Lucians. In Soufrière
rural areas, women often head the
households and run much of the Caribbean
Sea .ne Micoud
farming. Plantation and hotel owners

are the richest group. There is growing
local resistance to overdevelopment 500m/1640ft
t Vieux Fort
200m/656ft
of the island for tourism. Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, French Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Saint Lucia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%,
CAPITAL: Castries ETHNIC MIX: Black 83%, Mulatto
POPULATION: 162,781 (mixed race) 13%, Asian 3%, other 1%
(620 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
St. Vincent & the Grenadines

The islands of St. Vincent and the Grenadines form part
of the Windward group in the Caribbean. St. Vincent is mostly
volcanic, while the Grenadines are flat, mainly bare, coral reefs.
St. Vincent is mountainous Dependent on agriculture and
and forested, with one of two active tourism. Bananas are the main cash crop.
volcanoes in the Caribbean, La Soufrière. Tourism, targeted at the jet-set and
The Grenadines are 32 islands and cays, cruise-ship markets, is concentrated
ww
fringed by beaches. on the Grenadines.
w
CLIMATE
Tropical, with constant trade
.Ea
winds. Hurricanes are likely during
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Chateaubelair
La Soufrière
4078ft (1234m)
Georgetown
syE
the wet season in July–November.
0 10 km
St Vincent
KINGSTOWN
ngi
0 10 miles Arnos Vale
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Airport
Population is racially diverse;
intermarriage has reduced tensions.
Society is informal and relaxed, but
family life is strongly influenced by the
n eer
Caribbean
Sea
Bequia
Isle
Christian Church. Locals fear that their

traditional lifestyle is being threatened
ing à Quatre
s Baliceaux
Mustique
.ne
ne
di
by the expanding tourist industry. Canouan

na
t
re
G
Mayreau
he
INSIGHT: The islands’ precolonial

T
Union I. ATLANTIC
inhabitants, the Carib, named them OCEAN
“Harioun” – home of the blessed

OFFICIAL NAME: Saint Vincent and RELIGIONS: Anglican 47%, Methodist 28%,
the Grenadines Roman Catholic 13%, other 12%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979 ETHNIC MIX: Black 66%, Mulatto
CAPITAL: Kingstown (mixed race) 19%, other 12%, Carib 2%, Asian 1%
TOTAL AREA: 150 sq. miles (389 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
Samoa
The Pacific islands of Samoa gained independence
from New Zealand in 1962. Four of the nine volcanic
islands are inhabited – Apolima, Manono, Savai’i, and Upolu.
Comprises two large islands and Exports fish, coconut products
seven smaller ones. The two largest (oil, cream, copra), and nonu fruit.
islands have rainforested, mountainous Growth of tourism, offshore banking,
interiors surrounded by coastal lowlands and light manufacturing (Japanese car
ww
and coral reefs. parts). Dependent on aid and expatriate
remittances. Rainforests are increasingly
w
CLIMATE
Tropical, with high humidity.
.Ea
Cooler in May–November. Cyclone
exploited for timber.
INSIGHT: Samoa was named for
syE
season is December–March. the sacred (sa) chickens (moa) of
Lu, son of Tagaloa, the god of creation
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ethnic Samoans are the world’s ngi 1000m/3281ft
second-largest Polynesian group,
after the Maoris. Their way of life is
communal and formalized. Extended
n Savai‘i
eer
Fálelima
Fagamálo 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
family groups own 80% of the land. Palauli

ing Tuasivi
it
Taga
ra
Each family has an elected chief, who

.ne APIA
St
a
m Upolu
looks after its political and social oli Mulifanua
Ap Ti‘avea
interests. Large-scale migration to
the US and New Zealand reflects
the country’s lack of jobs and the 0
PACIFIC
OCEAN
15 km
Lotofaga
t
attractions of a Western lifestyle. 0 15 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Independent State LANGUAGES: Samoan*, English*
of Samoa RELIGIONS: Christian 99%, other 1%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 ETHNIC MIX: Polynesian 91%,
CAPITAL: Apia Euronesian (mixed European and
POPULATION: 200,000 Polynesian) 7%, other 2%
(2860 sq. km) CURRENCY: Tala = 100 sene
310 EUROPE
San Marino
Perched on the slopes of Monte Titano in the Italian
Appennines, San Marino has maintained its independence since
the 4th century CE, but Italy effectively controls most of its affairs.
Distinctive limestone outcrop of Tourism, banking, manufacturing,
Monte Titano dominates wooded hills and investment all hit by 2008–2009
and pastures near Italy’s Adriatic coast. global downturn. Banking transparency
has improved. Lower tax rates than Italy.
ww
CLIMATE
High altitude and sea breezes
Wine, cheese, olive oil, textiles, and
ceramics are exported.
w
moderate a Mediterranean climate.
Hot summers and cool, wet winters.
.Ea
Also relies on Italian
subsidy and
infrastructure. Dogana
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Territory is divided into nine
“castles,” or districts. Tightly knit
Serravalle
Fiorina
society, with 16 centuries of tradition. ngi Gualdicciolo

Cailungo
Borgo Maggiore
Strict immigration rules require
30-year residence before applying
for citizenship. Living standards
nITALY
eer Monte Titano
2424ft (739m)
SAN MARINO
Faetano
are similar to those in northern Italy.

About 12,000 Sammarinesi live
A p
Chiesanuova
Murata
p e
n ing n
ITALY
.ne
i n Montegiardino
abroad, most in Italy. o
INSIGHT: Sales of postage stamps

and coins contribute around 10% of 500m/1640ft 0
t 4 km
200m/656ft
the national income Sea Level 0 4 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of LANGUAGES: Italian*
San Marino RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%, other
CAPITAL: San Marino ETHNIC MIX: Sammarinese 88%, Italian 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 23.6 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(61 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
AFRICA 311
Sao Tome & Principe
A former Portuguese colony, Sao Tome and Principe
comprises two main islands and surrounding islets, off the
west coast of Africa. Elections in 1991 ended 15 years of Marxism.
Islands scattered across the Cocoa provides 90% of export
equator. Sao Tome and Principe are earnings. Coconuts, pepper, coffee also
heavily forested and mountainous. farmed. Tourism. Reliant on aid. Offshore
oil expected to come onstream shortly.
ww
CLIMATE
Hot and humid, but cooled by 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Santo
Príncipe António
w
the Benguela Current. Plentiful rainfall.
.Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Infante
Dom
Henrique
syE
Population is mostly black,
though Portuguese culture pre-
dominates. Blacks run the political
0
0
20 km
20 miles
Ilha Caroço
parties. Society is well integrated and ngi

free from racial prejudice. Príncipe
assumed autonomous status in 1995.
There is a growing business class. The
n eer Ilha das Cabras
ing
Neves
extended family offers the main form SÃO TOMÉ
Santana
of social security. One of Africa’s highest
aid-to-population ratios. .neSão Tomé
INSIGHT: The population is entirely

of immigrant descent: the islands Equator
Porto Alegre
t
Santa Cruz
Gulf
of
Guinea
were uninhabited when colonized in 1470 Ilha das
Rôlas
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic of Portuguese*
Sao Tome and Principe RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 84%,
CAPITAL: São Tomé ETHNIC MIX: Black 90%, Portuguese
POPULATION: 200,000 and Creole 10%
TOTAL AREA: 386 sq. miles (1001 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 539 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dobra = 100 céntimos
312 ASIA
Saudi Arabia
Occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia
covers an area the size of western Europe. It is the world’s largest
oil producer and has a major petrochemicals industry.
Mostly desert or semidesert Vast oil and natural gas reserves.
plateau. Mountain ranges in the west run A third of workers are foreign. Attractive
parallel to the Red Sea and drop steeply jobs for young Saudis are scarce, however.
to a coastal plain.
ww
CLIMATE
INSIGHT: Three million Muslims a year
make the hajj (pilgrimage) to the holy
city of Mecca. Only practicing Muslims are
w
In summer, temperatures often
soar above 118°F (48°C), but in winter
.Ea
they may fall below freezing. Rainfall
allowed inside the city
syE
IRAQ
is rare. JORDAN
A n Na fu d KUWAIT
EGYPT
Tabúk
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Most Saudis are Sunni Muslims ngi Buraydah
Ad Dammán
P ersi a n
Gul f
BAHRAIN
n
Al Hufúf
who embrace sharia (Islamic law) and
N
Al Madínah QATAR
eer
(Medina)
a
RIYADH
follow the strictly orthodox Wahhabi Íaraç
j
d UAE
Jiddah
interpretation of Islam in their daily lives.
ing
(Jedda) Makkah (Mecca)
A√ ◊á’if
Women are obliged to wear the veil,
A r R ub ' al K h á l í
cannot hold a driver's license, and have
no role in public life. The al-Sa’ud family
Re d S e a
Abhá .ne OMAN
t
YEMEN
rules with absolute power. Supported by
the religious establishment, it controls all 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
political life and makes few concessions 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
to any calls for wider public participation. Sea Level 0 200 miles

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia RELIGIONS: (Native population) Sunni Muslim
DATE OF FORMATION: 1932 85%, Shi’a Muslim 15%
CAPITAL: Riyadh ETHNIC MIX: Arab 72%, foreign residents
POPULATION: 28.8 million (mostly south or southeast Asian) 20%,
TOTAL AREA: 756,981 sq. miles Afro-Asian 8%
(1,960,582 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 35 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Saudi riyal = 100 halalat
AFRICA 313
Senegal
Senegal’s capital, Dakar, stands on the westernmost cape
of Africa. After independence from France, Senegal became a
single-party state, but it has had multiparty elections since 1981.
Arid semidesert in the north. The Good infrastructure, particularly
south is mainly savanna bushland. Plains port at Dakar. Fishing (though stocks
in the southeast. diminishing). Remittances. Phosphate
mining. Groundnuts. Development of
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical, with humid rainy
tourism. Oil potential off Casamance.
w
conditions June–October, and a drier
season December–May. The coast is
.Ea
cooled by northern trade winds.
INSIGHT: Senegal’s name derives
from the Muslim Zenega Berbers who
invaded in the 1300s
PEOPLE & SOCIETYsyE

Interethnic marriage has reduced
Saint-
Louis
Senegal
MAURITANIA
ethnic tensions. Groups can be identifiedngi A TLA NTIC

OC EA N
Louga Matam
Se
n
ne
regionally. Dakar is a Wolof area, with DAKAR
ga
Thiès
eer
l
Diourbel
the Serer concentrated to the east and Mbour
southeast of Dakar. The Senegal River is
dominated by the Peul and Toucouleur.
The Diola (Jola) in Casamance have felt
GAMBIA
Kaolack
ing
Kaffrine Tambacounda
MALI
politically excluded, prompting a long-

Casamance Kolda
Ziguinchor
.ne Ga
mbia
running secessionist struggle; a cease-fire

in 2014 may signal the conflict's end. A
large diaspora raises global awareness
GUINEA-BISSAU
t0
GUINEA
100 km
200m/656ft
of Senegalese culture and music. Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Wolof, Serer, Pulaar, Diola,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Senegal Mandinka, Malinké, Soninké, French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 95%, Christian
CAPITAL: Dakar (mainly Catholic) 4%, traditional beliefs 1%
POPULATION: 14.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Wolof 43%, Serer 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 75,749 sq. miles other 14%, Peul 14%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 5%
314 EUROPE
Serbia
The central and eastern region of what was once Yugoslavia,
Serbia was a pariah state until Slobodan Milosevic was ousted
in 2000. Montenegro broke away in 2006, and Kosovo in 2008.
Landlocked since secession of Recovery from sanctions and 1999
Montenegro. Fertile Danube plain in the NATO bombing: GDP only returned to
north, rolling uplands in the center and pre-1990 level by 2006. Reserves of coal,
southeast. Mountains in southwest. oil. Strong industrial base. Privatization
ww
CLIMATE
ongoing. Foreign investment growing.
Danube is a key transportation link.
w
Continental in north, with wet
springs and warm summers. Colder
.Ea
winters with heavy snow in south.
HUNGARY
Subotica
0
0
50 km
50 miles

Serbs are Orthodox Christian and
CROATIA
Vojvodina
Da
nube
Zrenjanin
use the Cyrillic script. Catholic Magyars ngi ‹abac

Novi Sad
Panâevo
ROMANIA
(Hungarians) in Vojvodina have some

n eer
BELGRADE Smederevo
an
D
autonomy. Society was severely shaken in
ub
e
BOSNIA Kragujevac
the 1990s by interethnic conflict. After & Âaâak
Serbia's cooperation in apprehending
suspected war criminals, it was granted
HERZEGOVINA
ing Kraljevo Kru#evac
Ni#
EU candidate status, but the issue of MONTENEGRO .ne Leskovac
Kosovo is a major obstacle to accession.
INSIGHT: The medieval Serbian

2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
KOSOVO
t
(disputed)
BULG.
200m/656ft MACEDONIA
Empire reached into northern Greece Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Serbian*, Hungarian (Magyar)

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Serbia RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 85%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 2006 other 6%, Roman Catholic 6%,
CAPITAL: Belgrade Muslim 3%
POPULATION: 9.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Serb 83%, other 10%, Magyar 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 29,905 sq. miles Bosniak 2%, Roma 1%
DENSITY: 318 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Serbian dinar = 100 para
AFRICA 315
Seychelles
Formerly a UK colony, the Seychelles comprises
115 islands in the Indian Ocean. After 14 years as a one-
party state, multiparty elections were introduced in 1993.
Mostly low-lying coral atolls, but Tourism is main sector, based
40, including the largest, Mahé, are on appeal of beaches and exotic wildlife.
mountainous and are the only granitic Tuna is fished and canned for export.
midocean islands in the world. Re-export trade. All domestic
ww
CLIMATE
requirements are imported. Virtually no
mineral resources. High debt-servicing
w
Tropical oceanic climate. Hot and
humid. Rainy season December–May.
.Ea
burden. Lack of foreign exchange.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
The islands were uninhabited
when French settlers arrived in
VICTORIA
0 5 km
Mahé Inner Islands
ngi Grand’Anse Praslin

0 5 miles Mahé
the 18th century. Today, the population
n
Amirante
is homogeneous – a result of inter- Islands
marriage between ethnic groups.
Almost 90% of people live on Mahé. eer I N D I A N
ing s
d
n
Living standards are among Africa’s I
a
s l O C E A N
Aldabra
highest. Poverty is rare and the
.ne
r
Group O u t e
welfare system caters to all. Farquhar
Group
INSIGHT: The Seychelles’ unique

species include the coco-de-mer palm, 0 100 km
t 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
which produces the world's largest seeds 0 100 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French Creole*, English*, French*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Seychelles RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 82%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1976 Anglican 6%, other (including Muslim) 6%,
CAPITAL: Victoria other Christian 4%, Hindu 2%
POPULATION: 90,846 ETHNIC MIX: Creole 89%, Indian 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 176 sq. miles other 4%, Chinese 2%
DENSITY: 874 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Seychelles rupee = 100 cents
316 AFRICA
Sierra Leone
The west African state of Sierra Leone achieved
independence from the UK in 1961. Today, trying to recover from ten
years of devastating civil war, it is one of the world’s poorest nations.
Flat plain, running the length of the Aid is vital: reconstruction will
coast, stretches inland for 83 miles take years. Diamond exports, though
(133 km). Beyond, forests rise to highlands smuggling is rife. Rutile and bauxite also
near neighboring Guinea in the northeast. mined. Coffee and cocoa are cash crops,
ww
CLIMATE
but most farming is subsistence.
w
Hot tropical weather, with very
high rainfall and humidity. The dusty,
.Ea
northeastern harmattan wind blows
INSIGHT: The British philanthropist
Granville Sharp set up a settlement for
freed slaves in Freetown in 1787
November–April.
syE 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
GUINEA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mende and Temne are the major ngi 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Kabala
ethnic groups. Freetown’s citizens are

largely descended from slaves freed from
Britain and the US, resulting in a strongly
n eer Makeni
Lunsar Koidu
Anglicized Creole culture in the capital.

The countryside is less developed. A
FREETOWN
ing Boajibu
brutal civil war broke out in 1991 and was

Bo
.ne Kenema
not properly resolved until a 2001 peace

agreement. Two million people were
displaced during the conflict. A deadly 0 50 km
Sherbro I.
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Zimmi
t LIBERIA
Ebola outbreak hit the country in 2014. 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mende, Temne, Krio,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Sierra Leone English*
CAPITAL: Freetown traditional beliefs 10%
POPULATION: 6.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Mende 35%, Temne 32%,
TOTAL AREA: 27,698 sq. miles other 21%, Limba 8%, Kuranko 4%
DENSITY: 221 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Leone = 100 cents
ASIA 317
Singapore
Linked to the southernmost tip of the Malay peninsula
by a causeway, Singapore was established as a trading settlement
in 1819. It is now one of Asia’s most important commercial centers.
Little remains of the original Wealth from success as entrepôt
vegetation on Singapore Island. The and center of high-tech industries, such
other 54 much smaller islands are little as electronics and pharmaceuticals.
more than swampy jungle. Leads research in new biotechnologies.
ww
CLIMATE
All food, energy, and water imported.
Worst-ever recession in 2008–2009.
w
Equatorial. Hot and humid,
with heavy rainfall all year round.
.Ea INSIGHT: Chewing gum was banned
outright from 1992 to 2004
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Chinese majority includes old-
established English-speaking Straits
0
0
5 km
5 miles
Chinese and more recent immigrants. ngi Causeway

M
A
LA
YS
n
IA
Median income is highest in Indian
eer
Pulau Ubin
households and lowest in Malay Lim
Chu Kang Bukit
Panjang
households. Significant expatriate Pulau Tekong
ing
Choa Houngang
Chu Kang New Town
workforce. Aging population: cash Bukit
Jurong Timah Bedok
Changi
International
incentives, longer maternity leave Jurong
.ne
Airport
Industrial Queenstown New Town
City
aim to boost birth rate. Society is Estate Telok
Blangah
South China
highly regulated; official campaigns
aim to improve public behavior. Crime
is low; punishment can be severe. Living
Se
da
tP
and
an
Sentosa
Pulau Brani
t Sea
Urban areas
Open areas
standards are among world's highest. Strait of Singapore Nature reserves
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mandarin*, Malay*, Tamil*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Singapore English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965 RELIGIONS: Buddhist 55%, Taoist 22%,
CAPITAL: Singapore Muslim 16%, Hindu, Christian, and Sikh 7%
POPULATION: 5.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Chinese 74%, Malay 14%,
TOTAL AREA: 250 sq. miles Indian 9%, other 3%
DENSITY: 22,881 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Singapore dollar = 100 cents
318 EUROPE
Slovakia
Landlocked in central Europe, Slovakia became a
separate state in 1993, splitting ex-communist Czechoslovakia in
two. It joined the EU in 2004 and the eurozone five years later.
The Tatra Mountains stretch along Heavy industry, especially cars.
the northern border with Poland. Exports hit by 2007–2009 global
Southern lowlands include the fertile downturn. Inexpensive workforce. Rising
Danube plain. foreign investment. High unemployment,
ww
CLIMATE
budget deficits. Successful privatizations.
w
Continental. Moderately warm
summers and steady rainfall. Cold winters
with heavy snowfalls..Ea
INSIGHT: From 1526 to 1784 Bratislava,
then known as Pozsony, served as the
capital of Hungary

The majority Slovaks are the
POLAND
dominant group. The Magyars ngi Car

·ilina
pathian Mts. Bardejov
(Hungarians) seek protection of

n CZECH
REPUBLIC
eer
Pre#ov
E
Martin
their language and culture, backed
AIN
Trenâín Ko#ice
by Hungary. Magyar parties exist
UKR
ing
Banská Bystrica
Trnava
in the political mainstream, and AUS.
Nitra Luâenec
on occasion form part of the
ruling coalition. Ethnic Czechs
BRATISLAVA
D
a n ube
HUNGARY .ne
have dual citizenship. Roma are
unrepresented and face significant
discrimination. Rural eastern regions 0 50 km
t 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
are least developed. 0 50 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Slovak*, Hungarian (Magyar), Czech

OFFICIAL NAME: Slovak Republic RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 69%, other 13%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1993 nonreligious 13%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 4%,
CAPITAL: Bratislava Orthodox Christian 1%
POPULATION: 5.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Slovak 86%, Magyar 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 18,859 sq. miles Roma 2%, Czech 1%, other 1%
EUROPE 319
Slovenia
Lying at the junction of central Europe and the
Balkans, Slovenia seceded from socialist Yugoslavia in 1991. In
2004, it became the first former Yugoslav state to join the EU.
Alpine terrain with hills and First new EU member to join
mountains. Forests cover almost half the eurozone (in 2007). Export-oriented, so
country’s area. There is a short coastline vulnerable to global economic trends.
on the Adriatic Sea. Competitive manufacturing industry.
ww
CLIMATE
Sizable state-owned sector remains.
w
Mediterranean climate on the small
coastal strip. The alpine interior has
continental extremes..Ea
INSIGHT: A wheel found in a marsh
in 2003 is claimed to be the world’s
oldest, pre-dating 3000 BCE

Long historical association with
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
western Europe, accounts for the ngi Sea Level

AUSTRIA
HUNGARY
Murska
“Alpine” rather than “Balkan” outlook
of Slovenia’s people, despite close n eer
Mu
Sobota
Dr
ra
Maribor
av
a
similarities to other former Jesenice
Yugoslavs. The absence of sizable Kranj

ing Celje
Ptuj
I T A L Y
Serb or Croat minorities made for LJUBLJANA Sava
a relatively peaceful secession Nova Gorica Kr#ko .ne

from Yugoslavia. There are small
communities of Italians and
Magyars (Hungarians) in the
Adriatic
Sea
Postojna
Ko
lpa
t
Breªice
CROATIA
0 25 km
southwest and east respectively. 0 25 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Slovenian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Slovenia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 58%, other 28%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Atheist 10%, Orthodox Christian 2%,
CAPITAL: Ljubljana Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 2.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Slovene 83%, other 12%,
TOTAL AREA: 7820 sq. miles Serb 2%, Croat 2%, Bosniak 1%
Solomon Islands
The Solomons archipelago comprises several
hundred coral reef islands scattered in the southwestern
Pacific. Most of the population live on the six largest islands.
The six largest islands are volcanic, Subsistence farming and fishing
mountainous, and thickly forested. sustain 75% of people. Cash crops are
Flat coastal plains provide the only copra and cocoa. Gold deposits. Civil
cultivable land. conflict bankrupted the government,
ww
CLIMATE
closed the main gold mine, and cut
trade links. Forests have been depleted.
w
Northern islands are hot and
humid all year round; farther south a
.Ea
cool season develops. November–April
INSIGHT: The battle for Japanese-
held Guadalcanal was the first major
syE
wet season brings cyclones. US offensive in the Pacific War during
World War II
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Almost all Solomon Islanders are ngi P A C I F I C
Melanesian. Animist beliefs exist alongside
Christianity. Tensions are regional;
Guadalcanal natives (Isatabu) fought
n Choiseul
eer
New Gizo
Georgia Munda
Santa Isabel
Malaita
O C E A N
Santa Cruz
ing
HONIARA
New Georgia Is. Islands
against immigrant Malaitan workers in the Guadalcanal

Kirakira Lata
1998–2000 conflict, displacing thousands
and ruining the economy. In 2003,
Solomon
Sea
San Cristobal
Rennell
.ne
Australian-led peacekeepers arrived.
A new devolved "state system" has
granted outlying islands more autonomy
t0 200 km
500m/1640ft
and brought a semblance of stability. Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE Melanesian Pidgin, c. 120 others

OFFICIAL NAME: Solomon Islands RELIGIONS: Church of Melanesia (Anglican)
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, other 19%, South
CAPITAL: Honiara Seas Evangelical Church 17%, Methodist 11%
POPULATION: 600,000 ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 10,985 sq. miles (28,450 sq. km) Micronesian 2%, other 1%
LANGUAGES: English*, Pidgin English, CURRENCY: Solomon Is. dollar = 100 cents
AFRICA 321
Somalia
A semiarid state occupying the Horn of Africa, Somalia
was formed from the Italian and British colonies of Somaliland.
Conflict has left it without effective government since 1991.
Highlands in the north, flatter Ongoing war. All goods, except
scrub-covered land to the south. arms, are in short supply. Piracy, banditry.
Coastal areas are more fertile. Few natural resources. Prone to drought;
latest famine in 2011–2012 killed 260,000.
wwCLIMATE
Very dry, except for the north
Somaliland is more stable, but its trade is
hampered by lack of global recognition.
w
coast, which is hot and humid. The
interior has among the world’s highest
.Ea
average annual temperatures.
INSIGHT: Until 1973, Somali was an
unwritten language
PEOPLE & SOCIETY syE DJIBOUTI Gulf of Aden

Berbera
Raas
Caseyr
d
SOMALILAND
The clan system forms the basis
ngi
an
(not internationally
ntl
Hargeysa
of commercial, political, and social life. recognized)
Pu
Burco
The minority Bantu are traditionally seen
as socially inferior to Somalis. Since the
1991 coup, Somalia has lacked strong
n eer
ETHIOPIA
Garoowe
Gaalkacyo
central authority. Somaliland claims

independence, and Puntland autonomy.
ingBeledweyne INDIAN
OCEAN
Islamist militias controlled rump Somalia

KENYA
MOGADISHU
Baydhabo
.ne 0 200 km
by 2009, and al-Shabab still holds sway in

the south. A new federal structure was
formulated in 2012 ahead of the latest
Marka
Jilib Equator
Kismaayo
t0 200 miles
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
attempt to form a national government. Below Sea Level

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic LANGUAGES: Somali*, Arabic*,
of Somalia English, Italian
CAPITAL: Mogadishu Christian 1%
POPULATION: 10.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Somali 85%, other 15%
TOTAL AREA: 246,199 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
(637,657 sq. km) CURRENCY: Somali shilin = 100 senti
322 AFRICA
South Africa
After 80 years of white minority rule, South Africa held
its first multiracial, multiparty elections in 1994. Victory for the
blacks marked the symbolic overturning of long years of apartheid.
Much of the interior is grassy veld. Africa’s largest, most developed
Desert in the west and far north. economy. Leading mineral producer,
Mountains east, south, and west. notably metals, diamonds, coal. Tourism
is also key. Wealth gap has widened: jobs,
ww
CLIMATE
Warm, temperate, and dry.
housing, and better access to basic
services are needed to fight poverty.
w
Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate.
Semiarid in the west.
.Ea
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
o
ZIMBABWE
MOZAMBI
Sea Level p
po
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
The majority black population now
dominates politically, but the minority
BOTSWANA Li
m
ngi Middelburg
QUE
Kalahari
PRETORIA
white community still controls the NAMIBIA
Vryburg Soweto
Johannesburg
SWAZILAND
economy. A small black middle class is
growing, but unemployment among
blacks remains high. Over five million
n Orange
Desert
eerUpington
Kimberley
BLOEMFONTEIN
Va
al Piet Retief
Kroonstad
Pietermaritzburg
people are HIV-positive, but the fight he n

ing
K a r o o LESOTHO
g
t r
er
r Durban
No Middelburg
sb
against AIDS is hampered by social
attitudes. Violent crime is a problem. Great
Karoo
.ne e
n INDIAN
k
CAPE a r OCEAN
Beaufort West
t
TOWN D East London
George Port Elizabeth
INSIGHT: Over the last century, Cape of
South Africa has produced over Good Hope 0 400 km
half of the world’s gold 0 400 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, isiZulu*, isiXhosa*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of South Africa Afrikaans*, 7 other official languages*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1934 RELIGIONS: Christian 68%, animist and
CAPITALS: Pretoria; Cape Town; traditional beliefs 29%, Muslim 2%, Hindu 1%
Bloemfontein ETHNIC MIX: Black 80%, White 9%,
POPULATION: 52.8 million Colored 9%, Asian 2%
TOTAL AREA: 471,008 sq. miles (1,219,912 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 112 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Rand = 100 cents
AFRICA 323
South Sudan
A long civil war in Sudan led to independence in 2011
for the mainly Christian southern part. The landlocked new state
is poor and lacks vital infrastructure, despite its oil reserves.
The White Nile flows through Needs foreign aid for humanitarian
South Sudan, from remote forest areas crisis and development. Issues over oil
into the world's largest swamp, the Sudd. revenue and borders remain unresolved
with Sudan, which controls sole oil
wwCLIMATE
Tropical South Sudan's long, heavy
export pipeline. Inherited foreign debt.
w
rains result in some areas getting cut off.
January to March is drier.
.Ea
INSIGHT: Decades of fighting from 1983
left over four million internally displaced
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Most people are subsistence
farmers. Village life is based on extended
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
0
0
200 km
200 miles
families; arranged marriages involve the ngi

Nile
payment of bride-price. There are over
n
hite
eer
SUDAN
60 language groups. The common
W
Malakal
cause of independence engendered
ethnic unity. The Sudanese People's
Liberation Movement, whose armed
Wau ing
Jur
ETHIOPIA
wing led the fighting, holds power in

CENTRAL
AFRICAN
Sudd Rumbek
.ne
Bor Pi
b
or Elemi
Triangle
the new country, but in 2013 a fallout
t
Su
REPUBLIC e
JUBA Lotagipi
between president and vice president Swamp
spiraled into civil war, exposing ethnic DEM. REP. KENYA

divisions between Dinka and Nuer. CONGO
UGANDA
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Arabic, Dinka, Nuer,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of South Sudan Zande, Bari, Shilluk, Lotuko
DATE OF FORMATION: 2011 RELIGIONS: Over half of the population
CAPITAL: Juba follow Christian or traditional beliefs
POPULATION: 11.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Dinka 40%, Nuer 15%, Bari 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 248,777 sq. miles Azande 10%, Shilluk 10%, Arab 10%, other 5%
DENSITY: 45 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: South Sudan pound = 100 piastres
324 EUROPE
Spain
At its unification under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492,
Spain occupied a pivotal position between Europe, Africa,
the North Atlantic, and the Mediterranean.
Mountain ranges in the north, Exports food, wine. Few natural
center, and south, with a huge central resources. Large fishing fleet. Tourism,
plateau. Mediterranean lowlands. motor industry hit by global downturn;
Verdant valleys in the northwest. soaring unemployment since abrupt end
ww
CLIMATE
of construction boom. Austerity program
aim to cut debt and deficits. A target for
w
Maritime in north. Hotter and drier
in south. The central plateau has an
extreme climate. .Ea
economic migrants from Africa.
Bay of Biscay
0 100 km

A vigorous ethnic regionalism,
A Coruña Gijón
León
Santander
Donostia/
Bilbao San Sebastián
P y FRANCE
re
0 100 miles
suppressed under Franco’s fascist ngiVigo

Ourense
Valladolid
Burgos
Soria
Logroño
n e e ANDORRA
s
Lleida
regime, now flourishes. There are
17 autonomous regions. People
remain churchgoing, though Roman
n
PORTUGAL
eer
Ávila
MADRID
T a gu
Zaragoza
s
Barcelona
Tarragona
Menorca
ing
Getafe Mallorca Palma
Valencia
Catholic teachings on social issues are Badajoz Albacete
Ibiza
Islas
often flouted. Spanish women are Baleares
increasingly emancipated, with strong Huelva

Córdoba
Sevilla
Murcia
.ne
Alicante
t
Granada Cartagena
political representation. Málaga
Cádiz Almería 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Over 3000 festivals and 500m/1640ft
Me dite r r an e an 200m/656ft
feasts take place each year in Spain Sea Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Catalan*, Galician*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Spain Basque*
CAPITAL: Madrid ETHNIC MIX: Castilian Spanish 72%,
POPULATION: 46.9 million Catalan 17%, Galician 6%, Basque 2%,
TOTAL AREA: 194,896 sq. miles Roma 1%, other 2%
ASIA 325
Sri Lanka
The teardrop-shaped island of Sri Lanka is separated
from India by the Palk Strait. Ethnic Tamil rebels – the Tamil
Tigers – were defeated in 2009, after a brutal 26-year civil war.
The main island is dominated by Garment industry. Remittances.
rugged central highlands. Fertile northern Major tea exporter. End of costly civil
plains are dissected by rivers. Much of war; return of foreign investment and
the land is tropical jungle. tourists. Decade of strong GDP growth.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: Sri Lanka elected the world’s
first woman prime minister, Sirimavo
w
Tropical, with breezes on the coast
and cooler air in highlands. Northeast is
driest and hottest. .Ea
Bandaranaike, in 1960
k
St
rai
t
0
0
50 km
50 miles
al

The Sinhalese are mostly
P
Jaffna
Bay
of
Bengal
ngi
Gulf
of
Buddhist, while Tamils are mostly Mannar Mannar
Hindu. Moors are the Muslim

descendants of Arab traders. Tamils
were the minority group favored by
n eer Puttalam
Anuradhapura
Trincomalee
the British colonists. Majority-Sinhalese

power since independence in 1948
ing Batticaloa
INDIAN
fueled tensions, erupting into civil

Negombo
COLOMBO
.ne
Kandy OCEAN
war in 1983. The eventual government

victory in 2009 made this the
only rebel insurgency ever
Kalutara
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA
Ratnapura
Galle
KOTTE
t
200m/656ft Matara
defeated in modern times. Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Sinhala*, Tamil*, English

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Socialist RELIGIONS: Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%,
Republic of Sri Lanka Muslim 8%, Christian 8%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 ETHNIC MIX: Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%,
CAPITAL: Colombo / Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte Moor 7%, other 1%
POPULATION: 21.3 million GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
TOTAL AREA: 25,332 sq. miles (65,610 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 852 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Sri Lanka rupee = 100 cents
326 AFRICA
Sudan
The secession of the black African south in 2011 left
Sudan as Africa's third-largest country. Darfur in the
west is suffering a terrible humanitarian crisis.
Lies within the upper Nile basin. Oil reserves reduced by secession
Mostly arid plains. Highlands border the of South. Cotton, sesame, gum arabic.
Red Sea in the northeast. Violence and drought hamper farming.
Millions of people displaced. Large debt.
ww
CLIMATE
North is hot, arid desert with INSIGHT: Sudan has more pyramids
w
constant dry winds. Rainy season lasting a
few months in the south.
.Ea
than Egypt: over 200 structures remain
from ancient Nubian kingdoms on the Nile
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE EGYPT
Re
LIBYA Nubian
About two million people are
d
Desert
nomads. There are many ethnic groups.

ngi
Se
Nil e
Port Sudan
Atbara
a
Islamic law, imposed by the Arab CHAD
fur
Omdurman ERITREA
majority, restricts women's freedoms and
n KHARTOUM
ar
Kassala
alienated the non-Muslim south, which
eer
El Geneina Sodiri Wad Medani
D
El Obeid
finally seceded in 2011 after prolonged Kosti
conflict. Ethnic violence by Arab militias

in Darfur since 2003 has killed 300,000
ing
White Nile Blue Nile
ETHIOPIA
people and created a huge refugee crisis C.A.R.

SOUTH
SUDAN
.ne
within Sudan and in neighboring Chad
and CAR. President Bashir faces an
international arrest warrant for crimes
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t
0 400 km
200m/656ft
against humanity. Sea Level 0 400 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Nubian, Beja, Fur

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Sudan RELIGIONS: Nearly the whole population is
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956 Muslim (mainly Sunni)
CAPITAL: Khartoum ETHNIC MIX: Arab 60%, other 18%, Nubian
POPULATION: 38 million 10%, Beja 8%, Fur 3%, Zaghawa 1%
(1,861,481 sq. km) CURRENCY: New Sudanese pound
DENSITY: 53 people per sq. mile = 100 piastres
SOUTH AMERICA 327
Suriname
Suriname is a former Dutch colony on the north coast of
South America. Democracy was restored in 1991, after almost 11 years
of military rule. The Netherlands is still a major donor of aid.
Mostly covered by tropical Alumina and gold are the key
rainforest. Coastal plain rises to central exports. Rice and bananas are main cash
plateaus and the Guiana Highlands. crops. Oil production and tourism are
growing. Excessive bureaucracy.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot and humid, but INSIGHT: In a 1667 Anglo-Dutch deal,
w
cooled by trade winds. High rainfall,
especially in the interior.
.Ea
Holland gained Suriname but lost New
Amsterdam (now New York)
A TLA NTIC O CEAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
The Dutch brought laborers
from South Asia and Java. Independence
Nieuw PARAMARIBO Nieuw
ngi Nickerie Amsterdam

Kwakoegron
saw mass emigration: around 350,000 ty ne
i
an Brokopondo
Ma r o n
Surinamese live in the Netherlands.
n
r
Cou
Of those left, over 85% live near the

coast, the rest in scattered rainforest eer W.J. van
Blommesteinmeer
FRENCH
GUIANA
communities. Indigenous Amerindians

only number a few thousand. Bosnegers –
ing
descended from runaway African slaves –
GUYANA
Gui
ana
.ne
Highlands
fought the military government in the

late 1980s. Under civilian rule, each
group has had a political party
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
t
BRAZIL
0 200 km
200m/656ft
representing its interests. Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE Javanese, Sarnami, Saramaccan, Chinese, Carib

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Suriname RELIGIONS: Christian 48%, Hindu 27%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 Muslim 20%, traditional beliefs 5%
CAPITAL: Paramaribo ETHNIC MIX: E Indian 27%, Creole 18%, Black
POPULATION: 500,000 15%, Javanese 15%, mixed race 13%, other 12%
LANGUAGES: Sranan (Creole), Dutch*, Hindi, CURRENCY: Surinamese dollar = 100 cents
328 AFRICA
Swaziland
The tiny southern African kingdom of Swaziland is
crippled with HIV/AIDS and economically dependent on South
Africa. Vocal demands for multiparty democracy have been ignored.
Mainly high plateaus and mountains. Sugarcane is the main cash crop.
Rolling grasslands and low scrub plains to Wood pulp and soft drink concentrates
the east. Pine forests on western border. are also exported. Loss of workforce to
HIV/AIDS, and high cost of health care.
ww
CLIMATE
Temperatures rise and rainfall 0 25 km
w
declines as the land descends eastward,
from high to low grassy veld.
.Ea Piggs Peak
0 25 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
One of Africa’s most conservative
states, though there is pressure from
SOUTH
AFRICA
Tshaneni
urban-based modernizers. Political ngi MBABANE

Manzini
Siteki
system promotes Swazi tradition and
is dominated by powerful monarchy.
Women face discrimination. Swaziland
n Bhunya
eer Sidvokodvo
has the world’s highest prevalence of

HIV/AIDS: chastity is urged to combat
ing
Hlathikulu
its spread. Nhlangano

.ne MOZAMBIQUE
INSIGHT: Polygamy is practiced

in Swaziland – when King Sobhuza
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
SOUTH AFRICA t
200m/656ft
died in 1982, he left 100 widows Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, siSwati*, isiZulu,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Swaziland Xitsonga
CAPITAL: Mbabane other 30%, Roman Catholic 20%,
POPULATION: 1.2 million Muslim 10%
TOTAL AREA: 6704 sq. miles ETHNIC MIX: Swazi 97%, other 3%
DENSITY: 181 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lilangeni = 100 cents
EUROPE 329
Sweden
The largest Scandinavian country by both population and
area, Sweden has one of the world’s most extensive welfare systems
and is among the leading proponents of equal rights for women.
Heavily forested, with many lakes. Companies of global importance,
Northern plateau extends beyond the including Volvo, Saab, SFK, Ericsson.
Arctic Circle. Southern lowlands are Highly developed infrastructure. Up-to-
widely cultivated. date technology. Skilled workforce.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: Sweden FINLAND
w
Southern coasts warmed by
Gulf Stream. Northern areas have
.Ea
more extreme continental climate.
has maintained a
position of armed
neutrality since 1815 Arctic
Circle
Lapland
syE
AY
Luleå
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
RW
The nuclear family forms the
ngi
NO
basis of society, but the marriage rate Umeå
Östersund
Gul f
of
is one of the lowest in the world, and
cohabitation is now common. The model
welfare system is paid for by a high tax
n eer
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sundsvall
Bot hni a
ing
Sea Level
burden. Women are well represented at Uppsala
Västerås
all levels. A minority of 30,000 Sámi lives
in the far north. Most industries and the .ne
Örebro
Vänern STOCKHOLM
Vättern Norrköping
bulk of population are based in and
around the southern cities. An EU
member since 1995, Sweden has 0 100 km
Göteborg
Kattegat
Helsingborg
t
Jönköping
Gotland
Öland
voted not to join the euro. 0 100 miles Malmö Baltic Sea
FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 75%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Sweden other 13%, other Protestant 5%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1523 Muslim 5%, Roman Catholic 2%
CAPITAL: Stockholm ETHNIC MIX: Swedish 86%, foreign-born
POPULATION: 9.6 million or first-generation immigrant 12%,
TOTAL AREA: 173,731 sq. miles (449,964 sq. km) Finnish and Sámi 2%
LANGUAGES: Swedish*, Finnish, Sámi CURRENCY: Swedish krona = 100 öre
330 EUROPE
Switzerland
One of the world’s most prosperous countries, Switzerland
sits at the center of Europe. It has retained its neutral status
through every major European conflict since 1815.
Mostly mountainous, with river Diversified economy relies on
valleys. The Alps cover 60% of its area; services – the banking sector manages
the Jura in the west cover 10%. Lowlands over a quarter of the world’s offshore
lie along the east–west axis. private wealth – and specialized
ww
CLIMATE
industries (engineering, watches, etc).
w
Most rain falls in the warm summer
months. Winters are snowy, but milder
.Ea
and foggy away from the mountains.
INSIGHT: Famed for its neutrality,
Switzerland only joined the UN in
2002, and remains outside the EU
syE
Avalanches are a problem.
Basel
Schaffhausen
R hine
GERMANY
Lake Constance
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Switzerland is composed of ngi FRANCE
J
a
u rBiel Zürich
Winterthur
Sankt Gallen
AUSTRIA
distinct German-Swiss, French-Swiss,
and Italian-Swiss linguistic groups. In
the east, a 60,000-strong minority speaks
n Neuchâtel
eer
Lac de
Neuchâtel
Interlaken
BERN
Luzern
p s
R hin
LIECHTENSTEIN
e
Davos
Chur
Romansch. The country is divided into

26 autonomous cantons (states), each
Lausanne
Lake Geneva Montreux
Rh
l
A ône
ing
with control over health care, education,
Genève
FRANCE
Sion
Brig
Lake .ne
Locarno
Lugano
ITALY
housing, and taxation. Public referenda

are widely used to decide policy. Society
is conservative; marriage is common but 0 50 km
ITALY Maggiore
t 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
divorce is above the EU average rate. 0 50 miles 200m/656ft
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: German*, Swiss-German,

OFFICIAL NAME: Swiss Confederation French*, Italian*, Romansch*
CAPITAL: Bern 35%, other and nonreligious 19%, Muslim 4%
POPULATION: 8.1 million ETHNIC MIX: German 64%, French 20%,
TOTAL AREA: 15,942 sq. miles other 9%, Italian 6%, Romansch 1%
DENSITY: 528 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Swiss franc = 100 rappen/centimes
ASIA 331
Syria
Stretching from the eastern Mediterranean to the Tigris
River, Syria’s borders are regarded as an artificial creation of French
colonial rule by many Syrians. Civil war erupted in 2011.
A short stretch of coastal plain Conflict has destroyed economy.
is backed by a low range of hills. The Oil fields held by rebels, production
Euphrates River cuts through a vast down. Sanctions limit exports. Lack of
interior desert plateau. food, medicines. Infrastructure bombed.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: Syria is an ancient land;
w
Mediterranean coastal climate.
Inland areas are arid. In winter, snow is
.Ea
common on the mountains.
there are at least 3500 as yet
unexcavated archaeological sites

Towns tend to lie within 60 miles
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
ngi
200m/656ft
Sea Level TURKEY
Al Qámishlí
(100 km) of the coast. Most Syrians are
Sunni Muslim, but the Shi’a Alawis control
politics. The authoritarian Assad regime,
in power since 1970, fiercely repressed
n eer
Idlib
Al Ládhiqíyah
Íalab (Aleppo)
Ar Raqqah
Buíayrat
Al Íasakah
ing
Eu
al-Asad
Íamáh
ph
pro-democracy "Arab Spring" protests in
ra
∏arπús Íim§ IRAQ
tes
2011, and brutal conflict soon broke out.
.ne
on
LEBANON rt
an
200,000 have been killed and ten million ti-

Le
b
De
se
are displaced, including many Palestinians

and Iraqis formerly sheltering in Syrian
refugee camps. Islamic State (IS) jihadists
Golan
Heights
ISRAEL
An Dúmá S y r i
DAMASCUS
Dar‘á
an
t 0 100 km
control the Euphrates valley. JORDAN 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French, Kurdish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Syrian Arab Republic Armenian, Circassian, Assyrian, Aramaic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1941 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawi (Shi'a
CAPITAL: Damascus sect) 12%, Christian 10%, Druze 3%, other 1%
POPULATION: 21.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 90%, Kurdish 9%, Armenian,
TOTAL AREA: 71,498 sq. miles Turkmen, and Circassian 1%
DENSITY: 308 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Syrian pound = 100 piastres
332 ASIA
Taiwan
The republic of Taiwan (formerly Formosa) is on an
island 80 miles (130 km) off the southeast coast of mainland
China, which still considers it to be a renegade province.
Mountain region covers two-thirds Successful economy of small,
of the island. Highly fertile lowlands and adaptable companies. High-tech goods:
coastal plains. TVs, computers, and semiconductors.
Rising trade, investment with China.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical monsoon. Hot and humid. INSIGHT: Taiwan lost its seat at
w
Typhoons July–September. Snow falls in
mountains in winter.
.Ea
the UN to Beijing in 1971: both
claim to represent “China”
TAIBEI (TAIPEI) Jilong
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
syE
Most Taiwanese are Han Chinese,
descendants of the 1644 migration of
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
Xinzhu
Pate Hsintien
ngi
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
o
the Ming dynasty from the mainland. 200m/656ft Taizong
nm
Sea Level
The modern republic was created in 1949,
n Zhanghua
Sha
when the nationalist Kuomintang was
eer Yuanlin Hualian
ng
Jiayi
expelled from the mainland following
ga
Communist victory in the civil war.
100,000 emigrés established themselves
ing
Tainan
un
Ch
PACIFIC
OCEAN
as a ruling class. Initial resentment has .ne Taidong
subsided as a new Taiwan-born

generation has taken over the reins
of power. The aboriginal minority 0 40 km
Gaoxiong
S ou th Chin a
Sea
Pingdong
t
suffers discrimination. 0 40 miles
FACTFILE Mandarin Chinese*, Hakka Chinese

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of China (ROC) RELIGIONS: Buddhist, Confucianist,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1949 and Taoist 93%, Christian 5%, other 2%
CAPITAL: Taibei (Taipei) ETHNIC MIX: Han Chinese (pre-20th-century
POPULATION: 23.3 million migration) 84%, Han Chinese (20th-century
TOTAL AREA: 13,892 sq. miles (35,980 sq. km) migration) 14%, Aboriginal 2%
LANGUAGES: Amoy Chinese, CURRENCY: Taiwan dollar = 100 cents
ASIA 333
Tajikistan
Tajikistan lies landlocked on the western slopes of the
Pamirs in central Asia. Soon after the breakup of the USSR in
1991, civil war erupted between ruling communists and Islamists.
Mainly mountainous: bare slopes of Mass poverty. Declining cotton
the Pamir ranges, with fast-flowing rivers, revenue. Also exports aluminum. Uranium
cover most of the country. Small but deposits. Transit route for illicit Afghan
fertile Fergana Valley in northwest. opium. Corruption. Needs reforms to
wwCLIMATE
attract foreign investment.
w
Continental extremes in the valleys.
Bitterly cold winters in the mountains.
Rainfall is low. .Ea
INSIGHT: Carpet-making, an ancient
tradition learned from Persia, is still a
major source of revenue

Unlike the other former Soviet
0
0
100 km
100 miles
4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
republics of central Asia, Tajikistan is ngi UZBEKISTAN

2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
n
200m/656ft
dominated by a people of Persian Fergana Valley
(Iranian) rather than Turkic origin.

The main ethnic conflict is with the
Khujand
eer Isfara
Turkic Uzbek minority. Russians are

discriminated against; most fled
Ûroteppa
ing
KYRGYZSTAN
CHINA
.ne
Panjakent
DUSHANBE
in the 1992–1997 civil war, and P a m i r s
standards of living fell dramatically.
Islamist militants are active. Two
million people work abroad,
Qûrghonteppa
a
u D rya
Norak
Kûlob
Farkhor Khorugh
t
Am
primarily in Russia. AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tajik*, Uzbek,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Tajikistan Russian
CAPITAL: Dushanbe Shi’a Muslim 3%, other 2%
POPULATION: 8.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, other 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 55,251 sq. miles Kyrgyz 1%, Russian 1%
DENSITY: 148 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Somoni = 100 diram
334 AFRICA
Tanzania
The east African state of Tanzania was formed in
1964 by the union of Tanganyika and the Zanzibar islands.
A third of its area is game reserve or national park.
The mainland is mostly a high Reliant on agriculture, including
plateau lying to the east of the Great forestry and cattle. Coffee, cotton, tea,
Rift Valley. Forested coastal plain. cashew nuts, sisal, and cloves are cash
Highlands in the north and south. crops. Gold, diamonds, and gems mined.
ww
CLIMATE
Safari and beach tourism. Debt relief.
w
Tropical on the coast and
Zanzibar. Semiarid on central
.Ea
plateau, semitemperate in the
Equator
UGANDA
RWANDA
Lake
Victoria Musoma
KENYA
syE
Kilimanjaro
highlands. March–May rains. Mwanza
n 19,340ft (5895m)
ai
BURUNDI Shinyanga Pl
t i Arusha Moshi
ge
ngi re n
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kigoma Se Masai
99% of people belong to one L. Tanganyika
Tabora Steppe Tanga
of 120 small ethnic Bantu groups. Arabs,

n Zanzibar
Gr
DODOMA
eer
ea
Dar es
Asians, and Europeans make up the DEM. REP. Morogoro
Salaam
t
CONGO Iringa
R
remaining population. Use of Kiswahili

ing
if
t
V
as the lingua franca has eliminated al
l e Mbeya
y
INDIAN
OCEAN
ethnic rivalries. The majority of
.ne
ZAMBIA
Lindi
Songea
Tanzanians are subsistence famers. MALAWI Mtwara
t
L.Nyasa R u v um
a
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft MOZAMBIQUE
INSIGHT: At 19,340 ft (5895 m), 1000m/3281ft
Kilimanjaro in northeast Tanzania 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
is Africa’s highest mountain Sea Level 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kiswahili*, Sukuma, Chagga,

OFFICIAL NAME: United Republic of Tanzania Nyamwezi, Hehe, Makonde, Yao, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964 RELIGIONS: Christian 63%, Muslim 35%,
CAPITAL: Dodoma other 2%
POPULATION: 49.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Native African (over 120
TOTAL AREA: 364,898 sq. miles tribes) 99%, European, Asian, and Arab 1%
DENSITY: 144 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Tanzanian shilling = 100 cents
ASIA 335
Thailand
Thailand lies at the heart of mainland southeast Asia.
Continuing rapid industrialization has resulted in massive congestion
in the capital and a serious depletion of natural resources.
One-third is low plateau, drained Successful manufacturing. Natural
by tributaries of the Mekong River. gas reserves. Leading exporter of rice,
Central plain is the most fertile area. rubber. Political turmoil. Tourism, though
sex industry harms image. Damage from
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot, humid March–May;
natural disasters.
MYANMAR
0 200 km
w
monsoon rains May–October; cooler
season November–March.
.Ea
(BURMA) LAOS
M
e
0 200 miles
ko
Chiang Mai
ng
syE
Udon Thani
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Sa
Khon Kaen
lw
ee
Buddhism is a national binding n Phitsanulok
Nakhon Sawan Ubon
force. 600,000 hill tribes-people live in
ngi
Ratchathani
Nakhon
Ratchasima
the north and northeast. The Chinese
BANGKOK CAMBODIA
minority is the most assimilated in the
region. In the undeveloped far south,
Malay Islamists are fighting for secession.
n eer Ratchaburi Pattaya
G ulf
ing
of
Tha ila nd
Politics has been unstable since the 2006 Chumphon
fall of populist Prime Minister Thaksin;
.ne
Isthmus
of Nakhon Si
the military intervened again in 2014. Kra Thammarat
INSIGHT: Thailand, meaning “land of

the free,” is the only SE Asian nation
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Phuket
Hat Yai
Andaman
Sea
t
Songkhla
Malay
Peninsula
MALAYSIA
200m/656ft
never to have been colonized Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Thai*, Chinese, Malay, Khmer,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Thailand Mon, Karen, Miao
DATE OF FORMATION: 1238 RELIGIONS: Buddhist 95%, Muslim 4%,
CAPITAL: Bangkok other (including Christian) 1%
POPULATION: 67 million ETHNIC MIX: Thai 83%, Chinese 12%, Malay 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 198,455 sq. miles Khmer and other 2%
DENSITY: 340 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Baht = 100 satang
336 AFRICA
Togo
Togo lies sandwiched between Ghana and Benin in west
Africa. General Eyadema ruled from 1967–2005; his son succeeded
him. Lomé port is an important entrepôt for regional trade.
Central forested region bounded Most people are farmers. Self-
by savanna lands to the north and south. sufficient in staple foods. Togo’s main
Mountain range stretches southwest cash crops are coffee and cocoa: cotton
to northeast. has declined. Its phosphate deposits are
wwCLIMATE
the most
mineral-rich
BURKINA
FASO
w
Coast hot and humid; drier inland.
Rainy season March–July, with heaviest
falls in the west. .Ea
in the world,
but easily
extractable
Dapaong
Mango
BENIN
Sansanné-

Harsh resentment between Ewe in
reserves are
depleted and the
sector needs
Kara
the south and Kabye in the north. Kabye ngi

investment.
Tchamba
control the military, but the north is less

n eer
Mono
developed than the south. Extended GHANA
family is important. Tribalism and
nepotism are key factors in everyday
life. Some ethnic groups, such as the
ing Atakpamé
.ne
Mon
Mina, have matriarchal societies. 500m/1640ft
o
INSIGHT: The “Nana Benz,” the
entrepreneurial market-women 0
200m/656ft
Sea Level
50 km
t Kpalimé
Tsévié
LOMÉ
Aného
of Lomé, control Togo’s retail trade 0 50 miles ATLANTIC OCEAN
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ewe, Kabye, Gurma,

OFFICIAL NAME: Togolese Republic French*
CAPITAL: Lomé beliefs 33%, Muslim 14%, other 6%
POPULATION: 6.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Ewe 46%, other African 41%,
TOTAL AREA: 21,924 sq. miles Kabye 12%, European 1%
Tonga
Tonga is a South Pacific archipelago of 170 islands; only
45 of these islands are inhabited. The king retains significant
powers though some democratic reforms were introduced in 2011.
Easterly islands are generally low Squashes and vanilla exported.
and fertile. Those in the west are higher Remittances. Potential for tourism and
and volcanic in origin. fisheries. Large debt owed to China for
rebuilding of capital’s business district,
wwCLIMATE
Tropical oceanic. Temperatures
destroyed in 2006 prodemocracy riots.
w
range between 68°F (20°C) and 86°F (30°C)
all year round. Heavy rainfall, especially
February–March. .Ea 0 100 km
Niuatoputapu
Tafahi

Tonga is the last remaining
0 100 miles
‘Uta Vava‘u
Polynesian monarchy. All land belongs to ngi Vava‘u

Group Neiafu
the crown, but is administered by nobles

who allot it to the common people.
Respect for traditional values is high,
n eer
P A C I F I C
O C E A N Tofua Pangai
Ha‘apai
Group
though younger, Westernized Tongans

are starting to question some attitudes.
Kotu
Group
ing
.ne
Nomuka Otu Tolu
Group Group
The first elected commoner became
t
Tongatapu
prime minister in 2006. NUKU’ALOFA
Tongatapu ‘Eua ‘Ohonua
Group
INSIGHT: Unique in the Pacific, Tonga 200m/656ft
was never brought under foreign rule Sea Level
FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Free Wesleyan 41%, other 17%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Tonga Roman Catholic 16%, Church of Jesus Christ
DATE OF FORMATION: 1970 of Latter-Day Saints 14%, Free Church of
CAPITAL: Nuku’alofa Tonga 12%
POPULATION: 106,322 ETHNIC MIX: Tongan 98%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 289 sq. miles (748 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 382 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Pa’anga (Tongan dollar)
LANGUAGES: English*, Tongan* = 100 seniti
Trinidad & Tobago

The two islands of the former UK colony of Trinidad
and Tobago are the most southerly of the Caribbean Windward
Islands, lying just 9 miles (15 km) off the coast of Venezuela.
Both islands are hilly and wooded. Oil and natural gas: major provider of
Trinidad has a rugged mountain range liquefied natural gas to US, but reserves are
in the north, and swamps on its east declining fast. Associated industries:
and west coasts. second-largest producer of methanol.
ww
CLIMATE
Tourism on wildlife-rich Tobago.
w
Tropical, with July–December wet
season. Escapes the region’s hurricanes,
.Ea
which pass to the north.
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Little Tobago
Tobago
Scarborough

Trinidad’s East Indian community
Caribbean
is the Caribbean’s largest and holds onto ngi Sea
n PORT-OF-SPAIN ATLANTIC
its Muslim and Hindu heritage. There are
eer
Arima OCEAN
tensions with the mainly Christian blacks; C ar o n Guaico
i
political parties are divided along race Trinidad
lines. Blacks form the majority on Tobago.
High rates of kidnapping and murder
Gulf
of
Paria ing Rio Claro
are an issue.
Siparia
San Fernando
.ne
INSIGHT: Trinidad and Tobago is
the birthplace of steel bands and
Columbus Chann
e
0
tl
30 km
Calypso music 0 30 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, English*, Hindi,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Trinidad French, Spanish
and Tobago RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 26%, Hindu 23%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 other 23%, Protestant 22%, Muslim 6%
CAPITAL: Port-of-Spain ETHNIC MIX: East Indian 40%, Black 38%,
POPULATION: 1.3 million mixed race 20%, White, Chinese, other 2%
DENSITY: 656 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Trin. & Tob. dollar = 100 cents
AFRICA 339
Tunisia
A French north African colony until 1956, Tunisia was
relatively liberal in social terms, but in 2011 protesters ousted the
dictatorial president, triggering the "Arab Spring" across the region.
Mountains in the north are Competitive and diversified.
surrounded by plains. Vast, low-lying salt Expanding manufacturing. Exports olives,
pans in the center. To the south lies the dates, citrus fruit, phosphates. Instability,
Sahara Desert. affecting tourism. Free trade with EU.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: Tunisia was the center
w
Summer temperatures are high. The
north is often wet and windy in winter.
Far south is arid. .Ea
of trading empires from the 9th
century BCE
Menzel
Mediterranean
Bizerte Sea
syE
Bourguiba
Béja TUNIS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Hammamet
The population is almost entirely

ngi
Sousse
Monastir
Kairouan
of Arab-Berber descent, with Jewish and Kasserine Îles de
Christian minorities. Many still live in
extended family groups of three or four
generations. Women have better rights
n ALGERIA
eer Gafsa
Sfax
Kerkenah
Golfe de
Gabès Gabès
ing
Chott Île de Jerba
Matmata
than in most other Arab countries and el Jerid
make up a quarter of the workforce.

The low birth rate is a result of a long- .ne
standing family planning policy. The
Islamist-led transitional government
elected in 2011 was replaced by a
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft S a h a r a
t
LIBYA
0 100 km
200m/656ft
consensus government in 2014. Sea Level 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French

OFFICIAL NAME: Tunisian Republic RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 98%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956 Christian 1%, Jewish 1%
CAPITAL: Tunis ETHNIC MIX: Arab and Berber 98%, Jewish 1%,
POPULATION: 11 million European 1%
TOTAL AREA: 63,169 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
(163,610 sq. km) CURRENCY: Tunisian dinar =
DENSITY: 183 people per sq. mile 1000 millimes
340 EUROPE / ASIA
Turkey
Lying partly in the region of eastern Thrace in Europe,
but mostly in Asia, Turkey’s position gives it significant influence
in the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Middle East.
Asian Turkey (Anatolia) is Liberalized economy, boosted by
dominated by two mountain ranges, self-sufficient agriculture, and textiles,
separated by a high, semidesert plateau. tourism, and manufacturing sectors.
Coastal regions are fertile. Route of Asian oil pipelines to Europe.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: Turkey had two of the
seven wonders of the ancient world:
w
Coast has a Mediterranean climate.
Interior has cold, snowy winters and hot,
dry summers. .Ea
the tomb of King Mausolus at
Halicarnassus (now Bodrum), and the
temple of Artemis at Ephesus
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Despite racial diversity,
syE BULGARIA
ngi
zi
l Boêa Black Sea
anbu GEORGIA
GREECE ƒstanbul ƒ s t
Turkey has a strong sense of l e s
Samsun Trabzon
n
el Bursa ARMENIA
national identity, and close links a rda n ANKARA es Erzurum
with other Turkic states. Kurds,
the largest minority, based in
D
ƒzmir
Eski§ehir
Manisa
eer Kayseri .
ts
Eup
h r at
Malatya
Van Gölü
Van
the southeast, have waged a

Aegean
Sea Bodrum
Konya s M
Taur
u
ing flanlıurfa
Diyarbakır
T
IRAN
ig
ris
violent campaign for greater Antalya
.ne
Adana Gaziantep IRAQ
ƒskenderun
autonomy intermittently since 1984. Mediterranean SYRIA
The current political dominance of
Islamists challenges Turkey’s cherished
identity as a secular state. It has applied 0
Sea
200 km
t 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
to join the EU, but progress will be slow. 0 200 miles Sea Level
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Turkish*, Kurdish, Arabic,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Turkey Circassian, Armenian, Greek, Georgian, Ladino
CAPITAL: Ankara other 1%
POPULATION: 74.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Turkish 70%, Kurdish 20%,
TOTAL AREA: 301,382 sq. miles other 8%, Arab 2%
DENSITY: 252 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Turkish lira = 100 kurus
ASIA 341
Turkmenistan
Stretching from the Caspian Sea into the central Asian
desert, Turkmenistan has had less upheaval than most ex-Soviet
states, under President Niyazov's dictatorial rule (1991–2006).
Low Garagum Desert covers 80% State-controlled, though there is
of the country. Mountains on southern some private investment. Natural gas and
border with Iran. Fertile Amu Darya oil are main resources. Overintensive
Valley in north. farming of cotton. Black market.
ww
CLIMATE INSIGHT: President Niyazov created
w
Arid desert climate with
extreme summer heat, but
.Ea
sub-freezing winter temperatures.
an elaborate personality cult, styling
himself as Turkmenbashi – “head” of
all Turkmen

The Turkmen were once largely
KAZAKHSTAN
0
0
200 km
200 miles
nomadic, and the tribal unit remains ngi

Garabogaz
Aylagy
Köneürgenç
Da§oguz UZBEKISTAN
strong, with population clustered
around desert oases. “Turkmenization” n
Türkmenba§y
eer
Turan
Lowland
Am
Balkanabat
uD
of government, education, and religion Gumdag Serdar
has strained relations with Uzbek and Sea

Russian minorities. Political reform since
Caspian
ing
Garagum
AflGABAT
ar
ya
Türkmenabat
Niyazov’s sudden death in 2006 led to IRAN Tejen

.ne
Mary
Atamyrat
multiparty elections in 2013, though all

seats were won by the former sole party
and Niyazov's successor runs a similarly
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
t
Garagum
Kanaly
Serhetabat
Sea Level
authoritarian regime. Below Sea Level AFGHANISTAN
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Turkmen*, Uzbek, Russian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Turkmenistan Kazakh, Tatar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 89%, Orthodox
CAPITAL: Asgabat Christian 9%, other 2%
POPULATION: 5.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Turkmen 85%, other 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 188,455 sq. miles Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%
DENSITY: 28 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New manat = 100 tenge
Tuvalu
One of the world’s smallest, most isolated states,
Tuvalu lies in the central Pacific. The nine islands were linked to
the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) as a UK colony until independence.
A series of coral atolls, none more World’s smallest economy.
than 15 ft (4.6 m) above sea level. Poor Remittances from Tuvaluan seafarers. Sale
soils restrict vegetation to bush, coconut of fishing licenses. Copra, stamps, and
palms, and breadfruit trees. coins exported. Income from trust fund
ww
CLIMATE
and the lease of .tv Internet suffix.
w
Hot all year round. Heavy annual
rainfall. Hurricane season brings many
violent storms. .Ea Nanumea
Niutao
200m/656ft
Sea Level

People are mostly Polynesian.
Nanumaga P A C I F I C
O C E A N
Around half the population lives on ngi Nui

Vaitupu
Funafuti, where government jobs are

based. Life is communal and traditional.
Most people live by subsistence farming,
n eer FONGAFALE
Nukufetau
digging pits out of the coral to grow

crops. Fresh water is precious, due
ing Funafuti
.ne
P A C I F I C Nukulaelae
to frequent droughts. O C E A N
INSIGHT: Low-lying Tuvalu, like

the Maldives, is set to disappear 0 100 km
tNiulakita
with rising sea levels 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tuvaluan, Kiribati, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Tuvalu RELIGIONS: Church of Tuvalu 97%, Baha’i 1%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978 Seventh-day Adventist 1%, other 1%
CAPITAL: Fongafale, on Funafuti Atoll ETHNIC MIX: Polynesian 96%,
POPULATION: 10,698 Micronesian 4%
TOTAL AREA: 10 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
(26 sq. km) CURRENCY: Australian dollar and
DENSITY: 1070 people per sq. mile Tuvaluan dollar = 100 cents each
AFRICA 343
Uganda
Landlocked in east Africa, Uganda has a history of
ethnic strife. Under President Museveni, steps have been taken
to restore peace and to rebuild the economy and democracy.
Predominantly a large plateau with Resource-rich, but undeveloped
the Ruwenzori mountain range and the and poor. Exports coffee, fish, tea, and
Great Rift Valley in the west. Lake flowers. Oil exploration. Hydroelectric
Victoria lies to the southeast. Vegetation power is reducing oil imports. Great
ww
is of savanna type. potential from mining. Debt relief.
w
CLIMATE
Altitude and the influence of the
.Ea
lakes modify the equatorial climate. Rain
INSIGHT: Lake Victoria is
the world’s third-largest lake
wettest period. syE

falls throughout the year; spring is the 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
SOUTH
SUDAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ngi 500m/1640ft

Arua
Gulu
KENYA
Mostly rural population comprising

13 main ethnic groups. President Museveni n eer
Albert Nile
y
Lake
lle
DEM. REP. Lake Kyoga

has worked hard to break down ethnic Albert
a
ing
tV
CONGO Victoria Mbale

animosities, but a noticeable north–south
Rif
Nile
Kabarole Jinja Tororo
at
divide persists, with most development

.ne
Gre
Mubende KAMPALA
Kasese
in the south. After two decades of brutal Masaka Entebbe Equator
clashes (1987–2008), the Ugandan army
is still pursuing remnants of the Lord's
Resistance Army across the DRC, South
Lake
Edward
Kabale
RWANDA
TANZANIA
Mbarara
t
Sese Is.
La k e
V icto r ia
0 100 km
Sudan, and the CAR. 0 100 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Lango,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Uganda Acholi, Teso, Lugbara, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 RELIGIONS: Christian 85%, Muslim (mainly
CAPITAL: Kampala Sunni) 12%, other 3%
POPULATION: 37.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Other 50%, Baganda 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 91,135 sq. miles Banyakole 10%, Basoga 9%, Iteso 7%, Bakiga 7%
DENSITY: 488 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Uganda shilling = 100 cents
344 EUROPE
Ukraine
The former “breadbasket of the Soviet Union,” Ukraine
lies on the Black Sea. Divisions between pro-Russian sentiments
and pro-European nationalism erupted into civil war in 2014.
Mainly fertile steppes and Minerals: 5% of global reserves.
forests. Carpathian Mountains in west, Political instability, and conflict in the
Crimean chain in south. Pripet Marshes east. Slow reform of land laws, holding
in northwest. back agriculture. Oil/natural gas transit
ww
CLIMATE
from Russia and the Caspian to Europe:
natural gas price disputes with Russia.
w
Mainly continental climate, with
distinct seasons. Southern Crimea has
Mediterranean climate. .Ea INSIGHT: Ukraine means “on
the border,” referring to its
position on the edge of the
Over 90% of people in the west
old Russian Empire 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
are Ukrainian, but in cities in the east ngi BELARUS

Pripet
200m/656ft
Sea Level
n
Marshes
and south, and in Crimea, Russians Chornobyl’
Chernihiv
form a majority. Tatars returned to

Crimea after the Soviet Union’s
POLAND
Luts’k
L’viv
eer
Zhytomyr
KIEV RUSS. FED.
Kremenchuts’ke Kharkiv
Vdskh.
collapse and comprise around

12% of the population there. Pro-
Vinnytsya
Chernivtsi ing
Cherkasy Dnipro-
petrovs’k
Luhans’k
Russian president Yanukovych's

HUNGARY
ROMANIA
MOLDOVA
Mykolayiv .ne
Zaporizhzhya
pe
r
Donets’k
Mariupol’
refusal to sign an EU deal provoked
protests that ousted him from power
in 2014. Russia responded by backing 0 100 km
Odesa
D a nube
D
Sevastopol’
nie
t
Cr ime a
Sea
of Azov
Black Sea
(the Ukrainian territory
eastern rebels and annexing Crimea. 0 100 miles of Crimea was annexed
by Russia in 2014)
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ukrainian*, Russian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Ukraine Tatar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Christian (mainly
CAPITAL: Kiev Orthodox) 95%, other 5%
POPULATION: 45.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Ukrainian 78%, Russian 17%,
DENSITY: 194 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Hryvna = 100 kopiykas
ASIA 345
United Arab Emirates
Bordering the Gulf on the northern coast of the Arabian
Peninsula, the seven states of the UAE are Abu Dhabi, Dubai,
Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al Qaywayn, Ras al Khaymah, and Fujayrah.
Mostly flat, semiarid desert with Major oil and natural gas exporter;
dunes, salt pans, and occasional oases. plentiful reserves. Dynamic Dubai: free
Cities are watered by extensive trade zone, financial center (but 2008
irrigation systems. global downturn caught overextended
ww
CLIMATE
banks). Water is scarce. Imports most
food. Some emirates are less developed.
w
Summers are humid, despite
minimal rainfall. Sand-laden shamal
.Ea
winds blow in winter and spring.
INSIGHT: Mina Jabal Ali, in Dubai, is
the largest man-made port in the world
PEOPLE & SOCIETYsyE

Emirians, who make up just a
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft OMAN
ngi
Sea Level Ras al Khaymah
Umm al Qaywayn
quarter of the population, are mostly Ash Sháriqah (Sharjah) Ajmán
Sunni Muslims of Bedouin descent, and
largely city dwellers. In theory, women
enjoy equal rights with men. Poverty
n
QATAR
eer Persian Gulf
ABU DHABI
Dubai
Fujayrah
is rare and there is no income tax.

The 1970s oil boom encouraged the
Ghuwayfát
ing
∏aríf
Al Maqπa‘
Al ‘Ayn
immigration of workers, mostly from

Íabshán
.ne
Asia. Western expatriates are permitted
a virtually unrestricted lifestyle.
Islamism, however, is a growing 0 50 km
SAUDI ARABIA
t OMAN
force among the young. 0 50 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Farsi, Indian and

OFFICIAL NAME: United Arab Emirates Pakistani languages, English
CAPITAL: Abu Dhabi Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
POPULATION: 9.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Asian 60%, Emirian 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 32,000 sq. miles other Arab 12%, European 3%
DENSITY: 288 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: UAE dirham = 100 fils
346 EUROPE
United Kingdom
Separated from continental Europe by the English
Channel, the UK consists of Great Britain (England, Wales,
and Scotland), several smaller islands, and Northern Ireland.

Rugged uplands dominate Scottish and Welsh people have a
the landscape of Scotland, Wales, stronger sense of separate identity than
and northern England. All of the the English; both Scotland and Wales
peaks in the United Kingdom over have some self-government, as does
ww
4000 ft (1219 m) are in highland
Scotland. The Pennine mountains,
Northern Ireland. In 2014 Scotland
rejected independence in a referendum.
w
known as the “backbone of England,”
.Ea
run the length of northern England.
Lowland England rises into several
Other ethnic minorities account for 5%
of the population; more than half of
them were born in the UK. Asian women
syE
ranges of rolling hills, and there
is an interconnected system of rivers
in particular can be socially isolated.
Asians and West Indians in most cities
and canals. Over 600 islands, many
uninhabited, lie west and north of ngi face deprivation and social stress, but
white working-class youths were also
the Scottish mainland.
CLIMATE
n evident when innercity rioting erupted in
eer
2011. Income inequality is greater now
than in 1884, when records began. In key
Generally mild, temperate,
and highly changeable. Rain is fairly
ing
areas such as policing, multiethnic
recruitment has made little progress.
well distributed throughout the year. .ne
Marriage is in decline. Over 40% of all
The west is generally wetter than
the east, and the south warmer than
the north. Winter snow is common
t
births occur outside marriage, but most
of them to cohabiting couples. Single-
parent households account for
in upland areas. just over a quarter of all families.
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic

OFFICIAL NAME: United Kingdom of Great RELIGIONS: Anglican 45%, other and
Britain and Northern Ireland nonreligious 37%, Roman Catholic 9%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1707 Presbyterian 4%, Muslim 3%, Methodist 2%
CAPITAL: London ETHNIC MIX: English 80%, Scottish 9%,
POPULATION: 63.1 million other 5%, Welsh 3%, Northern Irish 3%
TOTAL AREA: 94,525 sq. miles (244,820 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 676 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Pound sterling = 100 pence
EUROPE 347
THE ECONOMY Nonparticipant in euro. High levels of

World leader in financial services, government, corporate, and consumer
pharmaceuticals, and defense industries. debt: banks made major losses in
Strong multinationals. Precision 2007–2009 global downturn. Bailouts
engineering and high-tech industries, and stimulus packages pushed the
including biotechnology and government’s finances further into
telecommunications. Energy sector based the red. Tackling the deficit by cuts
on declining North Sea oil and natural in spending puts pressure on growth
gas reserves. Innovative in computer strategy and social programs, with
ww
software development. Flexible working
practices. Long-term decline of
rising unemployment.
w
manufacturing sector, particularly heavy
.Ea
industries and car manufacture,
partially offset by rise in financial Outerr
Hebr
brr ides
ide
id
des
ess
Orkney I s.
s. Shetlands
Is.
Lerwick
and other services.

syE Stor
SSto
St
ttorno
to ow
owwaay
ngi IInv
Inve
In
n
nve
nvverrn
ve rnes
rne
ne s
Ab
A b
beeerrdeen
INSIGHT: The UK has no
formal written constitution,
but a stable government system
Inn
In
nn
nne
n
Hebr
ebr
eb
b id
n
nee r
n
ide
ides
ddes
es
es
Scotland
eer
Oba
Oban
Ob
O ban
baaan
b n
Dund
Dund
u
unnd
n dee
based on Parliament, which

originated as a check on royal
Gllas
Glas
Gla
G la
lasgow
aassg
go
gow
ow
ow
ing
Edi
Ed
EEdin
diin
din
d inbu
burg
bur
b urg
ur
u rrg
gh
power in the 13th century

Lo
Lo
Lond
ond
onn
nddo
onde
ond
onnd
nde
n derrr
de rry
rryy
.ne
New
N
Ne
up
eew
upo
u p
po
wcastle
on Tyne
on
No
N ort
o
Ire
IIr
rt
r ther
Irel
heeer
h
hern
her
r e l an
re and
nd
nd
Bel
Be
ern
Belf
B
rn
rn
elf
eel
lffast
aasst
st I slee off
Isle
Man
M
Ma aan
Blla
Blac
B
Bla
n
lac
aacckkp
kpo
kpoo
poo
po
p o
oool
Car
Carl
Ca
C arrrllis
aarl isle
isl
sslle
le
t
Leeeeeed
LLee
Leed ds
North
Sea
L veerrpoo
Live
Li rpo
rp
poo
poool Bla
Blac
B
Blllac
laackb
kbu
kkbur
b n
SShef
effield
ef
IIRE
IR
RE
R ELAND Manc
M
Ma
Man anc
aan
n
ncche
nche
hest
hes
h eessstteerr
est
En
E ng
gl an
and
Dee y
Derb
D Nor
Norw
No
N orw
o rwiic
rw ich
cch
h
Bir
Birm
Bi
B irrm
irm
ir ming
iingh
in
n
ngh
nggh
g ham
am Leeeic
Leic
LLei
eiiicceeste
est
stte
ste
ter
Camb
Cam
C amb
am
ambridg
rid
dg
d ge
Wal
Wale
W
Wa
alllees
aale es
SSwan
Sw
wan
wa
w aan
nse
nsea
ssea
eeaa Oxxf
Oxfo
Oxf
O xxfo
fordrd
Celtic Thames LO
LON
LLOND
ON
O
OND
ND
N DO
ON
N
Card
Card
Car
Ca aarrd
rdiiff
ffff
Sea Bris
Bri
Br
B rris oll Read
issto
to eeaaading
eadad
din
in
ing
ngg
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft So
So
Sout
outh
ham
hamp
am
mptoon D
ton
on Do
Dove
o
ove
veer
200m/656ft ATLANTIC Exe
EExet
Exxeetteerr
xe
xet
Sea Level Plyyym
Plym
Ply
Pl mo
out
ou
outh
uth
uth
h
OCEAN
0 100 km English Channe l
0 100 miles
United States of America

Stretching across the most temperate part of North
America, and with many natural resources, the US is
the world’s leading economic power and third-largest country.
C A N A D A
t
t rai ARCTIC Seea
Seat
eat
aattttttle
tlle
le
gS OCEAN
Aleu
Berin WAS
WASH
W
WAASSH
A
ASHHING
NGT
N
NGG
GTTON
TO
ONN
R
Br Spo
SSpok
Sp
pok
po
p okkaan
o ane
nee
n
R aono k s
ge
ti
PPo
orrttllaaand
ort an
nd
nd
o
n ALASKA MO
MONT
MO
ONT
ON
NTTA
N ANA
AN
NA
NA
a
Is ka Range PACIFIC
lands Alas
s
ww
Hel
Hele
He
H eele
le
len
na
a
c
ge
Anchorage
Ran
OCEAN OREG
REEG
RE
REGGOON
N
k
CANADA
ID
IDAH
IIDA
DAH
DA
DA
AH
HO
w
Coast
y
Bois
Bo
B ois
o isse
0
0
500 km
500 miles
PACIFIC
OCEAN
.Ea Grea
Great
Gre
Gr
G reat
rre
rea
eaaatt S
eeat
L ak
Lak
Lake
La aake
Sal
Salt
kkee
alt
al
lt
lt
WYO
WYOM
WY
W YOM
Y
YOOMING
OMIIN
N
NGG
Sierra
M
Great
syE Saacr
ac
cram
am men een
nto
to
Ren
R
Reno
Reeno
een
no
no Basin
Salt
Sal
SSa
aallt Lak
ak
ke
o
Oaak
Oa klan
kl aand
nd
n d NEV
N
NE
NEVA
EEVA
V
VA
ADDA
A Cit
Ci
City
Cit
ittyy
ity
Nev
ngi
PACIFIC San Fran
ncis
isscco
u
OCEAN
ada
UTAH
UTAH
TTA
AH
AH
Kaua'i Fres
re
rres
esno
es
esno
no
O'ahu
n
Honolulu
n eer
CAL
CALI
CA
ALI
AL
ALIFO
OR
OR
ORN
RN
NIA
A Death
eath
thh Va
Val
Vall
V aall
llll ey
ey
t
HAWAI'I Bake
Ba kerrs
rsf
sffi
ssfi
fieeld
ld
ld LLa
Las
aas Vega
Veg
V
Veega
ega
gas Gra
Grand
Gran
G rand
rran
ra
and
an
and
nd
Hawai'i Ca
Cany
Can
Canyo
Cany
an
a ny
n y n
do
a
ing
0 200 km
lora
Los
oss Ang
Ange
An
ng
nge
n geles
g ess AR
ARIZ
ARI
AR ONA
ON
ONA
NA
0 200 miles
i
Co
Allbu
A
Albu
Alb
llb
buq
que
quue
u
uer
e qu
ue
ue
SSan
Sa
aan
nDDieg
ieg
eeg
go
.ne
n
Pho
Phoe
PPh
hoe
h
hooe
oen
nix
iixx NEW
NE
N EEW
W
MEEXI
MEX
MEXI
M EX
EX
XIICO
CO
GEOGRAPHY
The US has a varied topography.
Forested mountains stretch from New
M E X I C O t Tucs
TTuc
Tu
ucs
uc
u cson
n
s
Ell Pas
aso
aso
England in the far northeast, giving way CLIMATE

to lowlands and swamps in the extreme There are four main climatic zones.
south. The central plains are dominated The north and east are continental and
by the Mississippi–Missouri River system temperate, with heavy rainfall, warm
and the Great Lakes on the Canadian summers, and cold winters. Florida and
border. The Rocky Mountains in the west the Deep South are tropical and prone
contain active volcanoes and drop to the to hurricanes. The southwest is arid
coast across the earthquake-prone San desert, with searing summer heat and
Andreas Fault. The southwest is arid low rainfall. Southern California is
desert. Mountainous Alaska is mostly Mediterranean, with hot summers and
Arctic tundra. mild winters.
INSIGHT: The United States of America has

the world’s oldest constitution. Drafted in 1787,
it has operated continuously ever since, albeit with
numerous amendments
C A N A D A
NORT
N
NOR
ORT
OR
ORT
RTH
DAK
DAKO
D
DA
AKO
AKOTA
KO TA L ake
Lake
kkee S
Super
Supe
per
pe
e r iio
er ior
oorr VERM
ERM
RM
MONT
O T MAIN
MA
M A E
ww Bism
ism
sm
ma
arrrk
ark k
MINN
NEESOT
ESO
SOT
SO
SOTA
MIC
HIG
AN
Laaake
Lak
Lake
L
Huro
Huron
H
Hur
Hu
k
uron
u
uro
ur ro
ro
S aaint Lawrenc
Sa nce
nc
cee
NEEW
NEW
N EW
G
Lake
ake kee HAMP
HAM
H AMP
AMPSH
AM PSH
SHIR
SSHI
HIR RE
w Miin
M
Min
in
inn
nnneapolis
lis
lilis
is Saint Paau
ull Onta
Ont
O
Ontar
nta
ntar
n
ntttar
ta
aarr io
io
M t s.
Piiie
Pie
Pier
P ier
eerrre
r MASS
MAS
M ASS
ASSSSSA
ACH
ACC
CHUSETTS
WISC
WI
W I CO
ONSI
ON N N NEEEW
N
NEW W
r
Bost
B
Bo
Bos
Boston
o
ost
ossstto
on n
SOUTTH D DAA
AKOTA
KOTA
KOT
K
KOOTA A
.Ea Lak
La
Lake
L
Michi
M
Mi
ak
k e
i c gga
gan aan
n
Buff
Buf
Bu uff
fffaal
alollo
o YORK
YORKRK
RK RHOD
RH
RHO
R HO
H
HODODE I.
OD
e
Siou
Sio
S iou
io
ou
o ux Fa
Falls
lll CONN
CON
C
COO
ON
ONNN
NN NECTI
EC
E C
CTI
TIICUT
CU
CUT
UT
U T
Miililw
Mi
Milw lwa
lw auke
u e Detroit
De oitt Lak
L
Laake
aak ke E
ke Eri
Erie
Er riiiee
rrie
Neew
New
N ew Yo York
Yor
Y o
ork
orrkk
IOWA
syE PENN
PENN
ENN
NNSSYLV SY YLLVLVA AN
ANI
ANIA
N
NIA
NIIA
IA
a
Chey
C hey
h eyyeenne
en
enn
nn
n
nne
ne Chi
Ch
Chic
C hic
hi
h iiccago
aggo
go Clev
Cle
Cl
C lle
eevvveeela
ella
elan
llan
aan
nd NEW
N
NE EW JJE
EW JERS
JER
ER
EERS
RSSE
R SEY
NEBR
NE
NEB
N EEB
B ASKA SKA
KAA
n
Des Moin M es Pittsburgh gh
g h PPhihiilila
h ilad deeellphia
t
i a
Omah
O
Omm
mah
ma aah
ha Fort
Fortrt Wa
Waayyne
Way ne OHIOHIOO Balt
Bal
B
Ba alllttim
aalt imo
iimor
m
mor
mo orre
o
ILLI
IL
IILL
LLLI
LLLIN
IN
NO OI
O
OIS
ISS IN
IND
INDI
IN
NDI
ND
ngi
DIIANA
DI ANA
AN
A N
NAA Col
C
Colu
Co olu
o
ollu lumbu
mbus
m
mb bus
bu
b uss
u DELA
DEL
D
DEEEL
ELA
LAWA WARE
M
Denver is Indi
Indi
diaan
anap
ana na
n
nap a olisol s
sou c h WASH
W
WA
WAS AS
A
ASH
SHIN INGTON, D.C.
COL
C OL
OLO
O LORADO O r i S
Spri
Sp
Sprpri
pr
p ri
r ingf
ngfi
n g
gfi
gf f
fiield
e ld WEST
WE
W EST
E T
K as City
Kans ity
tyy Cinc
C iinc
nccinna
nnaattii
nna
P
Ri m
Rich
Ri mond
monondnd
nd MARYLAND
MA
n
VIR
VIRG
VI
V IRG
IIR
RGIINIA
INI
INNIA
N IA
A
Pue
PPueb
Puueeeblo
u lo
KANS
KAN
K
KAA
ANS
ANNSSASS
N
a
eer
Sai
S aint Lo
a Lou uiss LLoui
Lou
oui uisvil
svvillle
svil l VIR
VIRG
VI
V IIR
R IN I A
INIA New
Ne
N eew
wp
w port News
l
MIISSOURI
MISS OUR
OURI
l
KEENT
KENTNTUCKY
NT K
KY
a
NO H
NORT
NO
a
illlle p p
Tuls ulllssa
uls
u
AR
ARKA
RKAN
RKA NSAS
SASS
Nas
Na
Nash
ashvi vill
vvil
ill
Char
Ch
C
CA
C
ha
ing
CARO
CAR AR LINA
A
ha lotte
i
TENN
TEN
TE
EEN
NN
N NES ESS
ESSE
SSEEE A
Oklakla
laah
hom
homa
hooma
o
omm
ma aC Cit
Ciiitttyy
.ne
SOUT
OU
OU
OUTUTTH
i
sipp
n
OKLA AH
HOMA
HO
HOM OM
OMA
OM MA A Memp
M
Me em
eemp
mph
mp his
hiis
is CARO
C ARO OLIN
LLINA
LIIIN
INA
N ATLANTIC
Litt
Lit
LLi
iit
itt
ttttle
e Ro ockk
Missis
Atla
A tlanta
tla n
s
Lubb
LLu
u
ubb bo
boock
ckk
Eddw
d wa
w
P lla
arr ds
a
a ttee a
d
auu
Fo
For
FFort
Colo
TEXAS
ort
o
orrt
rt W
ra
Wor
Wo
do
o
orth
h Dallas
Shre
hre revvepo
ve
vep
epo
ep
epo port
LOUI
OUI
OUUIISI
U
UISIAN
SIA
SIAN
SIA
IIAN
ANA
MISS SSSIS
Jack
ackc
ck
IS PPI
ISSI
ckson
k n
ALAB
AL
ALA LLAB
LAAB
A
Mobi
Mob
M
Mo
Biirm
Birm
B
obi
o
ob
irm
BAMA
bile
ming ing
ingh
inngh
n
A GEOR
gham
g a
GEORGIA GIA Sav
JJa
Sav
Sava
ackso
aava
vvaann
so
n
nnah
onville le
t OCEAN
Tall
Tal
TTa
alllllllahas
aal ahas
aha
aah
has
ha
h aasssee
see
se ee
Bato ton Rouge ge
San
Saan An
An
Anto
nto
nttonio
nio
niio Ne
New
N ew Orle
ew Orle
Or leans
ans F RIDA
FLOR ID DA
DA
Hous
Ho
Hou
H o
ous
ou u ton
us ton n
R Ta
Tam
am mpa Orla
Orl
Or
O rrla
rllla
an nd d
doo
io
The
T h
Gra
Cor
Co
Corp
C o
orp
rp
pus
pu us
Chr
C h
hri
riisti
st
st Everg
Ev
E v eer
verg
ver
ve erg
r g lad
rg lades
ade
ades
ad
des
d
deeess
Gulf of Mexico
nde
Miami
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
0 400 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 400 miles Sea Level

INSIGHT: By law, the actual records
collected in a United States census
must remain confidential for 72 years
PEOPLE & SOCIETY THE ECONOMY

Although the demographic, World’s largest economy: huge
economic, and cultural dominance of resource base; well-established high-tech,
White Americans is firmly entrenched engineering, and entertainment industries;
after over 400 years of settlement, global spread of US culture. Decline of
ww
the ethnic balance of the country is
shifting. Barack Obama, whose father was
manufacturing as jobs lost to low-wage
economies. The combination of the “war
w
African, became the first non-White US
president in 2009. The African-American
.Ea
community, originally uprooted by the
on terrorism” launched after 9/11, military
involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq, and a
drive to cut taxes sent government debt
syE
slave trade, has a strong consciousness.
Less well organized socially but more
numerous, and faster-growing, the
spiraling. Hurricane Katrina hit oil
production in 2005. Then a “bubble” of
excessive risky mortgage lending burst and
Hispanic community is predicted to ngi the financial and stock market crisis went
number over 30% of the population by
2050. Native Americans, dispossessed
in the 19th century, are now among the
n global after the Lehman Brothers bank
eer
crashed in 2008. An economic incentive
programme, combining tax cuts with more
poorest people. Constitutionally, state
and religion are clearly separated.
ing
public spending, helped lift the economy
out of recession, but widened the gaping
Conservative Christianity, however, .ne
budget deficit. Obama's government has
is increasingly dominant politically.
Living standards are high, but bad
diet and insufficient exercise have
t
struggled with this ever since. Pressures to
cut spending hurt its social agenda, while
conservative opponents denounce tax
left over a third of Americans obese. increases as a threat to growth.
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Spanish, other

OFFICIAL NAME: United States of America RELIGIONS: Protestant 52%, Roman Catholic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1776 25%, other 20%, Jewish 2%, Muslim 1%
CAPITAL: Washington, D.C. ETHNIC MIX: White 60%, Hispanic 17%,
POPULATION: 320 million African American 14%, Asian 6%, Native
TOTAL AREA: 3,717,792 sq. miles American 2%, Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 1%
SOUTH AMERICA 351
Uruguay
Situated in southeastern South America, Uruguay returned
to civilian government in 1985, after 12 years of military rule.
Most land is used for farming: Uruguay is a major wool exporter.
Low, rolling grasslands cover 80% Exports wool, meat, hides, rice,
of the country. Narrow coastal plain. wood, soy. Well-educated workforce.
Alluvial floodplain in southwest. Five Banking services. Mineral potential.
rivers flow westward and drain into
ww
the Uruguay River. INSIGHT: Uruguay’s rich pastures
are ideal for raising livestock; animal
products bring in over 40% of export earnings
w
CLIMATE
Temperate throughout the
.Ea
country. Warm summers, mild winters, 200m/656ft
Sea Level
0 100 km
and moderate rainfall.

syE 0 100 miles
y
ua
g
ru
U
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Uruguayans are largely second-or ngi Rivera
BRAZIL
third-generation Italians or Spaniards.
n eer
Salto
INA
Tacuarembó
Wealth derived from cattle ranching
ARGENT
Embalse del
enabled the country to establish the Melo
ing
Paysandú Río Negro
Mirim
first welfare state in South America. Fray Bentos Paso de los Toros Lagoon
Waves of emigration occurred during
the economic decline of the 1960s, the
Mercedes
Trinidad
.ne
Treinta
y Tres
period of military rule, and the 1999–2002

economic crisis. Though a Roman Catholic
country, Uruguay is liberal in its attitude
Colonia del
Sacramento
Ri
v
San José de Mayo
Las Piedras
er P
late
Rocha t
Punta del Este
MONTEVIDEO A TLA NTIC O CEAN
to religion and all forms are tolerated.

OFFICIAL NAME: Eastern Republic RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 66%, other and
of Uruguay nonreligious 30%, Jewish 2%, Protestant 2%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1828 ETHNIC MIX: White 90%, Mestizo (European–
CAPITAL: Montevideo Amerindian) 6%, Black 4%
POPULATION: 3.4 million GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
TOTAL AREA: 68,039 sq. miles (176,220 sq. km) CURRENCY: Uruguayan peso =
DENSITY: 50 people per sq. mile 100 centésimos
352 ASIA
Uzbekistan
Sharing what is left of the Aral Sea with neighboring
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan lies on the ancient Silk Road between
Asia and Europe. It is the most populous central Asian republic.
Arid and semiarid plains in much Highly regulated. Reserves of
of the west. Fertile, irrigated farmland in natural gas, oil, coal, gold (has one of
the east lies below the peaks of the the world’s largest gold mines), and other
western Pamirs. minerals. Cash crop is cotton: requires
ww
CLIMATE
much irrigation. Grain imports necessary.
w
Harsh continental climate.
Summers can be extremely hot and
dry; winters are cold..Ea
INSIGHT: The Aral Sea holds just a
tenth of its former volume of water,
due to diversion of rivers for irrigation

Complex ethnic makeup.
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
Ex-Communists are in firm control, ngi Aral

Sea
KAZAKHSTAN
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
but traditional social patterns based
on clan, religion, and region have
reemerged. Constitutional measures
n eer
Nukus Kyzyl Kum
Sea Level
ing
Tur an
Lowland KYRGY.
aim to control the influence of Urganch A
TASHKENT
Chirchiq
Angren
m
Islam: activities against Islamists

.ne
uD
Aydarko'l Olmaliq Namangan

Ko'li
have drawn international
arya
TU Navoiy Farg'ona
RK KYRGY.
condemnation. Most people live
in the fertile east. Birth rates are
high, and the status of women 0 100 km
M
EN
IS
TA
N
Buxoro
Qarshi t
Samarqand
TAJIKISTAN
continues to be low. 0 100 miles AFGHANISTAN
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Uzbek*, Russian, Tajik,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Uzbekistan Kazakh
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 88%, Orthodox
CAPITAL: Tashkent Christian 9%, other 3%
POPULATION: 28.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Uzbek 80%, other 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 172,741 sq. miles Russian 6%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%
DENSITY: 167 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Som = 100 tiyin
Vanuatu
An archipelago of 82 islands and islets in the South
Pacific, Vanuatu was ruled jointly by the UK and France from 1906
until independence in 1980. Politics is democratic but volatile.
Mountainous and volcanic, with Reliant on aid. Main exports are
coral beaches and dense rainforest. copra (dried coconut), kava, cocoa, and
Cultivated land along the coasts. beef. Tourism. Offshore banking: rules
tightened after international pressure.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical. Temperatures and rainfall
Torres Islands
0 100 km
w
decline from north to south.
.Ea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Banks Islands
0 100 miles
syE
P A C I F I C
Indigenous Melanesians form a Espiritu
Santo
majority. Ni-Vanuatu culture is traditional; Luganville
Aoba Maéwo O C E A N
local social and religious customs are

strong, despite centuries of missionary ngi Norsup
Pentecost
Ambrym
influence. Subsistence farming and
fishing are the main activities. 80%
of the population lives on the 12 main
n eer
Malekula
C o r a l
Epi
Shepherd Islands
islands. Women have lower social

status than men and payment of
S e a
ing PORT VILA

Efate
bride-price is common. .neErromango
INSIGHT: With 112 indigenous tongues,

Vanuatu has the world’s highest per
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Isangel tTanna
Aneityum
200m/656ft
capita density of languages Sea Level
FACTFILE English*, French*, other indigenous languages

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Vanuatu RELIGIONS: Presbyterian 37%, other 19%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1980 Anglican 15%, Roman Catholic 15%, traditional
CAPITAL: Port Vila beliefs 8%, Seventh-day Adventist 6%
POPULATION: 300,000 ETHNIC MIX: ni-Vanuatu 94%, European 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 4710 sq. miles (12,200 sq. km) other 2%
LANGUAGES: Bislama (Melanesian pidgin)*, CURRENCY: Vatu = 100 centimes
354 EUROPE
Vatican City
The Vatican City, or Holy See, the seat of the Roman
Catholic Church, is a walled enclave in the Italian city of
Rome. It is the world’s smallest fully independent state.
The Vatican’s territory includes Investments and voluntary
10 other buildings in Rome, plus the papal contributions made by Catholics
residence. The Vatican Gardens cover worldwide (known as Peter’s Pence) are
half the City’s area. backed up by tourist revenue and the
ww
CLIMATE
issue of Vatican stamps and coins.
w
Mild winters with regular rainfall.
Hot, dry summers with occasional
thunderstorms. .Ea
INSIGHT: The Vatican City is the
spiritual center for one in six of the
world’s population

The Vatican has about 800
M ai n E nt r a n c e
permanent inhabitants, including over ngi ROME Pi g na

C our t yar d
100 lay persons. Thousands of lay staff

are also employed. Citizenship can be n eer
Vatican
Museums
no
Be l ve de r e
Vatican
ca
C our t yar d
acquired through long-term residence
ti
ing
Papal
Sistine Raphael
Va
Radio apartments
and holding a position within the City. Vatican Chapel Stanza
te
on
Gardens
The reigning pope has supreme
.ne
M
Papal St. Peter's St Peter's

legislative and judicial powers, and Heliport Basilica Square
holds office for life. Though the Vatican

City is officially neutral, papal opinion
has a great influence on the world’s 1.2 0 200 m
Vatican
Railway
Station t
R OME
billion Roman Catholics. 0 250 yds
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Italian*, Latin*

OFFICIAL NAME: State of the Vatican City RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 100%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1929 ETHNIC MIX: Cardinals are from many
CAPITAL: Vatican City nationalities, but Italians form the
POPULATION: 839 largest group. Most resident lay persons are
TOTAL AREA: 0.17 sq. miles Italian. The current pope is from Argentina.
(0.44 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Papal state
SOUTH AMERICA 355
Venezuela
Lying on the southern shores of the Caribbean,
Venezuela was the first of Spain’s colonies to seek independence.
Despite large oil revenues, many Venezuelans still live in poverty.
Andes Mountains and the Oil accounts for 95% of exports;
Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest. world's largest reserves. Coal, gold, other
Central grassy plains are drained by the minerals. Nationalizations are enlarging
Orinoco River system. Forested Guiana the inefficient, corruption-prone state
ww
Highlands in the southeast. sector and deterring foreign investors.
w
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot and humid. Uplands
.Ea
are cooler. Orinoco plains are alternately
INSIGHT: Venezuela’s Angel Falls is
the world’s tallest waterfall, with a
total drop of 3210 ft (979 m)
parched or flooded.
syE 0
0 200 km
200 miles
ngi
Caribbean Sea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Maracay
Venezuela is historically a Maracaibo Valencia CARACAS
ATLANTIC
n
Cabimas OCEAN
“melting pot,” with immigrants from Lago de
Cumaná
Europe and all over Latin America.

The few indigenous Amerindians live in eer
Maracaibo Barquisimeto
Barinas a n
Barcelona
o s
Ciudad
remote areas. Venezuela has one of the

San
Cristóbal
ing
L
l
i
no
co Ciudad Guayana
Bolívar Angel Falls
Or
Met a
most urbanized societies in the region,
with most of its population living in the
COLOMBIA
Gu
.ne
ian
a Hi
ghlan
ds
GUYANA
northern cities. The left-wing rhetoric

of President Hugo Chávez (1999–2013)
raised opposition within Venezuela
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Or
ino
tco B R A Z I L
200m/656ft
from urban society, and from the US. Sea Level Equator

OFFICIAL NAME: Bolivarian Republic LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Amerindian languages
of Venezuela RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 96%,
CAPITAL: Caracas ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo (European–Amerindian)
POPULATION: 30.4 million 69%, White 20%, Black 9%, Amerindian 2%
(912,050 sq. km) CURRENCY: Bolívar fuerte = 100 céntimos
356 ASIA
Vietnam
French rule of Vietnam ended in 1954. Divided at 17°N,
the US-backed South fought the Communist North. Reunified
after the North’s 1975 victory, it is run as a single-party state.
A heavily forested mountain range Liberal economic policy (doi moi)
separates the northern Red River delta from 1986: now one of fastest-growing
lowlands from the Mekong Delta in economies. Major rice exporter. Cheap
the south. labor. Strong manufacturing: textiles,
ww
CLIMATE
electrical goods. Diverse resource base.
w
Cool winters in north; south
is tropical, with even temperatures.
.Ea LAOS HANOI
Red River
C H I N A
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Ethnic Vietnamese dominate;
the Chinese minority was viewed as a
Nam Ãinh
Ha Long
Hai Phong
Gulf
corrupt bourgeoisie by the victorious ngi 0

0
100 km
100 miles
Vinh of
Tonkin
Communists after the war. Mountain-

based minorities (montagnards) were
also sidelined; tensions persist over the
n eer
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Huê
Ãa Nâng
South
China
settling of highlands by lowlanders.

Women play an active role in society.
200m/656ft
Sea Level
ing Quy Nhòn
Sea
.ne
CAMBODIA
There is no political or press freedom. Mekong Nha Trang

Ãa Lat
INSIGHT: Intense US bombing and

defoliant spraying in the 1962–1975
Long Xuyên
Gulf
of
Thailand
Cân Thò Mekong
t
Hô Chi Minh
Vung Tau
Delta
Vietnam War has scarred the landscape
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Vietnamese*, Chinese, Thai,

OFFICIAL NAME: Socialist Republic Khmer, Muong, Nung, Miao, Yao, Jarai
of Vietnam RELIGIONS: Other 74%, Buddhist 14%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1976 Catholic 7%, Cao Dai 3%, Protestant 2%
CAPITAL: Hanoi ETHNIC MIX: Vietnamese 86%, other 8%,
POPULATION: 91.7 million Tay 2%, Thai 2%, Muong 2%
TOTAL AREA: 127,243 sq. miles (329,560 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 730 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dông = 10 hao = 100 xu
ASIA 357
Yemen
Located in southern Arabia, Yemen was formerly two
countries: the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (south and
east) and the Yemen Arab Republic (northwest) were united in 1990.
Mountainous west with a fertile Instability deters investment.
strip along the Red Sea. Arid desert and Considerable oil and natural gas reserves.
mountains elsewhere. Agriculture is the largest employer: qat
(mild narcotic), coffee, and cotton.
ww
CLIMATE
Desert climate, modified by INSIGHT: Mokha, on the Red Sea,
w
altitude, which affects temperatures by
as much as 54°F (30°C).
.Ea
gave its name to the first coffee beans
exported to Europe in the 1600s
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

syE
Almost entirely of Arab and Bedouin
descent, most Yemenis are Sunni Muslims,
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
0
0
100 km
100 miles
of the Shafi sect. In rural and northern ngi 200m/656ft

Sea Level
areas, tribalism and Islamic orthodoxy

are strong and most women wear the
veil. Tension continues between
n
SAUDI ARABIA
eer
OMAN
cosmopolitan Aden and the more

conservative north. Islamists
ing
A r R u b ' a l K h á l í
Say’ún
have a growing political role. Red

SANA
Al Íudaydah
aw
t
.ne
Ash Shiír
Sayíút
Popular protests that began in the

2011 "Arab Spring" ended President
Saleh's 33-year rule. Foreigners are
Sea Bayt al Faqíh
Al Mukhá
Ta‘izz
‘Adan
Íaç
ra
m Al Mukallá
t Suqu√rá
(Mokha) (Aden) Gulf of Aden ‘Abd al Kúri
subject to attacks and kidnappings.

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Yemen RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 55%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1990 Shi’a Muslim 42%, Christian, Hindu,
CAPITAL: Sana and Jewish 3%
POPULATION: 24.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 99%, Afro-Arab, Indian,
TOTAL AREA: 203,849 sq. miles Somali, and European 1%
DENSITY: 112 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Yemeni rial = 100 fils
358 AFRICA
Zambia
Bordered to the south by the Zambezi River, Zambia lies
at the heart of southern Africa. In 1991, it made a peaceful
transition from single-party rule to multiparty democracy.
A high savanna plateau, broken by Copper: output has risen since
mountains in northeast. Vegetation 2000, when decades of falling global
mainly trees and scrub. prices ended. New agricultural exports,
notably flowers. Debt relief.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical, with three seasons: cool INSIGHT: Spray from Musi-o-Tunya
w
and dry, hot and dry, and wet. Southwest
is prone to drought.
.Ea
(Victoria Falls) can be seen up to
20 miles (35 km) away
syE
TANZANIA
500m/1640ft
L. Tanganyika
There are more than 70 different 200m/656ft L. Mweru

ethnic groups, but there are fewer
tensions than in many African states. ngi DEM. REP.
CONGO
Kasama
A W I
Mansa
Major groups are the Bemba (in the
northeast), Tonga (south), Nyanja (east), n eer Mufulira
A L
ANGOLA Chingola
Kitwe Ndola
and Lozi (west). There are also thousands
ing
M
Luanshya Chipata
of refugees, mostly from the DRC and Kabwe
Angola. A National Gender Policy was LUSAKA
.ne
Mongu
MOZAMBIQUE
issued in 2000 to redress inequalities
Zam
Monze
t
Lake
between the sexes. The standard of Choma Kariba
be
i
z
living has fallen in real terms since NAMIBIA Livingstone ZIMBABWE

BOTSWANA Victoria
independence. One in seven adults Falls 0 200 km
is infected with HIV/AIDS. 0 200 miles
FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zambia Lala-Bisa, Nsenga, English*
CAPITAL: Lusaka beliefs 36%, Muslim and Hindu 1%
POPULATION: 14.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Bemba 34%, other African 26%,
TOTAL AREA: 290,584 sq. miles Tonga 16%, Nyanja 14%, Lozi 9%, European 1%
DENSITY: 51 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New Zamb. kwacha = 100 ngwee
AFRICA 359
Zimbabwe
Situated in southern Africa, Zimbabwe achieved
independence from the UK in 1980. President Robert Mugabe,
in power since then, has become increasingly authoritarian.
High plateaus in center bordered by Undermined by mismanagement,
Zambezi River in the north and Limpopo corruption, and international isolation.
in the south. Rivers crisscross central area. High unemployment. Abandoned own
currency in 2009 after hyperinflation.
ww
CLIMATE
Tropical, though moderated by the INSIGHT: The ruins of the
w
high altitude. Wet season November–
March. Drought is common in the
eastern highlands. .Ea
1000-year-old city of Great
Zimbabwe, after which the country is
named, are near modern-day Masvingo

Two main ethnic groups: Shona
0
0
100 km
100 miles
Zam
bezi MOZAMBIQUE
in the north and east, and Ndebele in ngi ZAMBIA

Kariba
Kariba
Dam
n
IA
the south. Shona outnumber Ndebele Lake Kariba HARARE

IB
Zambezi
eer
M
Kadoma Chitungwiza
by four to one. Whites are generally
NA
Victoria Falls
Victoria Marondera
far more affluent than blacks. Official Falls Hwange
ing
Kwekwe
Mutare
efforts to redress this imbalance Gweru
(such as land redistribution) have
.ne
Bulawayo Masvingo
become increasingly aggressive. BOTSWANA

Matopos
The political opposition to Mugabe

joined him in a fractious unity
government from 2009 to 2013 in
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
SOUTH
t
L i m po
po
200m/656ft
an attempt to rebuild the country. Sea Level AFRICA
FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Syncretic 50%, Christian 25%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zimbabwe traditional beliefs 24%, other 1%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1980 ETHNIC MIX: Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%,
CAPITAL: Harare other African 11%, White 1%, Asian 1%
POPULATION: 14.1 million GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
TOTAL AREA: 150,803 sq. miles (390,580 sq. km) CURRENCY: US $, S African rand, euro, UK £,
DENSITY: 94 people per sq. mile Botswanan pula, Australian $, Chinese yuan,
LANGUAGES: Shona, isiNdebele, English* Indian rupee, Japanese yen all legal tender
360
Overseas territories
Despite the rapid process of global decolonization since World War II, around
eight million people in more than 50 territories around the world continue to
live under the protection of Australia, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, the UK, or the USA. These remnants of former colonial
empires may have persisted for economic, strategic, or political reasons
and are administered by the protecting country in a variety of ways.
AUSTRALIA Heard & McDonald Is. Ref: 123 C7
STATUS: External territory
Australia's overseas territories have not been
ww
an issue since Papua New Guinea became
independent in 1975. Consequently, there
CLAIMED: 1947
POPULATION : None
w
is no overriding policy toward them.
.Ea
Ashmore & Cartier Is. Ref: 124 A3
AREA : 161 sq miles (417 sq km)
Norfolk Island Ref: 124 D4
CLAIMED: 1931 syE
CLAIMED: 1774
CAPITAL : Kingston
POPULATION : None
AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km) ngi POPULATION : 2210
Christmas Island Ref: 123 E5
n DENMARKeer
CLAIMED: 1958
CAPITAL : The Settlement ing
The Faroes and Greenland have had home
POPULATION : 1530
.ne
rule since 1948 and 1979 respectively.
Cocos Islands Ref: 123 D5

Faroe Islands Ref: 65 F5
CLAIMED: 1380
t
CLAIMED: 1955 CAPITAL : Tórshavn

CAPITAL : West Island POPULATION : 49,469
POPULATION : 596 AREA : 540 sq miles (1399 sq km)
AREA : 5.5 sq miles (14 sq km)
Greenland Ref: 64 D3
Coral Sea Islands Ref: 126 B4 STATUS: External territory
STATUS: External territory CLAIMED: 1380
CLAIMED: 1969 CAPITAL : Nuuk
POPULATION : 8 (Meteorologists) POPULATION : 56,483
AREA : 1.2 sq miles (3 sq km) AREA : 836,109 sq miles (2,166,086 sq km)

361
FRANCE Martinique Ref: 37 G4
STATUS: Overseas department
France's relations with L'Outre-Mer stress
CLAIMED: 1635
interdependence rather than independence.
CAPITAL : Fort-de-France
Départements have their own governments.
POPULATION : 386,486
Collectivités have some autonomy.
Clipperton Island Ref: 135 F3 Mayotte Ref: 61 G2
STATUS: Dependency of French Polynesia STATUS: Overseas department
CLAIMED: 1935 CLAIMED: 1843
ww
POPULATION : None
CAPITAL : Mamoudzou
w .Ea
French Guiana Ref: 41 H3
New Caledonia Ref: 126 D5
CLAIMED: 1817
CAPITAL : Cayenne
syE STATUS: Special collectivity
CLAIMED: 1853
CAPITAL : Nouméa
AREA : 35,135 sq miles (91,000 sq km) ngi POPULATION : 262,000
French Polynesia Ref: 127 H4

STATUS: Overseas collectivity
n AREA : 7347 sq miles (19,100 sq km)
eer
Réunion Ref: 61 H4
CLAIMED: 1843
CAPITAL : Papeete CLAIMED: 1638ing
CAPITAL : Saint-Denis
POPULATION : 840,974 .ne
French Southern & Antarctic Lands
Ref: 123 B6 St Barthélemy Ref: 37 G3
t
STATUS: Overseas territory STATUS: Overseas collectivity

CLAIMED: 1772, 1840, 1843, 1924 CLAIMED: 1878
CAPITAL : Port-aux-Français CAPITAL : Gustavia
POPULATION : 140 POPULATION : 7267
AREA : 169,800 sq miles (439,781 sq km) AREA : 8 sq miles (21 sq km)
Guadeloupe Ref: 37 G4 St Martin Ref: 37 E5

STATUS: Overseas department STATUS: Overseas collectivity
CAPITAL : Basse-Terre CAPITAL : Marigot
POPULATION : 405,739 POPULATION : 31,264
AREA : 629 sq miles (1628 sq km) AREA : 20 sq miles (53 sq km)
362
St Pierre & Miquelon Ref: 21 G4 Saba Ref: 37 G3
STATUS: Overseas collectivity STATUS: Special municipality
CAPITAL : Saint-Pierre CAPITAL : The Bottom
Wallis & Futuna Ref: 127 E4 Sint-Eustatius Ref: 37 G3

STATUS: Overseas collectivity STATUS: Special municipality
ww
CAPITAL : Mata‘Utu
POPULATION : 15,561
CAPITAL : Oranjestad
POPULATION : 4020
w
.Ea
Sint-Maarten Ref: 37 G3
NETHERLANDS
syE
These islands were once part of the Dutch
West Indies. They are now self-governing,
STATUS: Constituent country
CLAIMED: 1648
CAPITAL : Phillipsburg
Aruba Ref: 37 E5 ngiPOPULATION : 39,689
STATUS: Constituent country
CLAIMED: 1636
CAPITAL : Oranjestad
n
eer
NEW ZEALAND
POPULATION : 102,911 ing
New Zealand remains responsible for its
.ne
territories' foreign policy and defense.
Bonaire Ref: 37 E5
STATUS: Special municipality
CLAIMED: 1816
Cook Islands Ref: 127 G4
t
STATUS: Associated territory
CLAIMED: 1901
CAPITAL : Kralendijk CAPITAL : Avarua
Curaçao Ref: 37 E5 Niue Ref: 127 F5
STATUS: Constituent country STATUS: Associated territory
CAPITAL : Willemstad CAPITAL : Alofi
POPULATION : 153,500 POPULATION : 1190

363
Tokelau Ref: 127 F3 Anguilla Ref: 37 G3
STATUS: Dependent territory STATUS: Overseas territory
CAPITAL: None CAPITAL : The Valley
POPULATION : 1337 POPULATION : 16,086
Ascension Island Ref: 49 C5
NORWAY STATUS: Overseas territory
There is a NATO base on Jan Mayen. CLAIMED: 1673
ww
Bouvet Island is a nature reserve. CAPITAL : Georgetown
POPULATION : 880
w
Bouvet Island Ref: 49 D7
STATUS: Dependency
CLAIMED: 1928 .Ea
Bermuda Ref: 17 E6
POPULATION : None
syE
STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1612
CAPITAL : Hamilton
Jan Mayen Ref: 65 F3
STATUS: Dependency
ngi POPULATION : 65,024
CLAIMED: 1929
POPULATION : 18 (Meteorologists)
n AREA : 20 sq miles (53 sq km)
eer
British Indian Ocean Territory
Peter I. Island Ref: 136 A3
ing
Ref: 122 C4 STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1814
STATUS: Dependency .ne
CAPITAL : Diego Garcia
POPULATION : 4000
CLAIMED: 1931
POPULATION : None
t
British Virgin Islands Ref: 37 F3
Svalbard Ref: 65 F2
CLAIMED: 1672
STATUS: Dependency
CAPITAL : Road Town
CLAIMED: 1920
POPULATION : 32,680
CAPITAL : Longyearbyen
POPULATION : 1872
AREA : 24,289 sq miles (62,906 sq km) Cayman Islands Ref: 36 B3
UNITED KINGDOM CLAIMED: 1670
CAPITAL : George Town
The UK's dependencies are locally governed POPULATION : 58,435
by a mix of elected and appointed officials. AREA : 100 sq miles (259 sq km)
364
Falkland Islands Ref: 47 D7 Pitcairn Group of Is. Ref: 125 G4
STATUS: Overseas territory STATUS: Overseas territory
CAPITAL : Stanley CAPITAL : Adamstown
AREA : 4699 sq miles (12,173 sq km) AREA : 18 sq miles (47 sq km)
Gibraltar Ref: 74 D5 Saint Helena Ref: 49 D5

STATUS: Overseas territory STATUS: Overseas territory
ww CAPITAL : Gibraltar
POPULATION : 29,185
CAPITAL : Jamestown
POPULATION : 7776
w
AREA : 2.5 sq miles (6.5 sq km)
Guernsey Ref: 71 D8 .Ea
South Georgia & the South
syE
STATUS: Crown Dependency
CLAIMED: 1066
CAPITAL : St. Peter Port
Sandwich Islands Ref: 49 C7
CLAIMED: 1775
POPULATION : 65,849 ngi POPULATION : None
Isle of Man Ref: 71 C5
n AREA : 1387 sq miles (3592 sq km)
eer
Tristan da Cunha Ref: 49 D6
STATUS: Crown Dependency
CLAIMED: 1765 ing
CLAIMED: 1612
CAPITAL : Douglas
POPULATION : 85,888
CAPITAL : Edinburgh
POPULATION : 264 .ne
Jersey Ref: 71 D8
t
Turks & Caicos Islands Ref: 37 E2
STATUS: Crown Dependency STATUS: Overseas territory
CAPITAL : St. Helier CAPITAL : Cockburn Town
Montserrat Ref: 37 G4
STATUS: Overseas territory UNITED STATES
CLAIMED: 1632
Commonwealth territories are self-governing
CAPITAL : Brades (de facto)
and an integral part of the US. Unincorporated
POPULATION : 5215 territories have varying degrees of autonomy.
365
American Samoa Ref: 127 F4 Navassa Island Ref: 36 D3
STATUS: Unincorp. territory STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CAPITAL : Pago Pago POPULATION : None
POPULATION : 55,165
AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km)
Baker & Howland Islands Ref: 127 E2 Northern Mariana Islands Ref: 124 C1
STATUS: Unincorporated territory STATUS: Comm. territory
POPULATION : None CAPITAL : Saipan
ww
AREA : 0.5 sq miles (1.4 sq km) POPULATION : 53,855
w
Guam Ref: 126 B1
.Ea
STATUS: Unincorp. territory
CLAIMED: 1898
Palmyra Atoll Ref: 127 G2
STATUS: Incorporated territory
POPULATION : 165,124syE
CAPITAL : Hagåtña

CLAIMED: 1898
POPULATION : None
Jarvis Island Ref: 127 G2 ngi AREA : 5 sq miles (12 sq km)

STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1856
POPULATION : None
n Puerto Rico Ref: 37 F3
eer STATUS: Comm. territory
CLAIMED: 1898
ing
CAPITAL : San Juan
Johnston Atoll Ref: 125 E1
STATUS: Unincorporated territory .ne
POPULATION : 3.62 million
CLAIMED: 1858
POPULATION : None
AREA : 1 sq mile (2.8 sq km)
Virgin t
Islands Ref: 37 F3
STATUS: Unincorp. territory
CLAIMED: 1917
Kingman Reef Ref: 127 F2
STATUS: Unincorporated territory CAPITAL : Charlotte Amalie
CLAIMED: 1856 POPULATION : 104,737
POPULATION : None AREA : 137 sq miles (355 sq km)
Wake Island Ref: 124 D1
Midway Islands Ref: 134 D2 STATUS: Unincorporated territory
STATUS: Unincorporated territory CLAIMED: 1898
CLAIMED: 1867 CAPITAL: None
CAPITAL: None
POPULATION : 150 (US air base)
POPULATION : 40
AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km)
366
International organizations
This listing provides acronym definitions for the main international organizations
concerned with worldwide economics, trade, and defense, plus an indication
of membership.
ASEAN IMF International Monetary Fund

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (UN agency)
ESTABLISHED : 1967 ESTABLISHED : 1945
MEMBERS : Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, MEMBERS : 188
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
ww
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
ESTABLISHED : 1994
CIS
w
ESTABLISHED : 1991 .Ea
Commonwealth of Independent States
MEMBERS : Canada, Mexico, US
NATO
syE
MEMBERS : Arm., Az., Belarus, Kaz., Kyrgy.,
Mold., Russia, Tajik., Turkmen.*, Ukraine*,
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ESTABLISHED : 1949
Uzbek. *Unofficial members
ngi MEMBERS : Albania, Belg., Bulg., Canada,
Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Est., France,
COMM The Commonwealth of Nations
ESTABLISHED : 1931; evolved out of the
n Ger., Greece, Hung., Iceland, Italy, Lat., Lith.,
eer
Lux., Neth., Norway, Poland, Port., Rom.,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, US
British Empire. Formerly known as the
British Commonwealth of Nations. ing
OPEC Organization of Petroleum
MEMBERS : 53 (Fiji currently suspended) Exporting Countries
ESTABLISHED : 1960
.ne
EU European Union
ESTABLISHED : 1965; formerly known as EEC
t
MEMBERS : Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi
(European Economic Community) and EC Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
(Economic Community)
MEMBERS : Austria, Belg., Bulg., Croatia, UN United Nations
Cyprus, Czech Rep., Denmark, Est., Fin., Fr., ESTABLISHED : 1945
MEMBERS : 193; all nations are represented,
Ger., Greece, Hung., Ireland, Italy, Lat., Lith.,
except Taiwan and Kosovo. The Vatican
Lux., Malta, Neth., Pol., Port., Rom., Slvka.,
City has “observer status” only. In 2012, a
Slvna., Spain, Swed., UK
UN resolution granted Palestine the status
of "non-member observer state."
G8 Group of 8
ESTABLISHED : 1994 WTO World Trade Organization
MEMBERS : Canada, France, Germany, Italy, ESTABLISHED : 1995
Japan, Russia, UK, US MEMBERS : 160 (including EU, Hong Kong, Macao)
367
Abbreviations
This glossary provides a Fr. France/French prev. previously
comprehensive guide to Geo. Georgia R. River, Rio, Río
Geor. Georgian Res. Reservoir
the abbreviations used in Ger. Germany/German Rom. Romania/Romanian
this atlas. Gk. Greek Rus. Russian
Russ. Fed. Russian Federation
Heb. Hebrew
abbrev. abbreviation Hung. Hungary/Hungarian S South
Afgh. Afghanistan S. Korea South Korea
Amh. Amharic I. Island SA South Africa
anc. ancient Ind. Indonesia, Indonesian SCr. Serbian and Croatian
Ar. Arabic Is. Islands Serb. Serbia
ww
Arm. Armenia/Armenian
Aus. Austria
Aust. Australia
It. Italian
Kaz. Kazakhstan/Kazakh
Slvka. Slovakia
Slvna. Slovenia
Som. Somali
w
Az. Azerbaijan
Bas. Basque
Bel. Belorussian
.Ea
Kep. Kepulauan (Ind. island
group)
Kir. Kirghiz
Sp. Spanish
St, St. Saint
Str. Strait
Swed. Swedish
Belg. Belgium/Belgian
Bos. & Herz. Bosnia &
Herzegovina
syE Kor. Korean
Kos. Kosovo
Kurd. Kurdish
Switz. Switzerland
Tajik. Tajikistan
Bul. Bulgarian
Bulg. Bulgaria ngi
Kyrgy. Kyrgyzstan
L. Lake, Lago
Th. Thai
Turk. Turkish
Bur. Burmese
C Central
Lat. Latvia
Latv. Latvian
Leb. Lebanon
n eer
Turkm. Turkmen
Turkmen. Turkmenistan
C. Cape
Cam. Cambodian
Liech. Liechtenstein
Lith. Lithuania/Lithuanian ing
U.A.E. United Arab Emirates
UK United Kingdom
Ukr. Ukrainian
Cast. Castilian
Chin. Chinese
Comm. Commonwealth
Lux. Luxembourg
.ne
Uninhab. Uninhabitable
Unincorp. Unincorporated
Cord. Cordillera (Sp. mts.)
Cz. Czech
Czech Rep. Czech Republic
Mac. Macedonia
Med. Sea Mediterranean Sea
Mon. Montenegro
Mold. Moldova
Uzb. Uzbek
t
Urug. Uruguayan
US United States of America
Uzbek. Uzbekistan
Mt. Mount/Mountain
D.C. District of Columbia Mts. Mountains
Dan. Danish var. variant
Vdkhr. Vodokhranilishche
Dominican Rep. Dominican N North (Rus. reservoir)
Republic N. Korea North Korea Vdskh. Vodoskhovyshche
Neth. Netherlands (Ukr. reservoir)
E East NW Northwest Ven. Venezuela
Emb. Embalse NZ New Zealand
Eng. English W West
Eq. Guinea Equatorial Guinea P. Pulau (Ind. island) W. Sahara Western Sahara
Est. Estonia/Estonian Peg. Pegunungan (Ind. Wel. Welsh
mountain range)
Faer. Faeroese Per. Persian Yugo. Yugoslavia
Fin. Finland/Finnish Pol. Poland/Polish
Flem. Flemish Port. Portugal, Portuguese Zamb. Zambian
368
Aabenraa — Albany
Adapazarı Turkey var. Sakarya Aïr, Massif de l’ region Niger

A 98 B2
Ad Dahná’ desert Saudi Arabia
57 G2
Aix-en-Provence France
Aabenraa Denmark 67 A8 103 C5 73 D6
Aachen Germany 76 A4 Ad Dakhla Western Sahara Ajaccio Corse, France 73 E7
52 A4 Ajdábiyá Libya 53 G2
Aalborg Denmark 67 B7
Ad Dawíah see Doha Ajmer India 116 D3
Aalst Belgium 69 B5
Addis Ababa capital of Ethiopia Akaba see Al ‘Aqabah
Aba Nigeria 57 G5 Amh. Ádís Ábeba 55 C5
Ábádán Iran 102 C4 Akchâr desert Mauritania
Adelaide Australia 131 B6 56 C2
Abadan Turkmenistan prev. Adélie, Terre d’ territory
Bezmein, Büzmeÿin Akimiski Island island Canada
ww
Antarctica 136 C4 20 C3
104 B3
Aden see ‘Adan Akita Japan 112 D3
Abashiri Japan 112 D2
Aden, Gulf of sea feature Akjoujt Mauritania 56 C2
Abéché Chad 58 D3
w
Aberdeen Scotland, UK 70 D3
.Ea
Aberdeen South Dakota, USA
25 E2
Indian Ocean 122 A3
Adige river Italy 78 C2
Ádís Ábeba see Addis Ababa
Adıyaman Turkey 99 E4
Akmola see Astana
Akmolinsk see Astana
Akpatok Island island Canada
21 E1
Aberdeen Washington, USA
26 A2
syE
Aberystwyth Wales, UK 71 C6
Adriatic Sea Mediterranean
Sea 78 D4
Aegean Sea Mediterranean
Akra Kanestron see Palioúri,
Akrotírio
Akron Ohio, USA 22 D3
Abhá Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire 56 D5
ngi
Sea Gk. Aigaío Pélagos, Turk.
Ege Denizi 87 D5 Aksai Chin disputed region
China/India 108 B4
n
Abilene Texas, USA 29 F3 Aeolian Islands see Isole Eolie
Aktau Kazakhstan prev.
Abomey Benin 57 F4
Abu Dhabi capital of United
Arab Emirates var. Abú ±aby
Afghanistan country C Asia
104-105
Africa 50-51 eer Shevchenko 96 A4
Akureyri Iceland 65 E4
103 D5
Abuja capital of Nigeria
Africa, Horn of physical region
Ethiopia/Somalia 122 A3 ing
Akyab see Sittwe
Alabama state USA 30 D3
.ne
57 G4 Afyon Turkey prev. Alacant see Alicante
Abú ±aby see Abu Dhabi Afyonkarahisar 98 B3 Alajuela Costa Rica 34 D4
Afyonkarahisar see Afyon Alamogordo New Mexico, USA
Acapulco Mexico 33 E5
Acarai Mountains mountain
range Brazil/Guyana 41 F3
Acarigua Venezuela 40 D1
Agadez Niger 57 G3
Agadir Morocco 52 B2
Agassiz Fracture Zone tectonic
28 D3
t
Åland island group Finland Fin.
Ahvenanmaa 67 D6
Al ‘Aqabah Jordan var. Akaba
Accra capital of Ghana 57 E5 feature Pacific Ocean
135 E4 101 B7
Acklins Island island
The Bahamas 36 D2 Agen France 73 B6 Alaska state USA 18
Aconcagua, Cerro peak Ágra India 116 D3 Alaska, Gulf of sea feature
Argentina 46 B4 Agrigento Italy 79 C7 Pacific Ocean 16 C3
A Coruña Spain Cast. La Agrínio Greece 87 B5 Alaska Range mountain range
Coruña 74 C1 Aguarico river Ecuador/Peru Alaska, USA 18 C3
ACT see Australian Capital 40 B4 Albacete Spain 75 E3
Territory Aguascalientes Mexico 32 D4 Alba Iulia Romania 90 B4
Adalia see Antalya Ahaggar mountains Algeria Albania country SE Europe 83
Adalia, Gulf of see Antalya var. Hoggar 53 E4 Albany Australia 129 B7
Körfezi Ahmadábád India 116 C4 Albany Georgia, USA 31 E3
‘Adan Yemen Eng. Aden Ahváz Iran 102 C4 Albany New York, USA
103 B7 Ahvenanmaa see Åland 23 F3
Adana Turkey var. Seyhan Aigaío Pélagos see Aegean Sea Albany Oregon, USA 26 A3
98 D4 Aintab see Gaziantep Albany river Canada 20 B3
369
Al Ba§rah — Ammassalik
Al Ba§rah Iraq var. Basra Al Iskandaríyah Egypt Eng. Altar, Desierto de Desert
102 C4 Alexandria 54 B1 Mexico/USA var. Sonoran
Al Bayçá’ Libya 53 G2 Al Ismá‘ílíya Egypt Eng. Ismalia Desert 32 A1
Albert, Lake lake Uganda/Dem. 54 B1 Altay China 108 C2
Rep. Congo 59 E5 Al Jawf Saudi Arabia 102 B4 Altay Mongolia 108 D2
Alberta province Canada 19 E4 Al Jazírah region Iraq/Syria Altun Shan mountain range
Albi France 73 C6 100 E2 China 108 C3
Albuquerque New Mexico, USA Al Jízah Egypt var. El Gîza 54 B1 Alturas California, USA 26 B4
28 D2 Al Karak Jordan 101 B6 Al Uq∞ur Egypt Eng. Luxor
Alcácer do Sal Portugal 74 C4 Al Khalíl see Hebron 54 B2
Aldabra Group island group Al Khárijah Egypt var. Alytus Lithuania Pol. Olita
ww
Seychelles 61 G2
Aleg Mauritania 56 C3
Aleksandriya see Oleksandriya
El Khârga 54 B2
Al Khums Libya 53 F2
Al Khur√úm see Khartoum
89 B5
Amadeus, Lake seasonal lake
Australia 129 E5
w
Aleksandropol’ see Gyumri
Aleksinac Serbia 82 E4
Alençon France 72 B3
.Ea
Alkmaar Netherlands 68 C2
Al Kufrah Libya 53 H4
Al Ládhiqíyah Syria Eng.
Latakia 100 B3
Amakusa-nada island group
Japan 113 A6
Amami-Ó-shima island Japan
113 A8
Alessandria Italy 78 B2
Ålesund Norway 67 A5
Aleutian Basin undersea syE Allahábád India 117 E4
Allenstein see Olsztyn
Amarillo Texas, USA 29 E2
Amazon river South America
38 C3
feature Bering Sea 134 D1
Aleutian Islands islands Alaska,
USA 18 A3
23 F4
ngi
Allentown Pennsylvania, USA
Alma-Ata capital of Kazakhstan

Amazon Basin region C South
America 42 D2
Aleutian Trench undersea

feature Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Alexander Island island
n
Rus./Kaz. Almaty 96 C5
eer
Al Madínah Saudi Arabia Eng.
Medina 102 A5
Ambanja Madagascar 61 G2
Ambarchik Russian Federation
97 G2
Ambato Ecuador 40 A4
Antarctica 136 A3
Alexandra New Zealand133 B7
Alexandretta see ƒskenderun
Al Mafraq Jordan 101 B5
Almalyk Uzbekistan Uzb.
Olmaliq 105 E2 ing
Amboasary Madagascar 61 F4
Ambon Indonesia 121 F4
Alexandria see Al Iskandaríyah
Alexandria Louisiana, USA
Al Manámah see Manama
Al Marj Libya 53 G2 .ne
Ambositra Madagascar 61 G3
Ambriz Angola 60 B1
30 B3
Alexandroúpoli Greece 86 D3
Al Fáshir see El Fasher
Almaty see Alma-Ata
Al Maw§il Iraq Eng. Mosul
102 B3
Almelo Netherlands 68 E3
68 D1 t
Amdo China 108 C4
Ameland island Netherlands
American Falls Reservoir

Alföld see Great Hungarian Reservoir Idaho, USA 26 E4
Plain Almería Spain 75 E5
American Samoa
Algarve region Portugal 74 C4 Al Minyá Egypt 54 B2 unincorporated territory
Algeciras Spain 74 D5 Al Mukallá Yemen 103 C7 USA, Pacific Ocean 127 F4
Algeria country N Africa Alofi capital of Niue 127 F5 Amersfoort Netherlands 68 D3
52-53 Alor, Kepulauan island group Amga river Russian Federation
Alghero Italy 79 A5 Indonesia 121 E5 95 F2
Algiers capital of Algeria Alps mountain range C Europe Amiens France 72 C3
52 D1 62 D4 Amíndívi Islands island group
Al Íasakah Syria 100 D2 Al Qáhirah see Cairo India 114 C2
Al Íudaydah Yemen 103 B7 Al Qámishlí Syria var. Kamishli Amirante Islands island group
Al Hufúf Saudi Arabia 103 C5 100 E1 Seychelles 61 H1
Alicante Spain Cat. Alacant Al Qunay√irah Syria 100 B4 Amman capital of Jordan
75 F4 Altai Mountains mountain 101 B5
Alice Springs Australia range C Asia 108 C2 Ammassalik Greenland var.
130 A4 Altamura Italy 79 E5 Angmagssalik 64 D4
370
Ammochostos — Arad
Ammochostos see Gazimaêusa Angeles Philippines 121 E1 Anticosti, Île d’ island Canada
Ámol Iran 102 C3 Ángel, Salto waterfall 21 F3
Amorgós island Greece 87 D6 Venezuela Eng. Angel Falls Antigua island Antigua &
Amritsar India 116 D2 41 F2 Barbuda 37 G3
Amsterdam capital of Ångermanälven river Sweden Antigua & Barbuda country
Netherlands 68 C3 66 C4 West Indies 37
Amsterdam Island island Angers France 72 B4 Anti-Lebanon mountains
French Southern and Anglesey island Wales, UK Lebanon/Syria 100 B4
Antarctic Lands 123 C6 71 C5 Antipodes Islands island group
Am Timan Chad 58 C3 Angmagssalik see Ammassalik New Zealand124 D5
Amu Darya river C Asia 104 D3 Angola country C Africa 60 Antofagasta Chile 46 B2
ww
Amundsen Gulf sea feature
Canada 19 E2
Amundsen Plain undersea
Angola Basin undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 49 D6
Angora see Ankara
Antsiraùana Madagascar
61 G2
Antsohihy Madagascar 61 G2
w
feature Pacific Ocean 136 B4
.Ea
Amundsen Sea Antarctica 97 G4
Amur river E Asia 97 G4 107 E1
Anabar river Russian
Angoulême France 73 B5
Angren Uzbekistan 105 E2
Anguilla overseas territory UK,
West Indies 37
Antwerp see Antwerpen
Antwerpen Belgium Eng.
Antwerp 69 C5
Anyang China 110 C4
Federation 95 E2
Anadolu Daêları see Doêu
Karadeniz Daêlariı
syE Anhui province China var.
Anhwei, Wan 111 C5
Anhwei see Anhui
Aoga-shima island Japan
113 D6
Aomori Japan 112 D3
Anadyr’ Russian Federation
97 H1 ngi
Anjouan island Comoros 61 F2
Ankara capital of Turkey prev.
Aoraki peak New Zealand var.
Cook, Mount 133 B6
Anápolis Brazil 43 F4
Anatolia region SE Europe
85 G3
Anchorage Alaska, USA 18 C3
Angora 98 C3
n
Annaba Algeria 53 E1
eer
An Nafúd desert region Saudi
Aosta Italy 78 A2
Aoukâr Plateau Mauritania
56 D3
Apeldoorn Netherlands 68 D3
ing
Arabia 102 B4
Ancona Italy 78 C3 An Najaf Iraq var. Najaf 102 B4 Apennines see Appennino
Andalucía region Spain 74 D4 Annapolis Maryland, USA 23 F4 Apia capital of Samoa 127 F4
Andaman Islands island group
India 115 H2 119 A5
Ann Arbor Michigan, USA 22 C3
Annecy France 73 D5 .ne
Appalachian Mountains
mountain range E USA 17 D5
Andaman Sea Indian Ocean
122 D3
Andes mountain range South
America 39 B6
Anshan China 110 D4
Ansongo Mali 57 E3
Antakya Turkey var. Hatay
98 D4
t
Appennino mountain range
Italy Eng. Apennines 78 C4
Apure river Venezuela 40 D2
Aqaba see Al ‘Aqabah
Andijon Uzbekistan Rus. Antalaha Madagascar 61 G2 Aqaba, Gulf of sea feature Red
Andizhan 105 F2 Sea Ar. Khalíj al ‘Aqabah
Antalya Turkey prev. Adalia
Andhra Pradesh state India 98 B4 101 A8
115 E1 ‘Aqabah, Khalíj al see Aqaba,
Antalya, Gulf of see Antalya
Andizhan see Andijon Körfezi Gulf of
Andorra country SW Europe Antalya Körfezi sea feature Áqchah Afghanistan var.
73 B6 Mediterranean Sea Eng. Gulf Áqcheh 104 D3
Andorra la Vella capital of of Antalya, var. Gulf of Áqcheh see Áqchah
Andorra 73 B6 Adalia 98 B4 Arabian Basin undersea
Ándros island Greece 87 D5 Antananarivo capital of feature Indian Ocean 122 B3
Andros Island island Madagascar prev. Tananarive Arabian Peninsula peninsula
The Bahamas 36 C1 61 G3 Asia 85 H5 94 B5 103 C5
Angara river C Asia 95 D3 Antarctica 136 Arabian Sea Indian Ocean
Ángel de la Guarda, Isla island Antarctic Peninsula peninsula 122 B3
Mexico 32 B2 Antarctica 136 A2 Aracaju Brazil 43 H3
Angel Falls see Salto Ángel Antequera Spain 74 D5 Arad Romania 90 B4
371
Arafura Sea — A√ ◊alfílah
Arafura Sea Asia/Australasia Armidale Australia 131 D5 Asmera see Asmara

126 A4 Arnhem Netherlands 68 D4 Assab see ‘Aseb
Araguaia river Brazil 43 F3 Arnhem Land region Australia As Sal√ Jordan var. Salt
Arák Iran 102 C3 128 E2 101 B5
Araks see Aras Arno river Italy 78 B3 Assamakka Niger 57 F2
Arak’s see Aras Arran island Scotland, UK Assen Netherlands 68 E2
Aral Sea inland sea 70 C4 Assad, Lake see
Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan 94 C3 Ar Raqqah Syria 100 C2 Asad, Buíayrat al
Araouane Mali 57 E2 Arras France 72 C3 As Sulayyil Saudi Arabia
Ararat, Mount peak Turkey var. Ar Riyáç see Riyadh 103 B6
Great Ararat, Turk. Ar Rub ‘al Khálí desert Asia As Suwaydá’ Syria 101 B5
ww
Büyükaêrı Daêı 94 F3
Aras river SW Asia Arm. Arak’s,
Per. Rúd-e Aras, Rus. Araks,
Eng. Empty Quarter, Great
Sandy Desert 103 C6
Ar Rustáq Oman var. Rostak
As Suways Egypt Eng. Suez
54 B1
Astana country capital
w
Turk. Aras Nehri 99 G3
Aras Nehri see Aras
Arauca Colombia 40 C2
Arauca river Colombia/ .Ea
103 D5
Artesia New Mexico, USA
28 D3
Artigas Uruguay 44 B4
Kazakhstan prev. Akmola,
Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, Kaz.
Aqmola. 96 C4
Astoria Oregon, USA 26 A2
Venezuela 40 C2
syE
Arbíl Iraq Kurd. Hawlér 102 B3
Aru, Kepulauan island group
Indonesia 121 G5
Arua Uganda 55 B6
Astrakhan’ Russian Federation
93 B7
Astypálaia island Greece 87 D6
ngi
Arctic Ocean 18-19 137 Asunción capital of Paraguay
Aruba constituent country
Arda river Bulgaria/Greece Netherlands, West Indies 44 B3
86 C3 37 E5 Aswán Egypt 54 B2
Ardabíl Iran 102 C3
Ardennes region W Europe
69 D7
n
Arusha Tanzania 55 C7
eer
Asad, Buíayrat al Lake Syria
Eng. Lake Assad 100 C2
Asyú√ Egypt 54 B2
Atacama Desert desert Chile
46 B2
Arendal Norway 67 A6
Arensburg see Kuressaare
Asadábád Afghanistan 105 E4
Asahikawa Japan 112 D2 ing
Atamyrat prev. Kerki.
Turkmenistan 104 D3
.ne
Arequipa Peru 42 B4 Asamankese Ghana 57 E5 Aœâr Mauritania 56 C2
Arezzo Italy 78 C3 Ascension Island overseas Atbara Sudan 54 C3
Argentina country S South territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
t
Athabasca, Lake lake Canada
America 46-47 49 C5 19 F4
Argentine Basin undersea Ascoli Piceno Italy 78 C4 Athens capital of Greece Gk.
feature Atlantic Ocean 49 B7 ‘Aseb Eritrea var. Assab 54 D4 Athína, prev. Athínai 87 C5
Argun river China/Russian Ashburton New Zealand Athens Georgia, USA 31 E2
Federation 95 E3 133 C6 Athína see Athens
Århus Denmark 67 A7 Asheville North Carolina, USA Athínai see Athens
Arica Chile 46 B1 31 E1 Athlone Ireland 71 B5
Arizona state USA 28 B2 A§gabat capital of Ati Chad 58 C3
Arkansas state USA 30 B1 Turkmenistan prev.
Ashkhabad, Poltoratsk Atlanta Georgia, USA 30 D2
Arkansas river C USA 17 C5 Atlantic City New Jersey, USA
104 C3
Arkhangel’sk Russian 23 F4
Ashkhabad see A§gabat
Federation 92 C3 96 C2 Atlantic Ocean 48-49
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Arles France 73 D6 Australian external territory Atlantic-Indian Basin undersea
Arlington Texas, USA 29 G3 Indian Ocean 124 A3 feature Indian Ocean 136 B1
Arlington Virginia, USA 23 E4 Ash Sháriqah United Arab Atlantic-Indian Ridge undersea
Arlon Belgium 69 D8 Emirates Eng. Sharjah 103 D5 feature Atlantic Ocean 49 D7
Armenia country SW Asia Asia 94-95 106-107 Atlas Mountains mountain
99 G2 Asmara capital of Eritrea Amh. range Morocco 52 C2
Armenia Colombia 40 B3 Asmera 54 C4 A√ ◊alfílah Jordan 101 B6
372
A√ ◊á’if — Balabac Strait
A√ ◊á’if Saudi Arabia 102 B6 Ayer’s Rock see Uluru Baghdad capital of Iraq var.
Attapu Laos 119 E5 Ayr Scotland, UK 70 C4 Bagdad, Ar. Baghdád 102 B3
Attawapiskat Canada 20 C3 Ayutthaya Thailand 119 C5 Baghdád see Baghdad
Attawapiskat river Canada Ayvalık Turkey 98 A3 Baghlán Afghanistan 105 E3
20 B3 Azaouâd desert Mali 57 E2 Bago Myanmar prev. Pegu
Attu Island island Alaska, USA A‘záz Syria 100 B2 118 B4
18 A2 Azerbaijan country SW Asia Bagoé river Côte d’Ivoire/Mali
Auch France 73 B6 99 G2 56 D4
Auckland New Zealand 132 D3 Azores islands Portugal, Baguio Philippines 121 E1
Auckland Islands island group Atlantic Ocean 48 C3 Bahamas, The country West
New Zealand124 D5 Azov, Sea of Black Sea Indies, Atlantic Ocean 36
ww
Augsburg Germany 77 C6
Augusta Australia 129 B7
Augusta Georgia, USA 31 E2
Ukr. Azovs’ke More,
Rus. Azovskoye More
93 A6 91 G4
Baharden see Baharly
Baharly Turkmenistan prev.
Baharden, Bäherden,
w
Augusta Maine, USA 23 G2
Aurillac France 73 C5
.Ea
Aurora Colorado, USA 24 D4
Azovs’ke More see
Azov, Sea of
Azovskoye More see
Azov, Sea of
Bakharden, Bakherden
104 B3
Baháwalpur Pakistan 116 C3
Bäherden see Baharly
Aurora Illinois, USA 22 B3
Aussig see Ústí nad Labem
Austin Texas, USA 29 G4 syE Azul Argentina 46 D4
Azur, Côte d’ coastal region
France 73 E6
Bahía Blanca Argentina 47 C5
Bahía, Islas de la islands
Honduras 34 D2
Australasia 124-125
Australes, Îles island group
French Polynesia 125 F4
ngi
Az Zarqá’ Jordan 101 B5
Az Záwiyah Libya 53 F2
Bahir Dar Ethiopia 54 C4
Bahrain country SW Asia
Austral Fracture Zone

tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
125 H4
n
B eer
103 C5
Baia Mare Romania 90 B3
Baikal, Lake see Baykal, Ozero
ing
Bairiki capital of Kiribati
Australia country Pacific Ocean 127 E2
124 Baalbek Lebanon var. Baishan China 110 E3
.ne
Australian Alps Australia Ba‘labakk 100 B4
131 D7 Baja Hungary 81 C7
Babeldaob Island Palau 124 B2 Baja California peninsula
Australian Capital Territory
territory Australia abbrev.
A.C.T. 131 D6
Austria country C Europe 77
Auxerre France 72 C4
Babruysk/Bobruysk Belarus
Rus. Bobruysk 89 D6
Babuyan Channel channel
Philippines 121 E1
32 B2
t
Mexico Eng. Lower California
Bajo Nuevo island Colombia

35 F2
Bacan, Pulau island Indonesia Baker Oregon, USA 26 C3
Avarua capital of Cook Islands 121 F4
127 G5 Baker & Howland Islands
Baâka Topola Serbia 82 D3 unincorporated territory
Aveiro Portugal 74 C2 Bacâu Romania 90 C4 USA, Pacific Ocean 125 E2
Avignon France 73 D6 Badajoz Spain 74 C4 Bakersfield California, USA
Ávila Spain 74 D2 Baden Switzerland 77 E6 27 C7
Avilés Spain 74 D1 Bádiyat ash Shám see Syrian Bakharden see Baharly
Awbárí Libya 53 F3 Desert Bakherden see Baharly
Axel Heiberg Island island Baffin Bay sea feature Atlantic Bákhtarán see Kermánsháh
Canada 19 F1 Ocean 48 B1 Bakı see Baku
Axios see Vardar Baffin Island island Canada Baku capital of Azerbaijan
Ayacucho Peru 42 B4 19 G2 Az. Bakı, var. Baky 99 H2
Aydarko'l Ko'li lake Uzbekistan Bafing river Africa 56 C3 Baky see Baku
var. Aydarkûl 104 D2 Bafoussam Cameroon 58 B4 Balabac Strait sea feature
Aydarkûl see Aydarko'l Ko'li Bagdad see Baghdad South China Sea/Sulu Sea
Aydın Turkey 98 A3 Bagé Brazil 44 C4 120 D2
373
Ba‘labakk — Basel
Ba‘labakk see Baalbek Bandar Lampung Indonesia Baranovichi see Baranavichy/

Balakovo Russian Federation prev. Tanjungkarang 120 C4 Baranovichi
93 C6 Bandar Seri Begawan capital Baranowicze see Baranavichy/
Bálá Murgháb Afghanistan of Brunei 120 D3 Baranovichi
104 D4 Bandon Oregon, USA 26 A3 Barbados country West Indies
Balaton lake Hungary var. Lake Bandundu Dem. Rep. Congo 37 H4
Balaton, Ger. Plattensee 59 C6 Barbuda island Antigua &
81 C7 Bandung Indonesia 120 C5 Barbuda 37 G3
Balaton, Lake see Balaton Bangalore India 114 D2 Barcaldine Australia 130 C4
Balbina, Represa Reservoir Banggai, Kepulauan island Barcelona Spain 75 G2
Brazil 42 D2 group Indonesia 121 E4 Barcelona Venezuela 41 E1
ww
Baleares, Islas island group Banghází Libya Eng. Benghazi Barcolod City Philippines
Spain Eng. Balearic Islands 53 G2 121 E2
75 H3 Bangka, Palau island Indonesia Bareilly India 117 E3
w
Balearic Islands see
Baleares, Islas
Balıkesir Turkey 98 A3 .Ea

Bali island Indonesia 120 D5
120 C4
Bangkok capital of Thailand
Th. Krung Thep 119 C5
Bangladesh country S Asia 117
Barentsburg Svalbard 65 F2
Barentsøya island Svalbard
65 G2
Barents Sea Arctic Ocean
syE
Balikpapan Indonesia 120 D4
Balkanabat Turkmenistan prev.
Nebitdag 104 B2
Bangor Northern Ireland, UK
71 B5
Bangor Maine, USA 23 G2
137 H5
Bari Italy 79 E5
Barinas Venezuela 40 D2
Balkan Mountains mountain
range Bulgaria Bul. Stara
Planina 86 C2 ngi
Bangui capital of Central
African Republic 59 C5
Barisan, Pegunungan
mountains Indonesia 120 B4
Barkly Tableland plateau
Balkhash Kazakhstan 96 C5
Balkhash, Lake see
Balkhash, Ozero
n
Bani river Mali 56 D3
Baní Suwayf Egypt var.
Beni Suef 54 B1
Banja Luka Bosnia & eer
Australia 130 B3
Barlavento, Ilhas de island
group Cape Verde var.
Balkhash, Ozero lake
Kazakhstan Eng. Lake
Balkhash 94 C3
Herzegovina 82 B3
Banjarmasin Indonesia 120 D4 ing
Windward Islands 56 A2
Bar-le-Duc France 72 D3
Barlee, Lake lake Australia
Ballarat Australia 131 C7
Balsas river Mexico 33 E5
Banjul capital of Gambia 56 B3
Banks Island island Canada
129 B 5
.ne
Barlee Range mountain range
t
19 E2 Australia 128 B4
Bâl√i Moldova 90 D3 Banks Islands island group Barnaul Russian Federation
Baltic Port see Paldiski Vanuatu, Pacific Ocean 96 D4
Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean 67 C7 126 D4 Barnstaple England, UK 71 C7
Baltimore Maryland, USA 23 F4 Banks Peninsula peninsula
Barquisimeto Venezuela 40 D1
Baltischport see Paldiski New Zealand133 C6
Barra island Scotland, UK 70 B3
Baltiski see Paldiski Banks Strait sea feature
Tasman Sea 131 C7 Barranquilla Colombia 40 B1
Bamako capital of Mali 56 D3 Barrier Range mountain range
Banská Bystrica Slovakia Ger.
Bambari Central African Neusohl, Hung. Australia 131 C5
Republic 58 D4 Besztercebánya 81 C6 Barrow river Ireland 71 B6
Bamenda Cameroon 58 B4 Bantry Bay sea feature Ireland Barstow California, USA 27 C7
Banaba island Kiribati prev. 71 A6 Bartang river Tajikistan 105 F3
Ocean Island 127 E2 Banyo Cameroon 58 B4 Bartica Guyana 41 G2
Bandaaceh Indonesia 120 A3 Banzare Seamounts undersea Baruun-Urt Mongolia 109 F2
Banda, Laut see Banda Sea feature Indian Ocean Barwon River river Australia
Banda Sea sea feature Pacific 123 C7 131 D5
Ocean Ind. Laut Banda Baotou China 109 F3 Barysaw Belarus Rus. Borisov
121 F4 Baranavichy/Baranovichi 89 D5
Bandar-e ‘Abbás Iran 102 D4 Belarus Rus. Baranovichi, Pol. Basarabeasca Moldova 90 D4
Bandar-e Búshehr Iran 102 C4 Baranowicze 89 C6 Basel Switzerland 77 B6
374
Basra — Bern
Basra see Al Ba§rah Be’er Sheva‘ Israel 101 A6 Belyy, Ostrov island Russian
Bassein see Pathein Beijing capital of China var. Federation 137 H4
Basse-Terre capital of Peking 110 C4 Bend Oregon, USA 26 B3
Guadeloupe 37 G4 Beira Mozambique 61 E3 Bendery see Tighina
Basseterre capital of St Kitts & Beirut capital of Lebanon Bendigo Australia 131 C7
Nevis 37 G3 var. Beyrouth, Bayrút 100 B4 Benevento Italy 79 D5
Bass Strait sea feature Beja Portugal 74 C4 Bengal, Bay of sea feature
Australia 131 C7 Béjaïa Algeria 53 E1 Indian Ocean 122 D3
Bastia Corse, France 73 E7 Bek-Budi see Karshi Bengbu China 111 D5
Bastogne Belgium 69 D7 Békéscsaba Hungary 81 D7 Benghazi see Banghází
Bata Equatorial Guinea 58 A5 Bengkulu Indonesia 120 B4
Belarus country E Europe var.
ww
Batangas Philippines 121 E2
Bâtdâmbâng Cambodia 119 D5
Bath England, UK 71 D6
Belorusia 89
Belau see Palau
Belcher Islands islands Canada
Benguela Angola 60 B2
Beni river Bolivia 42 C4
Benidorm Spain 75 F4
w
Bathurst Canada 21 F4
.Ea
Bathurst Island island Australia
128 D2
Bathurst Island island Canada
20 C2
Beledweyne Somalia 55 D5
Belém Brazil 43 F2
Beni-Mellel Morocco 52 C2
Benin country N Africa prev.
Dahomey 57
Benin, Bight of sea feature W
19 F2
syE
Bá√in, Wádí al dry watercourse
Asia 102 C4
Belfast Northern Ireland, UK
71 B5
Belfort France 72 E4
Africa 57 F5
Benin City Nigeria 57 F5
Beni Suef see Baní Suwayf
Batman Turkey var. ƒluh 99 E4
Batna Algeria 53 E1 ngi
Belgaum India 114 C1
Belgium country W Europe 69
Ben Nevis mountain Scotland,
UK 70 C3
n
Belgorod Russian Federation Benue river Cameroon/Nigeria
Baton Rouge Louisiana, USA 57 G4
eer
93 A5
30 B3
Belgrade capital of Serbia SCr. Beograd see Belgrade
Batticaloa Sri Lanka 115 E3
Beograd 82 D3 Berat Albania 83 D6
Batumi Georgia 99 F2
Bauru Brazil 44 D2
Bavarian Alps mountains
Belitung, Pulau island
Indonesia 120 C4 ing
Berbera Somalia 54 D4
Berbérati Central African
Austria/Germany
77 C6
Belize country Central America
34
Belize City Belize 34 C1 .ne
Republic 58 C5
Berdyans’k Ukraine 91 G4
Bereket Turkmenistan prev.
Bayamo Cuba 36 C2
Bayan Har Shan mountain
range China 108 D4
Bayanhongor Mongolia 108 D2
Belle Île island France 72 A4
Belle Isle, Strait of sea feature
Canada 21 G3
t
Gazandzhyk, var.
Kazandzhik, Turkm.
Gazanjyk 104 B2
Berezina see Byerazino
Bay City Michigan, USA 22 C3 Bellevue Washington, USA
26 B2 Bergamo Italy 78 B2
Baydhabo Somalia 55 D6
Bellingham Washington, USA Bergen Norway 67 A5
Baykal, Ozero lake Russian
26 B1 Bergse Maas river Netherlands
Federation Eng. Lake Baikal 68 D4
95 E3 Bellingshausen Sea Antarctica
136 A3 Bering Sea Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Bayonne France 73 A6
Bello Colombia 40 B2 Bering Strait sea feature
Baÿramaly Turkmenistan Bering Sea/Chukchi Sea
104 C3 Bellville South Africa 60 C5 134 D1
Bayrút see Beirut Belmopan capital of Belize Berkeley California, USA 27 B6
Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean 34 C1 Berlin capital of Germany
137 F2 Belo Horizonte Brazil 76 D3
Beaufort West South Africa 45 F1 Bermejo river Argentina 46 D2
60 D5 Belorussia see Belarus Bermuda overseas territory UK,
Beaumont Texas, USA 29 H4 Belostok see Biaîystok Atlantic Ocean 48 B3
Beauvais France 72 C3 Beloye More Arctic Ocean Bern capital of Switzerland Fr.
Béchar Algeria 52 C2 Eng. White Sea 63 F1 Berne 77 B7
375
Berne — Bonaire
Berne see Bern Birmingham Alabama, USA Bloemfontein financial capital

Berner Alpen mountain range 30 D2 of South Africa 60 D4
Switzerland 77 B7 Bîr Mogreïn Mauritania 56 C1 Blois France 72 C4
Bertoua Cameroon 59 B5 Birsen see Birªai Bloomington Indiana, USA
Besançon France 72 D4 Birªai Lithuania Ger. Birsen 22 C4
Besztercebánya see Banská 88 C4 Bluefields Nicaragua 35 E3
Bystrica Biscay, Bay of sea feature Blue Mountains mountains W
Bethlehem West Bank 101 A5 Atlantic Ocean 62 C4 USA 26 C2
Beyrouth see Beirut Bishkek capital of Kyrgyzstan Blue Nile river Ethiopia/Sudan
Béziers France 73 C6 prev. Frunze, Pishpek 105 F2 54 C4
Bezmein see Abadan Bishop California, USA 27 C6 Blumenau Brazil 44 D3
ww
Bhamo Myanmar 118 B2 Biskra Algeria 53 E2 Bo Sierra Leone 56 C4
Bhávnagar India 116 C4 Bismarck North Dakota, USA Boa Vista Brazil 42 D1
25 E2 Boa Vista island Cape Verde
Bhópal India 116 D4
w
Bhutan country S Asia 117
.Ea
Biak, Pulau island Indonesia
121 G4
Biaîystok Poland Rus. Belostok
Bismarck Archipelago island
group Papua New Guinea
126 B3
Bismarck Sea sea Pacific Ocean
56 A3
Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso
56 D4
Bobruysk see Babruysk/
syE
124 B2
80 E3 Bobruysk
Bissau capital of Guinea-Bissau
Biel Switzerland 77 B7 56 B4 Boca de la Serpiente see
Bielefeld Germany 76 B4 Serpent’s Mouth, The
Bielitz-Biala see Bielsko-Biaîa
Bielsko-Biaîa Poland Ger. ngi
Bitola Macedonia 83 E6
Bitterroot Range mountains
NW USA 26 D2
Bochum Germany 76 B4
Bodø Norway 66 C3
Bielitz-Biala 81 C5
Bié Plateau upland Angola
51 C6 n
Biwa-ko lake Japan 113 C5
Bizerte Tunisia 53 E1
Bjelovar Croatia 82 B2 eer
Bodrum Turkey 98 A4
Bogor Indonesia 120 C5
Bogotá capital of Colombia
ing
Bighorn Mountains mountains Bjørnøya Island N Norway Eng. 40 B3
C USA 24 C2 Bear Island 65 G3 Bo Hai sea feature Yellow Sea
Bignona Senegal 56 B3 Black Drin river Albania/ 110 D4
Big Spring Texas, USA 29 E3
Bihaá Bosnia & Herzegovina
Macedonia 83 D5
Black Forest see Schwarzwald .ne
Bohemian Forest region
Germany 77 D5
82 B3
Bihár state India 117 F3
Bijelo Polje Montenegro
82 D4
Black Hills mountains C USA
24 D3
Blackpool England, UK 71 D5
Black River river China/Vietnam
121 E2
t
Bohol Sea Sea Philippines
Boise Idaho, USA 26 D3

Boké Guinea 56 C4
Bikáner India 116 C3 118 D3 Bokhara see Buxoro
Bila Tserkva Ukraine 91 E2 Black Sea Asia/Europe 63 F4 Bol Chad 58 B3
Bilbao Spain 75 E1 Black Volta river Ghana/Côte Bolivia country C South
Billings Montana, USA 24 C2 d’Ivoire 57 E4 America 42-43
Bilma, Grand Erg de desert Blackwater river Ireland Bologna Italy 78 C3
Niger 57 G3 71 A6 Bolton England, UK 71 D5
Biloela Australia 130 D4 Blagoevgrad Bulgaria 86 C3 Bolzano Italy Ger. Bozen
Biloxi Mississippi, USA Blagoveshchensk Russian 78 C2
30 C3 Federation 97 G4 Boma Dem. Rep. Congo 59 B7
Biltine Chad 58 D3 Blanca, Bahía sea feature Bombay see Mumbai
Binghamton New York, USA Argentina 39 D5 Bomu river Central African
23 F3 Blanche, Lake lake Australia Republic/Dem. Rep. Congo
Birák Libya 53 F3 131 B5 59 D5
Birátnagar Nepal 117 F3 Blantyre Malawi 61 E2 Bonaire special municipality
Birmingham England, UK Blenheim New Zealand 133 D5 Netherlands, West Indies
71 D6 Blida Algeria 52 D1 37 E5
376
Bongo, Massif des — Bryan
Bongo, Massif des upland Bouvet Island external territory Brezhnev see Naberezhnyye
Central African Republic Norway, Atlantic Ocean 49 D7 Chelny
58 D4 Bowen Australia 130 D3 Bria Central African Republic
Bongor Chad 58 C3 Bowling Green Kentucky, USA 58 D4
Bonn Germany 76 B4 22 C5 Bridgetown capital of
Boosaaso Somalia 54 E4 Bozeman Montana, USA 24 B2 Barbados 37 H4
Borås Sweden 67 B7 Bozen see Bolzano Brig Switzerland 77 B5
Bordeaux France 73 B5 Braâ island Croatia 82 B4 Brighton England, UK 71 E7
Borger Texas, USA 29 E2 Bradford England, UK 71 D5 Brindisi Italy 79 E5
Borisov see Barysaw Braga Portugal 74 C2 Brisbane Australia 131 E5
Borlänge Sweden 67 C6 Bragança Portugal 74 C2 Bristol England, UK 71 D6
ww
Borneo island SE Asia 120-121
Bornholm island Denmark
67 C8
Brahmaputra river Asia 117 G3
Brâila Romania 90 D4
British Columbia province
Canada 18-19
British Indian Ocean Territory
w
Brainerd Minnesota, USA 25 F2
Bosanski ‹amac Bosnia & Brandon Canada 19 F5 overseas territory UK, Indian
Herzegovina 82 C3
Bosna river Bosnia &
Herzegovina 82 C3
.Ea Brasília capital of Brazil 43 F4
Bra§ov Romania 90 C4
Ocean 122 C4
British Isles islands W Europe
70-71
Bosna I Hercegovina,
Federacija Admin. region
republic Bosnia and
syE Bratislava capital of Slovakia
Ger. Pressburg, Hung.
Pozsony 81 C6
British Virgin Islands overseas
territory UK, West Indies 37
Brittany see Bretagne
Herzegovina 82 C4
Bosnia & Herzegovina country
97 E4
ngi
Bratsk Russian Federation
Braunau am Inn Austria 77 D6

Brno Czech Republic
Ger. Brünn 81 B5
SE Europe 82-83
Bosporus sea feature Turkey
Turk. ƒstanbul Boêazi 98 B2 n
Braunschweig Germany Eng.
Brunswick 76 C4
eer
Brazil country South America
Broken Arrow Oklahoma, USA
29 G1
Broken Hill Australia 131 B6
Bossangoa Central African
Republic 58 C4
Bosten Hu Lake China
42-43
Brazil Basin undersea feature ing
Broken Ridge undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 D6
Bromberg see Bydgoszcz
108 C3
Boston Massachusetts, USA
Atlantic Ocean 49 C5
Brazilian Highlands upland
Brazil 43 G4 .ne
Brooks Range mountains
Alaska, USA 18 D2
t
23 G3 Brookton Australia 129 B6
Bothnia, Gulf of sea feature Brazos river SW USA 29 G3
Broome Australia 128 C3
Baltic Sea 67 C5 Brazzaville capital of Congo
59 B6 Brownfield Texas, USA 29 E2
Boto§ani Romania 90 C3
Brecon Beacons hills Wales, Brownsville Texas, USA 29 G5
Botswana country southern
Africa 60 UK 71 C6 Bruges see Brugge
Bouar Central African Republic Breda Netherlands 68 C4 Brugge Belgium Fr. Bruges
58 C4 Bregenz Austria 77 B7 69 A5
Bougainville Island island Bremen Germany 76 B3 Brunei country E Asia 120 D3
Papua New Guinea 126 C3 Bremerhaven Germany 76 B3 Brünn see Brno
Bougouni Mali 56 D4 Brescia Italy 78 B2 Brunswick Georgia, USA 31 E3
Boulder Colorado, USA 24 C4 Breslau see Wrocîaw Brunswick see Braunschweig
Boulogne-sur-Mer France Brest Belarus Pol. Brze¡á nad Brusa see Bursa
72 C2 Bugiem, prev. Brze¡á Brussel see Brussels
Bourges France 72 C4 Litewski, Rus. Brest-Litovsk Brussels capital of Belgium Fr.
Bourgogne region France Eng. 89 B6 Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel
Burgundy 72 D4 Brest France 72 A3 69 C6
Bourke Australia 131 C5 Brest-Litovsk see Brest Brüx see Most
Bournemouth England, UK Bretagne region France Eng. Bruxelles see Brussels
71 D7 Brittany 72 A3 Bryan Texas, USA 29 G3
377
Bryansk — Canarias, Islas
Bryansk Russian Federation Burundi country C Africa 55 Calais France 72 C2

93 A5 96 A2 Busan South Korea prev. Calais Maine, USA 23 H1
Brze¡á Litewski see Brest Pusan110 E4 Calama Chile 46 B2
Brze¡á nad Bugiem see Brest Busselton Australia 129 B7 Calbayog Philippines 121 F2
Bucaramanga Colombia Butembo Dem. Rep. Congo Calcutta see Kolkata
40 C2 59 E5 Caldas da Rainha Portugal
Buchanan Liberia 56 C5 Buton, Pulau Island Indonesia 74 B3
Bucharest capital of Romania 121 E4
Caldwell Idaho, USA 27 C3
90 C5 Butte Montana, USA 24 B2
Caleta Olivia Argentina 47 C6
Budapest capital of Hungary Butuan Philippines 121 F2
Calgary Canada 19 E5
81 C6 Buxoro Uzbekistan var.
Cali Colombia 40 A3
ww
Budweis see Âeské Budêjovice
Buenaventura Colombia 40 B3
Buenos Aires capital of
Bokhara, Rus. Bukhara
104 D2
Büyükaêrı Daêı see Ararat,
Calicut India see Kozhikode
114 D2
California state USA 26-27
w
Argentina 46 D4
.Ea
Buenos Aires, Lago lake
Argentina/Chile 47 B6
Buffalo New York, USA 23 E3
Mount
Buzâu Romania 90 C4
Büzmeÿin see Abadan
Byarezina river Belarus Rus.
California, Golfo de sea feature
Pacific Ocean Eng. California,
Gulf of 32 B2 123 F2
Callabonna, Lake lake
Bug river E Europe 90 C1
syE
Bujumbura capital of Burundi
prev. Usumbura 55 B7
Berezina 89 D6
Bydgoszcz Poland Ger.
Bromberg 80 C3
Australia131 B5
Callao Peru 42 A3
Caltanissetta Italy 79 C7
Bukavu Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6
Bukhara see Buxoro ngi
Byzantium see ƒstanbul
Camagüey Cuba 36 C2
Cambodia country SE Asia
C n
Bulawayo Zimbabwe 60 D3 Cam. Kampuchea 119
Bulgan Mongolia 109 E2
Bulgaria country E Europe 86 eer Cambridge England, UK 71 E6
Cambridge New Zealand132 D2
Bumba Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D5
Bunbury Australia 129 B6
Bundaberg Australia 130 E4
Caazapá Paraguay 44 C3
Cabanatuan Philippines 121 E1
ing
Cameroon country W Africa
58-59
Campbell Plateau undersea
.ne
Cabimas Venezuela 40 C1
Bunia Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E5 Cabinda exclave Angola 60 B1 feature Pacific Ocean
Buraydah Saudi Arabia 103 B5 134 C5
Cabot Strait sea feature
Buré Ethiopia 54 C4
Burgas Bulgaria 86 E2
Burgos Spain 75 E2
Atlantic Ocean 21 G4
Âaâak Serbia 82 D4
Cáceres Spain 74 D3
t
Campeche Mexico 33 G4
Campeche, Bahía de sea
feature Mexico Eng. Gulf of
Campeche 33 G4
Burgundy see Bourgogne Cachoeiro de Itapemirim Brazil
Campina Grande Brazil 43 H3
Burketown Australia 130 B3 45 F1
Campinas Brazil 45 E2
Burkina Faso country Cadiz Philippines 121 E2
Campo Grande Brazil 44 C1
W Africa 57 Cádiz Spain 74 D5
Campos Brazil 45 F2
Burlington Iowa, USA 25 G4 Caen France 72 B3
Canada country North America
Burlington Vermont, USA 23 F2 Cagayan de Oro Philippines
16-17
Burma see Myanmar 121 F2
Canada Basin undersea feature
Burnie Tasmania 131 C8 Cagliari Italy 79 A5
Arctic Ocean var. Laurentian
Burns Oregon, USA 26 C3 Cahors France 73 B5 Basin 137 F2
Bursa Turkey prev. Brusa 98 B3 Cairns Australia 130 D3 Canadian River river SW USA
BúrSaΫíd Egypt Eng. Port Said Cairo capital of Egypt Ar. Al 29 E2
54 B1 Qáhirah, var. El Qâhira 54 B1 Çanakkale Turkey 98 A3
Burtnieku Ezers lake Latvia Âakovec Croatia 82 B2 Çanakkale Boêazı see
88 C3 Calabar Nigeria 57 G5 Dardanelles
Buru, Pulau island Indonesia Calabria region Italy 79 D6 Canarias, Islas islands Spain
121 E4 Calafate see El Calafate Eng. Canary Islands 50 A2
378
Canary Basin — Ceuta
Canary Basin undersea feature Carlisle England, UK 70 D4 Cauca river Colombia

Atlantic Ocean 48 C4 Carlsbad New Mexico, USA 40 B2
Canary Islands see Canarias, 28 D3 Caucasus mountains Asia/
Islas Carlsberg Ridge undersea Europe 93 A7
Canaveral, Cape coastal feature Indian Ocean 122 B4 Caura river Venezuela
feature Florida, USA 31 F4 Carnavon Australia 128 A5 41 E2
Canberra capital of Australia Carnegie, Lake lake Australia Caviana, Ilha island Brazil
131 D6 129 C5 43 F1
Cancún Mexico 33 H3 Carolina Brazil 43 F3 Cawnpore see Kánpur
Caniapiscau river Canada 21 E2 Caroline Island see Millennium Caxias do Sul Brazil 44 D4
Caniapiscau, Réservoir Island Cayenne capital of French
Reservoir Canada 21 E3
ww
Canik Daêları mountains
Turkey 98 D2
Caroline Islands island group
Micronesia 126 B1
Caroní river Venezuela 41 F2
Guiana 41 H3
Cayman Islands overseas
territory UK, West Indies 36
w
Çankırı Turkey 98 C2 Cebu Philippines 121 E2
Carpathian Mountains
Cannes France 73 D6
.Ea
mountain range E Europe Cedar Rapids Iowa, USA 25 G3
Canoas Brazil 44 D4 var. Carpathians 63 E4 Cedros, Isla island Mexico
Canterbury England, UK 71 E6 Carpathians see Carpathian 32 A2
Canterbury Bight sea feature
Pacific Ocean 133 C6
Canterbury Plains plain New syE Mountains
Carpa√ii Meridionali mountain
range Romania Eng. South
Ceduna Australia131 A6
Cefalù Italy 79 C6
Celebes see Sulawesi
Zealand 133 B6
Cân Thò Vietnam 119 D6
Canton Ohio, USA 22 D4 ngi
Carpathians, Transylvanian
Alps 90 B4
Carpentaria, Gulf of sea
Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean Ind.
Laut Sulawesi 134 B3
Canton see Guangzhou

Cape Basin undersea feature
n
feature Australia 130 B2
eer
Carson City Nevada, USA 27 B5
Cartagena Colombia 40 B1
Celje Slovenia 77 E7
Central African Republic
country C Africa
abbrev. CAR 58-59
Cape Town legislative capital
of South Africa 60 C5
Cartagena Spain 75 F4
Cartago Costa Rica 35 E4 ing
Central, Cordillera mountain
range Philippines 121 E1
.ne
Cape Verde country Atlantic Cartwright Canada 21 G2 Central Makrán Range
Ocean 56 A2 mountains Pakistan 116 A3
Carúpano Venezuela 41 E1
Cape Verde Basin undersea Central Pacific Basin undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean 48 C4
Cape York Peninsula peninsula
Australia 124 B3
Cap-Haïtien Haiti 36 D3
Casablanca Morocco 52 C2
Casa Grande Arizona, USA
28 B3
Cascade Range mountain
t
feature Pacific Ocean 125 E1
Central Russian Upland upland
Russian Federation 94 B3
Central Siberian Plateau see
Capri, Isola di island Italy 79 D5 range Canada/USA 26 B2
Srednesibirskoye
Caquetá river Colombia 40 C4 Cascais Portugal 74 B3 Ploskogor’ye
CAR see Central African Casper Wyoming, USA 24 C3 Central Siberian Uplands
Republic Caspian Sea inland sea Asia/ see Srednesibirskoye
Caracas capital of Venezuela Europe 94 B4 Ploskogor’ye
40 D1 Castellón de la Plana Spain Central, Sistema mountain
Carazinho Brazil 44 C3 75 F3 range Spain 74 D3
Carbondale Illinois, USA 22 B5 Castelo Branco Portugal Cephalonia see Kefalloniá
Carcassonne France 73 C6 74 C3 Ceram Sea Sea Indonesia
Cardiff Wales, UK 71 C6 Castries capital of St Lucia 121 F4
37 G4 Cernâuπi see Chernivtsi
Cardigan Bay sea feature
Wales, UK 71 C6 Castro Chile 47 B6 Césis Latvia Ger. Wenden 88 C3
Carey, Lake lake Australia Cat Island island The Bahamas Âeské Budêjovice Czech
129 C5 36 D1 Republic Ger. Budweis 81 B5
Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean Catania Italy 79 D7 Ceuta external territory Spain,
36-37 Catanzaro Italy 79 D6 N Africa 52 C1
379
Cévennes — Chiriquí, Golfo de
Cévennes mountains France Charlotte North Carolina, USA Chernyakhovsk Kaliningrad,

73 C6 31 F1 Russian Federation 88 B4
Ceylon see Sri Lanka Charlotte Amalie capital of Chesapeake Bay sea feature
Ceylon Plain undersea feature Virgin Islands 37 F3 USA 23 F5
Indian Ocean 122 C4 Charlottesville Virginia, USA Chester England, UK 71 D5
Chad country C Africa 58 23 E5 Cheyenne Wyoming, USA
Chad, Lake lake C Africa Charlottetown Canada 21 G4 24 D4
58 B3 Charters Towers Australia Chiang-hsi see Jiangxi
Chágai Hills mountains 130 D3 Chiang Mai Thailand 118 B4
Pakistan 116 A2 Chartres France 72 C3 Chiang-su see Jiangsu
Chagos-Laccadive Plateau Châteauroux France 72 C4 Chiba Japan 113 D5
ww
undersea feature Indian
Ocean 122 C4
Chagos Trench undersea
Chatham Islands islands New
Zealand 134 D4
Chattanooga Tennessee, USA
Chicago Illinois, USA 22 B3
Chiclayo Peru 42 A3
Chico California, USA 27 B5
w
feature Indian Ocean 122 C4
Chalkída Greece 87 C5
.Ea
Challenger Deep undersea
30 D1
Chauk Myanmar 118 A3
Chaves Portugal 74 C2
Cheboksary Russian Federation
Chicoutimi Canada 21 E4
Chifeng China var. Ulanhad
109 F2
Chihli see Hebei
72 D3
Chambéry France 73 D5 syE
Châlons-en-Champagne France 93 C5
Cheboygan Michigan, USA
22 C2
Chihuahua Mexico 32 C2
Chile country S South America
46-47
Champaign Illinois, USA 22 B4
Chañaral Chile 46 B2
Chandígarh India 116 D2 ngi
Chech, Erg desert Algeria/
Mali 56 D1
Chile Basin undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 135 G4
Chang, Ko island Thailand

119 C5
Changchun China 110 D3
n
Che-chiang see Zhejiang
Cheju-do see Jeju-do
eer
Cheju Strait see Jeju Strait
Chekiang see Zhejiang
Chile Chico Chile 47 B6
Chile Rise undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 135 G4
Chi-lin see Jilin
Chang Jiang river China var.
Yangtze 111 B6
Cheleken see Hazar
Chelyabinsk Russian Federation ing
Chillán Chile 46 B4
Chiloé, Isla de island Chile
Changsha China 111 C6
Chaniá Greece 87 C7
96 C3
Chemnitz Germany prev.
47 B6
.ne
Chimborazo peak Ecuador
t
Channel Islands island group Karl-Marx-Stadt 76 D4 38 A3
California, USA 27 B8 Chenáb river Pakistan Chimbote Peru 42 A3
Channel Islands island group 116 C2 Chimkent see Shymkent
UK 71 D8 Chengdu China 111 B5 Chimoio Mozambique 61 E3
Channel-Port-aux-Basques Chennai India prev. Madras China country E Asia 108-109
Canada 21 G4 115 E2 Chinandega Nicaragua 34 C3
Channel Tunnel France/UK 71 E7 Cherbourg France 72 B3 Chindwinn river Myanmar
Chapala, Lago de lake Mexico Cherepovets Russian 118 A2
32 D4 Federation 92 B4 Chinghai see Qinghai
Chardzhev see Türkmenabat Cherkasy Ukraine 91 E2 Chingola Zambia 60 D2
Chardzhou see Türkmenabat Cherkessk Russian Federation Chinook Trough undersea
Chari river C Africa 58 C3 93 A7 feature Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Cháríkár Afghanistan 105 E4 Chernigov see Chernihiv Chíos Greece 87 D5
Chärjew see Türkmenabat Chernihiv Ukraine Rus. Chíos island Greece prev. Khíos
Charleroi Belgium 69 C6 Chernigov 91 E1 87 D5
Charleston South Carolina, Chernivtsi Ukraine Rus. Chirchik Uzbekistan Uzb.
USA 31 F2 Chernovtsy, Rom. Cernâuπi Chirchiq 105 E2
Charleston West Virginia, USA 90 C3 Chirchiq see Chirchik
22 D5 Chernobyl’ see Chornobyl’ Chiriquí, Golfo de sea feature
Charleville Australia 130 C4 Chernovtsy see Chernivtsi Panama 35 E5
380
Chi§inâu — Comayagua
Chi§inâu capital of Moldova, Chuuk Islands island group Cochabamba Bolivia 42 C4

var. Kishinev 90 D3 Micronesia 126 B1 Cochin India see Kochi
Chita Russian Federation 97 F4 Chuy Brazil var. Chuí 44 C5 114 D3
Chitré Panama 35 F5 Cienfuegos Cuba 36 B2 Cochrane Canada 20 C4
Chittagong Bangladesh Cieza Spain 75 F4 Cochrane Chile 47 B6
117 G4 Cilacap Indonesia 120 C5 Coco river Honduras/Nicaragua
Chitungwiza Zimbabwe 60 D3 Cincinnati Ohio, USA 22 C4 34 D2
Choluteca Honduras 34 C3 Ciudad Bolívar Venezuela Cocos Basin undersea feature
Choma Zambia 60 D3 41 E2 Indian Ocean 122 D4
Chona river Russian Federation Ciudad del Este Paraguay Cocos Islands external territory
95 E2 44 C3 Australia, Indian Ocean
ww
Chon Buri Thailand 119 C5
Ch’ôngjin North Korea
110 E3
Ciudad de México see
Mexico City
Ciudad Guayana Venezuela
122 D5
Cod, Cape coastal feature
NE USA 23 G3
w
Chongqing province China
var. Chungking 111 B5
.Ea
Chonos, Archipiélago de los
island group Chile 47 B6
41 E2
Ciudad Juárez Mexico 32 C1
Ciudad Obregón Mexico 32 B2
Ciudad Ojeda Venezuela 40 C1
Coeur d’Alene Idaho, USA
26 C2
Coffs Harbour Australia
131 E6
Chornobyl’ Ukraine Rus.
Chernobyl’ 91 E1
Choûm Mauritania 56 C2
syE Ciudad Real Spain 75 E3
Ciudad Valles Mexico 33 E3
Coihaique Chile 47 B6
Coimbatore India 114 D3
Coimbra Portugal 74 C3
Choybalsan Mongolia 109 F2
Christchurch New Zealand ngi
Ciudad Victoria Mexico 33 E3
Clarence river New Zealand
133 C5
Colchester England, UK 71 E6
Colmar France 72 E4
133 C6
Christmas Island external
territory Australia, Indian
n
Clarion Fracture Zone tectonic
eer
feature Pacific Ocean 125 G1
Clarksville Tennessee, USA
Cologne see Köln
Colombia country N South
America 40-41
ing
Ocean 122 D5 30 D1 Colombo administrative capital
Christmas Island see Kiritimati Clearwater Florida, USA 31 E4 of Sri Lanka 115 E4
Christmas Ridge undersea Clermont Australia 130 D4 Colón Panama 35 F4
feature Pacific Ocean 125 F1
Chuan see Sichuan
Clermont-Ferrand France
73 C5 .ne
Colón, Archipiélago de see
Galapagos Islands
Chubut river Argentina 47 B6
Chudskoye Ozero see
Peipus, Lake
Chuí see Chuy
Cleveland Ohio, USA 22 D3
Clipperton Fracture Zone
125 G2
t
Colorado state USA 24 C4
Colorado river USA 16 B5
Colorado river Argentina
47 C5
Chukchi Plain undersea feature Clipperton Island external Colorado Plateau upland
Arctic Ocean 137 G2 territory France, Pacific region S USA 28 B1
Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean Ocean 135 F3 Colorado Springs Colorado,
Rus. Chukotskoye More Cloncurry Australia 130 C3 USA 24 D4
137 F1 Clovis New Mexico, USA 29 E2 Columbia South Carolina, USA
Chukotskoye More see Cluj-Napoca Romania 90 B3 31 F2
Chukchi Sea Clutha river New Zealand Columbia river NW USA
Chula Vista California, USA 133 B7 26 C1
27 C8 Coast Ranges mountain range Columbus Georgia, USA
Chulym river Russian W USA 26 A5 30 D3
Federation 94 D3 Coats Island island Canada Columbus Mississippi, USA
Chumphon Thailand 119 C6 20 C1 30 C2
Chungking see Chongqing Coats Land physical region Columbus Nebraska, USA
Chuquicamata Chile 46 B2 Antarctica 136 B2 25 E4
Chur Switzerland 77 B7 Coatzacoalcos Mexico 33 G4 Columbus Ohio, USA 22 D4
Churchill Canada 19 G4 Cobán Guatemala 34 B2 Comayagua Honduras 34 C2
381
Comilla — Cuzco
Comilla Bangladesh 117 G4 Coral Sea Islands external Cozumel, Isla de island Mexico
Communism Peak peak territory Australia, Coral Sea 33 H3
Tajikistan Rus. Pik 130 E3 Cracow see Kraków
Kommunizma, prev. Stalin Corantijn see Courantyne Craiova Romania 90 B5
Peak, Garmo Peak 105 F3 Cordillera Cantábrica mountain Cremona Italy 78 B2
Como, Lago di lake Italy range Spain 74 D1 Cres island Croatia 82 A3
78 B2 Córdoba Argentina 46 C3 Crescent City California, USA
Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina Córdoba Spain 74 D4 26 A4
47 C6 Cordova Alaska, USA Crete see Kríti
Comoros country Indian Ocean 18 D3
61 Crete, Sea of Mediterranean
Corfu see Kérkyra Sea Gk. Kritikó Pélagos
Conakry capital of Guinea
ww
56 C4
Concepción Chile 47 B5
Corinth see Kórinthos
Corinth, Gulf of see
Korinthiakós Kólpos
87 D7
Crimea see Krym
Cristóbal Panama 48 A4
w
Concepción Paraguay 44 B2
Conchos river Mexico 32 C2
.Ea
Concord New Hampshire, USA
22 G2
Corinto Nicaragua 34 C3
Cork Ireland 71 B6
Corner Brook Canada 21 G3
Coro Venezuela 40 D1
Croatia country SE Europe 82
Croker Island island Australia
128 E2
Crotone Italy 79 E6
Congo country C Africa 59
syE
Concordia E Argentina 46 D3
Congo river C Africa var. Zaire

Coronel Oviedo Paraguay
44 C2
Corpus Christi Texas, USA
Crozet Basin undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 B6
ngi
Crozet Islands island group
51 C5 29 G5 Indian Ocean 123 B7
Congo Basin drainage basin C Corrib, Lough lake Ireland Crystal Brook Australia
n
Africa 59 C5 71 A5 131 B6
Congo, Democratic Republic of
country C Africa 59
Connecticut state USA 23 G3
Corse island France Eng.
eer
Corrientes Argentina 46 D3 Cuanza river Angola 60 B2
Cuba country West Indies 36
ing
Corsica 73 E7 84 D2 Cubango see Okavango
Constance, Lake river C Europe Corsica see Corse
77 B6 Cúcuta Colombia 40 C2
Çorum Turkey 98 D2 Cuenca Ecuador 40 A5
Constantine Algeria 53 E1
Constantinople see ƒstanbul
Corvallis Oregon, USA
26 A3 .ne
Cuenca Spain 75 E3
Cuernavaca Mexico 33 E4
Constan√a Romania 90 D5
Coober Pedy Australia 131 A5
Cook, Mount see Aoraki
Cook Islands associated
Cosenza Italy 79 D6
Costa Blanca coastal region
Spain 75 F4
Costa Brava coastal region
t
Cuiabá Brazil 43 E4
Culiacán Mexico 32 C3
Cumaná Venezuela 41 E1
territory New Zealand, Spain 75 H2 Cumberland Maryland, USA
Pacific Ocean 127 G4 23 E4
Costa Rica country Central
Cook Strait sea feature New America 34-35 Cunene river Angola/Namibia
Zealand 133 D5 60 B3
Côte d’Ivoire country W Africa
Cooktown Australia 130 D2 Eng. Ivory Coast 56 D4 Cunnamulla Australia 131 C5
Cooma Australia 131 D7 Cottbus Germany 76 D4 Curaçao constituent country
Coos Bay Oregon, USA 26 A3 Council Bluffs Iowa, USA Netherlands, West Indies
Cootamundra Australia 25 F4 37 E5
131 D6 Courantyne river Guyana / Curicó Chile 46 B4
Copenhagen capital of Suriname var. Corantijn 41 G3 Curitiba Brazil 44 D3
Denmark 67 B7 Courland Lagoon sea feature Cusco Peru prev. Cuzco 42 B4
Copiapó Chile 46 B3 Baltic Sea 88 B4 Cuttack India 117 F5
Coppermine see Kuglukutuk Coventry England, UK 71 D6 Cuxhaven Germany 76 B3
Coquimbo Chile 46 B3 Covilhã Portugal 74 C3 Cuyuni river Guyana/Venezuela
Corabia Romania 90 B5 Cowan, Lake lake Australia 41 F2
Coral Sea Pacific Ocean 130 E3 129 C6 Cuzco see Cusco
382
Cyclades — Des Moines
Cyclades see Kykládes Danghara Tajikistan 105 E3 Dead Sea salt lake SW Asia Ar.
Cymru see Wales Danmarksstraedet see Al Baír al Mayyit, Baírat Lút,
Cyprus country Mediterranean Denmark Strait Heb. Yam HaMela¡ 101 B5
Sea 98 C5 Danube river C Europe Death Valley valley W USA
Czechoslovakia see Czech 63 E4 27 C6
Republic or Slovakia Danville Virginia, USA 23 E5 Deatnu river Finland/Norway
Czech Republic country C Danzig see Gdaúsk 66 D2
Europe 80-81 Danzig, Gulf of 76 C2 Gulf Debrecen Hungary prev.
Czèstochowa Poland Ger. Poland 80 C2 Debreczen, Ger. Debreczin
Tschenstochau 80 C4 Dar‘á Syria 101 B5 81 D6
Czîuchów Poland 80 C3 Dardanelles sea feature Turkey Debreczen see Debrecen
Turk. Çanakkale Boêazı Debreczin see Debrecen
ww
D
98 A2
Dar es Salaam Tanzania 55 C7
Decatur Illinois, USA 22 B4
Deccan plateau India
w
Dacca see Dhaka
Daegu South Korea prev. .Ea
Darfur Cultural region Sudan
54 A4
Darhan Mongolia 109 E2
Darien, Gulf of sea feature
106 B3 115 D1
Dêâín Czech Republic
Ger. Tetschen 80 B4
Dej Romania 90 B3
syE
Taegu 110 E4 Caribbean Sea 35 G5 Delaware state USA 23 F4
Daejeon South Korea prev. Darling river Australia 131 C6 Delémont Switzerland 77 A7
Taejôn 110 E4 Darmstadt Germany 77 B5 Delft Netherlands 68 C4
Dagden see Hiiumaa
Dagö see Hiiumaa
ngi
Darnah Libya 53 H2
Dartmoor region England,
UK 71 C7
Delfzijl Netherlands 68 E1
Delhi India 116 D3
n
Dagupan Philippines 121 E1 Del Rio Texas, USA 29 F4
Dartmouth Canada 21 F4
Da Hinggan Ling mountain
range China Eng. Great
Khingan Range 109 G1
Darwin Australia 128 D2
Dashhowuz see Da§oguz eer Demchok disputed region
China/India var. Dêmqog
108 B4
Dahomey see Benin
Dakar capital of Senegal
Da§oguz Turkmenistan prev.
Tashauz, Turkm. Dashhowuz
104 C2 ing
Demopolis Alabama, USA
30 C2
56 B3
Ãakovo Croatia 82 C3
Dalain Hob China 108 D3
Datong China 110 C4
Daugava see Western Dvina .ne
Dêmqog see Demchok
Denali see Mount McKinley
Dalaman Turkey 98 B4
Dalandzadgad Mongolia
109 E3
Daugavpils Latvia Ger.
Dünaburg, Rus. Dvinsk
88 D4
Dávangere India 114 D2
t
Denham Australia 129 A5
Den Helder Netherlands 68 C2
Denizli Turkey 98 B4
Denmark country NW Europe
Ãa Lat Vietnam 119 E5 67
Dalby Australia 131 D5 Davao Philippines 121 F3
Davao Gulf gulf Philippines Denmark Strait sea feature
Dalian China 110 D4 Greenland/Iceland var.
121 F3
Dallas Texas, USA 29 G3 Davenport Iowa, USA 25 G3 Danmarksstraedet 65 D4
Dalmacija region Croatia 82 B4 David Panama 35 E5 Denpasar Indonesia 120 D5
Daly Waters Australia 128 E3 Davie Ridge undersea feature Denton Texas, USA 29 G2
Damán India 116 C5 Indian Ocean 123 A5 Denver Colorado, USA 24 D4
Damas see Damascus Davis Sea Indian Ocean 136 D3 Dera Gházi Khán Pakistan
Damascus Syria var. Esh Sham, Davis Strait sea feature 116 C2
Fr. Damas, Ar. Dimashq Atlantic Ocean 64 C3 Derby England, UK 71 D6
100 B4 Dawei Myanmar prev. Tavoy Derg, Lough lake Ireland
Dampier Australia 128 B4 119 B5 71 B6
Damxung China 108 C5 Dayr az Zawr Syria 100 D3 Desé Ethiopia 54 C4
Ãa Nâng Vietnam 119 E4 Dayton Ohio, USA 22 C4 Deseado river Argentina
Dandong China 110 D4 Daytona Beach Florida, USA 47 C6
Daneborg Greenland 65 E3 31 F4 Des Moines Iowa, USA 25 F3
383
Despoto Planina — Duluth
Despoto Planina see Rhodope Djibouti capital of Djibouti var. Dorpat see Tartu
Mountains Jibuti 54 D4 Dortmund Germany 76 B4
Dessau Germany 76 D4 Dnepr see Dnieper Dothan Alabama, USA 30 D3
Detroit Michigan, USA 22 D3 Dnieper river E Europe Bel. Douai France 72 D3
Deutschendorf see Poprad Dynapro, Rus. Dnepr 63 F4 Douala Cameroon 59 A5
Deva Romania 90 B4 Dniester river Moldova/Ukraine Douglas UK 71 C5
Deventer Netherlands 68 D3 90 D3
Douglas Arizona, USA 28 C3
Devollit, Lumi i river Albania Dnipropetrovs’k Ukraine 91 F3
Dourados Brazil 44 C2
83 D6 Dobele Latvia Ger. Doblen
Douro river Portugal/Spain Sp.
Devon Island island Canada 88 C3
Duero 74 C2
19 F2 Doberai, Jazirah Peninsula
Indonesia 121 G4 Dover England, UK 71 E7
ww
Devonport Tasmania, Australia
131 C8
Dezfúl Iran 102 C3
Doblen see Dobele
Doboj Bosnia & Herzegovina
Dover Delaware, USA 23 F4
Drakensberg mountain range
Lesotho/South Africa 60 D5
w
Dhaka capital of Bangladesh
var. Dacca 117 G4
Dhanbád India 117 F4
.Ea
Dhrepanon, Ákra see Drépano,
82 C3
Dobrich Bulgaria 86 E1
Dodecanese see Dodekánisa
Dodekánisa islands Greece
Drake Passage sea feature
Atlantic Ocean/Pacific Ocean
39 C8
Dráma Greece 86 C3
Akrotírio
Diamantina Fracture Zone
syE
tectonic feature Indian Ocean
Eng. Dodecanese 87 E6
Dodge City Kansas, USA 25 E5
Dodoma capital of Tanzania
Drammen Norway 67 B6
Drau river C Europe var. Drava
77 D7 82 C3
123 E6
Dickinson North Dakota, USA
24 D2
55 C7
ngi
Doêu Karadeniz Daêlariı
mountains Turkey var.
Drava river C Europe var. Drau
81 C7
Diekirch Luxembourg 69 D7
Dieppe France 72 C3
Digul River Indonesia 121 H5
n
Anadolu Daêları 99 E2
eer
Doha capital of Qatar Ar. Ad
Dawíah 103 C5
Drépano, Akrotírio coastal
feature Greece var.
Dhrepanon Ákra 86 C4
Dresden Germany 76 D4
Dijon France 72 D4
Dikson Taymyrskiy (Dolgano-
Dolisie Congo 59 B6
Dolomites see Dolomitiche,
Alpi ing
Drina river Bosnia &
Herzegovina/Serbia 82 D4
Nenetskiy) Russian Federation
137 H4
Dili capital of East Timor 121 F5
Dolomitiche, Alpi mountains
Italy Eng. Dolomites 78 C2 .ne
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Romania prev. Turnu Severin
t
90 B4
Dilling Sudan 54 B4 Dolores Argentina 46 D4
Dronning Maud Land region
Dilolo Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D8 Dolores Hidalgo Mexico Antarctica 137 B1
33 E4
Dimashq see Damascus Druskieniki see Druskininkai
Dominica country West Indies
Dimitrovo see Pernik Druskininkai Lithuania Pol.
37
Dinant Belgium 69 C7 Druskieniki 89 B5
Dominican Republic country
Dinaric Alps mountains Bosnia West Indies 37 Dubayy United Arab Emirates
& Herzegovina/Croatia 82 B4 103 D5
Don river Russian Federation
Diourbel Senegal 56 B3 93 B6 96 A3 Dubâsari Moldova 90 D3
Diré Dawa Ethiopia 55 D5 Donegal Bay sea feature Dubawnt river Canada 19 F4
Dirk Hartog Island island Ireland 71 A5 Dubbo Australia 131 D6
Australia 129 A5 Donets river Russian Dublin capital of Ireland 71 B5
Disappointment, Lake salt lake Federation/Ukraine 93 A6 Dubrovnik Croatia 83 C5
Australia 128 C4 Donets’k Ukraine 91 G3 Dubuque Iowa, USA 25 G3
Dispur India 117 G3 Dongguan China 111 C6 Duero river Portugal/Spain
Divinópolis Brazil 45 F1 Dongola Sudan 54 B3 Port. Douro 74 D2
Diyarbakır Turkey 99 E4 Donostia/San Sebastián Spain Dugi Otok island Croatia 82 A4
Dkaraganda see Zhezkazgan Sp. San Sebastián 75 E1 Duisburg Germany 76 A4
Djambala Congo 59 B6 Dordogne river France 73 B5 Dulan China 108 D4
Djibouti country E Africa 54 Dordrecht Netherlands 68 C4 Duluth Minnesota, USA 25 F2
384
Dumfries — El Tigre
Dumfries Scotland, UK 70 C4 Eastern Sierra Madre see Sierra Eindhoven Netherlands 69 D5

Düna see Western Dvina Madre Oriental Eisenstadt Austria 77 E6
Dünaburg see Daugavpils East Falkland island Falkland Eivissa see Ibiza
Dundalk Ireland 71 B5 Islands 47 D7 Elat Israel 101 A7
Dundee Scotland, UK 70 D3 East Indiaman Ridge undersea Elazig Turkey 99 E3
Dunedin New Zealand 133 B7 feature Indian Ocean
23 D5 Elba, Isola d’ island Italy 78 B4
Dunkerque France Eng. Elbasan Albania 83 D6
Dunkirk 72 C2 East Indies island group Asia
122 E4 Elbe river Czech Republic/
Dunkirk see Dunkerque Germany 81 B5
East London South Africa
Duqm Oman 103 E6 60 D5 Elbing see Elblàg
Durango Mexico 32 D3 Eastmain river Canada 20 D3 Elblàg Poland Ger. Elbing
ww
Durango Colorado, USA 24 C5
Durazno Uruguay 44 C5
Durban South Africa 60 E4
East Pacific Rise undersea
feature Pacific Ocean
135 F4
80 D2
El’brus peak Russian
Federation 93 A7
31 F1 w
Durham North Carolina, USA
Durrës Albania 83 C5
.Ea
Dushanbe capital of Tajikistan
East Siberian Sea see
Vostochno-Sibirskoye More
East St Louis Illinois, USA
22 B4
El Calafate Argentina var.
Calafate 47 B7
Elche Spain Cat. Elx 75 F4
Elda Spain 75 F4
var. Dyushambe, prev.
Stalinabad 105 E3
Düsseldorf Germany 76 A4
syE East Timor country SE Asia
121
East Novaya Zemlya Trench
Eldoret Kenya 55 C6
Eleuthera island The Bahamas
36 C1
Dutch Harbor Alaska, USA
18 B3 ngi
var. Novaya Zemlya Trench.
Undersea feature Kara Sea
El Fasher Sudan var. Al Fáshir
54 A4
Dvinsk see Daugavpils
Dynapro see Dnieper
Dyushambe see Dushanbe
137 H4
22 A2 n
Eau Claire Wisconsin, USA
Ebolowa Cameroon 59 B5 eer

El Geneina Sudan 54 A4
Elgin Scotland, UK 70 C3
El Gîza see Al Jízah
ing
Dzaudzhikau see Vladikavkaz El Ìank cliff Mauritania 56 D1
Dzhalal-Abad Kyrgyzstan Kir. Ebro river Spain 75 F2 Elista Russian Federation 93 B6
Jalal-Abad 105 F2 Ecuador country NW South El Khalíl see Hebron
Dzhambul see Taraz
Dzhezkazgan see Zhezkazgan
America 40
Ede Netherlands 68 D3
.ne
El Khârga see Al Khárijah
Elko Nevada, USA 27 D5
Dzvina see Western Dvina Ede Nigeria 57 F4
Edgeøya island Svalbard 65 G2
Edinburgh Scotland, UK 70 C4
26 B2 t
Ellensburg Washington, USA
Ellesmere Island island Canada

E Edirne Turkey 98 A2
Edmonton Canada 19 E5
19 F1
Ellsworth Land region
Edward, Lake lake Uganda/ Antarctica 136 A3
Eagle Pass Texas, USA Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6
29 F4 Elmira New York, USA 23 E3
Edwards Plateau upland S USA El Mreyyé desert Mauritania
East Antarctica region 29 F4
Antarctica 136 C3 56 D2
Efate Island Vanuatu prev. El Obeid Sudan 54 B4
East Cape coastal feature New Sandwich Island 124 D4
Zealand 132 E2 El Paso Texas, USA 28 D3
Effingham Illinois, USA 22 B4 El Puerto de Santa María Spain
East China Sea Pacific Ocean Eforie-Sud Romania 90 D5
111 E5 74 D5
Easter Fracture Zone tectonic Egadi, Isole island group Italy El Qâhira see Cairo
feature Pacific Ocean 79 B6 El Salvador country Central
135 G4 Ege Denizi see Aegean Sea America 34
Easter Island island Pacific Eger see Ohüe Eltanin Fracture Zone tectonic
Ocean 135 F4 Egypt country NE Africa 54 feature Pacific Ocean
Eastern Ghats mountain range Eighty Mile Beach beach 135 E5
India 117 B5 Australia 128 C3 El Tigre Venezuela 41 E2
385
Elx — Farmington
Elx see Elche Ernákulam India 114 D3 Exmoor region England,

Ely Nevada USA 27 D5 Er Rachidia Morocco 52 C2 UK 71 C7
Emden Germany 76 B3 Erzerum see Erzurum Exmouth Australia 128 A4
Emerald Australia 130 D4 Erzgebirge mountain range Exmouth Gulf gulf Australia
Emmen Netherlands 68 E2 Czech Republic/Germany var 128 A4
Empty Quarter see Ar Rub‘ al Kru#né Hory 77 D5 Exmouth Plateau undersea
Khali Erzincan Turkey 99 E3 feature Indian Ocean 123 E5
Erzurum Turkey prev. Erzerum Eyre North, Lake salt lake
Ems river Germany/Netherlands Australia131 B5
76 B3 99 F3
Esbjerg Denmark 67 A7 Eyre Peninsula peninsula
Encarnación Paraguay 44 C3 Australia131 A6
Enderbury Island atoll Kiribati Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
Eyre South, Lake salt lake
ww
136 C2
Enderby Land region
Antarctica 136 C2
69 D8
Escuintla Guatemala 34 B2
E§fahán Iran 102 C3
Australia131 B5
w
Enderby Plain undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 B7
.Ea
England national region UK
70-71
Esh Sham see Damascus
Eski§ehir Turkey 98 B3
Esmeraldas Ecuador 40 A4
Esperance Australia 129 C6
F
Fada-N’gourma Burkina Faso
English Channel sea feature
Atlantic Ocean 71 D7 syE
Enguri river Georgia Rus. Inguri
Espiritu Santo Island Vanuatu
124 D3
57 E4
Faroe Islands external territory
Denmark, Atlantic Ocean
ngi
Espoo Finland 67 D6
99 F1 Far. Fóroyar, Dan. Færøerne,
Esquel Argentina 47 B6
Enid Oklahoma, USA 29 F1 var. Faeroe Islands 65 F5
Essaouira Morocco 52 B2
Ennedi plateau Chad 58 D2
Enns river Austria 77 D6
Enschede Netherlands
n
Essen Germany 76 A4
eer
Essequibo river Guyana 41 G3
Estelí Nicaragua 34 D3
Færøerne see Faroe Islands
Faguibine, Lac lake Mali 57 E3
Fairbanks Alaska, USA 18 D3
Fairlie New Zealand 133 B6
68 E3
Ensenada Mexico 32 A1
Entebbe Uganda 55 B6
Estevan Canada 19 F5
Estonia country E Europe ing
Faisalábád Pakistan 116 C2
Faízábád Afghanistan prev.
Enugu Nigeria 57 G5
Eolie, Isole island group Italy
88 D2
Ethiopia country E Africa 54-55
.ne
Feyzábád 105 E3
Falkland Islands overseas
t
Ethiopian Highlands upland territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
Eng. Lipari Islands, var. E Africa 50 D4 47 D7
Aeolian Islands 79 D6
Etna, Mount peak Sicily, Italy Fallon Nevada, USA 27 C5
Eperies see Pre#ov 79 D7 Falun Sweden 67 C6
Eperjes see Pre#ov Etosha Pan salt basin Namibia Famagusta see Gazimaêusa
Épinal France 72 E4 60 C3
Farafangana Madagascar 61 G4
Equatorial Guinea country W Eucla Australia 129 D6
Africa 59 Faráh Afghanistan 104 C5
Eugene Oregon, USA 26 A3
Erdenet Mongolia 109 E2 Farasán, Jazá’ir island group
Eugene Washington, USA Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Erechim Brazil 44 D3 26 B1 Farewell, Cape headland New
Erenhot China 109 F2 Euphrates river SW Asia 102 C4 Zealand 132 C4
Erevan see Yerevan Europe 62-63 Farewell, Cape see Nunap Isua
Ereêli Turkey 98 C4 Evansville Indiana, USA 22 B5 Farghona see Farg’ona
Erfurt Germany 76 C4 Everest, Mount peak China/ Farg’ona Uzbekistan prev.
Erie Pennsylvania, USA 22 D3 Nepal 108 B5 Novyy Margilan, Uzb.
Erie, Lake lake Canada/USA Everett Washington, USA 26 B1 Farghona 105 F2
17 D5 Everglades, The wetlands Fargo North Dakota, USA 25 E2
Eritrea country E Africa 54 Florida, USA 31 F5 Farkhor Tajikistan 105 E3
Erivan see Yerevan Évvoia island Greece 87 C5 Farmington New Mexico, USA
Erlangen Germany 77 C5 Exeter England, UK 71 C7 28 C1
386
Faro — Franz Josef Land
Faro Portugal 74 C4 Fitzroy Crossing Australia Formosa Strait see

Farquhar Group island group 128 D3 Taiwan Strait
Seychelles 61 G2 Fiume see Rijeka Fóroyar see Faroe Islands
Farvel, Cap see Nunap Isua Flagstaff Arizona, USA 28 B2 Fortaleza Brazil 43 H2
Faxaflói bay Iceland 64 D5 Flanders region Belgium 69 A5 Fortescue River river Australia
Faya Chad 58 C2 Flensburg Germany 76 B2 128 B4
Fayetteville Arkansas, USA Flinders Island island Australia Fort Collins Colorado, USA
30 A1 131 C7 24 D4
Fayetteville North Carolina, Flinders Ranges mountain Fort-de-France capital of
USA 31 F1 range Australia 131 B6 Martinique 37 G4
Fdérik Mauritania 56 C1 Flinders River river Australia Forth river Scotland, UK 70 C4
ww
Fear, Cape coastal feature
North Carolina, USA 31 G2
Fehmarn island Germany 76 C2
130 C3
Flin Flon Canada 19 F5
Flint Michigan, USA 22 C3
Forth, Firth of inlet Scotland,
UK 70 D4
Fort Lauderdale Florida, USA
w
Fehmarn Belt sea feature
Germany 76 C2
.Ea
Feira de Santana Brazil 43 G3
Fellin see Viljandi
Flint Island island Kiribati
127 H4
Florence Alabama, USA 30 C2
Florence South Carolina, USA
31 F5
Fort McMurray Canada 19 F4
Fort Myers Florida, USA 31 E4
Fort Peck Lake lake Montana,
Fengtien see Liaoning
Fenoarivo see Fenoarivo
Atsinanana
syE 31 F2
Florence see Firenze
USA 24 C1
Fort Saint John Canada 19 E4
Fort Smith Canada 19 E4
ngi
Florencia Colombia 40 B3
Fenoarivo Atsinanana Flores Guatemala 34 B1 Fort Smith Arkansas, USA
Madagascar prev. Fenoarivo Flores island Indonesia 121 E5 30 A1
61 G3
Fens, The wetland England, UK
71 E6
n
Flores, Laut see Flores Sea
eer
Flores Sea Pacific Ocean Ind.
Laut Flores 121 E5
Fort Wayne Indiana, USA
22 C4
Fort William Scotland, UK
Fergana see Farg’ona
Ferizaj/Uro#evac Kosovo Serb.
Uro#evac 83 D5
Florianópolis Brazil 44 D3
Florida state USA 31 E4 ing
70 C3
Fort Worth Texas, USA 29 G3
Foveaux Strait sea feature New
Ferrara Italy 78 C3
Ferrol Spain 74 C1
Florida, Straits of sea feature
The Bahamas/USA 31 F5 36 B1
Florida Keys island chain .ne
Zealand 133 A7
Fox Glacier New Zealand
Fès Morocco Eng. Fez 52 C2
Feyzábád see Faízábád
Fez see Fès
Fianarantsoa Madagascar 61 G3
Florida, USA 31 F5
Flórina Greece 86 B3
Flushing see Vlissingen
133 B6
t
Franca Brazil 45 E1
France country W Europe
72-73
Foâa Bosnia & Herzegovina
Francistown Botswana 60 D3
Fier Albania 83 D6 82 C4
Frankfort Kentucky, USA
Figueira da Foz Portugal 74 C3 Foc§ani Romania 90 C4
22 C5
Figueres Spain 75 G2 Foggia Italy 79 D5
Frankfurt see Frankfurt am
Figuig Morocco 52 D2 Fogo island Cape Verde 56 A3 Main
Fiji country Pacific Ocean 127 Foligno Italy 78 C4 Frankfurt am Main Germany
Finland country N Europe Fongafale capital of Tuvalu Eng. Frankfurt 77 B5
66-67 127 E3
Frankfurt an der Oder
Finland, Gulf of sea feature Fonseca, Gulf of sea feature Germany 76 D5
Baltic Sea 67 E6 El Salvador/Honduras 34 C3
Fränkische Alb mountains
Fiordland physical region New Forlì Italy 78 C3 Germany 77 C6
Zealand 133 A7 Formentera island Spain 75 G4 Frantsa-Iosifa, Zemlya islands
Firenze Italy Eng. Florence Former Yugoslav Republic of Russian Federation Eng.
78 C3 Macedonia see Macedonia Franz Josef Land 137 G4
Fishguard Wales, UK 71 C6 Formosa Argentina 46 D2 Franz Josef Land see Frantsa-
Fitzroy river Australia 128 C3 Formosa see Taiwan Iosifa, Zemlya
387
Fraser Island — Gaza Strip
Fraser Island island Australia Fuxin China 110 D3 Gan see Gansu
130 E4 Fujian China prev. Linchuan Gan see Jiangxi
Frauenburg see Saldus 111 D6 Gäncä Azerbaijan Rus.
Fray Bentos Uruguay 44 B5 FYR Macedonia see Macedonia Gyandzha, prev. Kirovabad,
Fredericksburg Virginia, USA Yelisavetpol 99 G2
23 E4 Gand see Gent
Fredericton Canada 21 F4
Frederikshavn Denmark G Gander Canada 21 H3
Gandia Spain 75 F3
67 B7 Ganges river S Asia 116 F4
Fredrikstad Norway 67 B6 Gaalkacyo Somalia 55 E5 Ganges Fan Undersea feature
Freeport The Bahamas 36 C1 Gabès Tunisia 53 E2 Bay of Bengal 122 D3
ww
Freeport Texas, USA 29 G4
Freetown capital of
Sierra Leone 56 C4
Gabon country W Africa 59
Gaborone capital of Botswana
60 D4
Ganges, Mouths of the
wetlands Bangladesh/India
117 G4
77 B6
w
Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
.Ea
Fremantle Australia 129 B6
French Guiana overseas
Gabrovo Bulgaria 86 D2
Gadsden Alabama, USA 30 D2
Gaeta, Golfo di sea feature
Italy 79 C5
Gangtok India 117 G3
Gansu province China var. Gan,
Kansu 111 B5
Gao Mali 57 E3
America 41
French Polynesia overseas syE
department France, N South Gafsa Tunisia 53 E2
Gagnoa Côte d’Ivoire 56 D5
Gagra Georgia 99 E1
Gaoual Guinea 56 C4
Gaoxiong Taiwan prev.
Kaohsiung 111 D7
collectivity France, Pacific
Ocean 135 E3
French Southern and 131 B6 ngi
Gairdner, Lake lake Australia Gar China var. Shiquanhe
108 A4
n
Galapagos Fracture Zone Garagum Kanaly canal
Antarctic Lands French Turkmenistan prev.
overseas territory Indian
Ocean Fr. Terres Australes
et Antarctiques Françaises
135 F3
Galapagos Islands islands eer
Karakumskiy Kanal 104 C3
Garagum desert Turkmenistan
123 C7
Fresnillo Mexico 32 D1
Ecuador, Pacific Ocean
var. Tortoise Islands, Sp. ing
var. Kara Kum, Karakumy
104 C2
.ne
Fresno California, USA 27 B6 Archipiélago de Colón Garda, Lago di lake Italy
Fobisher Bay see Iqaluit 135 G3 78 B2
Galapagos Rise undersea Gardéz Afghanistan prev.
t
Frome, Lake salt lake Australia
131 B5 feature Pacific Ocean Gardíz105 E4
Frunze see Bishkek 135 G3 Gardíz see Gardéz
Fu-chien see Fujian Gala√i Romania 90 D4 Garissa Kenya 55 C6
Fuerte Olimpo Paraguay Galesburg Illinois, USA 22 B4 Garmo Peak see Communism
44 B1 Galicia region Spain 74 C1 Peak
Fuerteventura island Spain Galilee, Sea of see Tiberias, Lake Garonne river France 73 B5
52 A3 Galle Sri Lanka 115 E4 Garoowe Somalia 55 E5
Fuhkien see Fujian Garoua Cameroon 58 B4
Gallego Rise undersea feature
Fujian province China var. Gary Indiana, USA 22 B3
Pacific Ocean 135 F3
Fu-chien, Fuhkien, Fukien,
Min 111 D6 Gallipoli Italy 79 E5 Gaspé Canada 21 F4
Fukien see Fujian Gällivare Sweden 66 D3 Gastonia North Carolina, USA
Fukui Japan 113 C5 Gallup New Mexico, USA 31 E1
Fukuoka Japan 113 A6 28 C2 Gävle Sweden 67 C5
Fukushima Japan 112 D4 Galveston Texas, USA 29 G4 Gaya India 117 F4
Fulda Germany 77 C5 Galway Ireland 71 A5 Gaza Gaza Strip 101 A6
Fünfkirchen see Pécs Gambia country W Africa 56 Gazandzhyk see Bereket
Fushun China 110 D3 Gambia River Africa 56 C3 Gazanjyk see Bereket
Furnas, Represa de Reservoir Gambier, Îles island group Gaza Strip disputed territory
Brazil 45 E1 French Polynesia 135 E4 SW Asia 101 A6
388
Gaziantep — Grampian Mountains
Gaziantep Turkey prev. Aintab Germany country W Europe Golan Heights disputed
98 D4 76-77 territory SW Asia 100 B4
Gazimaêusa Cyprus var. Gerona see Girona Gold Coast coastal region
Famagusta Gk. Ammochostos Getafe Spain 75 E3 Australia 131 E5
98 C5 Gettysburg Pennsylvania, USA Goldingen see Kuldíga
Gdaúsk Poland Ger. Danzig 23 E4 Golmud China 108 D4
80 C2 Gevgelija Macedonia 83 E6 Goma Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6
Gdingen see Gdynia Ghana country W Africa 57 Gomel’ see Homyel’/Gomel'
Gdynia Poland Ger. Gdingen Ghanzi Botswana 60 C3 Gómez Palacio Mexico 32 D2
80 C2
Ghardaïa Algeria 52 D2 Gonaïves Haiti 36 D3
Gedaref Sudan 54 C4
Gharyán Libya 53 F2 Gonder Ethiopia 54 C4
ww
Geelong Australia 131 C7
Gëkdepe see Gökdepe
Gemena Dem. Rep. Congo
Ghazní Afghanistan 105 E4
Ghent see Gent
Gibraltar overseas territory UK,
Gongola river Nigeria 57 G4
Good Hope, Cape of coastal
feature South Africa 60 C5
59 C5
w
Paraguay 44 A1
.Ea
General Eugenio A. Garay
General Santos Philippines

SW Europe 74 D5
Gibson Desert desert region
Australia 128 C4
Goondiwindi Australia 131 D5
Goose Lake lake W USA 26 B4
Goré Chad 58 C4
syE
Gijón Spain var. Xixón 74 D1 Goré Ethiopia 55 C5
121 F3
Gilbert Islands see Tungaru Gore New Zealand 133 B7
Geneva see Genève
Gilbert River river Australia Gorgán Iran 102 D3
Geneva, Lake lake France/
Switzerland Fr. Lac Léman,
var. Le Léman, Ger. Genfer
130 C3
ngi
Gillette Wyoming, USA 24 C3
Gingin Australia 129 B6
Gorki see Horki
Gor’kiy see Nizhniy Novgorod
n
See 77 A7 Gorlovka see Horlivka
Girin see Jilin
Genève Switzerland Eng.
Geneva 77 A7
Genfer See see Geneva, Lake
Girne Cyprus var. Kyrenia
98 C5 eer Gorontalo Indonesia 121 E4
Gorzów Wielkopolski Poland
Ger. Landsberg 80 B3
Gengen Gol China 109 F1
Genk Belgium 69 D5
Girona Spain var. Gerona 75 G2
Gisborne New Zealand 132 E3
ing
Gospiá Croatia 82 B3
Gosford Australia 131 D6
.ne
Genoa see Genova Giurgiu Romania 90 C5
Gostivar Macedonia 83 D5
Genova Italy see Genoa 78 B3 Gjirokastër Albania 83 D6
Göteborg Sweden 67 B7
Gjøvik Norway 67 B5
Genova, Golfo di sea feature
Italy 78 B3
Gent Belgium Fr. Gand, Eng.
Ghent 69 B5
Glasgow Scotland, UK 70 C4
Gleiwitz see Gliwice
Glendale Arizona, USA 28 B2
t
Gotel Mountains mountain
range Nigeria 57 G4
Gotland island Sweden 67 C7
Gotó-rettó island group Japan
Geok-Tepe see Gökdepe Glendive Montana, USA 24 D2 113 A6
George South Africa 60 D5 Gliwice Poland Ger. Gleiwitz Göttingen Germany 76 C4
George V Land physical region 81 C5 Gouda Netherlands 68 C4
Antarctica 136 C4 Gloucester England, UK 71 D6 Gough Island overseas territory
Georgenburg see Jurbarkas Glubokoye see Hlybokaye UK, Atlantic Ocean 49 D7
George Town capital of Gobi desert China/Mongolia Gouin, Réservoir Reservoir
Cayman Islands 36 B3 108 D3 Canada 20 D4
Georgetown capital of Guyana Godáveri river India Gouré Niger 57 G3
41 G2 106 B3 115 E1 Governador Valadares Brazil
George Town Malaysia 120 B3 Godoy Cruz Argentina 46 B4 43 G4 45 F1
Georgia country SW Asia Godthåb see Nuuk Govî Altayn Nuruu mountain
99 F2 Godwin Austin, Mount see K2 range Mongolia 109 E3
Georgia state USA 31 E3 Goiânia Brazil 43 F4 Gozo island Malta 79 C7
Gera Germany 76 C4 Gökdepe Turkmenistan prev. Grafton Australia 131 E5
Geraldton Australia 129 A5 Geok-Tepe, prev. Gëkdepe Grampian Mountains mountains
Gereshk Afghanistan 104 D5 104 B3 Scotland, UK 70 C3
389
Granada — Guatemala City
Granada Nicaragua 34 D3 Great Exuma Island island Grenada country West Indies
Granada Spain 75 E4 The Bahamas 36 C2 37 G5
Gran Canaria island Spain Great Falls Montana, USA Grenoble France 73 D5
52 A3 24 B1 Greymouth New Zealand 133 B5
Gran Chaco region C South Great Hungarian Plain plain SE Grey Range mountain range
America 38 C4 44 A2 46 D2 Europe Hung. Alföld 81 D7 Australia 124 B4
Grand Bahama island Great Inagua island Grimsby England, UK 71 E5
The Bahamas 36 C1 The Bahamas 36 D2 Grodno see Hrodna/Grodno
Grand Banks undersea feature Great Khingan Range see Da Groningen Netherlands 68 E1
Atlantic Ocean 48 B3 Hinggan Ling Grønland see Greenland
Grand Canyon valley SW USA Great Lakes, The lakes N Groote Eylandt island Australia
America see Erie, Huron,
ww
28 B1 130 B2
Grande, Rio river Brazil 45 E1 Michigan, Ontario, Superior Grootfontein Namibia 60 C3
Grande, Rio River Mexico/ 17 C5
Grosseto Italy 78 B4
w
USA 17 B6
Grande Comore island
Comoros 61 F2
.Ea
Grande Prairie Canada 19 E4
Great Nicobar island India
115 H3
Great Plain of China region
China 106 E2
Grosskanizsa see Nagykanizsa
Groznyy Russian Federation
93 B7 96 A4
Grudziàdz Poland Ger.
region Algeria 52 D2
Grand Erg Oriental desertsyE
Grand Erg Occidental desert Great Plains region N America
16-17 C5
Great Rift Valley valley E
Graudenz 80 C3
Grünberg in Schlesien see
Zielona Góra
region Algeria/Tunisia 53 E3
Grand Falls Canada 21 G3
ngi
Africa/SW Asia 55 C6
Great Salt Desert see Kavír,
Dasht-e
Guadalajara Mexico 32 D4
Guadalcanal island Solomon
n
Grand Forks North Dakota, Islands 124 C3
USA 25 E1 Great Salt Lake salt lake Utah,
Grand Junction Colorado, USA
24 C4
USA 24 B3
eer
Great Sand Sea desert region
Guadalquivir river Spain 74 D4
Guadeloupe overseas
department France, West
Grand Rapids Michigan, USA
22 C3
Egypt/Libya 53 H3
Great Sandy Desert desert
Australia 128 C4 ing
Indies 37 G4
Guadiana river Portugal/Spain
Graudenz see Grudziàdz
Graz Austria 77 E7
Great Abaco island
Great Sandy Desert see Ar
Rub‘ al Khali
74 C4
.ne
Gualeguaychú Argentina 46 D4
Guam unincorporated territory
The Bahamas 36 C1
Great Ararat see Ararat, Mount
Great Australian Bight sea
feature Australia 129 D6
Great Slave Lake lake Canada
19 E4
Great Victoria Desert desert
Australia 129 C5
t
USA, Pacific Ocean 126 B1
Guanare Venezuela 40 D1
Guanare river Venezuela 40 D2
Guangdong province China var.
Great Barrier Island island Greece country SE Europe Kuang-tung, Kwangtung,
N NZ 132 D2 86-87 Yue 111 C6
Great Barrier Reef coral reef Green Bay Wisconsin, USA 22 B2 Guangxi autonomous region
Coral Sea 130 C4 Greenland external territory China var. Kwangsi 111 B6
Great Basin region USA 26 D4 Denmark, Atlantic Ocean var. Guangzhou China Eng. Canton
Grønland 64 111 C6
Great Bear Lake lake Canada
19 E3 Greenland Sea Atlantic Ocean Guantánamo Cuba 36 D3
65 F2 Guaporé River Bolivia/Brazil
Great Dividing Range
mountain range Australia Greenock Scotland, UK 70 C4 32 D3
130-131 Greensboro North Carolina, Guarapuava Brazil 44 D3
Great Exhibition Bay inlet New USA 31 F1 Guatemala country Central
Zealand132 C1 Greenville South Carolina, USA America 34
Great Wall of China ancient 31 E2 Guatemala Basin undersea
monument China 110 C4 Greifswald Germany 76 D2 feature Pacific Ocean 135 G3
Greater Antilles island group Gregory Range mountain Guatemala City capital of
West Indies 36 C3 range Australia 130 C3 Guatemala 34 B2
390
Guaviare — Har Us Nuur
Guaviare river Colombia 40 D3 Gyumri Armenia Rus. Kumayri, Halmahera, Pulau island
Guayaquil Ecuador 40 A4 prev. Leninakan, Indonesia 121 F3
Guayaquil, Golfo do sea Aleksandropol’99 F2 Halmahera Sea Sea Indonesia
feature Ecuador/Peru 40 A5 Gyzylarbat see Serdar 121 F4
Guernsey British Crown Halmstad Sweden 67 B7
Dependency Channel Islands Ha Long Vietnam prev. Hông
71 D8
Güney Dogu Toroslar mountain H Gai 118 E3
Hamada Japan 113 B5
range SE Turkey 99 F3 Hamadán Iran 102 C3
Guiana Highlands upland Ha‘apai Group islands Tonga Íamáh Syria 100 B3
N South America 38 C2 127 F5 Hamamatsu Japan 113 C5
Haapsalu Estonia Ger. Hapsal
ww
Guider Cameroon 58 B4
Guimarães Portugal 74 C2
Guinea country W Africa 56
88 C2
Haarlem Netherlands
68 C3
Hamar Norway 67 B5
Hamburg Germany 76 C3
Hämeenlinna Finland 67 D5
w
Guinea, Gulf of sea feature
Guinea-Bissau country
W Africa 56 .Ea
Haast New Zealand 133 B6
Hachijó-jima island Japan
113 D5
HaMela¡, Yam see Dead Sea
Hamersley Range mountain
range Australia 128 B4
Hamhûng North Korea 110 E4
Guiyang China 111 B6
Guizhou province China var.
Kuei-chou, Kweichow, Qian
syE Hachinohe Japan 112 D3
Hadejia river Nigeria
57 G3
Hami China 108 C3
Hamilton Canada 20 D5
Hamilton New Zealand 132 D3
111 B6
Gujarát state India 116 C4 ngi
Íaçramawt Mountain range
Yemen 103 C7
Hagåtña Guam 126 B1
Hamm Germany 76 B4
Hammerfest Norway 66 D2
Gujránwála Pakistan
116 C2
Gujrát Pakistan 116 C2 n
Hague, The see ’s-Gravenhage
Haibowan see Wuhai
Haicheng China 110 D4 eer
Handan China 110 C4
HaNegev desert region Israel
Eng. Negev 101 A6
Gulf, The sea feature Arabian
Sea var. Persian Gulf
122 B2
Haifa see Hefa
Íá’il Saudi Arabia 102 B4 ing
Hangayn Nuruu mountain
range Mongolia 108 D2
Hangzhou China 111 D5
Gulfport Mississippi, USA 30 C3
Gulu Uganda 55 B6
Hailar see Hulun Buir
Hainan island China var.
Hainan Dao 106 D3 111 C8 .ne
Hannover Germany Eng.
Hanover 76 B4
Gumbinnen see Gusev
Gunnbjørn Fjeld
mountain Greenland 64 D4
Guri, Embalse de Reservoir
Hainan province China var.
Qiong 111 C7
Hainan Dao see Hainan Dao
118 D3
t
Hanoi capital of Vietnam
Hanover see Hannover

Hanzhong China 111 B5
Venezuela 41 E2 Hai Phong Vietnam 118 D3 Hapsal see Haapsalu
Gusau Nigeria 57 F3 Haiti country West Indies 36 Íaraç Yemen 103 C5
Gusev Kaliningrad, Russian Hajdarken see Khaydarkan Harare capital of Zimbabwe
Federation prev. Gumbinnen Hakodate Japan 112 D3 61 E3
88 B4 Íalab Syria 100 B2 Harbin China 110 E3
Gushgy see Serhetabat Hala'ib Triangle disputed Hargeysa Somalia 55 D5
Guwáháti India 117 G3 region NE Africa 54 C3 Hari river Indonesia 120 B4
Guyana country NE South Íaláníyát, Juzur al Island Harírúd river C Asia 104 D4
America 41 group Oman 103 D6 Harper Liberia 56 D5
Gwalior India 116 D3 Halden Norway 67 B6 Harrisburg Pennsylvania, USA
Gwangju South Korea prev. Halfmoon Bay New Zealand 23 E4
Kwangju 111 E4 133 A7 Harstad Norway 66 C2
Gyandzha see Gäncä Halifax Canada 21 F4 Hartford Connecticut, USA
Gyangzê China 108 C5 Halle Germany 76 C4 23 G3
Györ Hungary Ger. Raab Hallein Austria 77 D7 Har Us Nuur lake Mongolia
81 C6 Halls Creek Australia 128 D3 108 C2
391
Hasselt — Hövsgöl Nuur
Hasselt Belgium 69 D5 Hei-lung-chiang see Hoek van Holland Netherlands

Hastings New Zealand 132 E4 Heilongjiang 68 B4
Hastings Nebraska, USA 24 E4 Helena Montana, USA 24 B2 Hoggar see Ahaggar
Hatay see Antakya Hells Canyon valley Idaho/ Hohe Tauern mountain range
Oregon USA 26 C3 Austria 77 C7
Hatteras, Cape coastal feature
Helmand river Afghanistan Hohhot China 109 F3
North Carolina, USA 31 G1
104 C5 Hokitika New Zealand 133 B5
Hattiesburg Mississippi, USA
Helmond Netherlands 69 D5 Hokkaidó island Japan 112 D2
30 C3
Helsingborg Sweden 67 B7 Holguín Cuba 36 C2
Hat Yai Thailand 119 C7
Helsinki capital of Finland Holland see Netherlands
Haugesund Norway 67 A6 67 D6
Hauraki Gulf gulf New Zealand Hollabrunn Austria 77 E6
Henan province China var.
ww
132 D2
Havana capital of Cuba Sp. La
Habana 36 B2
Honan, Yu 111 C5
Hengduan Shan mountain
range China 111 A6
Holon Israel 101 A5
Holyhead Wales, UK 71 C5
Hombori Mopti, Mali 57 E3
31 G1 w
Havelock North Carolina, USA
.Ea
Havre Montana, USA 24 C1
Havre-Saint-Pierre Canada
Hengelo Netherlands 68 E3
Hengyang China 111 C6
Henzada see Hinthada
Homyel’/Gomel’ Belarus Rus.
Gomel’ 89 E7
Honan see Henan
Honduras country Central
syE
Herát Afghanistan 104 C4
21 F3 Hermansverk Norway America 34-35
Hawaii state USA 135 E2 67 A5 Honduras, Gulf of sea feature
Caribbean Sea 34 C2
ngi
Hawai'ian Islands islands USA Hermosillo Mexico 32 B2
125 F1 Herning Denmark 67 A7 Hønefoss Norway 67 B6
Hawai'ian Ridge undersea Heywood Islands island group Hông Gai see Ha Long
feature Pacific Ocean 134 D2
Hawera New Zealand 132 D4
Hawke Bay bay New Zealand
n
Australia 128 C3
eer
Hiiumaa island Estonia Ger.
Dagden, Swed. Dagö 88 C2
Hong Kong special
administrative region
China, E Asia 111 C6
132 E4
Hawlér see Arbíl
Hawthorne Nevada, USA 27 C6
Hildesheim Germany 76 C4
Hilversum Netherlands 68 C3
Himalayas mountain range S ing
Honiara capital of Solomon
Islands 126 C3
Honshú island Japan 112 D3
Hay River Canada 19 E4
Hays Kansas, USA 25 E4
Asia 106 B2
Himora Ethiopia 54 C4 .ne
Hoorn Netherlands 68 C2
Hopa Turkey 99 E2
Hazar Turkmenistan prev.
Cheleken 104 A2
Heard & McDonald Islands
islands Indian Ocean 123 C7
Íim§ Syria 100 B3
Hinchinbrook Island island
Australia 130 D3
Hindu Kush mountain range
t
Hopedale Canada 21 F2
Hopeh see Hebei
Hopei see Hebei
Hopkinsville Kentucky, USA
Hebei province China var. C Asia 105 E4 22 B5
Hopeh, Hopei, Ji; prev. Chihli Hinthada Myanmar prev. Horki Belarus Rus. Gorki 89 E5
110 C4 Henzada 118 A4 Horlivka Ukraine Rus. Gorlovka
Hebron West Bank var. Hiroshima Japan 113 B5 90 G3
Al Khalíl, El Khalil, Heb. Hitachi Japan 112 D4 Horn, Cape see Hornos, Cabo
⁄evron 101 D7 Hjørring Denmark 67 A7 Hornos, Cabo Eng Cape Horn
Heerenveen Netherlands 68 D2 Hlybokaye Belarus Rus. coastal feature Chile 47 C8
Heerlen Netherlands 69 D6 Glubokoye 89 D5 Horsham Australia 131 C7
Hefa Israel prev. Haifa 101 A5 Hobart Tasmania 131 C8 Hospitalet see L’Hospitalet de
Hefei China 111 D5 Hobbs New Mexico, USA 29 E3 Llobregat
Hei see Heilongjiang Hô Chi Minh Vietnam var. Ho Hot Springs Arkansas, USA
Heidelberg Germany 77 B5 Chi Minh City, prev. Saigon 30 B2
Heilbronn Germany 77 B5 119 E6 Houston Texas, USA 29 G4
Heilongjiang province China Ho Chi Minh City see Hô Chi Hovd Mongolia 108 C2
var. Hei, Hei-lung-chiang Minh Hövsgöl Nuur lake Mongolia
110 E3 Hodeida see Al Íudaydah 108 D1
392
Hradec Králové — Invercargill
Hradec Králové Czech Republic Hyderábád India 114 D1, Iligan Philippines 121 F2
Ger. Königgrätz 81 B5 116 B3 Illapel Chile 46 B3
Hrodna/Grodno Belarus Rus. Hyères, Îles d’ islands France Illinois state USA 22 B4
Grodno 89 B5 73 D6 Iloilo Philippines 121 E2
Huacho Peru 42 A3 Ilorin Nigeria 57 F4
Huainan China 111 D5 ƒluh see Batman
Huambo Angola 60 B2
Huancayo Peru 42 B3
I Imatra Finland 67 E5
Imperatriz Brazil 43 F2
Huang He river China Eng. Impfondo Congo 59 C5
Yellow River 110 C4 Ia§i Romania 90 D3
Ibadan Nigeria 57 F4 Imphál India 117 H4
Huánuco Peru 42 B3
Ibagué Colombia 40 B3 Independence Missouri, USA
ww
Huaraz Peru 42 B3
Hubei province China 111 C5
Hubli India 114 C2
Ibarra Ecuador 40 A4
Iberian Peninsula peninsula
25 F4
India country S Asia 114-115,
116-117
w
Hudson river NE USA 23 F3
Hudson Bay sea feature
Canada 16 C4
.Ea
Hudson Strait sea feature
SW Europe 84 B3
Ibérico, Sistema Mountain
range Spain 75 F2
Ibiza island Spain Cat. Eivissa
Indian Ocean 122-123
Indiana state USA 22 C4
Indianapolis Indiana, USA
syE 75 G4 22 C4
Canada 19 H3 Indigirka river Russian
Ica Peru 42 B4
Huê Vietnam 118 E4 Federation 95 F2
ƒçel see Mersin
Huehuetenango Guatemala
34 B2
Huelva Spain 74 C4
65 E4
ngi
Iceland country Atlantic Ocean Indonesia country SE Asia
120-121
Indonesian Borneo see
n
Idaho state USA 26
Huesca Spain 75 F2 Kalimantan
Hughenden Australia 130 C4
Hull see Kingston upon Hull
Idfú Egypt 54 B2
Idlib Syria 100 B2 eer
Idaho Falls Idaho, USA 26 E3 Indore India 116 D4
Indus river S Asia 116 C1
Hulun Buir China var. Hailar
109 F1
Hulun Nur lake China 109 F1
Ieper Belgium Fr. Ypres 69 A6
Ifôghas, Adrar des upland Mali ing
Indus Cone see. Indus Fan
Indus Fan var. Indus Cone.
Undersea feature Arabian
Humboldt river W USA 27 C5
Hunan province China var.
var. Adrar des Iforas 57 F2
Iforas, Adrar des see Ifôghas,
.ne
Sea 122 B3
Indus, Mouths of the wetlands
Xiang 111 C6
Hungarian Plain plain C Europe
85 E2
Hungary country C Europe 81
Adrar des
Iglau see Jihlava
Iglesias Italy 79 A5
Iguaçu River Argentina/Brazil
t
Pakistan 116 B4
Ingolstadt Germany 77 C6
Inguri see Enguri
Inhambane Mozambique 61 E4
Huntington Beach California, 44 C3 Inn river C Europe 77 D6
USA 27 C8 Iguîdi, ‘Erg desert Algeria/ Innaanganeq headland
Huntington West Virginia, USA Mauritania 56 D1 Greenland 64 C1
22 D5 Ihavananthapuram island Inner Islands islands Seychelles
Huntsville Alabama, USA 30 D2 Maldives 114 C4 61 H1
Hurghada Egypt 54 B2 Ihosy Madagascar 61 G4 Inner Mongolia autonomous
Huron, Lake lake Canada/USA Iisalmi Finland 66 E4 region China 109 F3
22 D2 IJssel river Netherlands 68 D3 Innsbruck Austria 77 C7
Hurunui river New Zealand IJsselmeer lake Netherlands I-n-Sâkâne, Erg Desert Mali
133 C5 prev. Zuider Zee 68 D2 57 E2
Húsavík Iceland 65 E4 Ikaría island Greece 87 D5 I-n-Salah Algeria 52 D3
Huvadhu Atoll island Maldives Iki island Japan 113 A6 Insein Myanmar 118 B4
114 C5 Ilagan Philippines 121 E1 Inukjuak Canada prev. Port
Hvar island Croatia 82 B4 Ilebo Dem. Rep. Congo 59 C6 Harrison 20 D2
Hyargas Nuur lake Mongolia Ili River China/Kazakhstan Inuvik Canada 19 E3
108 D2 94 D3 Invercargill New Zealand 133 A7
393
Inverness — Jena
Inverness Scotland, UK 70 C3 ƒsparta Turkey 98 B4 Jajce Bosnia & Herzegovina

Investigator Ridge undersea Israel country SW Asia 82 C4
feature Indian Ocean 122 D4 100-101 Jakarta capital of Indonesia
Ioánnina Greece 86 A4 Issyk-Kul, Ozero lake 120 C5
Iónia Nisiá island group Greece Kyrgyzstan 105 G2 Jakobstad Finland 66 D4
Eng. Ionian Islands 87 A5 ƒstanbul Turkey var. Stambul, Jakobstadt see Jékabpils
Ionian Islands see Iónia Nisiá prev. Constantinople, Jalálábád Afghanistan 105 E4
Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea Byzantium, Bul. Tsarigrad Jalal-Abad see Dzhalal-Abad
87 A6 98 B2 Jalandhar India 116 D2
Íos island Greece 87 D6 ƒstanbul Boêazi see Bosporus Jalapa see Xalapa
Iowa state USA 25 F3 Itabuna Brazil 43 G4 Jamaame Somalia 55 D6
ww
Ipoh Malaysia 120 B3
Ipswich England, UK 71 E6
Iqaluit Canada prev. Frobisher
Itagüí Colombia 40 B2
Italy country S Europe 78-79
Ittoqqortoormiit Greenland
Jamaica country West Indies 36
Jamálpur Bangladesh 117 G4
Jambi Indonesia 120 B4
w
Bay 19 H3
Iquique Chile 46 B1
Iquitos Peru 42 B2
.Ea
65 E3
Iturup island Japan/Russian
Federation (disputed) 112 E1
Ivanhoe Australia 131 C6
James Bay sea feature Canada
20 C4
Jammu & Kashmir disputed
region India/Pakistan 116 D2
Irákleio Greece 87 D7
syE
Iran country SW Asia 102-103
Iranian Plateau upland Iran
Ivano-Frankivs’k Ukraine 90 C2
Ivanovo Russian Federation
92 B4
Jámnagar India 116 B4
Jan Mayen external territory
Norway, Arctic Ocean 65 F3
102 D4
Iraq country SW Asia 102
Irbid Jordan 101 B5 ngi
Ivittuut Greenland 64 B4
Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire
Japan country E Asia 112-113
Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean
Ireland country W Europe 70-71

Irian Jaya see Papua
Irish Sea British Isles 71 C5
n
Ivujivik Canada 20 D1
Iwaki Japan 112 D4
eer
Izabal, Lago de lake Guatemala
112 B3
Jarvis Island unincorporated
territory USA, Pacific Ocean
125 F2
Irkutsk Russian Federation
97 E4
34 C2
Izhevsk Russian Federation
93 C5 96 B3 ing
Java see Jawa
Java Sea Pacific Ocean var.
Iron Mountain Michigan, USA
22 B2
ƒzmir Turkey prev. Smyrna
98 A3 .ne
Laut Jawa 122 D4
Java Trench undersea feature
Indian Ocean 122 D4
t
Ironwood Michigan, USA 22 B1 ƒzmit Turkey var. Kocaeli 98 B2
Irrawaddy river Myanmar Jawa island Indonesia var. Java
Izu-shotó island group Japan 120 C5
118 B2 113 D6
Irrawaddy, Mouths of the Jawa, Laut see Java Sea
wetlands Myanmar 118 A4 Jayapura Indonesia 121 H4
Irtysh River Asia 94 C3 Jaz Múríán, Hámún-e lake Iran
Iruña see Pamplona
Ishim River Kazakhstan/Russian
J 102 E4
Jedda see Jiddah
Federation 94 C3 Jabal ash Shifá desert Saudi Jefferson City Missouri, USA
Arabia 102 A4 25 G4
Isiro Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E5
Jeju-do island South Korea
ƒskenderun Turkey Eng. Jabalpur India 116 E4
prev. Cheju-do 111 E5
Alexandretta 98 D4 Jackson Mississippi, USA 30 C2
Jeju Strait sea feature South
Iskûr river Bulgaria 86 C1 Jacksonville Florida, USA 31 E3 Korea prev. Cheju Strait
Iskûr, Yazovir Reservoir Jacksonville Texas, USA 29 G3 111 E5
Bulgaria 86 C2 Jacmel Haiti 36 D3 Jékabpils Latvia Ger.
Islay island Scotland, UK 70 B4 Jaén Spain 75 E4 Jakobstadt 88 C4
Islámábád capital of Pakistan Jaffna Sri Lanka 115 E3 Jelgava Latvia Ger. Mitau
116 C1 Jagdaqi China 109 G1 88 C3
Ismaila see Al Ismá‘ílíya Jiangxi province China 111 C6 Jember Indonesia 120 D5
Isná Egypt 54 B2 Jaipur India 116 D3 Jena Germany 76 C4
394
Jenín — Kalinkavichy
Jenín var. Janín, Jinín; anc. Joliet Illinois, USA 22 B3 Kábol see Kabul
Engannim. West Bank 101 D6 Jönköping Sweden 67 B7 Kabul capital of Afghanistan
Jérémie Haiti 36 D3 Jonquière Canada 21 E4 Per. Kabol 105 E4
Jerevan see Yerevan Jordan country SW Asia Kachch, Gulf of sea feature
Jericho West Bank 101 B5 100-101 Arabian Sea 116 B4
Jerid, Chott el salt lake Africa Jordan river SW Asia 101 B5 Kachch, Rann of wetland India/
84 D4 Joseph Bonaparte Gulf gulf Pakistan var. Rann of Kutch
Jersey British Crown Australia 128 D2 116 B4
Dependency Channel Islands Jos Plateau upland Nigeria Kadugli Sudan 54 B4
71 D8 57 G4 Kaduna Nigeria 57 G4
Jerusalem capital of Israel Juan Fernandez, Islas islands Kaédi Mauritania 56 C3
ww
101 B5
Jhelum Pakistan 116 C2
Ji see Hebei
Chile 46 A4
Juàzeiro Brazil 43 G3
Juàzeiro do Norte Brazil 43 G3
Kâgheœ Physical region
Mauritania 56 D1
Kagoshima Japan 113 A6
w
Ji see Jilin
Jiangsu province China var.
Chiang-su, Kiangsu, Su
111 D5 .Ea
Juba capital of South Sudan
55 B5
Júcar river Spain 75 E3
Judenburg Austria 77 D7
Kahramanmara§ Turkey var.
Marash, Mara§ 98 D4
Kai, Kepulauan island group
Indonesia 121 G4
Jiangxi province China var.
Chiang-hsi, Gan, Kiangsi
111 C6 syE Juigalpa Nicaragua 34 D3
Juiz de Fora Brazil 43 G5 45 F2
Juneau Alaska, USA 18 D4
Kaifeng China 111 C5
Kaikohe New Zealand 132 C2
Kaikoura New Zealand 133 C5
Jiaxing Zhejiang, China 111 D5
Jibuti see Djibouti
Jiddah Saudi Arabia Eng. Jedda 108 C2 ngi
Junggar Pendi desert China Kainji Reservoir Reservoir
Nigeria 57 F4
103 A5
Jiftlik Post West Bank 101 D7
Jihlava Czech Republic Ger.
n
Junín Argentina 46 D4
Jura mountains France/
Switzerland 77 A7
eer
Kairouan Tunisia 53 E1
Kaiserslautern Germany 77 B5
Kaitaia New Zealand 132 C2
Iglau 81 B5
Jilin province China var. Chi-lin,
Jura island Scotland, UK 70 B4
Jurbarkas Lithuania Ger.
Jurburg, var. Georgenburg ing
Kajaani Finland 66 E4
Kaka Turkmenistan prev.
Kaakhka, var. Kaachka 104 C3
.ne
Girin, Ji, Kirin 110 E3
88 B4 Kakhovka Ukraine 91 F4
Jilin China 110 E3
Jurburg see Jurbarkas Kakhovs’ka Vodoskhovyshche
Jíma Ethiopia 55 C5
Jin see Shanxi
Jinan China 111 C4
Jingdezhen China 111 D5
Jinhua China 111 D5
Juruá river Brazil/Peru 42 C2
Juticalpa Honduras 34 D2
Jutland see Jylland
Juventud, Isla de la island
t
Reservoir Ukraine 91 F3
Kalahari Desert desert
southern Africa 60 C4
Kalamariá Greece 86 C3
Cuba 36 B2 Kalámata Greece 87 B6
Jining see Ulan Qab
Jylland peninsula Denmark Kalát see Qalát
Jinotega Nicaragua 34 D3
Eng. Jutland 67 A7 Kalbarri Australia 129 A5
Jinsha Jiang river China 108 D5
Jyväskylä Finland 67 D5 Kalemie Dem. Rep. Congo
Jinzhou China 110 D4
59 E7
Jízán Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Kalgoorlie Australia 129 C6
João Pessoa Brazil 43 H3
Jodhpur India 116 C3 K Kalimantan geopolitical region
Indonesia Eng. Indonesian
Joensuu Finland 67 E5 Borneo 120 D4
Johannesburg South Africa K2 peak China/Pakistan Kaliningrad external territory
60 D4 Eng. Mount Godwin Austen Russian Federation 96 A2
Johnston Atoll US 116 D1 Kaliningrad Kaliningrad,
unincorporated territory Kaachka see Kaka Russian Federation prev.
Pacific Ocean 125 E1 Kaakhka see Kaka Königsberg 88 A4
Johor Bahru Malaysia 120 C3 Kabale Uganda 55 B6 Kalinkavichy Belarus Rus.
Joinville Brazil 44 D3 Kabinda Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D7 Kalinkovichi 89 D7
395
Kalinkovichi — Kemi
Kalinkovichi see Kalinkavichy Kansas state USA 24-25 Kasai river Dem. Rep. Congo
Kalisch see Kalisz Kansas City Kansas, USA 25 F4 59 C6
Kalispell Montana, USA 24 B1 Kansas City Missouri, USA 25 F4 Kasama Zambia 61 E2
Kalisz Poland Ger. Kalisch Kansk Russian Federation 97 E4 Kaschau see Ko#ice
80 C4 Kansu see Gansu Káshán Iran 102 C3
Kalmar Sweden 67 C7 Kaohsiung see Gaoxiong Kashi China 108 A3
Kalpeni Island island India Kaolack Senegal 56 B3 Kasongo Dem. Rep. Congo
114 C3 Kapfenberg Austria 77 E7 59 E6
Kama river Russian Federation Kaposvár Hungary 81 C7 Kassa see Ko#ice
92 D4 Kapsukas see Marijampolë Kassala Sudan 54 C4
Kamchatka peninsula Russian Kapuas river Indonesia 120 D4 Kassel Germany 76 B4
ww
Federation 97 H3
Kamchiya river Bulgaria 86 E2
Kamina Dem. Rep. Congo
Kara-Balta Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Karabük Turkey 98 C2
Kastamonu Turkey 98 C2
Katanning Australia 129 B6
Kateríni Greece 86 B4
59 D7
w
Kamloops Canada 19 E5
.Ea
Kamishli see Al Qámishlí
Kampala capital of Uganda

Karáchi Pakistan 116 B4
Karaganda see Karagandy
Karagandy Kazakhstan prev.
Karaganda 96 C4
Katha Myanmar 118 B2
Katherine Australia 128 E2
Kathmandu capital of Nepal
117 F3
55 B6
Kâmpóng Cham Cambodia
119 D6
syE Karakol Kyrgyzstan prev.
Przheval’sk 105 G2
Kara Kum see Garagum
Katsina Nigeria 57 G3
Katowice Poland 81 C5
Kauen see Kaunas
Kâmpóng Chhnâng Cambodia
119 D5 ngi
Karakumskiy Kanal see
Garagum Kanaly
Karakumy see Garagum
Kaunas Lithuania Ger. Kauen,
Pol. Kowno, Rus. Kovno
Kâmpóng Saôm see
Sihanoukville
Kâmpôt Cambodia 119 D6 n
Karamay China 108 C2
Karamea Bight gulf New
Zealand 133 C5 eer
88 B4
Kavadarci Macedonia 82 E5
Kavála Greece 86 C3
ing
Kampuchea see Cambodia Kavaratti Island island India
Karasburg Namibia 60 C4 114 C3
Kam’’yanets’-Podil’s’kyy
Ukraine 90 C3 Kara Sea see Karskoye More Kavír, Dasht-e Salt pan Iran
Kananga Dem. Rep. Congo
59 D7
Kardítsa Greece 86 B4
Kariba, Lake lake Zambia/
Zimbabwe 60 D3
102 D3
.ne
Kawasaki Japan 113 D5
Kanazawa Japan 112 C4
Kandahár Afghanistan
var. Qandahár 104 D5
Kandi Benin 57 F4
Karimata, Selat strait Indonesia
120 C4
Karkinits’ka Zatoka sea feature
Black Sea 91 E4
t
Kayan river Indonesia 120 D3
Kayes Mali 56 C3
Kayseri Turkey 98 D3
Kazakhstan country C Asia 96
Kanivs’ke Vodoskhovyshche Kazan’ Russian Federation
Reservoir Ukraine 91 E2 Karl-Marx-Stadt see Chemnitz 96 B3
Kandy Sri Lanka 115 E3 Karlovac Croatia 82 B3 Kazandzhik see Bereket
Kanestron, Ákra see Palioúri, Karlovy Vary Czech Republic Kazanlûk Bulgaria 86 D2
Akrotírio Ger. Karlsbad 81 A5 Kecskemét Hungary 81 D7
Kangaroo Island island Karlsbad see Karlovy Vary Kediri Indonesia 120 D5
Australia 131 B7 Karlskrona Sweden 67 C7 Keetmanshoop Namibia 60 C4
Kangertittivaq region Karlsruhe Germany 77 B5 Kefalloniá island Greece Eng.
Greenland 64 E3 Karlstad Sweden 67 B6 Cephalonia 87 A5
Kangikajik headland Karnátaka state India 114 D1 Keá see Tziá
Greenland 65 E4 Kárpathos island Greece 87 E7 Kelang see Klang
Kanjiªa Serbia 82 D2 Kars Turkey 99 F2 Kelmë Lithuania 88 B4
Kankan Guinea 56 D4 Karshi Uzbekistan prev. Bek- Kelowna Canada 19 E5
Kano Nigeria 57 G4 Budi, Uzb. Qarshi 104 D3 Kemerovo Russian Federation
Kánpur India prev. Cawnpore Karskoye More Arctic Ocean 96 D4
117 E3 Eng. Kara Sea 137 H3 Kemi Finland 66 D4
396
Kemi — Kizyl-Arvat
Kemi river Finland 66 D3 Kheta river Russian Federation King Sound sound Australia
Kemijärvi Finland 66 D3 94 D2 128 C3
Kendari Indonesia 121 E4 Khíos see Chíos Kingsport Tennessee, USA
Këneurgench see Köneürgench Khirbet el ‘Aujá et Tahtá West 31 E1
Bank 101 D6 Kingsville Texas, USA 29 G5
Kénitra Morocco 52 C2
Khmel ’nyts’kyy Ukraine 90 D2 Kingston Canada 20 C5
Kennewick Washington, USA
26 C2 Khodzhent see Khûjand Kingston capital of Jamaica
Khojend see Khûjand 36 C3
Kenora Canada 20 A3
Khokand see Qo’qon Kingston upon Hull England,
Kentucky state USA 22 C5
Kholm see Khulm UK var. Hull 71 E5
Kenya country E Africa 55
Khon Kaen Thailand 118 C4 Kingstown St Vincent & The
Kerala state India 114 D3
ww
Kerch Ukraine 91 G4
Kerguelen island group Indian
Khorog see Khorugh
Khorugh Tajikistan Rus. Khorog
105 F3
Grenadines 36 G4
King William Island island
Canada 19 F3
w
Ocean 123 C7 Kinneret, Yam see Tiberius,
Khouribga Morocco 52 C2
Kerguelen Plateau undersea Lake
Kerki see Atamyrat .Ea

feature Indian Ocean 123 C7 Khudzhand see Khûjand
Khûjand Tajikistan var.
Khodzheut, Khojend, Rus.
Kinshasa capital of Dem. Rep.
Congo prev. Léopoldville
Kérkira see Kérkyra
Kérkyra Greece 86 A4
Kérkyra island Greece prev.
syE Khudzhand prev. Leninabad
105 E2
Khulna Bangladesh 117 G4
59 B6
Kirghizia see Kyrgyzstan
Kiribati country Pacific Ocean
Kérkira, Eng. Corfu 86 A4
Kermadec Islands island group
Pacific Ocean 125 E4
ngi
Khulm Afghanistan prev.
Kholm 105 E3
127
Kirin see Jilin
Kermadec Trench undersea

Kermán Iran var. Kirman
n
Khvoy Iran 102 B3
Kiangsi see Jiangxi
Kiangsu see Jiangsu
Kiâevo Macedonia 83 D5 eer
Kiritimati island Kiribati var.
Christmas Island 127 G2
Kirkenes Norway 66 E2
Kirklareli Turkey 98 A2
102 D4
Kermánsháh Iran prev.
Kiel Germany 76 C2
Kielce Poland 80 D4 ing
Kirksville Missouri, USA 25 F4
Kirkúk Iraq 102 B3
Bákhtarán 102 C3
Kerulen river China/Mongolia
109 E2
Kiev capital of Ukraine
Ukr. Kyyiv 91 E2
.ne
Kirkwall Scotland, UK 70 C2
Kirman see Kermán
Ketchikan Alaska, USA 18 D4
Key West Florida, USA 31 E5
Khabarovsk Russian Federation
Kiffa Mauritania 56 C3
Kigali capital of Rwanda 55 B6
Kigoma Tanzania 55 B7
Kikládhes see Kyklades
92 C4 96 B3
t
Kirov Russian Federation
Kirovabad see Gäncä

Kirovakan see Vanadzor
97 G4 Kikwit Dem. Rep. Congo 59 C6 Kirovohrad Ukraine 91 E3
Khanka, Lake lake China/ Kilimanjaro peak Tanzania
Russian Federation 110 E3 Kiruna Sweden 66 C3
55 C7
Khankendy see Xankändi Kisangani Dem. Rep. Congo
Kilkís Greece 86 B3 prev. Stanleyville 59 D5
Kharkiv Ukraine Rus. Khar’kov Killarney Ireland 71 A6
91 G2 Kishinev see Chi§inâu
Kimberley South Africa 60 D4
Khar’kov see Kharkiv Kismaayo Somalia 55 D6
Kimberley Plateau upland
Khartoum capital of Sudan Kisumu Kenya 55 C6
Australia 128 D3
var. Al Khur√úm 54 B4 Kitakyúshú Japan 113 A5
Kindia Guinea 56 C4
Khásh Iran 102 E4 Kindu Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D6 Kitami Japan 112 D2
Khaskovo Bulgaria 86 D2 King Island island Australia Kitchener Canada 20 C5
Khaydarkan Kyrgyzstan var. 131 C7 Kitwe Zambia 60 D2
Khaydarken, Hajdarken Kingissepp see Kuressaare Kivu, Lake lake Rwanda/Dem.
105 E2 Kingman Reef unincorporated Rep. Congo 55 B6 59 E6
Khaydarken see Khaydarkan territory USA, Pacific Ocean Kızıl Irmak river Turkey 98 C2
Kherson Ukraine 91 E4 125 F2 Kizyl-Arvat see Serdar
397
Kladno — Krasnodar
Kladno Czech Republic 81 A5 Kolyma river Russian Kóriyama Japan 113 D4

Klagenfurt Austria 77 D7 Federation 95 G2 Korla China 108 C3
Klaipëda Lithuania Ger. Memel Kommunizma, Pik see Korosten’ Ukraine 90 D1
88 B4 Communism Peak Kortrijk Belgium 69 A6
Klamath Falls Oregon, USA Komoé river Côte d’Ivoire 57 E4 Kos island Greece 87 E6
26 B4 Komotiní Greece 86 D3 Kosciusko, Mount peak
Khang Malaysia var. Kelang Komsomol’sk-na-Amure Australia 131 D7
120 B2 Russian Federation 97 G4 Ko#ice Slovakia Ger. Kaschau,
Kljuâ Bosnia & Herzegovina Kondoz see Kunduz Hung. Kassa 81 D6
82 B3 Konduz see Kunduz Köslin see Koszalin
Knin Croatia 82 B4
Köneürgench Turkmenistan Kosovo country SE Europe
ww
Knoxville Tennessee, USA prev. Kunya-Urgench, 83 D5
31 E1 prev. Këneurgench 104 C2 Kosovska Mitrovica see
Knud Rasmussen Land region Kong Christian IX Land region Mitrovicë/Mitrovica
w
Greenland 64 D1
Kóbe Japan 113 C5
Koblenz Germany 77 B5
Kobryn Belarus 89 B6 .Ea
Greenland 64 D4
Kong Christian X Land region
Greenland 64 E3
Kong Frederik VI Kyst region
Kosrae island Micronesia 126 C2
Kossou, Lac de lake Côte
d’Ivoire 56 D4
Kostanay Kazakhstan var.
Kocaeli see ƒzmit
Koâani Macedonia 83 E5
Kóchi Japan 113 B6
syE Greenland 64 C4
Kong Frederik VIII Land region
Greenland 64 E2
Kustanay 96 C4
Kostyantynivka Ukraine 91 G3
Koszalin Poland Ger. Köslin
Kochi India see Cochin 114 D3
Kodiak Alaska, USA 18 C3 ngi
Kong Frederik IX Land region
Greenland 64 C3
80 B2
Kota India 116 D4
Kodiak Island island Alaska,
USA 18 C3
Koedoes see Kudus
Kohíma India 117 H3
n
Kong Karls Land island group
Svalbard 65 G2
Kong Oscar Fjord fjord
Greenland 65 E3 eer
Kota Bharu Malaysia 120 B3
Kota Kinabalu Malaysia 120 D3
Kotka Finland 67 E5
Kohtla-Järve Estonia 88 D2
Kokand see Qo’qon
Konia see Konya
Königgrätz see Hradec Králové ing
Kotlas NW Russia 92 C4
Kotuy river Russian Federation
95 E2
Kokchetav Kazakhstan 96 C4
Kokkola Finland 66 D4
Königsberg see Kaliningrad
Konispol Albania 83 D7 .ne
Koudougou Burkina Faso 57 E4
Kourou French Guiana 41 H2
Koko Nor see Qinghai
Koko Nor see Qinghai Hu
Kokshaal-Tau mountain range
Kyrgyzstan 105 G2
Konjic Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C4
Konya Turkey prev. Konia
98 C4
t
Kousséri Cameroon 58 B3
Kouvola Finland 67 E5
Kovel’ Ukraine 90 C1
Kola Peninsula see Kol’skiy Kovno see Kaunas
Kopaonik mountains Serbia
Poluostrov 83 D4 Kowno see Kaunas
Kolguyev, Ostrov island Koper Slovenia 77 D8 Kozáni Greece 86 B4
Russian Federation 92 D2 Kozhikode India see Calicut
Koprivnica Croatia 82 B2
Kolhumadulu Atoll island 114 D2
Maldives 114 C5 Korçë Albania 83 D6
Kra, Isthmus of coastal feature
Kolka Latvia 88 C3 Korâula island Croatia 82 B4
Myanmar/Thailand 119 B6
Kolkata India var. Calcutta Korea Bay bay China/North
Kragujevac Serbia 82 D4
117 F4 Korea 110 D4
Krakau see Kraków
Köln Germany Eng. Cologne Korea Strait sea feature Japan/
South Korea Kraków Poland Eng. Cracow,
76 B4
110-111 E5 Ger. Krakau 81 D5
Kol’skiy Poluostrov peninsula
Russian Federation Korinthiakós Kólpos sea Kralendijk Bonaire 37 E5
Eng. Kola Peninsula feature Greece Eng. Gulf of Kraljevo Serbia 82 D4
63 F1 92 C2 Corinth 87 B5 Kranj Slovenia 77 D7
Kolwezi Dem. Rep. Congo Kórinthos Greece Eng. Corinth Krasnodar Russian Federation
59 D8 87 B5 93 A6
398
Krasnovodsk — La Coruña
Krasnovodsk see Türkmenba§y Kullorsuaq Greenland 64 C2 Kutaisi Georgia 99 F2

Krasnoyarsk Russian Kûlob Tajikistan Rus. Kulyab Kutch, Rann of see Kachch,
Federation 96 D4 105 E3 Rann of
Krasnyy Luch Ukraine 91 H3 Kulyab see Kûlob Kuujjuaq Canada 21 E2
Kremenchuk Ukraine 91 F2 Kum see Qom Kuujjuarapik Canada prev.
Kremenchuts’ke Kuma river Russian Federation Poste-de-la-Baleine 20 D2
Vodoskhovyshche Reservoir 93 B7 Kuusamo Finland 66 E3
Ukraine 91 E2 Kumamoto Japan 113 B6 Kuwait country SW Asia 102 C4
Krems an der Donau Austria Kumanovo Macedonia 83 E5 Kuwait City capital of Kuwait
77 E6 Kumasi Ghana 57 E5 102 C4
Kretinga Lithuania Ger. Kumayri see Gyumri 99 F2 Kuytun China 108 C2
ww
Krottingen 88 B3
Krichev see Krychaw
Krishna river India 114 C1
Kumo Nigeria 57 G4
Kumon Range mountain range
Myanmar 118 B1
Kvitøya island Svalbard 65 G1
Kwangju see Gwangju
Kwango river Dem. Rep.
w
Kristiansand Norway 67 A6
.Ea
Kristianstad Sweden 67 B7
Kríti island Greece Eng. Crete
87 C7
Kunashir island Japan/Russian
Federation (disputed) 112 E1
Kunduz Afghanistan var.
Kondoz, Konduz, Qondúz
Congo 59 C7
Kwangtung see Guangdong
Kweichow see Guizhou
Kykládes island group Greece
Kritikó Pélagos see
Crete, Sea of
Krivoy Rog see Kryvyy Rih
syE 105 E3
Kunja-Urgenâ see Köneürgench
Kunlun Mountains see Kunlun
prev. Kikládhes, Eng.
Cyclades 87 D6
Kyrenia see Girne
Krk island Croatia 82 A3
Kroonstad South Africa 60 D4
Shan
ngi
Kunlun Shan mountain range
China Eng. Kunlun
Kyrgyzstan country C Asia var.
Kirghizia 105
Krottingen see Kretinga
Krung Thep see Bangkok
Kru#evac Serbia 83 E4
n
Mountains 106 B4
Kunming China 111 B6
Kununurra Australia 128 D3 eer
Kÿthira island Greece 87 B6
Kyushu-Palau Ridge undersea
Kyyiv see Kiev
Kru#né Hory see Erzgebirge
Krychaw Belarus Rus. Krichev
89 E6
Kupang Indonesia 120 E5
Kür see Kura
ing
Kyyivs’ke Vodoskhovyshche
Reservoir Ukraine 91 E1
.ne
Kura river Azerbaijan/Georgia
Kryms’kyy Pivostriv peninsula Az. Kür 99 G2 Kyóto Japan 113 C5
Ukraine var. Crimea 90 F4 Kurashiki Japan 113 B5 Kyúshú island Japan 113 B6
Kryvyy Rih Ukraine Rus. Krivoy
Rog 91 E3
Kuala Lumpur capital of
Kurdistan region Turkey 99 F4
Küre Daêları mountains Turkey
98 C2
t
Kyzylorda Kazakhstan 96 B5
Malaysia 120 B3
Kuala Terengganu Malaysia
Kuressaare Estonia prev.
Kingissepp, Ger. Arensburg L
120 B3 88 C2
Kuang-tung see Guangdong Kurgan–Tyube see Laâyoune Western Sahara 52 B3
Kuantan Malaysia 120 C3 Qûrghonteppa Labé Guinea 56 C4
Kuba see Quba Kuril Islands islands var. Kurile Laborca see Laborec
Kuching Malaysia 120 C3 Islands Pacific Ocean 112 E1 Laborec river Slovakia Hung.
Kuçovë Albania prev. Qyteti Kurile Islands see Kuril Islands Laborca 81 E5
Stalin 83 D6 Kuril Trench undersea feature Labrador region Canada 21 F2
Kudus Indonesia prev. Koedoes Pacific Ocean 134 C2 Labrador Sea Atlantic Ocean
120 D5 Kurnool India 114 D2 64 B5
Kuei-chou see China Guizhou Kushiro Japan 112 E2 Laccadive Islands see
Kugluktuk Canada prev. Kushka see Serhetabat Lakshadweep
Coppermine 19 E3 Kustanay see Kostanay La Ceiba Honduras 34 D2
Kuito Angola 60 C2 Kütahya Turkey prev. Kutaiah Lachlan River river Australia
Kuldíga Latvia Ger. Goldingen 98 B3 131 C6
88 B3 Kutaiah see Kütahya La Coruña see A Coruña
399
La Crosse — Leshan
La Crosse Wisconsin, USA Lanzhou China 110 B4 Laylá Saudi Arabia 103 C5
22 A2 Laon France 72 D3 Lazarev Sea sea Antarctica
Ladoga, Lake see Ladozhskoye La Oroya Peru 42 B3 136 B2
Ozero Laos country SE Asia 118 Lebanon country SW Asia
Ladozhskoye Ozero lake La Palma island Spain 52 A3 100-101
Russian Federation Eng. Lake La Paz legislative & Lebu Chile 47 B5
Ladoga 92 B3 administrative capital of Lecce Italy 79 E5
Ladysmith Wisconsin, USA Bolivia 42 C4 Leduc Canada 19 E5
22 A2 La Paz Mexico 32 B3 Leeds England, UK 71 D5
Lae Papua New Guinea 126 B3 La Pérouse Strait sea feature Leeuwarden Netherlands 68 D1
La Esperanza Honduras 34 C2 Japan 112 D1 Leeward Islands see Sotavento,
ww
Lafayette Louisiana, USA 30 B3
Laghouat Algeria 52 D2
Lagos Nigeria 57 F5
Lapland region N Europe 66 C3
La Plata Argentina 46 D4
Lappeenranta Finland 67 E5
Ilhas de
Lefkáda island Greece prev.
Levkás 87 A5
w
Lagos Portugal 74 C4
.Ea
Lagouira Western Sahara 52 A4
La Grande Oregon, USA 26 C3
La Habana see Havana
Laptev Sea see
Laptevykh, More
Laptevykh, More Arctic Ocean
Eng. Laptev Sea 97 F2
Lefko§a see Nicosia
Lefkosia see Nicosia
Legaspi see Legazpi City
syE L’Aquila Italy 78 C4 Legazpi City Philippines var.

Lahore Pakistan 116 C2 Legaspi 120 E2
Laramie Wyoming, USA 24 C4
Laï Chad 58 C4 Legnica Poland Ger. Liegnitz
Laredo Texas, USA 29 F5
ngi
Laila see Laylá 80 B4
La Rioja Argentina 46 C3
Lajes Brazil 44 D3 Le Havre France 72 B3
Lárisa Greece 86 B4
Lake Charles Louisiana, USA Leicester England, UK 71 D6
30 B3
Lake District region England,
UK 71 C5
n
Lárkána Pakistan 116 B3
Larnax 98 C5
Larnaka see Larnaca eer
Larnaca Cyprus var. Larnaka,
Leiden Netherlands 68 C3
Leipzig Germany 76 D4
Lek river Netherlands 68 C4
Lakewood Colorado, USA
24 D4
Larnax see Larnaca
La Rochelle France 72 B4 ing
Le Léman see Geneva, Lake
Lelystad Netherlands 68 D3
.ne
Lakshadweep island group Léman, Lac see Geneva, Lake
India Eng. Laccadive Islands La Roche-sur-Yon France 72 B4
La Romana Dominican Republic Le Mans France 72 B4
114 B2
La Ligua Chile 46 B4
La Louvière Belgium 69 B6
Lambaré Paraguay 44 B3
Lambaréné Gabon 59 B6
36 E3
Las Cruces New Mexico, USA
28 D3
Las Piedras Uruguay 44 C5
t
Lemesos see Limassol
Lemnos see Límnos
Lena river Russian Federation
97 F3
La Serena Chile 46 B3 Leninabad see Khûjand
Lamía Greece 86 B4 La Spezia Italy 78 B3 Leninakan see Gyumri
Lancaster England, UK 71 D5 Las Tablas Panama 35 F5 Leningrad see St Petersburg
Lancaster California, USA 27 C7 Las Vegas Nevada, USA 27 D7 Leninsk see Türkmenabat
Lancaster Sound sea feature Latakia see Al Ládhiqíyah Lenkoran’ see Länkäran
Canada 19 F2 Latvia country NE Europe 88 León Mexico 33 E4
Landsberg see Gorzów Launceston Tasmania 131 C8
Wielkopolski León Nicaragua 34 C3
Laurentian Basin see Canada León Spain 74 D1
Land’s End coastal feature Basin
England, UK 71 C7 Léopoldville see Kinshasa
Laurentian Mountains upland
Landshut Germany 77 D6 Canada 16 D4 Lepel’ see Lyepyel’
Lang Sòn Vietnam 118 D3 Lausanne Switzerland 77 A7 Le Puy France 73 C5
Länkäran Azerbaijan Rus. Laut, Pulau prev. Laoet. Island Lérida see Lleida
Lenkoran’ 99 H3 Indonesia 120 D4 Lerwick Scotland, UK 70 D1
Lansing Michigan, USA 22 C3 Laval France 72 B4 Lesbos see Lésvos
Lanzarote island Spain 52 B3 Lawton Oklahoma, USA 29 F2 Leshan China 111 B5
400
Leskovac — Lord Howe Rise
Leskovac Serbia 82 E4 Likasi Dem. Rep. Congo Ljubljana capital of Slovenia

Lesotho country southern 59 E8 77 D7
Africa 60 Lille France 72 D2 Ljusnan river Sweden 67 B5
Lesser Antilles island group Lillehammer Norway 67 B5 Llanos region Colombia/
West Indies 37 G4 Lilongwe capital of Malawi Venezuela 41 E2
Lésvos island Greece Eng. 61 E2 Lleida Spain Cast. Lérida
Lesbos 86 D4 Lima capital of Peru 42 B4 75 F2
Lethbridge Canada 19 E5 Limassol Cyprus var. Lemesos Lobatse Botswana 60 D4
Leti, Kepulauan island group 98 C5 Lobito Angola 60 B2
Indonesia 121 F5 Limerick Ireland 71 A6 Locarno Switzerland 77 B7
Leuven Belgium 69 C6 Límnos island Greece var. Lodja Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D6
ww
Leverkusen Germany 76 A4
Levin New Zealand 132 D4
Levkás see Lefkáda
Lemnos 86 D4
Limoges France 72 C5
Limón Costa Rica 35 E4
Îód¶ Poland Rus. Lodz 80 D4
Lofoten island group Norway
66 B3
70 B2
w
Lewis island Scotland, UK
Lewiston Idaho, USA 26 C2

Lewiston Maine, USA 23 G2.Ea
Limpopo river southern Africa
60 D3
Linares Chile 46 B4
Linares Spain 75 E4
Logroño Spain 75 E2
Loire river France 72 B4
Loja Ecuador 40 A5
Lexington Kentucky, USA

22 C5
Lezhë Albania 83 D5
syE Linchuan see Fuzhou
Lincoln England, UK 71 D5
Lokitaung Kenya 55 C5
Loksa Estonia Ger. Loxa 88 D2
Lombok, Pulau island Indonesia
Lhasa China 108 C5
Lhazê China 108 C4 ngi
Lincoln Nebraska, USA 25 F4
Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean 64 E1
Linden Guyana 41 G2
120 D5
Lomé capital of Togo 57 E5
n
L’Hospitalet de Llobregat var. Lomond, Loch lake Scotland,
Lindi Tanzania 55 C8
eer
Hospitalet. Spain 75 G2 UK 70 C4
Liao see Liaoning Line Islands island group London Canada 20 C5
Liaoning province China Kiribati 127 G2 London capital of UK 71 E6
var. Liao, Shengking; hist.
Fengtien, Shenking. Admin.
Linköping Sweden 67 C6
Linz Austria 77 D6 ing
Londonderry Northern Ireland,
UK 70 B4
region 110 D3
Libau see Liepája
Liberec Czech Republic Ger.
Lion, Golfe du sea feature
Mediterranean Sea 73 D6
Lipari, Isola island Italy 79 D6 .ne
Londonderry, Cape coastal
feature Australia 128 D2
Reichenberg 80 B4
Liberia country W Africa 56
Liberia Costa Rica 34 D4
Lipari Islands see Isole Eolie
Lira Uganda 55 B6
Lisbon capital of Portugal Port.
27 C8 t
Londrina Brazil 44 D2
Long Beach California, USA
Long Island island

Libreville capital of Gabon Lisboa 74 B3 The Bahamas 34 D2
59 A5 Litani river SW Asia 91 B4 Long Island island NE USA
Libya country N Africa 53 Lithuania country E Europe 23 G3
Libyan Desert desert N Africa 88-89 Longreach Australia 130 C4
50 C3 Little Andaman island India Long Strait Strait Russian
Lichuan China 111 B5 115 G2 Federation 95 H2
Liechtenstein country C Europe Little Minch sea feature Longview Texas, USA 29 G3
77 B7 Scotland, UK 70 B3 Longview Washington, USA
Liège Belgium 69 D6 Little Rock Arkansas, USA 26 B2
Liegnitz see Legnica 30 B2 Longyearbyen Svalbard 65 F2
Lienz Austria 77 D7 Liuzhou China 111 C6 Lop Nur lake China 108 C3
Linz Austria 77 D7 Liverpool England, UK 71 D5 Lorca Spain 75 E4
Liepája Latvia Ger. Libau 88 B3 Livingstone Zambia 60 D3 Lord Howe Island island
Liffey river Ireland 71 B5 Livno Bosnia & Herzegovina Australia 124 C4
Ligurian Sea Mediterranean 82 B4 Lord Howe Rise undersea
Sea 78 A3 Livorno Italy 78 B3 feature Pacific Ocean 124 D4
401
Lorient — Mährisch-Ostrau
Lorient France 72 A4 Luninyets Belarus 89 C6 Macleod, Lake lake

Los Alamos New Mexico, USA Luoyang var. Honan, Lo-yang. Australia128 A4
28 D1 China 110 C4 Mâcon France 72 D5
Los Angeles California, USA Lusaka capital of Zambia 60 D2 Macon Georgia, USA 31 E2
27 C7 Lushnjë Albania 83 D6 Madagascar country Indian
Loslau see Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Lút, Baírat see Dead Sea Ocean 61
Los Mochis Mexico 32 C3 Luts’k Ukraine 90 C1 Madagascar Basin undersea
Losonc see Luâenec Luxembourg country W Europe feature Indian Ocean 123 B5
Losontz see Luâenec 69 D8 Madagascar Plateau undersea
Lot river France 73 B5 Luxembourg capital of feature Indian Ocean 123 A6
Louangphrabang Laos 118 C3 Luxembourg 69 D8 Madang Papua New Guinea
ww
Loubomo Congo 59 B6
Louisiana state USA 30 B3
Louisville Kentucky, USA 22 C5
Luxor see Al Uq∞ur
Luzern Switzerland Fr. Lucerne
77 B7
126 B3
Madeira river Bolivia/Brazil
42 D2
w
Louisville Ridge undersea
.Ea
Lovech Bulgaria 86 C2
Luzon island Philippines 121 E1
Luzon Strait sea feature
Philippines/Taiwan 107 E3
L’viv Ukraine Rus. L’vov 90 C2
Madeira island group Portugal
52 A2
Madhya Pradesh state India
117 E4
syE
Lower California see Baja
L’vov see L’viv Madison Wisconsin, USA 22 B3
California
Lyepyel’ Belarus Rus. Lepel’ Madiun prev. Madioen.
Lower Hutt New Zealand
89 D5 Indonesia 120 D5
Loxa see Loksa
Loyauté, Îles island group
New Caledonia 126 D5 ngi
Lyon France 73 D5
Lyublin see Lublin
Madona Latvia Ger. Modohn
88 D3
n
Madras see Chennai
Loznica Serbia 82 C3
Lu see Shandong
Luanda capital of Angola
M eer Madre de Dios river Bolivia/
Peru 42 C3
Madrid capital of Spain 75 E3
60 B1
Luanshya Zambia 60 D2
Lubango Angola 60 B2 Ma‘án Jordan 101 B6 ing
Madurai India 114 D3
Magadan Russian Fed. 97 G3
Lubbock Texas, USA 29 E2
Lübeck Germany 76 C3
Maas see Meuse
Maastricht Netherlands .ne
Magallanes see Punta Arenas
Magallanes, Estrecho de see
Lublin Poland Rus. Lyublin
80 E4
Lubny Ukraine 91 F2
Lubumbashi Dem. Rep. Congo
69 D6
Macao special administrative
region China, E Asia var.
Macau 111 C7
40 B2 t
Magellan, Strait of
Magdalena river Colombia
Magdeburg Germany 76 C4
59 E8 Macapá Brazil 43 F1 Magelang Indonesia 120 C5
Lucapa Angola 60 C1 Macau see Macao Magellan, Strait of sea feature
Macdonnell Ranges mountains S South America Sp. Estrecho
Lucena Philippines 120 E2 de Magallanes 47 B8
Australia 130 A4
Luâenec Slovakia Hung. Losonc, Maggiore, Lake lake Italy/
Ger. Losontz 81 D6 Macedonia country SE Europe
officially Former Yugoslav Switzerland 78 B2
Lucerne see Luzern Republic of Macedonia, Mahajanga Madagascar
Lucknow India 117 E3 abbrev. FYR Macedonia 83 61 G3
Lüderitz Namibia 60 C4 Maceió Brazil 43 H3 Mahalapye Botswana 60 D4
Ludhiána India 116 D2 Machala Ecuador 40 A5 Mahanádi river India 117 F5
Lugano Switzerland 77 B7 Mackay Australia 130 D4 Mahárashtra state India
Lugo Spain 74 C1 Mackay, Lake lake Australia 116 D5
Luhans’k Ukraine 91 H3 128 D4 Mahé island Seychelles 61 H1
Luleå Sweden 66 D4 Mackenzie river Canada 19 E4 Mahilyow/Mogilëv Belarus
Lumsden New Zealand 133 A7 Mackenzie Bay sea feature Rus. Mogilëv 89 E6
Lüneburg Germany 76 C3 Atlantic Ocean 136 D3 Mährisch-Ostrau see Ostrava
402
Maicao — Marías, Islas
Maicao Colombia 40 C1 Malekula island Vanuatu 124 D3 Mannar, Gulf of sea feature
Maiduguri Nigeria 57 H4 Mali country W Africa 57 Indian Ocean 114 D3
Maímanah Afghanistan prev. Malindi Kenya 55 C7 Mannheim Germany 77 B5
Meymaneh 104 D4 Mallorca island Spain Eng. Manono Dem. Rep. Congo
Maine state USA 23 G1 Majorca 75 H3 59 E7
Maine, Gulf of gulf USA 23 G2 Malmö Sweden 67 B7 Mansel Island island Canada
Mainz Germany 77 B5 Malta country Mediterranean 20 C1
Maio Island Cape Verde 56 A3 Sea 79 C8 Mansfield Ohio, USA 22 D4
Maíz, Islas del islands Malta Montana, USA 24 C1 Manta Ecuador 40 A4
Nicaragua 35 E3 Malta Channel sea feature Mantes-la-Jolie France 72 C3
Majorca see Mallorca Mediterranean Sea 79 C7 Mantova Italy Eng. Mantua
ww
Majuro island Marshall Islands
126 D1
Makarska Croatia 82 B4
Maluku island group
Indonesia var. Moluccas
107 E4 121 F4
78 B2
Mantua see Mantova
Manurewa New Zealand
w
Makarov Basin undersea
feature Arctic Ocean 137 G3
Makassar Indonesia prev.
Ujungpandang 121 E4 .Ea
Maluku, Laut Pacific Ocean
Eng. Molucca Sea 121 F4
Mamberamo river Indonesia
121 H4
132 D3
Manzhouli China 109 F1
Mao Chad 58 B3
Maoke, Pegunungan
120 D4
Makeyevka see Makiyivka syE
Makassar Strait strait Indonesia Mamoudzou capital of
Mayotte 61 G2
Man, Isle of British Crown
mountains Indonesia
121 H4
Maputo capital of
Makhachkala Russian
Federation 93 B7 96 A4
Makiyivka Ukraine Rus. ngi
Dependency UK 71 C5
Manado Indonesia 121 F3
Managua capital of Nicaragua
Mozambique 61 E4
Mar, Serra do mountains Brazil
n
38 D4
Makeyevka 91 G5 34 D3
Makkah Saudi Arabia Eng.
Mecca 103 A5 Al Manámah 103 C5 eer
Manama capital of Bahrain Ar.
Maracaibo Venezuela 40 C1
Maracaibo, Lago de inlet
Venezuela 40 C1
Makkovik Canada 21 F2
Malabo capital of Equatorial
Guinea 59 A5
Mananjary Madagascar 61 G3
Manaus Brazil 42 D2
Manchester England, UK ing
Maracay Venezuela 40 D1
Maradi Niger 57 F3
Malacca, Strait of sea feature
Indonesia/ Malaysia
71 D5
Manchester New Hampshire, .ne
Marágheh Iran 102 C3
Marajó, Ilha de island Brazil
106 C4 119 C8 120 B3
Maladzyechna Belarus Rus.
Molodechno, Pol.
Molodeczno 89 C5
USA 23 G2
Manchurian Plain plain E Asia
107 E1
Mandalay Myanmar 118 B3
43 F2
t
Marañón river Peru 42 B2
Mara§ see Kahramanmara§
Marash see Kahramanmara§
Málaga Spain 74 D5 Mangalia Romania 90 D5 Marbella Spain 74 D5
Malakal South Sudan 55 B5 Mangalore India 114 C2 Marble Bar Australia 128 B4
Malang Indonesia 120 D5 Manicouagan, Réservoir Mar Chiquita, Laguna salt lake
Malanje Angola 60 C2 Reservoir Canada 21 E3 Argentina 46 C3
Malatya Turkey 99 E3 Manihiki atoll Cook Islands Mardán Pakistan 116 C1
Malawi country southern 125 F3 Mar del Plata Argentina 47 D5
Africa 61 Maniitsoq Greenland 64 C3 Mardin Turkey 99 E4
Malay Peninsula peninsula Manila capital of Philippines Margarita, Isla de island
Malaysia/Thailand 119 D8 121 E1 Venezuela 41 E1
Malaysia country Asia 120 Manisa Turkey prev. Saruhan Márgow, Dasht-e- desert
Malden Island atoll Kiribati 98 A3 Afghanistan 104 C5
125 F2 Manitoba province Canada Mariana Trench undersea
Maldives country Indian Ocean 19 G4 feature Pacific Ocean
114 C4 Manizales Colombia 40 B3 124 B1 126 B1
Male’ capital of Maldives Manjimup Australia 129 B7 Marías, Islas islands Mexico
114 C4 Mannar Sri Lanka 115 E3 32 C4
403
Maribor — Melanesian Basin
Maribor Slovenia 77 E7 Maryborough Australia 131 E5 Mawlamyine Myanmar prev.

Marie Byrd Land region Maryland state USA 23 F4 Moulmein 118 B4
Antarctica 136 B4 Masai Steppe grassland Mayaguana island
Mariehamn Finland 67 D6 Tanzania 55 C7 The Bahamas 36 D2
Marijampolë Lithuania prev. Mascarene Basin undersea Mayfield New Zealand 133 C6
Kapsukas 88 B4 feature Indian Ocean 123 B5 Mayotte overseas department
Marília Brazil 44 D2 Mascarene Islands island group France, Indian Ocean 61 G2
Maringá Brazil 44 D2 Indian Ocean 61 H4 Mayyit, Al Baír al see Dead
Marion, Lake lake South Mascarene Plain undersea Sea
Carolina, USA 31 F2 feature Indian Ocean 123 B5 Mazár-e Sharíf Afghanistan
Mariscal Estigarribia Paraguay Mascarene Plateau undersea 104 D3
feature Indian Ocean 123 B5 Mazatlán Mexico 32 C3
ww
44 B2
Maritsa river SE Europe 86 D3 Maseru capital of Lesotho Maªeikiai Lithuania 88 B3
Mariupol’ Ukraine prev. 60 D4 Mazury region Poland 80 D3
w
Shdanov 91 G3
Marka Somalia 55 D6
.Ea
Marmara, Sea of see Marmara
Denizi
Mas-ha Bank 101 D6
Mashhad Iran var. Meshed
100 E3
Masindi Uganda 55 B6
Mazyr Belarus Rus. Mozyr’
89 D7
Mbabane capital of Swaziland
61 E4
syE
Marmara Denizi Turkey Eng. Ma§írah, Jazírat Island Oman Mbaké Senegal 56 B3
Sea of Marmara 98 B2 103 E6 Mbala Zambia 61 E1
Marne river France 72 D3 Ma§írah, Khalíj bay Oman Mbale Uganda 55 C6
Marotiri Island group French
Polynesia 125 F4
Maroua Cameroon 58 B3
103 E6
ngi
Mason City Iowa, USA 25 F3
Masqa√ see Muscat
Mbandaka Dem. Rep. Congo
59 C5
Mbeya Tanzania 55 B8
Marowijne river French
Guiana/Suriname 41 H3
Marquesas Fracture Zone
23 G3 n
Massachusetts state USA
Massawa see Mitsǁiwa eer

Mbuji-Mayi Dem. Rep. Congo
59 D7
McKinley, Mount peak Alaska,
125 G3
Marquesas Islands island group
Massif Central upland France
73 C5
ing
USA var. Denali 18 C3
Mead, Lake lake SW USA 28 A1
Mecca see Makkah
.ne
Massoukou Gabon 59 B6
French Polynesia Fr. Îles Mechelen Belgium 69 C5
Marquises 125 G3 Masterton New Zealand
133 D5 Mecklenburger Bucht bay
Marquette Michigan, USA
22 B1
Marquisas, Îles see Marquesas
Islands
Matadi Dem. Rep. Congo 59 B7
Matagalpa Nicaragua 34 D3
Matamoros Mexico 33 E2
t
Germany 76 C2
Medan Indonesia 120 B3
Medellín Colombia 40 B2
Médenine Tunisia 53 F2
Marrakech Morocco Eng. Matanzas Cuba 36 B2
Marrakesh 52 C2 Medford Oregon, USA 26 A4
Matara Sri Lanka 115 E4
Marrawah Australia 131 C8 Medina see Al Madínah
Mataram Indonesia 120 D5
Marree Australia 131 B5 Mediterranean Sea Atlantic
Mataró Spain 75 G2
Marsala Italy 79 C6 Ocean 84-85
Mato Grosso upland Brazil Meekatharra Australia
Marseille France 73 D6 43 E3 129 B5
Marshall Islands country Pacific Matosinhos Portugal 74 C2
Ocean 126-127 Meerut India 116 D3
Matsue Japan 113 B5 Megísti island Greece 98 B4
Martin Slovakia prev. Matsuyama Japan 113 B5
Turâianskÿ Svätÿ Martin, Ger. Mek’elé Ethiopia 54 C4
Sankt Martin, Hung. Matterhorn peak Italy/ Mekong river SE Asia 106 D3
Turócszentmárton 81 C5 Switzerland 77 B7
Mekong, Mouths of the
Martinique overseas Maturín Venezuela 41 E1 wetlands Vietnam 119 D6
department France, West Maun Botswana 60 D3 Melanesia region Pacific Ocean
Indies 37 Mauritania country W Africa 56 126 C3
Mary Turkmenistan prev. Merv Mauritius country Indian Melanesian Basin undersea
104 C3 Ocean 61 H4 123 B5 feature Pacific Ocean 134 C3
404
Melbourne — Minto, Lake
Melbourne Australia 131 C7 Messina, Stretto di sea feature Midway Islands US territory
Melbourne Florida, USA 31 F4 Ionian Sea/Tyrrhenian Sea Pacific Ocean 134 D2
Melghir, Chott Salt lake Algeria 79 D7 Mikhaylovka Russian
53 E2 Mestre Italy 78 C2 Federation 93 B6
Melilla external territory Spain, Meta river Colombia/Venezuela Milagro Ecuador 40 A4
N Africa 52 C1 40 C2 Milan see Milano
Melitopol’ Ukraine 91 F4 Metkoviá Croatia 82 C4 Milano Italy Eng. Milan 78 B2
Melo Uruguay 44 C4 Metz France 72 E3 Mildura Australia 131 C6
Melville Island island Australia Meuse river W Europe var. Millennium Island island
128 E2 Maas 72 D3 Kiribati prev. Caroline Island
Melville Island island Canada Mexicali Mexico 32 A1 127 H3
19 E2
ww
Memel see Klaipëda
Memel see Neman
Mexico country North America
32-33
México, Golfo de see Mexico,
Miles Australia 131 D5
Miles City Montana, USA 24 C2
Milford Haven Wales, UK 71 C6
w
Memphis Tennessee, USA 30 C1
Mendaña Fracture Zone
.Ea
135 G3
Gulf of
Mexico, Gulf of sea feature
Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean
Sea 48 A4
Milford Sound New Zealand
133 E6
Milford Sound inlet New
Zealand 133 A6
Mende France 73 C6
Mendeleyev Ridge undersea
feature Arctic Ocean 137 G2
syE Mexico City capital of Mexico
Sp. Ciudad de México 33 E4
Meymaneh see Maímanah
Mílos island Greece 87 C6
Milwaukee Wisconsin, USA
22 B3
Mendocino Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean ngi
Mezen’ river Russian
Federation 92 D3
Min see Fujian
Minatitlán Mexico 33 G4
n
134 D2 Miami Florida, USA 31 F5 Minch, The Strait Scotland,
Mendoza Argentina 46 B4
Menengiyn Tal plain Mongolia
109 F2
Miami Beach Florida, USA
31 F5
Mianyang China 111 B5 eer UK 70 C3
Mindanao island Philippines
121 F2
Menongue Angola 60 C2
Menorca island Spain Eng.
Michigan state USA 22 C2
Michigan, Lake lake USA 17 C5 ing
Mindoro island Philippines
121 E2
Minorca 75 H3
Metairie Louisiana, USA 30 C3
Micronesia country Pacific
Ocean 126 B2
Micronesia region Pacific .ne
Mindoro Strait sea feature
South China Sea/Sulu Sea
Mentawai, Kepulauan island
group Indonesia 120 B4
Meppel Netherlands 68 D2
Merced California, USA 27 B6
Ocean 126
Mid Atlantic Ridge undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean
48 B4
121 E2
t
Mingäàevir Azerbaijan Rus.
Mingechaur 99 G2
Mingechaur see Mingäàevir
Mercedes Uruguay 44 B5 Minho river Portugal/Spain Sp.
Middelburg South Africa 60 D5 Miño 74 C2
Mergui see Myeik Middle Andaman island India
Mergui Archipelago island Minicoy Island island India
115 G2 114 C3
chain Myanmar 119 B6 Middlesbrough England, UK
Mérida Mexico 33 H3 Minneapolis Minnesota, USA
71 D5 23 F2
Mérida Spain 74 D3 Mid-Indian Basin undersea
Minnesota state USA 25 F2
Mérida Venezuela 40 C2 feature Indian Ocean 122 C4
Miño river Portugal/Spain Port.
Meridian Mississippi, USA 30 C2 Mid-Indian Ridge undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 C5 Minho 74 C1
Merredin Australia 129 B6 Minorca see Menorca
Mersin Turkey var. ƒçel 98 C4 Midland Texas, USA 29 E3
Mid-Pacific Mountains var. Minot North Dakota, USA
Meru Kenya 55 C6 24 D1
Mid-Pacific Seamounts.
Merv see Mary Undersea feature Pacific Míná’ Qábús Oman 122 B3
Mesa Arizona, USA 28 B2 Ocean 124 C1 Minsk capital of Belarus 89 C5
Meshed see Mashhad Mid-Pacific Seamounts see Minto, Lake lake Canada
Messina Italy 79 D6 Mid-Pacific Mountains 20 D2
405
Miranda de Ebro — Mosel
Miranda de Ebro Spain 75 E1 Modriâa Bosnia & Herzegovina Montevideo capital of Uruguay
Mirim, Lake see Mirim Lagoon 82 C3 44 C5
Mirim Lagoon lagoon Brazil/ Mogadiscio see Mogadishu Montgomery Alabama, USA
Uruguay var. Mirim, Lake Mogadishu capital of Somalia 30 D2
44 C5 Som. Muqdisho, It. Monthey Switzerland 77 A7
Mirtóo Pelagos sea feature Mogadiscio 55 D6 Montpelier Vermont, USA
Mediterranean Sea 87 C6 Mogilëv see Mahilyow/Mogilëv 23 F2
Miskitos Cayos islands Mo i Rana Norway 66 C3 Montpellier France 73 C6
Nicaragua 35 E2 Mojave California, USA 27 C7 Montréal Canada 21 E4
Miskolc Hungary 81 D6 Mojave Desert desert W USA Montserrat overseas territory
Mi§rátah Libya 53 F2 27 C7 UK, West Indies 37
ww
Mississippi state USA 30 C2
Mississippi river USA 16 C5
Mississippi Delta wetlands USA
Moldavia see Moldova
Molde Norway 67 A5
Moldova country E Europe var.
Monywa Myanmar 118 A3
Monza Italy 78 B2
Moora Australia 129 B6
30 C4
w .Ea
Missoula Montana, USA 24 B2
Missouri state USA 25 G4
Missouri river USA 17 C5
Moldavia 90
Molodechno see Maladzyechna
Molodeczno see Maladzyechna
Molotov see Perm’
Moore, Lake lake Australia
129 B6
Moorhead Minnesota, USA
25 E2
20 D3
Mitau see Jelgava
syE
Mistassini, Lake lake Canada Moluccas see Maluku
Molucca Sea see Maluku, Laut
Moosonee Canada 20 C3
Mopti Mali 57 E3
Morava river C Europe 82 E4
Mitchell S Dakota, USA
25 E3 ngi
Mombasa Kenya 55 C7
Monaco country W Europe
73 E6
Moravská Ostrava see Ostrava
Moray Firth inlet Scotland, UK
Mitchell River river Australia
130 C3
Mitilíni Greece 86 D4 n
Monclova Mexico 33 E2
Moncton Canada 21 F4
Mongo Chad 58 C3 eer
70 C3
Moree Australia 131 D5
Morelia Mexico 33 E4
ing
Mito Japan 112 D4 Morena, Sierra mountain
Mongolia country NE Asia
Mitrovica see Mitrovicë/ range Spain 74 D4
108-109
Mitrovica
Murgháb, Daryá-ye river
Mitrovicë/Mitrovica Kosovo
Serb. Mitrovica, prev.
Monroe Louisiana, USA 30 B2
Monrovia capital of Liberia
56 C5 104 D4 .ne
Afghanistan/Turkmenistan
t
Kosovska Mitrovica 83 D5
Mons Belgium 69 B6 Morioka Japan 112 D3
Mits'iwa Eritrea var. Massawa
54 C4 Montague Seamount undersea Mornington Abyssal Plain
Mitumba, Monts Mountain feature Atlantic Ocean 45 H1 undersea feature Pacific
range Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E7 Ocean 135 G5
Montana state USA 24 C2
Miyazaki Japan 113 B6 Morocco country N Africa 52
Montauban France 73 C6
Mjøsa lake Norway 67 B5 Morogoro Tanzania 55 C7
Mont Blanc peak France/Italy
Mörön Mongolia 108 D2
Mljet island Croatia 83 C5 62 D4
Morondava Madagascar 61 F3
Mmabatho South Africa 60 D4 Mont-de-Marsan France 72 B6
Moroni capital of Comoros
Mo Norway 66 C3 Monte Cristi Dominican 61 F2
Mobile Alabama, USA 30 C3 Republic 37 E3
Morotai, Pulau island Indonesia
Moçambique Mozambique Montego Bay Jamaica 36 C3 121 F3
61 F2 Montenegro Country Morova river Poland 80 C6
Mocímboa da Praia SE Europe 83 D5
Morris Jesup, Kap headland
Mozambique 61 F2 Monterey California, USA Greenland 65 E1
Mocoa Colombia 40 B4 27 B6
Moscow capital of Russian
Mocuba Mozambique 61 E3 Montería Colombia 40 B2 Federation Rus. Moskva
Modena Italy 78 B3 Montero Bolivia 42 D4 92 B4 96 B2
Modesto California, USA 27 B6 Monterrey Mexico 33 E2 Mosel river W Europe Fr.
Modohn see Madona Montes Claros Brazil 43 G4 Moselle 77 A5
406
Moselle — Nampa
Moselle river W Europe Ger. München Germany Eng. Mykonos island Greece 87 D5
Mosel 72 E4 Munich 77 C6 Mysore India 114 D2
Mosgiel New Zealand 133 B7 Muncie Indiana, USA 22 C4 Mzuzu Malawi 61 E2
Moshi Tanzania 55 C7 Munich see München
Moskva see Moscow Münster Germany 76 B4
Mosquito Coast coastal region
Nicaragua 35 E3
Muqdisho see Mogadishu
Mur river C Europe 77 E7 N
Moss Norway 67 B6 Murchison River river Australia
Mossendjo Congo 59 B6 129 B5 Naberezhnyye Chelny Russian
Federation prev. Brezhnev
Mossoró Brazil 43 H2 Murcia Spain 75 F4
93 C5
Most Czech Republic Ger. Brüx Mures river Hungary/Romania Nablus West Bank var. Nâbulus,
80 A4
ww
Mostaganem Algeria 52 D1
Mostar Bosnia & Herz. 82 C4
81 D7
Murfreesboro Tennessee, USA
30 D1
Heb. Shekhem 101 D6
Nâbulus see Nablus
w
Nacala Mozambique 61 F2
Mosul see Al Maw§il Murgab Tajikistan 105 F3 Naga Philippines 120 E2
Motril Spain 75 E5
.Ea
Motueka New Zealand 133 C5
Murgap river Turkmenistan var.
Murghab 104 C3
Murghab see Murgap
Nagano Japan 112 C4
Nagasaki Japan 113 A6
Moulins France 72 C4
Moulmein see Mawlamyine
Moundou Chad 58 C4 syE Müritz lake Germany 76 D3
Murmansk Russian Federation
92 C2 96 C1
Nágercoil India 114 D3
Nagorno-Karabakh region
Azerbaijan 99 G2
Mount Gambier Australia
131 B7
Mount Isa Australia 130 B4 ngi
Murray river Australia 131 B6
Murray Fracture Zone tectonic
Nagoya Japan 113 C5
Nágpur India 116 D4
Mount Magnet Australia

129 B5
Mount Vernon Illinois, USA
n
Murray Ridge Undersea
eer
feature Arabian Sea 122 B3
Nagqu China 108 C5
Nagykanizsa Hungary Ger.
Grosskanizsa 81 C7
Nagyszombat see Trnava
22 B5
Mouscron Belgium 69 A6
Murwillumbah Australia 131 E5
Murzuq Libya 53 F3
Mu§ Turkey 99 F3 ing
Naha Japan 113 A8
Nain Canada 21 F2
Moyobamba Peru 42 B2
Moyu China 108 B2
Mozambique country
Muscat capital of Oman Ar.
Masqa√ 103 E5 .ne
Nairobi capital of Kenya 55 C6
Najaf see An Najaf
SE Africa 61
Mozambique Channel sea
feature Indian Ocean 61 F3
Mozyr’ see Mazyr
Musgrave Ranges mountain
range Australia 129 D5
Musters, Lago lake Argentina
46 C6
t
Najrán Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Nakamura Japan 113 B6
Nakhichevan’ see Naxàıvan
Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
Mu Us Shadi Desert China 119 C5
Mpika Zambia 61 E2 109 E3 Nakhon Sawan Thailand 119 C5
Mtwara Tanzania 55 C8 Mvonioälv river Finland/ Nakhon Si Thammarat
Muang Không Laos 119 D5 Sweden 66 D3 Thailand 119 C6
Muang Xaignabouri see Mwali island Comoros 61 F2 Nakuru Kenya 55 C6
Xaignabouri Mwanza Tanzania 55 B6 Nal’chik Russian Federation
Mudanjiang China 110 E3 96 A4
Mwene-Ditu Dem. Rep. Congo
Mufulira Zambia 60 D2 59 D7 Namangan Uzbekistan 105 E2
Muêla Turkey 98 A4 Mweru, Lake lake Dem. Rep. Nam Co lake China 108 C4
Mulhouse France 72 E4 Congo/Zambia 59 D7 Nam Ãinh Vietnam 118 D3
Mull island Scotland, UK 70 B3 Myanmar country SE Asia var. Namib Desert desert Namibia
Muller, Pegunungan mountains Myanmar 118-119 60 B3
Indonesia 120 C3 Myeik Myanmar prev. Mergui Namibe Angola 60 B2
Multán Pakistan 116 C2 119 B5 Namibia country southern
Mumbai India var. Bombay Mykolayiv Ukraine Rus. Africa 60
117 C5 Nikolayev 91 E4 Nampa Idaho, USA 26 C3
407
Namp’o — New Haven
Namp’o North Korea 110 E4 Navassa Island unincorporated Netherlands country W Europe
Nampula Mozambique 61 F2 territory USA, West Indies var. Holland 68-69
Namur Belgium 69 C6 36 D3 Netze see Noteá
Nanchang China 111 C5 Navoiy Uzbekistan Neubrandenburg Germany
Nancy France 72 D3 Uzb. Nawoly 104 D2 76 D3
Nánded India 116 D5 114 D1 Nawábsháh Pakistan 116 B3 Neuchâtel, Lac de lake
Nanjing China 111 D5 Nawoly see Navoiy Switzerland 77 A7
Nanning China 111 B6 Naxàıvan Azerbaijan Rus. Neumünster Germany 76 C2
Nanortalik Greenland 64 C5 Nakhichevan’ 99 G3 Neuquén Argentina 47 C5
Nansen Basin undersea feature Náxos island Greece 87 D6 Neusiedler See lake Austria/
Arctic Ocean 137 G4 Nay Pyi Taw capital of Hungary 77 E6
ww
Nantes France 72 B4
Napier New Zealand 132 E4
Naples see Napoli
Myanmar 118 B3
Nazareth see Natzrat
Nazca Peru 42 B4
Neusohl see Banská Bystrica
Neutra see Nitra
w
Nevada state USA 26-27
Napo river Ecuador/Peru 42 B2 Nazrét Ethiopia 55 C5 Nevers France 72 C4
Narbonne France 73 C6 .Ea

Napoli Italy Eng. Naples 79 D5 Nazwá Oman 103 E5
N’Dalatando Angola 60 B2
Nev§ehir Turkey 98 C3
New Amsterdam Guyana 41 G2
Nares Strait sea feature
Canada/Greenland 64 C1
Narew river Poland 80 E3 syE Ndélé Central African Republic
58 C4
N’Djaména capital of Chad
Newark New Jersey, USA 23 F3
New Britain island Papua New
Guinea 126 B3
Narmada river India 116 D4
Narva Estonia 88 E2
Narva river Estonia/Russian
58 B3
ngi
Ndola Zambia 60 D2
New Brunswick province
Canada 21 F4
Federation 88 E2
Narva Bay sea feature Gulf of
Finland Est. Narva Laht, Rus.
n
Nebitdag see Balkanabat
eer
Nebraska state USA 24-25 E3
Neches river S USA 29 H3
New Caledonia special
collectivity France, Pacific
Ocean 126 C5
New Caledonia island Pacific
Narvskiy Zaliv 88 E2
Narva Laht see Narva Bay
Narvik Norway 66 C3
Neckar river Germany
77 B5
Necochea Argentina 47 D5 ing
Ocean 124 D3
New Caledonia Basin undersea
Narvskiy Zaliv see Narva Bay
Naryn Kyrgyzstan 105 G2
Neftezavodsk see Seÿdi
Negélé Ethiopia 55 C5
124 D4
.ne
feature Pacific Ocean
Náshik India 116 C5

Nashville Tennessee, USA 30 D1
Nâ¢ir, Buìeiret see Nasser, Lake
Nassau capital of The Bahamas
Negev see HaNegev
Negro, Río river Argentina
47 C5
Negro, Rio river Brazil/Uruguay
t
Newcastle Australia 131 D6
Newcastle upon Tyne
England, UK 70 D4
New Delhi capital of India
116 D3
36 C1 44 C4
Newfoundland & Labrador
Nasser, Lake reservoir Egypt Negro, Rio river N South province Canada 21 F2
var. Nâ¢ir, Buìeiret 54 B2 America 40 C1
Newfoundland island Canada
Natal Brazil 43 H3 Neiva Colombia 40 B3 21 G3
Natal Basin Undersea feature Nellore India 115 E2
Indian Ocean 123 A5 Newfoundland Basin undersea
Neman river NE Europe Bel. feature Atlantic Ocean
Natitingou Benin 57 E4 Nyoman, Lith. Nemunas, Ger. 48 B3
Naturaliste Plateau undersea Memel, Pol. Niemen 88 B4
feature Indian Ocean 123 E6 New Georgia Islands island
Nemunas see Neman group Solomon Is 126 C3
Natzrat Israel Eng. Nazareth
101 A5 Nemuro Japan 112 E2 New Guinea island Pacific
Nauru country Pacific Ocean Nepal country S Asia 117 Ocean 126 B3
126 D3 Neris river Belarus/Lithuania New Hampshire state USA
Navapolatsk/Novopolotsk Bel. Viliya, Pol. Wilja 88 C4 23 G2
Belarus Rus. Novopolotsk Ness, Loch lake Scotland, UK New Haven Connecticut, USA
89 D5 70 C3 23 G3
408
New Ireland — North Korea
New Ireland island Papua New Nieuw Amsterdam Suriname Norfolk Ridge undersea
Guinea 126 C3 41 H2 feature Pacific Ocean 124 D4
New Jersey state USA 23 F4 Niêde Turkey 98 D4 Norman Oklahoma, USA 28 F2
Newman Australia 128 B4 Niger country W Africa 57 Normandie region France Eng.
New Mexico state USA Niger river W Africa 56-57 D3 Normandy 72 B3
28-29 Niger, Mouths of the delta Normandy see Normandie
New Orleans Louisiana, USA Nigeria 57 F5 Normanton Australia 130 C3
30 C3 Nigeria country W Africa 57 Norrköping Sweden 67 C6
New Plymouth New Zealand Niigata Japan 112 C4 Norseman Australia 129 C6
132 D3 Nijmegen Netherlands North Albanian Alps
Newport Oregon, USA 26 A3 68 D4 mountains Albania/
Montenegro 83 D5
23 F5
ww
Newport News Virginia, USA
New Providence island

Nikolayev see Mykolayiv
Nikopol’ Ukraine 91 F3
Nile river N Africa 54 B3
North America 16-17
North Andaman island India
w
The Bahamas 36 C1
.Ea
Newry Northern Ireland, UK
71 B5
New Siberian Islands see
Nile Delta wetlands Egypt
54 B1
Nîmes France 73 D6
115 G2
North Atlantic Ocean 64-65
North Australian Basin
undersea feature Indian
syE
Novosibirskiye Ostrova Ninetyeast Ridge undersea Ocean 124 A2 128 A2
feature Indian Ocean 123 C5 North Bay Canada 20 D4
New South Wales state
Australia 131 C6 Ningbo China 111 D5 North Cape coastal feature
New York state USA 23 F3
New York New York, USA 23 F3 ngi
Ningxia autonomous region
China 110-111 B4
Nioro Mali 56 D3
New Zealand 132 C1
North Cape coastal feature
Norway 66 D2
New Zealand country Pacific
Ocean 132-133
Neyshábúr Iran 102 D3
Ngaoundéré Cameroon 58 B4
20 B4 n
Nipigon, Lake lake Canada
Ni# Serbia 82 E4 eer

North Carolina state USA 31 F1
North Dakota state USA
24-25 D2
Ngerulmud capital of Palau

126 A1
Nitra Slovakia Ger. Neutra,
Hung. Nyitra 81 C6
Nitra river Slovakia Ger.
ing
North Fiji Basin undersea
feature Coral Sea 124 D3
Northern Cook Islands islands
N’Giva Angola 60 C3
N’Guigmi Niger 57 H3
Neutra, Hung. Nyitra 81 C6
Niue asociated territory New .ne
Cook Islands 127 G4
Northern Cyprus, Turkish
Nha Trang Vietnam 119 E5
Niagara Falls waterfall Canada/
USA 23 E3
Niamey capital of Niger 57 F3
Zealand, Pacific Ocean
127 F4
Nizámábád India 114 D1
Nizhnevartovsk Russian
t
Republic of disputed region
Cyprus 98 C5
Northern Dvina river Russian
Federation see Severnaya
Dvina 63 G2
Niangay, Lac lake Mali 56 E3 Federation 96 D3
Northern Ireland province UK
Nias, Pulau island Indonesia Nizhniy Novgorod Russian 70-71
120 B3 Federation prev. Gor’kiy Northern Mariana Islands
Nicaragua country Central 93 C5 96 B3 commonwealth territory
America 34-35 Nkongsamba Cameroon USA, Pacific Ocean 124 C1
Nicaragua, Lago de lake 58 B4 Northern Sporades see Vóreies
Nicaragua 34 D3 Norak Tajikistan 105 E3 Sporádes
Nice France 73 E6 Nord Greenland 65 E2 Northern Territory territory
Nicobar Islands island group Nordaustlandet island Svalbard Australia 130 A3
India 115 H3 65 G1 North European Plain region
Nicosia capital of Cyprus Norfolk Virginia, USA 23 F5 N Europe 62 E3
var. Lefkosia, Turk. Lefko§a Norfolk Island external North Frisian Islands islands
98 C5 territory Australia, Pacific Denmark/Germany 76 B2
Nicoya, Península de peninsula Ocean 124 D4 North Island island New
Costa Rica 34 D4 Nori’lsk Russian Federation Zealand 132 G2
Niemen see Neman 96 D3 North Korea country E Asia 110
409
North Little Rock — Okhotsk
North Little Rock Arkansas, Novyy Margilan see Farg’ona Oban Scotland, UK 70 C4
USA 30 B1 Nsanje Malawi 61 E3 Obihiro Japan 112 D2
North Platte Nebraska, USA Nsawam Ghana 57 E5 Obo Central African Republic
25 E4 Nubian Desert desert Sudan 58 D4
North Platte river C USA 24 D3 54 B3 Oceania 124-125
North Pole ice feature Arctic Nu’eima West Bank 101 D7 Ocean Island see Banaba
Ocean 137 G3 Nuevo Laredo Mexico 33 E2 Oceanside California, USA
North Sea Atlantic Ocean 70 E2 Nuku‘alofa capital of Tonga 27 C8
North Siberian Lowland 127 F5 Ochamchira see Och’amch’ire
lowlands Russian Federation Ochamchire Georgia prev.
Nukus Uzbekistan 104 C2
94-95 Och’amch’ire, Rus.
North Taranaki Bight gulf New Nullarbor Plain region
ww Australia 129 D6 Ochamchira 99 E1

Zealand 132 D3 Och’amch’ire see Ochamchire
North Uist island Scotland, UK Nunap Isua Island coastal
region Greenland var. Ödenburg see Sopron
70 B3
w
Northwest Territories territory
Canada 19 E3
.Ea
Norway country N Europe 66-67
Uummannaruaq Dan. Kap
Farvel 64 C5
Nunavut Territory Canada
19 F3
Odense Denmark 67 B7
Oder river C Europe 80 C4
Odesa Ukraine Rus. Odessa
91 E4
Norwegian Sea Arctic Ocean
137 G5
Norwich England, UK 71 E6 syE Nunivak Island island Alaska,
USA 18 B2
Nuoro Italy 79 A5
Odessa see Odesa
Odessa Texas, USA 29 E3
Odienné Côte d’Ivoire 56 D4
Noteá river Poland Ger. Netze
80 C3
Nottingham England, UK 71 D6 ngi
Nuremberg see Nürnberg
Nürnberg Germany Eng.
Oesel see Saaremaa
Ofanto river Italy 79 D5
Nottingham Island island
Hudson Strait 20 D1
Nouâdhibou Mauritania 56 B2
n
Nuremberg 77 C5
eer
Nusa Tenggara islands East
Timor / Indonesia 120 E5
Nuuk Greenland var. Godthåb
Offenbach Germany 77 B5
Ogaden plateau Ethiopia 55 D5
Ogallala Nebraska, USA 24 D4
Nouakchott capital of
Mauritania 56 B2
Nouméa capital of New
64 C4
Nyainqêntanglha Shan ing
Ogbomosho Nigeria 57 F4
Ogden Utah, USA 24 B3
Ogdensburg New York, USA
Caledonia 126 D5
Nova Gradi#ka Croatia 82 C3
mountain range China 108 D5
Nyala Sudan 54 A4
23 F2
.ne
Oger see Ogre
t
Nyasa, Lake lake E Africa 51 D5 Ogre Latvia Ger. Oger 88 C3
Nova Iguaçu Brazil 43 F5 45 F2 Nyeri Kenya 55 C6
Novara Italy 78 B2 Ogulin Croatia 82 B3
Nyima China 108 C4 Ohio state USA 22 D4
Nova Scotia province Canada Nyíregyháza Hungary 81 E6
21 F4 Ohio river N USA 22 B5
Nyitra see Nitra Ohrid Macedonia 83 D6
Novaya Zemlya islands Russian
Nykøbing Denmark 67 B8 Ohrid, Lake lake Albania/
Federation 137 H4
Novaya Zemlya Trench see East Nyköping Sweden 67 C6 Macedonia 83 D6
Novaya Zemlya Trench Nyngan Australia 131 D6 Ohüe river Czech Republic/
Novi Sad Serbia 82 D3 Nyoman see Neman Germany Ger. Eger 81 A5
Novokuznetsk Russian Óita Japan 113 B6
Federation prev. Stalinsk Okavango river var. Cubango
96 D4
Novopolotsk see Navapolatsk/ O southern Africa 60 C3
Okavango Delta wetland
Novopolotsk Botswana 60 C3
Novosibirsk Russian Federation Oakland California, USA 27 B6 Okayama Japan 113 B5
96 D4 Oakley Kansas, USA 25 E4 Okazaki Japan 113 C5
Novosibirskiye Ostrova islands Oamaru New Zealand 133 B7 Okeechobee, Lake lake Florida,
Russian Federation Eng. New Oaxaca Mexico 33 F5 USA 31 F4
Siberian Islands 95 F1 Ob’ river Russian Federation Okhotsk Russian Federation
Novo Urgench see Urgench 96 D4 97 G3
410
Okhotsk, Sea of — Owensboro
Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean Opole Poland Ger. Oppeln 80 C4 Ostend see Oostende
134 C1 Oporto see Porto Östersund Sweden 67 C5
Okinawa island Japan 113 A8 Oppeln see Opole Ostrava Czech Republic Ger.
Oki-shotó island group Japan Oradea Romania 90 B3 Mährisch-Ostrau, prev.
113 B5 Oran Algeria 52 D1 Moravská Ostrava 81 C5
Oklahoma state USA 29 F1 Orange River river southern Ostroîèka Poland 80 D3
Oklahoma City Oklahoma, USA Africa 60 C4 Ostrowiec ⁄wiètokrzyski
29 F2 Poland 80 D4
Oranjestad Aruba 37 E5
Okushiri-tó island Japan 112 C2
Orantes River Asia 100 B3 Ósumi-shotó island group
Okára Pakistan 116 C2 Japan 113 A7
Ordu Turkey 98 D2
Öland island Sweden 67 C7 Otago Peninsula peninsula
Ordzhonikidze see Vladikavkaz
ww
Olavarría Argentina 46 D4
Olbia Italy 79 B5
Oldenburg Germany 76 B3
Örebro Sweden 67 C6
Oregon state USA 26
New Zealand 133 B7
Otaru Japan 112 D2
Oti river Africa 57 E4
w
Oleksandriya Ukraine Rus.
Aleksandriya 91 E3
.Ea
Olenëk Russian Federation 97 E3
Ölgiy Mongolia 108 C2
Orël Russian Federation 83 A5
Orem Utah, USA 24 B4
Orenburg Russian Federation
93 C6 96 B4
Otranto, Strait of sea feature
Albania/Italy 79 E5
Ottawa capital of Canada
20 D4
Olhão Portugal 74 C4
Olita see Alytus
Olmaliq see Almalyk
syE Orense see Ourense
Orestiáda Greece 86 D3
Orinoco river Colombia/
Ottawa river Canada 20 D4
Ou river Laos 118 C3
Ouachita river SE USA 30 B2
Olmütz see Olomouc
Olomouc Czech Republic Ger. ngi
Venezuela 41 E3
Oristano Italy 79 A5
Ouagadougou capital of
Burkina Faso 57 E3
Olmütz 81 C5
Olsztyn Poland Ger. Allenstein
80 D2
70 C2
n
Orkney islands Scotland, UK
eer
Orlando Florida, USA 31 E4
Ouarâne desert Mauritania
56 D2
Ouargla Algeria 53 E2
Ouessant, Île d’ island France
ing
Olt river Romania 90 B5 Orléans France 72 C4
Örnsköldsvik Sweden 67 C5 72 A3
Olympia Washington, USA
26 B2 Orantes river SW Asia 100 B3 Ouésso Congo 59 C5
Omaha Nebraska, USA 25 F4
Oman country SW Asia 103 D6
Orosirá Rodópis see Rhodope
Mountains .ne
Oujda Morocco 52 D2
Oulu Finland 66 D4
Oman, Gulf of sea feature
Indian Ocean 103 E5, 122 B3
Omdurman Sudan 54 B4
Omsk Russian Federation 96 C4
Orsha Belarus 89 E5
Orsk Russian Federation
93 D6 96 B4
Oruro Bolivia 42 C4
t
Oulu river Finland 66 D4
Oulujärvi lake Finland 66 E4
Ounasjoki river Finland
66 D3
Onega river Russian Federation Ósaka Japan 113 C5 Our river W Europe 69 E7
92 C4 Osborn Plateau undersea Ourense Spain Cast. Orense
Onega, Lake see Onezhskoye feature Indian Ocean 123 C5 74 C2
Ozero Ösel see Saaremaa Ourinhos Brazil 44 D2
Onezhskoye Ozero lake Osh Kyrgyzstan 105 F2 Ourthe river Belgium 69 D6
Russian Federation Eng. Lake Oshawa Canada 20 D5 Outer Hebrides island group
Onega 92 B3 UK var. Western Isles 70 B3
Oshkosh Wisconsin, USA 22 B2
Ongole India 115 E2 Outer Islands island group
Osijek Croatia 82 C3 Seychelles 61 H2
Onitsha Nigeria 57 F5
Oslo capital of Norway 67 B6 Ouyen Australia 131 C6
Onslow Australia 128 A4
Ontario province Canada Osmaniye Turkey 98 D4 Oviedo Spain 74 D1
18 B3 Osnabrück Germany 76 B3 Owando Congo 59 C6
Ontario, Lake lake Canada/USA Osorno Chile 47 B5 Owen Fracture Zone tectonic
17 D5 Oss Netherlands 68 D4 feature Arabian Sea 122 B3
Oostende Belgium Eng. Ostend Ossora Russian Federation Owensboro Kentucky, USA
69 A5 97 H2 22 B5
411
Oxford — Paysandú
Oxford England, UK 71 D6 Palencia Spain 74 D2 Papua New Guinea country

Oxnard California, USA 29 C7 Palermo Italy 79 C6 Pacific Ocean 126
Oyem Gabon 59 B5 Palikir capital of Micronesia Paracel Islands disputed
Oyo Nigeria 57 F4 126 C2 territory Asia 120 D1
Ozark Plateau plain Arkansas/ Palioúri, Akrotírio coastal Paragua river Venezuela 41 E3
Missouri, USA 25 G5 feature Greece var. Akra Paraguay country South
Ózd Hungary 81 D6 Kanestron 86 C4 America 44
Palk Strait sea feature Paraguay river C South
India/Sri Lanka 115 E3 America 38 C4 44 B2
P Palliser, Cape headland New

Zealand 133 D5
Parakou Benin 57 F4
Paramaribo capital of Suriname
ww
Paamiut Greenland 64 B4
Pachuca Mexico 33 E4
Palm Springs California, USA
27 D8
Palma Spain 75 G3
41 G2
Paraná Argentina 46 D4
Paraná river C South America
w
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
Ocean 136 B5
Pacific Ocean 134-135 .Ea
undersea feature Pacific
Palmer Land physical region
Antarctica 136 A3
Palmerston North New Zealand
132 D4
46 D3
Paranaíba Brazil 43 G2
Paraparaumu New Zealand
132 D4
Padang Indonesia 120 B4
Paderborn Germany 76 B4 syE
Padova Italy Eng. Padua 78 C2
Palmyra see Tudmur
Palmyra Atoll incorporated
territory USA, Pacific Ocean
Pardubice Czech Republic Ger.
Pardubitz 81 B5
Pardubitz see Pardubice
Padre Island island Texas, USA
29 G5
125 F2
ngi
Palu Indonesia 121 E4
Parepare Indonesia 121 E4
Paris capital of France 72 C3
Padua see Padova
Paducah Kentucky, USA 22 B5
Paeroa Waikato, New Zealand
n
Pamir river Afghanistan/
Tajikistan 105 F3
eer
Pamirs mountains Tajikistan
105 F3
Paris Texas, USA 29 G2
Parma Italy 78 B3
Pärnu Estonia Rus. Pyarnu,
132 D3
Pafos see Paphos
Pag island Croatia 82 A3
Pampa Texas, USA 29 E2
Pampas region South America ingprev. Pernov, Ger. Pernau
88 C2
Páros island Greece 87 D6
Pago Pago capital of American
Samoa 127 F4
46 C4
Pamplona Spain var. Iruña 75 F1
.ne
Pasadena California, USA 27 C7
Pasadena Texas, USA 29 G4
Paide Estonia Ger. Weissenstein
88 D2
Paihia New Zealand 132 D2
Painted Desert desert SW USA
Pánáji India 114 C2
Panama country Central
America 35
Panamá, Golfo de sea feature
t
Passo Fundo Brazil 44 D3
Pasto Colombia 40 B4
Patagonia region S South
America 47 C6
28 C1 Panama 35 F5
Panama Canal canal Panama Pathein Myanmar prev. Bassein
País Valenciano cultural region 118 A4
Spain 75 F3 35 F4
Panama City capital of Panama Patna India 117 F3
Pakistan country S Asia 116
35 F5 Patos, Lagoa dos lagoon Brazil
Pakokku Myanmar 118 A3 44 D4
Palagruza island Croatia 83 B5 Panama City Florida, USA
30 D3 Pátra Greece 87 B5
Palau country Pacific Ocean Pattani Thailand 119 C7
var. Belau 124 B2 126 Panáevo Serbia 82 D3
Panevëªys Lithuania 88 C4 Pattaya Thailand 119 C5
Palawan island Philippines
121 E2 Pantanal region Brazil 38 C4 Patuca river Honduras 34 D2
Palawan Passage passage Pantelleria island Italy 79 B7 Pau France 73 B6
Philippines 121 E2 Papeete capital of French Pavlodar Kazakhstan 96 C4
Paldiski Estonia prev. Baltiski, Polynesia 127 H4 Pavlograd see Pavlohrad
Eng. Baltic Port, Ger. Paphos Cyprus var. Pafos 98 C5 Pavlohrad Ukraine Rus.
Baltischport 88 C2 Papua province Indonesia prev. Pavlograd 91 G3
Palembang Indonesia 120 C4 Irian Jaya 121 H4 Paysandú Uruguay 44 B4
412
Pazardzhik — Piraiévs
Pazardzhik Bulgaria prev. Tatar Percival Lakes lakes Australia Philippines country Asia 121
Pazardzhik 86 C2 128 C4 Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean
Pearl river SE USA 30 C3 Pereira Colombia 40 B3 121 F1 124 A1
Peawanuck Canada 20 C2 Périgueux France 73 B5 Philippopolis see Plovdiv
Peá see Pejë/Peá Perm’ Russian Federation prev. Phnom Penh capital of
Pechora river Russian Molotov 93 D5 96 B3 Cambodia 119 D6
Federation 92 D3 Pernau see Pärnu Phoenix Arizona, USA 28 B2
Pecos Texas, USA 29 E3 Pernik Bulgaria prev. Dimitrovo Phoenix Islands island group
Pecos river SW USA 28 D2 86 C2 Kiribati 127 F3
Pécs Hungary Ger. Fünfkirchen Pernov see Pärnu Phôngsali Laos 118 C3
81 C7 Perpignan France 73 C6 Phuket Thailand 119 B7
133 C5
ww
Pegasus Bay bay New Zealand
Pegu see Bago

Persian Gulf sea feature
Arabian Sea var. The Gulf
122 B2
Phuket, Ko island Thailand
119 B7
Phumî Sâmraông Cambodia
w
Peipsi Järv see Peipus, Lake
Peipus, Lake lake Estonia/
.Ea
Russian Federation Est. Peipsi
Järv, Rus. Chudskoye Ozero
Perth Australia 129 B6
Perth Scotland, UK 70 C3
Perth Basin undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 E6
119 D5
Piacenza Italy 78 B2
Piatra-Neam√ Romania 90 C3
Piave river Italy 78 C2
88 D2
syE
Peiraías Greece var. Piraiévs,
Eng. Piraeus 87 C5
Peru C South America 42
Peru-Chile Trench undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 135 G3
Picton New Zealand 133 C5
Pielinen lake Finland 66 E4
Pejë/Peá Kosovo Serb. Peá
83 D5
ngi
Perugia Italy 78 C4
Pescara Italy 78 D4
Pesháwar Pakistan 116 C1
Pierre South Dakota, USA 25 E3
Pie#˚any Slovakia Ger. Pistyan,
Hung. Pöstyén 81 C6
n
Pekalongan Jawa, Indonesia
120 C4 Pietermaritzburg South Africa
Pekanbaru Indonesia 120 B3
Peking see Beijing
Petah Tikva Israel 101 A5
Peterborough England, UK
71 E6 eer 60 D4
Pihkva Järv see Pskov, Lake
Pelagie, Isola island Italy 79 B8
Peloponnese see Pelopónnisos
Peterborough Canada 20 D5
Peter the First Island island ing
Piîa Poland Ger. Schneidemühl
80 C3
Pelopónnisos peninsula Greece
Eng. Peloponnese 87 B5
Antarctica 136 A4
Petra see Wádí Músá
Petrich Bulgaria 86 C3 .ne
Pilar Paraguay 44 B3
Pilchilemu Chile 46 B4
Pilcomayo river C South
Pelotas Brazil 44 C4
Pelotas river Brazil 44 C3
Pematangsiantar Indonesia
120 B3
Petroaleksandrovsk see
To’rtko’l
Petrograd see St Petersburg
t
America 44 B2 46 D2
Pilsen see Plzeõ
Pinar del Río Cuba 36 A2
Pemba island Tanzania 51 E5 Petropavlovsk Russian Píndos mountain range Greece
Pendleton Oregon, USA 26 C2 Federation 96 C4 Eng. Pindus Mountains
Pennines hills England, UK Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy 86 A4
Russian Federation 97 H3 Pindus Mountains see Píndos
70 D4
Petrozavodsk Russian Pine Bluff Arkansas, USA 30 B2
Pennsylvania state USA
Federation 92 B3 Pine Creek Australia 128 E2
23 E3
Pevek Russian Federation Pinega river Russian Federation
Penong Australia 131 A6 97 G1
Penonomé Panama 35 F5 92 C3
Pforzheim Germany 77 B6
Penrhyn atoll Cook Islands Pineiós river Greece 86 B4
Phangan, Ko island Thailand
125 F3 119 C6 Pínes, Akrotírio coastal feature
Penrhyn Basin undersea Greece 86 C4
Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
feature Pacific Ocean 135 E2 23 F4 Ping, Mae Nam river Thailand
Pensacola Florida, USA 30 D3 118 C4
Philippine Basin undersea
Penza Russian Federation 93 B5 feature Pacific Ocean 124 B1 Pinsk Belarus Pol. Piúsk 89 B4
Penzance England, UK 71 C7 Philippine Trench undersea Piraeus see Peiraías
Peoria Illinois, USA 22 B4 feature Philippine Sea 124 A2 Piraiévs see Peiraías
413
Pisa — Presque Isle
Pisa Italy 78 B3 Pomeranian Bay bay Germany/ Port-of-Spain capital of

Pisco Peru 42 B4 Poland 80 B2 Trinidad & Tobago 37 G5
Pishpek see Bishkek Pompano Beach Florida, USA Porto-Novo capital of Benin
Pistyan see Pie#˚any 31 F5 57 F5
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie & Ponca City Oklahoma, USA Porto Velho Brazil 42 C3
Oeno Islands overseas 29 G1 Portoviejo Ecuador 40 A4
territory UK, Pacific Ocean Pondicherry India 115 E2 Port Said see Búr Sa‘íd
125 G4 Ponta Grossa Brazil 44 D2 Portsmouth England, UK 71 D7
Piteå Sweden 66 D4 Pontevedra Spain 74 C1 Port Sudan Sudan 54 C3
Pite§ti Romania 90 C4 Pontianak Indonesia 120 C4 Portugal country SW Europe 74
Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA Poona see Pune Port-Vila capital of Vanuatu
ww
23 E4
Piura Peru 42 A2
Pivdennyy Bug river Ukraine
Poopó, Lake lake Bolivia 42 C5
Popayán Colombia 40 B3
126 D5
Porvenir Chile 47 B7
Posadas Argentina 46 E3
91 E3
w
Plasencia Spain 74 D3
.Ea
Plata, Rio de la river Argentina/
Uruguay var. River Plate
Poprad Slovakia Ger.
Deutschendorf 81 D5
Porbandar India 116 B4
Pori Finland 67 D5
Posen see Poznaú
Poste-de-la-Baleine see
Kuujjuarapik
Pöstyén see Pie#˚any
44 B5 46 D4
Platte river C USA 25 E4

syE
Plate, River see Plata, Rio de la
Porsgrunn Norway 67 B6
Portalegre Portugal 74 C3
Port Angeles Washington, USA
Potenza S Italy 79 D5
Poti Georgia 99 E2
Potosí Bolivia 42 C5
Plattensee see Balaton
Plenty, Bay of bay New
26 A1
ngi
Port Arthur Texas, USA 29 H4
Potsdam Germany 76 D4
Póvoa de Varzim Portugal
n
Zealand 132 E3 Port Augusta Australia 74 C2
Pleven Bulgaria 86 C1
Pîock Poland 80 D3
Ploie§ti Romania 90 C4
131 B6
eer
Port-au-Prince capital of Haiti
Powder river N USA 24 C2
Powell, Lake lake SW USA
Plovdiv Bulgaria Gk.
Philippopolis 86 C2
36 D3
Port Blair India 115 G2
Port Douglas Australia 130 D3 ing24 B5
Poza Rica Mexico 33 F4
Poznaú Poland Ger. Posen
Plungë Lithuania 88 B4
Plymouth capital of Montserrat
Port Elizabeth South Africa
60 D5
80 C3
.ne
Pozo Colorado Paraguay 44 B2
t
37 G3
Port-Gentil Gabon 59 A6 Pozsony see Bratislava
Plymouth England, UK 71 C7
Port Harcourt Nigeria 57 F5 Prag see Prague
Plzeõ Czech Republic Ger.
Pilsen 81 A5 Port Hardy Canada 18 D5 Prague capital of Czech
Port Harrison see Inukjuak Republic Cz. Praha, Ger. Prag
Po river Italy 78 B2 81 B5
Pocatello Idaho, USA 26 E4 Port Hedland Australia 128 B4
Praha see Prague
Po Delta wetland Italy 78 C3 Portland Australia 131 B7
Praia capital of Cape Verde
Podgorica capital of Portland Maine, USA 23 G2 56 A3
Montenegro 83 C5 Portland Oregon, USA 26 B2 Prato Italy 78 B3
Pohnpei Island island Port Lincoln Australia 131 A6 Pratt Kansas, USA 25 E5
Micronesia 126 C2 Port Louis capital of Mauritius Preschau see Pre#ov
Pointe-Noire Congo 59 B6 61 H4 Prescott Arizona, USA 28 B2
Poitiers France 72 B4 Port Macquarie Australia Presidente Prudente Brazil
Poland country E Europe 80-81 131 E6 44 D2
Polatsk Belarus 89 D5 Port Moresby capital of Papua Pre#ov Slovakia Ger. Eperies,
Pol-e Khomrí see Pul-e Khumrí New Guinea 126 B3 var. Preschau, Hung. Eperjes
Poltava Ukraine 91 F2 Porto Portugal Eng. Oporto 81 D5
Poltoratsk see A§gabat 74 C2 Prespa, Lake lake SE Europe
Polynesia region Porto Alegre Sao Tome and 83 D6 86 A3
Pacific Ocean 127 Principe 44 D4 Presque Isle Maine, USA 23 G1
414
Pressburg — Qitai
Pressburg see Bratislava Ptich’ see Ptsich Pyramid Lake lake Nevada,
Preston England, UK 71 D5 Ptsich river Belarus Rus. Ptich’ USA 27 C5
Pretoria judicial capital of 89 D6 Pyrenees mountain range SW
South Africa 60 D4 Pucallpa Peru 42 B3 Europe 62 C4
Préveza Greece 86 A4 Puebla Mexico 33 F4
Prijedor Bosnia & Herzegovina Pueblo Colorado, USA 22 D4
82 B3
Prilep Macedonia 83 E5
Puerto Aisén Chile 47 B6
Puerto Barrios Guatemala
Q
Prince Albert Canada 19 F5 34 C2
Puerto Carreño Colombia Qaanaaq Greenland var. Thule
Prince Edward Island province 64 D1
Canada 21 F4 40 D2
Qábatiya West Bank 101 D7
ww
Prince Edward Islands island
group South Africa 123 A7
Prince George Canada 19 E5
Puerto Cortés Honduras
34 C2
Puerto Deseado Argentina
Qaidam Pendi basin China
108 D4
w 47 C6 Qalát Afghanistan prev.

Prince of Wales Island island Kalát104 D5
Puerto Maldonado Peru
Canada 19 F2
.Ea
Prince Rupert Canada 18 D4
Princess Charlotte Bay bay
42 C4
Puerto Montt Chile 47 B5
Qalqílya West Bank 101 D7
Qamdo China 108 D5
Australia 130 C2
syE
Princess Elizabeth Land region
Antarctica 136 C3
Puerto Natales Chile 47 B7
Puerto Plata Dominican
Republic 37 E3
Qandahár see Kandahár
Qaqortoq Greenland 64 C4
Qara Qum see Karakumy
Príncipe island Sao Tome &
Principe 59 A5
120 E2
ngi
Puerto Princesa Philippines
Puerto Rico commonwealth

Qarshi see Karshi
Qasigiannguit Greenland 64 C3
Pripet river Belarus/Ukraine
90 C1
Pripet Marshes wetlands
Belarus/Ukraine 90 C1
37 F3 n
territory USA, West Indies
Puerto San Julián Argentinaeer

Qatar country SW Asia 103 D5
Qattara Depression see
Qa√√árah, Munkhafaç al
Qa√√árah, Munkhafaç al desert
Prishtinë capital of Kosovo
83 D5
47 C7
Puerto Suárez Bolivia 42 D4
Puerto Vallarta Mexico 32 D4 ing
basin Egypt Eng. Qattara
Depression 54 A1
Prizren Kosovo 83 D5
Prome see Pyay
Pula Croatia 82 A3
Pul-e Khumrí Afghanistan .ne
Qausuittuq see Resolute
Qeqertarsuaq Greenland 64 B3
t
Prossnitz see Prostêjov prev. Pol-e Khomrí 105 E4 Qeqertarsuaq island Greenland
64 B3
Prostêjov Czech Republic Ger. Pune India prev. Poona 114 C1
Qian see Guizhou
Prossnitz 81 C5 Puno Peru 42 C4 Qilian Shan mountain range
Provence region France 73 D6 Punta Arenas Chile prev. China 108 A4
Providence Rhode Island, USA Magallanes 47 B7 Qimusseriarsuaq bay
23 G3 Puntarenas Costa Rica 34 D4 Greenland 64 C2
Providencia, Isla de island Purmerend Netherlands Qiná Egypt 54 B2
Colombia 35 E3 68 C3 Qingdao China 110 D4
Provo Utah, USA 24 B4 Purus river Brazil/Peru 42 C3 Qinghai province China var.
Prudhoe Bay Alaska, USA Pusan see Busan Chinghai, Koko Nor, Qing,
18 D2 Putrajaya administrative Tsinghai 108 D4
Przheval’sk see Karakol capital of Malaysia 120 B3 Qinghai Hu lake China var.
Pskov Russian Federation Putumayo river NW South Koko Nor 108 D4
92 A4 America 38 B3 Qingzang Gaoyuan plateau
Pskov, Lake lake Estonia/ Pyapon Myanmar 118 B4 China Eng. Plateau of Tibet
Russian Federation Est. Pyarnu see Pärnu 110 A4
Pihkva Järv, Rus. Pskovskoye Pyay Myanmar prev. Prome Qiong see Hainan
Ozero 88 D3 118 A4 Qiqihar China 110 D3
Pskovskoye Ozero Pyongyang capital of North Qira China 108 B4
see Pskov, Lake Korea 110 E4 Qitai China 108 C3
415
Qom — Rhode Island
Qom Iran var. Kum 102 C3 Radvili#kis Lithuania 88 C4 Rechytsa Belarus 89 D7

Qondúz river Afghanistan Ragusa Italy 79 D7 Recife Brazil 43 H3
105 E4 Rahímyár Khán Pakistan Recklinghausen Germany
Qondúz see Kunduz 116 C3 76 G4
Qo’qon Uzbekistan prev. Raipur India 117 E5 Red Deer Canada 19 E5
Kokand, var. Khokand, Rájahmundry India 115 E1 Redding California, USA
105 E2 Rájasthán state India 116 C3 27 B5
Quba Azerbaijan Rus. Kuba Rájkot India 116 C4 Red River river S USA 30 B3
99 H2 Rájsháhi Bangladesh 117 G4 Red River river China/ Vietnam
Québec Canada 21 E4 Rakaia river New Zealand 118
Québec province Canada 133 C6 Red Sea Indian Ocean 122 A3
ww
20 D3
Queen Charlotte Islands
islands Canada 18 D4
Rakvere Estonia Ger.
Wesenberg 88 D2
Raleigh North Carolina, USA
Reefton New Zealand 133 C5
Regensburg Germany 77 C5
Reggane Algeria 52 D3
w
Queen Charlotte Sound sea
feature Canada 18 D5
Queen Elizabeth Islands
islands Canada 19 F1 .Ea
31 F1
Ralik Chain islands Marshall
Islands 126 D1
Râmnicu Vâlcea Romania prev.
Reggio di Calabria Italy 79 D6
Reggio nell’ Emilia Italy 78 B3
Regina Canada 19 F5
syE
Rehoboth Namibia 60 C4
Queensland state Australia Rîmnicu Vîlcea 90 B4
130 C4 Reichenberg see Liberec
Ramallah West Bank 101 D7
Queenstown New Zealand Reid Australia 129 D6
Ramree Island island Myanmar
133 B6
Quelimane Mozambique
118 A3
ngi
Rancagua Chile 46 B4
Reims France Eng. Rheims
72 D3
Reindeer Lake lake Canada
n
61 E3 Ránchi India 117 F4 17 C4
Querétaro Mexico 33 E4
Quetta Pakistan 116 B2
Quezaltenango Guatemala
Randers Denmark 67 A7
eer
Rangiora New Zealand 133 C6
Reni Ukraine 90 D4
Rennes France 72 B3
ing
Rangitikei river New Zealand
34 B2 132 D4 Reno Nevada, USA 27 B5
Quibdó Colombia 40 B2 Rangoon see Yangon Resistencia Argentina 46 D3
Quimper France 72 A3
Quy Nhòn Vietnam 119 E5
Rankin Inlet Canada 19 G3
Rapid City South Dakota, USA .ne
Re§i√a Romania 90 B4
Resolute Canada Var.
Qausuittuq 19 F2
Qing see Qinghai
Quito capital of Ecuador 40 A4
Qûrghonteppa Tajikistan Rus.
Kurgan–Tynbe 105 E3
24 D3
Rarotonga island Cook Islands
127 G5
Rasht Iran 102 C3
t
Réunion overseas department
France, Indian Ocean 123 B5
Reus Spain 75 G2
Qyteti Stalin see Kuàovë Ratak Chain islands Marshall Reutlingen Germany 77 B6
Islands 126 D1 Reval see Tallinn
Ratchaburi Thailand 119 C5 Revel see Tallinn
R Rat Islands island group

Alaska, USA 18 A2
Raukumara Range mountain
Revillagigedo, Islas island
Mexico 32 B4
Rey, Isla del island Panama
Raab see Györ range New Zealand 132 E3 35 F5
Raab see Rába Rauma Finland 67 D5 Reykjavík capital of Iceland
Rába river Austria/Hungary Ravenna Italy 78 C3 65 E5
Ger. Raab 81 C7 Ráwalpindi Pakistan 116 C1 Reynosa Mexico 33 E2
Rabat capital of Morocco Rawson Argentina 47 C6 Rézekne Latvia Ger. Rositten,
52 C2 Razgrad Bulgaria 86 D1 Rus. Rezhitsa 88 D4
Race, Cape coastal feature Reading England, UK 71 D6 Rezhitsa see Rézekne
Canada 21 H4 Rebecca, Lake lake Australia Rheims see Reims
Rach Gia Vietnam 119 D6 129 C6 Rhine river W Europe 62 D3
Radom Poland 80 D4 Rebun-tó island Japan 112 D1 Rhode Island state USA 23 G3
416
Rhodes — Ryúkyú-rettó
Rhodes see Ródos Riyadh capital of Saudi Arabia Rostak see Ar Rustáq
Rhodope Mountains mountain Ar. Ar Riyáç 103 C5 Rostock Germany 76 C2
range Bulgaria/Greece Gk. Rize Turkey 99 E2 Rostov-na-Donu Russian
Orosirá Rodópis, Bul. Rkîz Mauritania 56 C3 Federation 96 A3
Despoto Planina 86 C3 Road Town capital of British Roswell New Mexico, USA
Rhône river France/Switzerland Virgin Islands 37 F3 28 D2
62 C4 Roanne France 73 D5 Rotorua New Zealand
Ribeirão Preto Brazil 45 E1 Roanoke Virginia, USA 23 E5 132 D3
Riberalta Bolivia 42 C3 Roanoke river SE USA 31 G1 Rotorua, Lake lake New
Rîbni√a Moldova 90 D3 Robinson Range mountain Zealand 132 D3
Richfield Utah, USA 24 B4 range Australia 129 B5 Rotterdam Netherlands
ww
Richland Washington, USA
24 C2
Richmond Kentucky, USA
Rochester Minnesota, USA
25 F3
Rochester New York, USA
68 C4
Rouen France 72 C3
Rovaniemi Finland 66 D3
22 C5
w
Richmond New Zealand 133 C5
.Ea
Richmond Virginia, USA 23 E5
Richmond Range mountain
23 E3
Rockford Illinois, USA 22 B3
Rockhampton Australia 130 D4
Rock Island Illinois, USA 22 B3
Rovno see Rivne
Rovuma river Mozambique/
Tanzania 61 F2
Roxas City Philippines
range New Zealand 133 C5
syE
Ricobayo, Embalse de reservoir
Spain 74 D2
Rock Springs Wyoming, USA
24 C3
121 E2
Roªõava Slovakia Ger.
Rosenau, Hung. Rozsnyó
ngi
Rockstone Guyana 41 G2
Riga capital of Latvia Latv. Ríga 81 D6
88 C3 Rocky Mountains mountain
range Canada/USA 18-19 D4 Rozsnyó see Roªõava
n
Riga, Gulf of sea feature Ruatoria New Zealand
Baltic Sea 88 C3 Rodez France 73 C6
Riihimäki Finland 67 D5
Rijeka Croatia It. Fiume 82 A3
Ródhos see Ródos
Ródos island Greece var. eer 132 E3
Ruawai New Zealand
132 D2
Rimah, Wádí ar dry
watercourse Saudi Arabia
Ródhos, Eng. Rhodes 87 E6
Ródos Greece Eng. Rhodes
87 E6 ing
Rudnyy Kazakhstan 96 C4
Rudolf, Lake see Lake Turkana
103 B5
Rimini Italy 78 C3
Rîmnicu Vîlcea see
Rodosto see Tekirdaê
Roeselare Belgium 69 A5
76 D2
.ne
Rügen headland Germany
Râmnicu Vâlcea
Riobamba Ecuador 40 A4
Rio Branco Brazil 42 C3
Roma Australia 131 D5
Roma see Rome
Romania country SE Europe 90
55 B7
t
Rukwa, Lake lake Tanzania
Rumbek South Sudan 55 B5

Rundu Namibia 60 C3
Río Cuarto Argentina 46 C4 Rome capital of Italy It. Roma Ruoqiang China 108 C3
Rio de Janeiro Brazil 45 F2 78 C4 Ruse Bulgaria 86 D1
Río Gallegos Argentina 47 C7 Rome Georgia, USA 30 D2 Russian Federation country
Rio Grande Brazil 44 D4 Rønne Denmark 67 B8 Europe/Asia 92-93 96-97
Rio Grande river N America Ronne Ice Shelf ice feature Rustavi Georgia 99 F2
16 B6 Antarctica 136 B3 Rutland Vermont, USA 23 F2
Rio Grande Rise undersea Roosendaal Netherlands Rutog China 108 B4
feature Atlantic Ocean 49 C6 68 C4 Rwanda country C Africa 55
Río Verde Mexico 33 E3 Rosario Argentina 46 D4 Ryazan’ Russian Federation
Rishiri-tó island Japan 112 D1 Roseau capital of Dominica 93 B5 96 B3
Rivas Nicaragua 34 D3 37 G4 Rybinskoye Vodokhranilishche
Rivera Uruguay 44 C4 Rosenau see Roªõava Reservoir Russian Federation
Riverside California, USA Rositten see Rézekne Eng. Rybinsk Reservoir 92 B4
27 C8 Ross Ice Shelf ice feature Rybnik Poland 81 C5
Riverton New Zealand 133 A7 Antarctica 136 B4 Ryúkyú-rettó island group
Rivne Ukraine Rus. Rovno 90 C2 Ross Sea Antarctica 136 B4 Japan 113 A8
417
Ryukyu Trench — Samsun
Ryukyu Trench Undersea St Helier capital Jersey 71 D8 Sakhalin island Russian

feature East China Sea Saint-Jean, Lake lake Canada Federation 97 H4
134 B2 21 E4 Sal island Cape Verde 56 A2
Rzeszów Poland 81 E5Saale Saint John Canada 21 F4 Salado river Argentina 46 C3
river Germany 76 C4 St John’s country capital flalálah Oman 103 D6
Antigua and Barbuda 37 G3 Salamanca Spain 74 D2
Saint John’s Canada 21 H3 Sala y Gómez island Chile,
S St Joseph Missouri, USA 25 F4
St Kitts & Nevis country West
Pacific Ocean 135 F4
Saldus Latvia Ger. Frauenburg
Indies var. St Christopher & 88 B3
Saarbrücken Germany 77 A5 Nevis 37 Salekhard Russian Federation
Saare see Saaremaa
ww
Saaremaa island Estonia var.
Saare, Sarema, Ger. Ösel, var.
Oesel 88 C2
St.-Laurent-du-Maroni French
Guiana 41 H2
Saint Lawrence river Canada
96 D3
Salem India 114 D2
Salem Oregon, USA 26 A3
w
‹abac Serbia 82 C3
Sabadell Spain 75 G2
.Ea
Sabah cultural region Borneo
21 E4
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of sea
feature Canada 21 F3
St. Lawrence Island island
Salerno Italy 79 D5
Salerno, Golfo di sea feature
Italy 79 D5
Salihorsk Belarus Rus. Soligorsk
syE
120 D3 Alaska, USA 18 C2
Sab’atayn, Ramlat as desert 89 C6
Saint-Lô France 73 B3 Salima Malawi 61 E2
Yemen 103 C7
Saint Louis Senegal 56 B3 Salinas California, USA 27 B6
ngi
Sabhá Libya 53 F3
St Louis Missouri, USA 25 G4 Salisbury England, UK 71 D7
Sabzevár Iran 102 D3
St Lucia country West Indies 37 Salisbury Island island Canada
Sacramento California, USA
27 B6
fla‘dah Yemen 103 B6
Sado island Japan 112 C4
n
Saint-Malo France 72 B3
Saint Paul Minnesota, USA

25 F2 eer
Saint-Nazaire France 72 B4
20 D1
Salonica see Thessaloníki
Salso river Italy 79 C7
Safi Morocco 52 B2
Saginaw Michigan, USA 22 C3
St-Paul, Île island French
Southern and Antarctic Lands ing
Salt see As Sal√
Salta Argentina 46 C2
Saltillo Mexico 33 E2
Sahara desert N Africa 50 B3
Sahel region W Africa 50 B3
Saïda Lebanon anc. Sidon 100 B4
123 C6
St Peter Port capital of
Guernsey 71 D8 .ne
Salt Lake City Utah, USA 24 B4
Salto Uruguay 44 B4
Saidpur Bangladesh 117 G3
Saigon see Hô Chi Minh
Saimaa lake Finland 67 E5
St Petersburg Russian
Federation Rus. Sankt-
Peterburg, prev. Leningrad,
Petrograd 92 B3 96 B2
27 D8 t
Salton Sea lake California, USA
Salvador Brazil 43 G4
Salween river SE Asia 111 A6
Saint-Brieuc France 72 A3
St Petersburg Florida, USA Salzburg Austria 77 D6
Saint Catherines Canada 31 E4
20 D5 Salzgitter Germany 76 C4
Saint Pierre & Miquelon Samara Russian Federation
Saint-Chamond France 73 D5 overseas collectivity France,
St Christopher & Nevis see St 93 C6 96 B3
Atlantic Ocean 21 G4
Kitts & Nevis Samarinda Indonesia 121 E4
St Vincent, Cape see São
St Cloud Minnesota, USA 25 F2 Vicente, Cabo de Samarkand Uzbekistan 104 D2
St-Denis capital of Réunion St Vincent & The Grenadines Sambre river Belgium 69 B7
61 H4 country West Indies 37 Samoa country Pacific Ocean
Saintes France 72 B5 Saipan island country capital 127 F4
Saint-Étienne France 73 D5 Northern Mariana Islands Samobor Croatia 82 B3
Saint George Australia 131 D5 124 B1 Sámos island Greece 87 D5
St. George’s capital of Grenada Sakákah Saudi Arabia 102 B4 Samothrace see Samothráki
37 G5 Sakakawea, Lake lake North Samothráki island Greece Eng.
St Helena overseas territory Dakota, USA 24 D2 Samothrace 86 D3
UK, Atlantic Ocean 49 D5 Sakarya see Adapazarı Samsun Turkey 98 D2
418
Samui, Ko — Saragossa
Samui, Ko island group San Juan de los Morros Santa Rosa Argentina 47 C4
Thailand 119 C6 Venezuela 40 D1 Santa Rosa California, USA
San river Poland 81 E5 Sankt Martin see Martin 27 A6
Saña Peru 42 A3 Sankt-Peterburg see St Santa Rosa de Copán Honduras
Sana capital of Yemen var. Petersburg 34 C2
flan‘á’ 103 B7 Sankt Pölten Austria 77 E6 Santa Rosa Island island W
Sanandaj Sinneh. Iran 102 C3 flanlıurfa Turkey prev. Urfa USA 27 B8
San Andrés, Isla de island 98 E4 Santiago island Cape Verde
Colombia 35 E3 San Lorenzo Honduras 34 C3 56 A3
San Angelo Texas, USA 29 F3 San Luis Potosí Mexico 33 E3 Santiago capital of Chile 46 B4
San Antonio Chile 46 B4 San Marino country S Europe Santiago Dominican Republic
ww
San Antonio Texas, USA 29 F4 78 C3 37 E3
San Antonio river S USA 29 G4 San Matías, Golfo sea feature Santiago Panama 35 F5
Argentina 39 C6 Santiago de Compostela Spain
San Antonio Oeste Argentina
47 C5
w
Sanáw Yemen 103 C6
.Ea
San Bernardino California, USA
27 C7
San Miguel El Salvador 34 C3
San Miguel de Tucumán
Argentina 46 C3
San Nicolas Island island W
74 C1
Santiago de Cuba Cuba 36 C3
Santiago del Estero Argentina
46 C3
San Carlos Uruguay 44 C5
San Carlos de Bariloche
Argentina 47 B5
syE USA 27 B8
San Pedro Sula Honduras
34 C2
Santo Antão island Cape Verde
56 A2
Santo Domingo capital of
San Clemente Island island W
USA 27 C8 ngi
San Remo Italy 78 A3
San Salvador capital of El
Salvador 34 C3
Dominican Republic 37 E3
Santo Domingo de los
San Cristóbal Venezuela 40 C2
San Diego California, USA
27 C8
n
San Salvador de Jujuy
Argentina 46 C2
eer
San Sebastián see Donostia/
Colorados Ecuador 40 A4
Santoríni island Greece
87 D6
Santos Brazil 45 E2
Sandwich Island see Efate
San Fernando Trinidad &
Tobago 37 G5
San Sebastián
Santa Ana El Salvador 34 B2
Santa Ana California, USA 27 C8 ing
São Borja Brazil 44 C3
São Francisco river Brazil
San Fernando Venezuela 40 D2
San Fernando de Noronha
Santa Barbara California, USA
27 B7
43 G3
.ne
São José do Rio Preto Brazil
island Brazil 43 H2
San Francisco California, USA
27 B6
Sangir, Kepulauan island group
Santa Catalina Island island W
USA 27 C8
Santa Clara Cuba 36 B2
Santa Cruz Bolivia 42 D4
44 D1
t
São Luís Brazil 43 G2
São Nicolau island Cape Verde
56 A2
Indonesia 121 F3 Santa Cruz California, USA Saône river France 72 D4
San Ignacio Belize 34 C1 27 B6 São Paulo Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
San Joaquin Valley valley W Santa Cruz Islands island group São Tomé capital of Sao Tome
USA 27 B6 Solomon Islands 126 C4 & Principe 59 A5
San José capital of Costa Rica Santa Fe Argentina 46 D3 São Tomé island Sao Tome &
34 D4 Santa Fe New Mexico, USA Principe 59 A5
San Jose California, USA 27 B6 28 D2 Sao Tome & Principe country
San José del Guaviare Santa Maria Brazil 44 C4 W Africa 59
Colombia 40 C3 Santa Marta Colombia 40 C1 São Vincente island Cape
San Juan Argentina 46 B3 Santander Spain 75 E1 Verde 56 A2
San Juan river Costa Rica/ Santanilla, Islas islands São Vicente, Cabo de coastal
Nicaragua 34 D4 Honduras 35 E1 feature Portugal Eng. Cape
San Juan capital of Puerto Rico Santarém Brazil 43 E2 St Vincent 74 B4
37 F3 Santarém Portugal 74 C3 Sapele Nigeria 57 F5
San Juan Bautista Paraguay Santaren Channel Channel Sapporo Japan 112 D2
44 B3 The Bahamas 36 C2 Saragossa see Zaragoza
419
Sarajevo — Shaanxi
Sarajevo capital of Bosnia & Schaulen see ‹iauliai Seram, Pulau island Indonesia
Herzegovina 82 C4 Schefferville Canada 21 E2 121 F4
Sarandë Albania 83 D6 Scheldt river W Europe 69 B5 Serbia country SE Europe
Saransk Russian Federation Schiermonnikoog island 82 D3
93 B5 Netherlands 68 D1 Serdar Turkmenistan prev.
Saratov Russian Federation Schneidemühl see Piîa Gyzylarbat, prev. Kizyl-Arvat
93 B6 104 B2
Schwäbische Alb mountains
Sarawak state Malaysia 120 D3 Germany 77 B6 Serhetabat Turkmenistan prev.
Sardegna island Italy Eng. Gushgy, Kushka
Schwarzwald Forested 104 C4
Sardinia 79 A5 mountain region Germany
Sardinia see Sardegna Eng. Black Forest 77 B6 Serov Russian Federation 96 C3
Serpent’s Mouth, The sea
ww
Sarema see Saaremaa
Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean
48 B4
Schwerin Germany 76 C3
Scilly, Isles of islands UK 71 B7
Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean
feature Trinidad & Tobago/
Venezuela Sp. Boca de la
Serpiente 41 F1
w
Sargodha Pakistan 116 C2
Sarh Chad 58 C4
Sárí Iran 102 D3
Saruhan see Manisa .Ea
136 A1
Scotland national region UK 70
Scottsbluff Nebraska, USA
24 D3
Serra do Mar mountains Brazil
44 D3
Sérres Greece 86 C3
Sasebo Japan 113 A6
Saskatchewan province
Canada 19 F5
syE Scottsdale Arizona, USA 28 B2
Scranton Pennsylvania, USA
23 F3
Setesdal valley Norway 67 A6
Sétif Algeria 53 E1
Setúbal Portugal 74 C4
Saskatchewan river Canada
19 F5 ngi
Scutari, Lake lake Albania/
Montenegro 83 C5
Seul, Lake lake Canada 20 A3
Sevana Lich lake Armenia
99 G2
Saskatoon Canada 19 F5
Sassandra River Côte d’Ivoire
56 D5
Sassari Italy 79 A5
n
Seddon New Zealand 133 C5
eer
Seattle Washington, USA 26 B2
Ségou Mali 56 D3
Sevastopol’ Ukraine 91 F5
Severn river Canada 20 B3
Severn river England/Wales,
Satu Mare Romania 90 B3
Saudi Arabia country SW Asia
Segovia Spain 75 E2
Segura river Spain 75 E4
ing UK 71 D6
Severnaya Dvina river Russian
102-103
Sault Sainte Marie Canada
20 C4
Seikan Tunnel tunnel Japan
112 D3
Seinäjoki Finland 67 D5 .ne
Federation Eng. Northern
Dvina 92 C3
Severnaya Zemlya island group
Sault Sainte Marie Michigan,
USA 22 C1
Saurimo Angola 60 C2
Seine river France 72 C3
Sejong City administrative
capital of South Korea
110 E4
74 D4
t
Russian Federation 137 H3
Sevilla Spain Eng. Seville
Seville see Sevilla

Sava river SE Europe 82 C3
Savannah Georgia, USA 31 F3 Selfoss Iceland 65 E5 Seychelles country Indian
Savannah river SE USA 31 E2 Semara see Smara Ocean 61 122 B4
Savissivik Greenland 64 C2 Semarang Indonesia 120 D4 Seyðisfjörður Iceland
Semey Kazakhstan prev. 65 E4
Savona Italy 78 A3
Semipalatinsk 96 D4 Seÿdi Turkmenistan prev.
Savu Sea sea Indonesia 120 E5
Semipalatinsk see Semey Neftezavodsk 104 D2
Sawíáj Egypt var. Sohâg 54 B2
Sendai Japan 112 D4 Seyhan see Adana
flawqirah Oman 103 D6
Senegal country W Africa 56 Sfax Tunisia 53 F2
Saÿat Turkmenistan 104 D3
Senegal river Africa 56 C3 ’s-Gravenhage capital of
Sayhút Yemen 103 D7 Netherlands Eng. The Hague
Saynshand Mongolia 109 E2 Sên, Stœng river Cambodia 68 B3
Say ’ún Yemen 103 C6 119 D5
Shaan see Shaanxi
Scandinavia geophysical region Seoul capital of South Korea Shaanxi province China var.
Europe 48 D2 Kor. Sôul 110 E4 Shaan, Shan-hsi, Shaanxi
Schaffhausen Switzerland Sept-Iles Canada 21 F3 Sheng, Shenshi, Shensi
77 B6 Seraing Belgium 69 D6 111 C5
420
Shaanxi Sheng — Skagerrak
Shaanxi Sheng see Shaanxi Shkodër Albania 83 D5 Sierra Nevada mountain range
Shache China 108 A3 Shostka Ukraine 91 E1 W USA 27 B6
Shackleton Ice Shelf ice feature Shreveport Louisiana, USA Sighi∞oara Romania 90 C4
Antarctica 136 D3 30 A2 Siglufjörður Iceland 65 E4
Shandong province China var. Shrewsbury England, UK 71 D6 Siguiri Guinea 56 D4
Lu, Shantung 110 D4 Shumen Bulgaria 86 D2 Sihanoukville Cambodia var.
Shanghai China 111 D5 Shymkent Kazakhstan prev. Kâmpóng Saôm 119 D6
Shangrao China 111 D6 Chimkent 96 B5 Siirt Turkey 99 F3
Shan-hsi see Shaanxi ‹iauliai Lithuania Ger. Schaulen Siling Co lake China 108 C5
Shannon river Ireland 71 B5 88 B4 Silkeborg Denmark 67 A7
Shan Plateau upland Myanmar ‹ibenik Croatia 82 B4 Sillein see ·ilina
118 B3
ww
Shantou China 111 D6
Shantung see Shandong
Siberia region Russian
Federation 97 E3
Siberut, Pulau island Indonesia
‹ilutë Lithuania 88 B4
Simeulue, Pulau island
Indonesia 120 A3
29 G2 w
Sharjah see Ash Sháriqah
Shawnee Oklahoma, USA
Shdanov see Mariupol’ .Ea

120 B4
Sibiu Romania 90 B4
Sibolga Indonesia 120 B3
Sibu Malaysia 120 C3
Simferopol’ Ukraine 91 F5
Simpson Desert desert
Australia 130 C4
Sinai desert Egypt 54 B1
55 D5
Sheberghán see Shibirghán
syE
Shebeli river Ethiopia/Somalia Sibut Central African Republic
58 C4
Sibuyan Sea sea Philippines
Sincelejo Colombia 40 B1
Sines Portugal 74 B4
Singapore country SE Asia 120
Sheffield England, UK 71 D5
Shengking see Liaoning
121 E2
ngi
Sichuan province China var.
Singapore capital of Singapore
120 C3
n
Shenking see Liaoning Chuan, Ssu-ch’uan, Szechwan Sinkiang see Xinjiang Uygur
111 B5
Shenshi see Shaanxi
Shensi see Shaanxi
Shenyang China 110 D3
Sichuan Pendi depression
China 111 B5 eer Zizhiqu
Sinnamary French Guiana
41 H2
Sherbrooke Canada 21 E4
Sheridan Wyoming, USA 22 C2
Sicilia island Italy Eng. Sicily
79 C7
ing
Sinop Turkey 98 D2
Sint-Niklaas Belgium 69 B5
.ne
’s-Hertogenbosch Netherlands Sicily, Strait of sea feature
Mediterranean Sea 79 B7 Sintra Portugal 74 B3
68 C4 Sion Switzerland 77 B7
Sicily see Sicilia
t
Shetland islands Scotland, UK Sioux City Iowa, USA 25 F3
70 D1 Sidi Bel Abbès Algeria 52 D1
Sidon see Saïda Sioux Falls South Dakota, USA
Shevchenko see Aktau 25 E3
Shihezi China 108 C2 Siednesibirskoye Ploskogor’ye
plateau Russian Federation Siracusa Italy Eng. Syracuse
Shijiazhuang China 110 C4 79 D7
Shikoku island Japan 113 B6 Eng. Central Siberian Plateau
97 E3 Siret river Romania/Ukraine
Shikoku Basin undersea 90 C4
feature Philippine Sea 134 B2 Siegen Germany 76 B4
Siena Italy 78 B3 Sirikit Reservoir Reservoir
Shikotan island Japan/Russian Thailand 118 C4
Federation (disputed) 112 E2 Sierra Leone country W Africa
56 Sirte, Gulf of see Surt, Khalíj
Shikárpur Pakistan 116 B3 Sisak Croatia 82 B3
Shimonoseki Japan 113 A5 Sierra Madre del Sur mountain
range Mexico 33 E5 Sisimiut Greenland 64 C3
Shinano-gawa river Japan Sittoung river Myanmar 118 B4
112 C4 Sierra Madre Occidental
mountain range Mexico var. Sittwe Myanmar prev. Akyab
Shingú Japan 113 C5 Western Sierra Madre 17 B6 118 A3
Shinyanga Tanzania 55 B7 Sierra Madre Oriental Sivas Turkey 98 D3
Shiquanhe see Gar mountain range Mexico var. Sjælland island Denmark
Shibirghán Afghanistan Eastern Sierra Madre 32 D2 67 B7
prev. Sherberghán 104 D3 Sierra Nevada mountain range Skagerrak sea feature
Shíráz Iran 102 D4 Spain 75 E4 Denmark/Norway 67 A6
421
Skellefteå — South West Cape
Skellefteå Sweden 66 D4 Sokoto Nigeria 57 F3 South Carpathians see Carpa√ii

Skopje capital of Macedonia Sokoto river Nigeria 57 F3 Meridionali
83 E5 Solápur India 116 D5 114 D1 South China Sea Pacific Ocean
Skövde Sweden 67 B6 Sol, Costa del coastal region 119 E7
Skovorodino Russian Spain 75 E5 South Dakota state USA
Federation 97 F4 Soligorsk see Salihorsk 24-25 E3
Skye island Scotland, UK Solomon Islands country Pacific South East Point coastal
70 B3 Ocean 126 feature Australia 131 C7
Slavonski Brod Croatia 82 C3 Solomon Islands island group Southeast Indian Ridge
PNG/Solomon Islands 124 C3 undersea feature Indian
Sligo Ireland 71 B5 Ocean 123 E6
Sliven Bulgaria 86 D2 Solomon Sea Pacific Ocean
Southeast Pacific Basin
ww
126 B3
Slonim Belarus 89 C6 undersea feature Pacific
Somalia country E Africa 54-55
Slovakia country C Europe 81 Ocean 135 E5
Somali Basin undersea feature
Slovenia country SE Europe 77 Southend-on-Sea England, UK
w
Slov’yans’k Ukraine 91 G3
Sîupsk Poland Ger. Stolp
78 C2 .Ea
Indian Ocean 122 A4
Somaliland Disputed territory
E Africa 55 D5
Sombor Serbia 82 C3
71 E6
Southern Alps mountain range
New Zealand 133 B6
Southern Cook Islands islands
Slutsk Belarus 89 C6
syE
Smallwood Reservoir reservoir
Canada 21 E3
Somerset Island island Canada
19 F2
Somme river France 72 C3
Cook Islands 127 G5
Southern Cross Australia 129 B6
Southern Ocean ocean 123 D7
Smara Western Sahara var.
Semara 52 B3
Smederevo Serbia 82 D3 ngi
Somoto Nicaragua 34 D3
Songea Tanzania 55 C8
Southern Upland mountain
range Scotland, UK 70 C4
n
Songkhla Thailand 119 C7 South Fiji Basin undersea
eer
Smolensk Russian Federation Sonoran Desert see Altar, feature Pacific Ocean 124 D4
92 A4 Desierto de South Geomagnetic Pole pole
Smyrna see ƒzmir Sopron Hungary Ger. Antarctica 136 C3
Snake river NW USA 26 D4
Snowdonia mountains Wales,
Ödenburg 81 B6
Soria Spain 75 E2 ing
South Georgia overseas
territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
UK 71 C5
Sobradinho, Represa de
Reservoir Brazil 43 G3
Sorocaba Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
Sorong Indonesia 124 G4
Sotavento, Ilhas de island
136 A1
.ne
South Indian Basin undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 E7
Sochi Russian Federation
93 A7 96 A3
Société, Îles de la islands
group Cape Verde var.
Leeward Islands 56 A3
Soûr Lebanon anc. Tyre 100 A4
Sousse Tunisia 53 F1
t
South Island island New
Zealand 133 D5
South Korea country E Asia
110-111
French Polynesia Eng. Society
Islands 127 H4 South Africa country southern South Orkney Islands islands
Society Islands see Africa 60-61 Antarctica 136 A2
Société, Îles de la South America 38-39 South Pole ice feature
Socotra see Suqu√rá Southampton England, UK Antarctica 136 B3
71 D7 South Sandwich Islands
Sodankylä Finland 66 D3
Southampton Island island overseas territory UK,
Sofia capital of Bulgaria var. Atlantic Ocean 136 A1
Canada 17 G3
Sofija, Bul. Sofiya 86 C2
South Andaman island India South Shetland Islands islands
Sofija see Sofia 115 G2 Antarctica 136 A2
Sofiya see Sofia South Australia state Australia South Sudan country NE Africa
Sognefjorden inlet Norway 131 A5 55 B5
67 A5 South Australian Basin South Taranaki Bight bight
Sohâg see Sawháj undersea feature Southern New Zealand 132 C4
Sokhumi Georgia Rus. Sukhumi Ocean 124 B5 South Uist island UK 70 B3
99 E1 South Bend Indiana, USA 22 C3 South West Cape headland
Sokodé Togo 57 E4 South Carolina state USA 31 F2 New Zealand 133 A8
422
Southwest Indian Ridge — Suntar
Southwest Indian Ridge Stalin Peak see Communism Subotica Serbia 82 D2

undersea feature Indian Peak Suceava Romania 90 C3
Ocean 123 B6 Stalinsk see Novokuznetsk Sucre legal capital of Bolivia
Southwest Pacific Basin Stambul see ƒstanbul 42 C5
undersea feature Pacific Stanley capital of Falkland Sudan country NE Africa 54 B3
Ocean 125 F4 Islands 47 D7 Sudbury Canada 20 C4
Soweto South Africa 60 D4 Stanleyville see Kisangani Sudd region South Sudan
Spain country SW Europe 74-75 Stara Planina see Balkan 55 B5
Sparks Nevada, USA 27 B5 Mountains Sudeten mountains Central
Sparta see Spárti Stara Zagora Bulgaria 86 D2 Europe var. Sudetes, Sudetic
Starbuck Island island Kiribati Mountains, Cz./Pol. Sudety
Spartanburg South Carolina, 81 B5
ww
USA 31 E2
Spárti Greece Eng. Sparta
87 B6
125 F2
Stavanger Norway 67 A6
Stavropol’ Russian Federation
Sudetes see Sudeten
Sudetic Mountains see Sudeten
131 B6 w
Spencer Gulf gulf Australia
.Ea
Spitsbergen island Svalbard
65 F2
93 A7 96 A3
Steinamanger see Szombathely
Steinkjer Norway 66 B4
Stepanakert see Xankändi
Sudety see Sudeten
Suez see As Suways
Suez, Gulf of sea feature
Red Sea 101 A8
Split Croatia 82 B4
Spokane Washington,
USA 26 C2
syE Stettin see Szczecin
Stewart Island island New
Zealand 133 A8
Suez Canal canal Egypt Ar.
Qanát as Suways 54 B1
fluíár Oman 103 D5
Spratly Islands islands South

China Sea 120 D2 ngi
‹tip Macedonia 83 E5
Stirling Scotland, UK 70 C4
Sühbaatar Mongolia 109 E1
Suhl Germany 76 C5
Sukabumi Indonesia 120 C5
Spree river Germany 76 D4
Springfield Illinois, USA 22 B4
Springfield Massachusetts,
67 C6
n
Stockholm capital of Sweden
eer
Stockton California, USA 27 B6
Sukhumi see Sokhumi
Sukkur Pakistan 116 B3
Sula, Kepulauan island group
USA 23 G3
Springfield Missouri, USA
23 F5
Stœng Treng Cambodia 119 D5
Stoke-on-Trent England, UK
71 D6 ing
Indonesia 121 F4
Sulawesi island Indonesia Eng.
Celebes 121 E4
Springfield Oregon, USA
26 A3
Stolp see Sîupsk
Storfjorden fjord Norway 65 F2 .ne
Sulu Archipelago island group
Philippines 121 E3
Srebrenica Bosnia &
Herzegovina 82 C4
Srednesibirskoye Ploskogor’ye
var. Central Siberian Uplands,
Stornoway Scotland, UK 70 B2
Stralsund Germany 76 D2
Stranraer Scotland, UK 70 C4
Strasbourg France Ger.
t
Sülüktü see Sulyukta
Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean 121 E2
Sulyukta Kyrgyzstan Kir.
Sülüktü 105 E2
Eng. Central Siberian Plateau. Strassburg 72 E4 Sumatra island Indonesia
mountain range Russian Stratford New Zealand 132 D4 120 B4
Federation 97 E3 Stratford-upon-Avon England, Sumba, Selat island Indonesia
Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte UK 71 D6 121 E5
legislative capital of Sri Stratonice Czech Republic Sumbawanga Tanzania 55 B7
Lanka115 E4 81 A5 Sumbe Angola 60 B2
Sri Lanka country S Asia prev. Stromboli island Italy 79 D6 Sumgait see Sumqayıt
Ceylon 115 Struma see Stymonas Sumqayıt Azerbaijan Rus.
Srinagarind Reservoir Reservoir Strumica Macedonia 83 E5 Sumgait 99 H2
Thailand 119 C5 Strymonas river Bulgaria/ Sumy Ukraine 91 F1
Srpska, Republika republic Greece var. Struma 86 C3 Sunda, Selat strait Indonesia
Bosnia and Herzegovina Studholme New Zealand 120 D5
82 C3 133 B6 Sunderland England, UK 70 D4
Ssu-ch’uan see Sichuan Stuhlweissenburg see Sundsvall Sweden 67 C5
Stalinabad see Dushanbe Székesfehérvár Suntar Russian Federation
Stalingrad see Volgograd Stuttgart Germany 77 B6 97 F3
423
Sunyani — Tampere
Sunyani Ghana 57 E4 Syeverodonets’k Ukraine 91 G1 Tahoe, Lake lake W USA 27 B5

Superior Wisconsin, USA 22 A1 Syktyvkar Russian Federation Tahoua Niger 57 F3
Superior, Lake lake Canada/ 92 D4 96 C3 Taibei capital of Taiwan var.
USA 16 C5 Sylhet Bangladesh 117 G4 Taipei111 D6
Suqu√rá island Yemen var. Syracuse see Siracusa T’aichung see Taizhong
Socotra 103 D7 122 B3 Syracuse New York, USA 23 E3 Taieri 129 New Zealand 133 B7
flúr Oman 103 E5 Syr Darya river C Asia 104 D1 Taihape New Zealand 132 D4
Surabaya Indonesia 120 D5 Syria country SW Asia 100-101 T’ainan see Tainan
Surakarta Indonesia 120 D5 Syrian Desert desert SW Asia Tainan Taiwan prev.
Súrat India 116 C5 Ar. Bádiyat ash Shám 101 C5 T'ainan111 D6
Surat Thani Thailand 119 C6 Szczecin Poland Ger. Stettin Taipei see Taibei
ww
Sûre river W Europe 69 D7
Surfers Paradise Australia
131 E5
80 B3
Szczeciúski, Zalew bay
Germany/Poland 80 A2
Taiping Malaysia 120 B3
Taiwan country E Asia prev.
Formosa 111
w
Surinam see Suriname
.Ea
Suriname country NE South
America var. Surinam 41
Surkhob river Tajikistan 105 E3
Szechwan see Sichuan
Szeged Hungary Ger. Szegedin
81 D7
Szegedin see Szeged
Taiwan Strait sea feature East
China Sea/South China Sea
var. Formosa Strait 111 D7
Taiyuan China 110 C4
Surt, Khalíj sea feature

syE
Surt Libya var. Sidra 53 G2
Mediterranean Sea Eng. Gulf

Székesfehérvár Hungary Ger.
Stuhlweissenburg 81 C6
Szekszárd Hungary 81 C7
Taizhong Taiwan prev.
T'aichung 111D6
Ta‘izz Yemen 103 B7
of Sirte, Gulf of Sidra 85 E4
Surtsey island S Iceland 65 E5
Susanville California, USA
ngi
Szolnok Hungary 81 D6
Szombathely Hungary Ger.
Tajikistan country C Asia 105
Tajo see Tagus
27 B5
Suways, Qanát as see Suez
Canal
n
Steinamanger 81 B6
eer
Takapuna New Zealand 132 D2
Takla Makan see Taklimakan
Shamo
T Taklimakan Shamo desert

Suva capital of Fiji 127 E4
Svalbard external territory ingregion China var. Takla
Makan 108 B3
.ne
Norway, Arctic Ocean 65 G2 Tabariya, Bahrat see Talamanca, Cordillera de
Svay Riêng Cambodia 119 D6 Tiberius, Lake mountains Costa Rica 35 E4
Sverdlovsk see Yekaterinburg Tábor Czech Republic 81 B5 Talas Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Svetlogorsk see Svyetlahorsk/
Svetlogorsk
Svyataya Anna Trough
undersea feature Kara Sea
Tabora Tanzania 55 B7
Tabríz Iran 102 C2
Tabuaeran island Kiribati
t
Talaud, Kepulauan island
group Indonesia 121 F3
Talca Chile 46 B4
127 G2 Talcahuano Chile 46 B4
137 H4
Tabúk Saudi Arabia 102 A4 Taldykoigan Kazakhstan 96 C5
Svyetlahorsk/Svetlogorsk
Belarus Rus. Svetlogorsk Tacloban Philippines 120 F2 Tallahassee Florida, USA 30 D3
89 D6 Tacna Peru 42 C4 Tallinn capital of Estonia prev.
Swakopmund Namibia 60 B3 Tacoma Washington, USA 26 B2 Revel, Ger. Reval, Rus. Tallin
Swansea Wales, UK 71 C6 Tacuarembó Uruguay 44 C4 88 D2
Swaziland country southern Tadmur see Tudmur Talsen see Talsi
Africa 61 Taegu see Daegu Talsi Latvia Ger. Talsen 88 B3
Sweden country N Europe Taejôn see Daejeon Tamale Ghana 57 E4
66-67 Tafassâsset, Ténéré du desert Tamanrasset Algeria 53 E4
Sweetwater Texas, USA 29 F3 Niger 57 G2 Tambo Australia 130 C4
Swindon England, UK 71 D6 Taguatinga Brazil 43 F3 Tambov Russian Federation
Switzerland country Tagus river Portugal/Spain Port. 93 B5
C Europe 77 Tejo, Sp. Tajo 74 C3 Tamil Nádu state India 114 D2
Sydney Australia 131 D6 Tahiti island French Polynesia Tampa Florida, USA 31 E4
Sydney Canada 21 G4 127 H5 Tampere Finland 67 D5
424
Tampico — Terni
Tampico Mexico 33 F3 Tarim Basin basin China 108 B3 Tbilisi capital of Georgia prev.
Tamworth Australia Tarim He river China 108 B3 Tiflis 99 F2
131 D6 Tarn river France 73 C6 Te Anau New Zealand
Tanami Desert desert Australia Tarnów Poland 81 D5 133 A7
128 E3 Tarragona Spain 75 G2 Te Anau, Lake lake New
Tananarive see Antananarivo Zealand 133 A7
Tarsus Turkey 98 D4
Tanega-shima island Japan Tedzhen see Tejen
Tartu Estonia prev. Yur’yev, var.
113 B7 Yurev, Ger. Dorpat 88 D3 Tegal Indonesia 120 C5
Tanga Tanzania 55 C7 ◊ar√us Syria 100 B3 Tegucigalpa capital of
Tanganyika, Lake lake E Africa Honduras 34 C2
Tashauz see Da§oguz
51 D5 Teheran see Tehrán
Tashkent capital of Uzbekistan
ww
Tanger Morocco var. Tangiers
52 C1
Tanggula Shan mountain
var. Ta#kent, Uzb. Toshkent
105 E2
Ta#kent see Tashkent
Tehrán capital of Iran prev.
Teheran 102 C3
Tehuacán Mexico 33 F4
w
range China 108 C4
Tangiers see Tanger
Tangra Yumco lake China
108 B5 .Ea
Tasman Bay inlet New Zealand
132 C4
Tasmania state Australia
131 C8
Tehuantepec, Golfo de sea
feature Mexico 33 G5
Tejen Turkmenistan prev.
Tedzhen 104 C3
Tangshan China 110 D4
Kepulauan
syE
Tanimbar Islands see Tanimbar,
Tasman Basin undersea feature
Tasman Sea 124 D5
Tasman Plateau undersea
Tejo see Tagus
Te Kao New Zealand131 C1
Tekirdaê Turkey It. Rodosto
Tanimbar, Kepulauan island
group Indonesia Eng.
Tanimbar Islands 121 F5
ngi
feature Pacific Ocean 124 C5
Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean
98 A2
Te Kuiti Waikato, New Zealand
Tanjungkarang see Bandar

Lampung
Tan-Tan Morocco 52 B3
134 C4
n eer
Tassili-n-Ajjer desert plateau
Algeria 53 E4
Tatabánya Hungary 81 C6
132 D3
Tel Aviv-Yafo Israel 101 A5
Teles Pires river Brazil 43 E3
ing
Tell Atlas plateau Africa 84 C3
Tanzania country E Africa 55 Tatar Pazardzhik see Telschen see Tel#iai
Taoudenni Mali 57 E2 Pazardzhik Tel#iai Lithuania Ger. Telschen
Tapa Estonia Ger. Taps 88 D2
Tapachula Mexico 33 G5
Taubaté Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
Taumarunui New Zealand
88 B4
.ne
Temuco Chile 47 B5
Tapajós river Brazil 43 E2
Taps see Tapa
◊arábulus see Tripoli, Lebanon
◊arábulus al-Gharb see Tripoli,
132 D3
Taunggyi Myanmar 118 B3
Taunton England, UK 71 D7
Taupo New Zealand 132 D3
57 G2
t
Ténéré physical region Niger
Tenerife island Spain 52 A3

Tennant Creek Australia 130 A3
Libya Taupo, Lake lake New Zealand Tennessee state USA 30 D1
Taranto Italy 79 E5 132 D3 Tennessee river SE USA 31 C1
Taranto, Golfo di sea feature Tauragë Lithuania 88 B4 Tepelenë Albania 83 D6
Mediterranean Sea 79 E5 Tauranga New Zealand 132 D3 Tepic Mexico 32 D4
Tarapoto Peru 42 B2 Taurus Mountains mountain Teplice Czech Republic Ger.
Tarawa island Kiribati range Turkey see Toros Teplitz, prev. Teplice-‹anov,
127 E2 Daêları 94 D4 Ger. Teplitz-Schönau 80 A4
Taraz Kazakhstan prev. Tavoy see Dawei
Dzhambul, Zhambyl 96 C5 Teplice-‹anov see Teplice
Tawau Malaysia 120 D3 Teplitz see Teplice
Tarbes France 73 B6 Taymyr, Ozero lake Russian
Tarcoola Australia 131 A5 Teplitz-Schönau see Teplice
Federation 97 E2
Târgovi§te Romania prev. Teraina island Kiribati 127 G2
Taymyr, Poluostrov peninsula
Tîrgovi∞te 90 C4 Russian Federation Eng. Teresina Brazil 43 G2
Târgu Mure§ Romania prev. Taymyr Peninsula 97 E2 Termez Uzbekistan 105 E3
Tîrgu Mure∞ 90 C4 Taymyr Peninsula see Taymyr, Terneuzen Netherlands 69 B5
Tarija Bolivia 42 C5 Poluostrov Terni Italy 78 C4
425
Ternopil’ — Tongking, Gulf of
Ternopil’ Ukraine Rus. Thorn see Toruú Tîrgu Mure∞ see Târgu Mure∞
Ternopol’ 90 C2 Thorshavn see Tórshavn Tirol region Austria var. Tyrol
Ternopol’ see Ternopil’ Thracian Sea Greece Gk. 77 C7
Terrassa Spain 75 G2 Thrakikó Pélagos 86 D3 Tiruchchiráppalli India 114 D3
Terre Haute Indiana, USA 22 B4 Thrakikó Pélagos see Tisa see Tisza
Terres Australes et Thracian Sea Tisza river E Europe Ger. Theiss,
Antarctiques Françaises Three Kings Islands island Cz./Rom./SCr. Tisa
see French Southern and group New Zealand 132 C1 81 D6
Antarctic Lands Thule see Qaanaaq Titicaca, Lake lake Bolivia/Peru
Terschelling island Netherlands Thunder Bay Canada 20 B4 42 C4
68 C1 Tlemcen Algeria 52 D2
Thuner See lake Switzerland
Teruel Spain 75 F3
ww
Teseney Eritrea 54 C4
Tessalit Mali 57 E2
77 B7
Thurso Scotland, UK 70 C2
Tianjin China var. Tientsin
Toamasina Madagascar 61 G3
Toba, Danau lake Indonesia
120 B3
w
Tete Mozambique 61 E3
Tétouan Morocco 52 C1
Tetovo Macedonia 83 D5
Tetschen see Dêâín .Ea
110 D4
Tiberias, Lake lake Israel var.
Sea of Galilee, Heb. Yam
Kinneret, Ar. Bahrat Tabariya
Tobago island Trinidad and
Tobago 37 G5
Toba Kákar Range mountains
Pakistan 116 B2
Tevere river Italy 78 C4
Texas state USA 28-29 F3
Texarkana Arkansas, USA
syE 101 B5
Tibesti mountains Chad/Libya
50 C3
Tobruk see ◊ubruq
Tocantins river Brazil 43 F3
Tocopilla Chile 46 B2
30 A2
Texas City Texas, USA 29 G4 ngi
Tibet autonomous region
China Chin. Xizang 108 C5
Togo country W Africa 57 E4
Tokat Turkey 98 D3
Texel island Netherlands 68 C2
Thailand country SE Asia 118-
119
Gaoyuan
n
Tibet, Plateau of see Qingzang
Tienen Belgium 69 C6
eer
Tokelau dependent territory
New Zealand, Pacific Ocean
127 F3
Tokmak Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
ing
Thailand, Gulf of sea feature Tien Shan mountain range C
South China Sea 119 C6 Asia 105 G2 Tokuno-shima island Japan
Thames river England, UK 71 D6 Tientsin see Tianjin 113 A8
Thar Desert desert India/
Pakistan 116 C3
Tierra del Fuego island
Argentina/Chile 47 C8
.ne
Tokushima Japan 113 B5
Tokyo capital of Japan 113 D5
Tharthár, Buíayrat ath lake
Iraq 102 B3
Thásos island Greece 86 C3
Thaton Myanmar 118 B4
Tiflis see Tbilisi
Tighina Moldova prev. Bendery
90 D4
Tigris river SW Asia 94 B4
t
Toledo Spain 75 E3
Toledo Ohio, USA 22 C3
Toledo Bend Reservoir
Reservoir S USA 29 H3
Theiss see Tisza Tijuana Mexico 32 A1 Toliara Madagascar 61 E3
Thermaic Gulf see Thermaïkós Tiki Basin undersea feature Tol’yatti prev. Stavropol’
Kólpos Pacific Ocean 135 E3 Russian Federation 93 C5
Thermaïkós Kólpos sea feature Tiksi Russian Federation 97 F2 Tomakomai Japan 112 D2
Greece Eng. Thermaic Gulf Tilburg Netherlands 68 C4 Tombouctou Mali 57 E3
86 B4 Timaru New Zealand 133 B6 Tombua Angola 60 B2
Thessaloníki Greece var. Timi∞oara Romania 90 A4 Tomini, Gul of sea feature
Salonica 86 B3 Indonesia 121 E4
Timmins Canada 20 C4
The Valley dependent territory Tomsk Russian Federation
capital Anguilla 37 G5 Timor island Indonesia 121 F5
96 D4
Thimphu capital of Bhutan Timor Sea Indian Ocean 121 F5
Tonga country Pacific Ocean
117 G3 Tindouf Algeria 52 B3
127 E5
Thionville France 72 E3 Tínos island Greece 87 D5 Tongatapu island Tonga
Thiruvananthapuram India see Tirana capital of Albania 83 D6 125 E3
Trivandrum 114 D3 Tiraspol Moldova 90 D4 Tongking, Gulf of see Tonkin,
Thompson Canada 19 F4 Tîrgovi∞te see Târgovi∞te Gulf of
426
Tongliao — Tuguegarao
Tongliao China 109 G2 Townsville Australia 130 D3 Trípoli Greece 87 B5

Tongtian He river China 108 C4 Toyama Japan 112 C4 Tripoli Lebanon var. Trâblous,
Tonkin, Gulf of sea feature Tozeur Tunisia 53 E2 ◊arábulus 100 B4
South China Sea var. Gulf of Trâblous see Tripoli, Lebanon Tripoli capital of Libya Ar.
Tongking 111 B7 Trabzon Turkey Eng. Trebizond ◊arábulus al-Gharb 53 F2
Tônle Kông river Cambodia/ 99 E2 Tristan da Cunha overseas
Vietnam 118 E5 Tralee Ireland 71 A6 territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
Tônlé Sap lake Cambodia Trang Thailand 119 C7 49 D6
119 D5 Trivandrum India see
Transantarctic Mountains
Tonopah Nevada, USA 27 C6 mountain range Antarctica Thiruvananthapuram 114 D3
Toowoomba Australia 131 D5 136 B3 Trnava Slovakia Ger. Tyrnau,
ww
Topeka Kansas, USA 25 F4
Top Springs Australia 130 A3
Torino Italy Eng. Turin 78 A2
Transnistria region Moldova
90 D3
Transylvania region Romania
Hung. Nagyszombat
81 C6
Trois-Rivières Canada
w
Tornio Finland 66 D4
.Ea
Tornionjoki river Finland/
Sweden 66 D3
Toronto Canada 20 D5
90 B3
Transylvanian Alps see Carpa√ii
Meridionali
Trapani Italy 79 C6
21 E4
Trollhättan Sweden 67 B6
Tromsø Norway 66 C2
Trondheim Norway 66 B4
Toros Daêları mountain range
Turkey Eng. Taurus
Mountains 98 C4
syE Traralgon Australia 131 C7
Trasimeno, Lago Lake Italy
78 C4
Trondheimsfjorden inlet
Norway 66 B4
ngi
Troyes France 72 D4
Torre del Greco Italy 79 D5 Traverse City Michigan, USA
Trujillo Honduras 34 D2
Torrens, Lake lake Australia 22 C2
Trujillo Peru 42 A3
131 B5
Torreón Mexico 32 D2
Torres Strait sea feature
Arafura Sea/Coral Sea 126 B4
29 F4
n
Travis, Lake lake Texas, USA
eer
Trebinje Bosnia & Herzegovina
83 C5
Tsarigrad see ƒstanbul
Tschenstochau see
Czèstochowa
Torrington Wyoming, USA
24 D3
Trebizond see Trabzon
Trelew Argentina 47 C6 ing
Tselinograd see Astana
Tsetserleg Mongolia 108 D2
Tórshavn capital of Faroe
Islands Dan. Thorshavn 65 F5
Trenâín Slovakia Ger. Trentschin
Hung. Trencsén 81 C6 59 C7
.ne
Tshikapa Dem. Rep. Congo
t
To’rtko’l Uzbekistan prev. Trencsén see Trenâín Tsinghai see Qinghai
Petroaleksandrovsk, prev. Trento Italy Ger. Trient 78 C2 Tsumeb Namibia 60 C3
Turtkul’, Uzb. Tûrtkûl 104 C2 Trenton New Jersey, USA Tsushima island Japan
Tortoise Islands see Galapagos 23 F4 113 A5
Islands Trentschin see Trenâín Tuamotu Fracture Zone
Tortosa Spain 75 F2 Tres Arroyos Argentina 47 D5 tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
Toruú Poland Ger. Thorn Treviso Italy 78 C2 125 H3
80 C3 Trient see Trento Tuamotu Islands island group
Toscana region Italy Eng. Trieste Italy 78 D2 French Polynesia 125 G3
Tuscany 78 B3 Tubmanburg Liberia 56 C4
Tríkala Greece 86 B4
Toscano, Archipelago island ◊ubruq Libya Eng. Tobruk
group Italy 78 B4 Trincomalee Sri Lanka 115 E3
Trindade external territory 53 H2
Toshkent see Tashkent Tucson Arizona, USA 28 B3
Brazil, Atlantic Ocean
Tottori Japan 113 B5 49 C6 Tucupita Venezuela 41 F1
Touggourt Algeria 53 E2 Trinidad Bolivia 42 C4 Tucuruí, Represa de Reservoir
Toulon France 73 D6 Trinidad Uruguay 44 B5 Brazil 43 F2
Toulouse France 73 B6 Trinidad island Trinidad & Tudmur Syria var. Tadmur,
Toungoo Myanmar 118 B4 Tobago 38 C2 Eng. Palmyra 100 C3
Tournai Belgium 69 B6 Trinidad & Tobago country Tuguegarao Philippines
Tours France 72 C4 West Indies 37 G5 121 E1
427
Tuktoyaktuk — Urfa
Tuktoyaktuk Canada 137 E2 Turpan China 108 C3 Ulaanbaatar see Ulan Bator
Tula Russian Federation Turtkul’ see To’rtko’l Ulaangom Mongolia 108 C2
93 B5 96 A3 Tûrtkûl see To’rtko’l Ulan Bator capital of Mongolia
Tulancingo Mexico 33 E4 Tuscany see Toscana var. Ulaanbaatar 109 E2
Tulcán Ecuador 40 B4 Tuvalu country Pacific Ocean Ulanhad see Chifeng
Tulcea Romania 90 D4 127 E3 Ulan Qab China var. Jining
Túlkarm West Bank 101 D7 Tuxtla Mexico 33 G5 109 F3
Tully Australia 130 D3 Tuz Gölü lake Turkey 98 C3 Ulan-Ude Russian Federation
Tulsa Oklahoma, USA 29 G1 Tuzla Bosnia & Herz. 82 C3 97 E4
Tundzha river Bulgaria Tver’ Russian Federation Ullapool Scotland, UK 70 C3
86 D2 92 B4 Ulm Germany 77 C6
ww
Tungaru island group Kiribati
prev. Gilbert Islands
127 E2
Twin Falls Idaho, USA 26 D4
Tyler Texas, USA 29 G3
Tyre see Soûr
Ulster region Ireland/UK
71 B5
Ulungur Hu lake China 108 C2
w
Tunis capital of Tunisia 53 F1
.Ea
Tunisia country N Africa
53 F2
Tunja Colombia 40 C2
Tyrnau see Trnava
Tyrol see Tirol
Tyrrhenian Sea Mediterranean
Uluru peak Australia var. Ayers
Rock 129 E5
Ul’yanovsk Russian Federation
93 C5
Tupiza Bolivia 42 C5
Turan Lowland lowland syE Sea 78 C6
Tyup Kyrgyzstan 105 G2
Tziá island Greece prev. Kéa
Umeå Sweden 66 D4
Umnak Island island Alaska,
USA 18 B3
ngi
Turkmenistan/Uzbekistan 87 C5
var. Turan Plain, Rus. Una river Bosnia &
Turanskaya Nizmennost’ Herzegovina/Croatia
U n
104 C2 82 B3
Turan Plain see Turan Lowland
Turanskaya Nizmennost’ see
eer Unalaska Island island Alaska,
USA 18 B3
Ungava, Péninsule d’ peninsula
Turan Lowland
Turâianskÿ Svätÿ Martin see
Martin
Ubangi river C Africa 59 C5
Uberaba Brazil 43 F5, 45 E1
ing Canada 20 D1
Ungava Bay sea feature
Turin see Torino
Turkana, Lake lake Ethiopia/
Uberlândia Brazil 43 F5, 45 E1
Ubon Ratchathani Thailand
119 D5 .ne
Canada 21 E1
United Arab Emirates country
SW Asia 103 D5
Kenya var. Lake Rudolf
50 D4 55 C5
Turkey country SW Asia
98-99
Ucayali river Peru 42 B3
Uchkuduk Uzbekistan Uzb.
Uchquduq 104 D2
t
United Kingdom country NW
Europe 70-71
country North America
Uchquduq see Uchkuduk
Türkmenabat Turkmenistan 16-17
prev. Chardzhev, prev. Udine Italy 78 C2
Udon Thani Thailand 118 C4 Uppsala Sweden 67 C6
Chardzhou, prev. Leninsk,
Turkm. Chärjew 104 D3 Uele river Dem. Rep. Congo Ural river Kazakhstan/Russian
58 D5 Federation Kaz. Zhayyk
Türkmenba§y Turkmenistan 96 B4
prev. Krasnovodsk 104 A2 Ufa Russian Federation
96 B3 Ural Mountains mountain
Turkmenistan country C Asia 104 range Russian Federation
Turks & Caicos Islands overseas Uganda country E Africa 55 var. Ural’skiy Khrebet,
territory UK, West Indies 37 Uíge Angola 60 B1 Ural’skiye Gory 92-93
Turku Finland 67 D5 Ujungpandang see Makassar Ural’sk Kazakhstan
Turnagain, Cape headland New Ukhta Russian Federation 96 B3
Zealand 132 E4 92 D4 Ural’skiy Khrebet see Ural
Turnhout Belgium 69 C5 Ukiah California, USA 27 A5 Mountains
Turnu Severin see Drobeta- Ukmergë Lithuania 88 C4 Ural’skiye Gory see Ural
Turnu Severin Ukraine country E Europe Mountains
Turócszentmárton see Martin 90-91 Urfa see flanlıurfa
428
Urganch — Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
Urganch see Urgench Uzhhorod Ukraine Rus. Vanua Levu island Fiji 127 E4
Urgench Uzbekistan prev. Novo Uzhgorod 90 B2 Vanuatu country Pacific Ocean
Urgench, Uzb. Urganch 126 D4
104 C2 Váránasi India 117 E3
Uro#evac see Ferizaj/Uro#evac
Ûroteppa Tajikistan 105 E2 V Varaªdin Croatia 82 B2
Vardar river Greece/Macedonia
Uruapan Mexico 33 E4 prev. Axios 83 E6
Uruguaiana Brazil 44 B4 Vaal river South Africa 60 D4 Vardø Norway 66 E2
Uruguay country SE South Vaasa Finland 67 D5 Varkaus Finland 67 E5
America 44 Vadodara India 116 C4 Varna Bulgaria 86 E2
Uruguay river S South America Vaduz capital of Liechtenstein Västerås Sweden 67 C6
ww
46 D3
Urumchi see Ürümqi
Ürümqi China prev. Urumchi
77 B7
Vág see Váh
Váh river Slovakia Ger. Waag,
Vatican City country S Europe
78 C4
Vättern lake Sweden 67 B6
108 C3
92 D3
w .Ea
Usa river Russian Federation
U§ak Turkey prev. Ushak 98 B3

Hung. Vág 81 C6
Valdés, Península peninsula
Argentina 47 C5
Valdez Alaska, USA 18 D3
Vava‘u Group island group
Tonga 127 F4
Vawkavysk Belarus Rus.
Volkovysk, Pol. Woîkowysk
Ushak see U§ak
Ushuaia Argentina 47 C8 syE
Ust’-Chaun Russian Federation
Valdivia Chile 47 B5
Valdosta Georgia, USA 31 E3
Valence France 73 D5
89 B5
Växjö Sweden 67 C7
ngi
Vaygach, Ostrov island Russian
97 G1 Valencia Spain 75 F3 Federation 92 E3
Ustica, Isola de island Italy Valencia Venezuela 40 D1 Veles Macedonia 83 E5
79 C6
Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
Ger. Aussig 80 A4 n
Valencia region Spain 75 F3
Valera Venezuela 40 C1
eer
Valga Estonia Ger. Walk 88 D3
Velikaya river Russian
Federation 95 G2
Velikiye Luki Russian
ing
Ust’-Kamchatsk Russian Federation 92 A4
Federation 97 H2 Valladolid Spain 74 D2
Velikiy Novgorod Russian
Ust’-Kamenogorsk Kazakhstan Valledupar Colombia 40 C1
Federation 92 B4 96 B2
96 D5
Ustyurt Plateau upland
Vallenar Chile 46 B3
Valletta capital of Malta 79 C8
.ne
Velingrad Bulgaria 86 C2
Vellore India 114 D2
t
Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan Valley, The capital of Anguilla Venezia Italy Eng. Venice
104 B1 37 G3 78 C2
Usumacinta river Guatemala/ Valmiera Latvia Ger. Wolmar Venezuela country N South
Mexico 34 B1 88 C3 America 40-41
Usumbura see Bujumbura Valparaíso Chile 46 B4 Venezuela, Gulf of sea feature
Utah state USA 24 B4 Van Turkey 99 F3 Caribbean Sea 40 C1
Utena Lithuania 88 C4 Van, Lake see Van Gölü Venice see Venezia
Utica New York, USA 23 F2 Vanadzor Armenia prev. Venice, Gulf of sea feature
Utrecht Netherlands 68 C3 Kirovakan 99 F2 Adriatic Sea 78 C2
Uttar Pradesh state India Vancouver Canada 19 E5 Venlo Netherlands 69 D5
117 E3 Vancouver Washington, USA Venta river Latvia/Lithuania
Uummannarsuaq see 26 B2 88 B3
Nunap Isua Vancouver Island island Ventspils Latvia Ger. Windau
Uvs Nuur lake Mongolia Canada 18 D5 88 B3
108 C2 Vänern lake Sweden 67 B6 Vera Argentina 46 D3
Uyo Nigeria 57 G5 Vangaindrano Madagascar Veracruz Mexico 33 F4
Uyuni Bolivia 43 C5 61 G4 Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
Uzbekistan country C Asia Van Gölü lake Turkey Eng. Lake mountain range Russian
104-105 Van 99 F3 Federation Eng. Verkhoyansk
Uzhgorod see Uzhhorod Vantaa Finland 67 D5 Range 97 F3
429
Verkhoyansk Range — Wabash
Verkhoyansk Range see Villa Mercedes Argentina 46 C4 Vlissingen Netherlands

Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet Villarrica peak Chile 39 B6 Eng. Flushing 69 B5
Vermont state USA 23 F2 Villavicencio Colombia 40 C3 Vlorë Albania 83 D6
Vernon Texas, USA 29 F2 Villeurbanne France 73 D5 Vojvodina region Serbia 82 D3
Véroia Greece 86 B3 Vilna see Vilnius Volga river Russian Federation
Verona Italy 78 C2 Vilnius capital of Lithuania Pol. 96 A3
Versailles France 72 C3 Wilno, Ger. Wilna, Rus. Vilna Volgograd Russian Federation
Verviers Belgium 69 D6 89 C5 prev. Stalingrad 93 B6, 96 A3
Vesoul France 72 D4 Viña del Mar Chile 46 B4 Volkovysk see Vawkavysk
Veszprém Hungary Ger. Vinh Vietnam 118 D4 Vologda Russian Federation
Veszprim 81 C7 Vinnitsa see Vinnytsya 96 B2
ww
Veszprim see Veszprém
Viana do Castelo Portugal
74 C2
Vinnytsya Ukraine Rus.
Vinnitsa 90 D2
Virgin Islands unincorporated
Vólos Greece 86 B4
Volta river Ghana 57 E4
Volta, Lake lake Ghana 57 E4
w
Viareggio Italy 78 B3
Vicenza Italy 78 C2
Vichy France 73 C5
.Ea
Victoria state Australia 131 C7
territory USA, West Indies
37 F3
Virginia Minnesota, USA 25 F2
Virginia state USA 22-23
Volta Redonda Brazil 45 E2
Vóreies Sporádes island group
Greece Eng. Northern
Sporades 86 C4
Victoria Canada 18 D5
syE
Victoria capital of Seychelles
61 H1
Virovitica Croatia 82 C3
Virtsu Estonia Ger. Werder
88 C2
Vorkuta Russian Federation
92 E3 96 C2
Vormsi island Estonia Ger.
Victoria Texas, USA 29 G4
Victoria river Australia 128 D3 ngi
Visákhapatnam India 117 E5
Visalia California, USA 27 C7
Worms, Swed. Ormsö 88 C2
Voronezh Russian Federation
n
Visby Sweden 67 C7 93 B5
Victoria, Lake lake E Africa var.
Victoria Nyanza 55 B6
Victoria Falls waterfall Zambia/ eer
Viscount Melville Sound sea
feature Arctic Ocean 19 F2
Viseu Portugal 74 C3
Võru Estonia Ger. Werro 88 D3
Vosges mountain range
Zimbabwe 51 C6
Victoria Island island Canada
19 F2
Vistula see Wisîa
Vitebsk see Vitsyebsk/Vitebsk ing
France 72 E4
Vostochno-Sibirskoye More
Arctic Ocean Eng. East
Victoria Land region Antarctica
137 C4
Viterbo Italy 78 C4
Viti Levu island Fiji 127 E4
.ne
Siberian Sea 137 G2
Vostok Island island Kiribati
Victoria Nyanza see
Victoria, Lake
Vidin Bulgaria 86 B1
Viedma Argentina 47 C5
Vitim river Russian Federation
95 E3
Vitória Brazil 43 G5 45 G1
Vitória da Conquista Brazil
127 H4
t
Vrangel’ya, Ostrov island
Russian Federation Eng.
Wrangel Island 97 G1
43 G4 Vratsa Bulgaria 86 C2
Vienna capital of Austria
Ger. Wien 77 E6 Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain 75 E1 Vr#ac Serbia 82 D3
Vientiane capital of Laos Vitsyebsk/Vitebsk Belarus Rus. Vukovar Croatia 82 C3
118 C4 Vitebsk 88 E5
Vulcano, Isola island Italy
Vietnam country SE Asia Vjosës, Lumi i river Albania 79 D6
118-119 83 D6
Vyatka river Russian Federation
Vigo Spain 74 C2 Vladikavkaz Russian Federation
93 C5
prev. Ordzhonikidze,
Vijayawáda India 115 E1 Dzaudzhikau 93 B7
Vila Nova de Gaia Portugal Vladimir Russian Federation
74 C2
Vila Real Portugal 74 C2
93 B5
Vladimirovka see
W
Viliya see Neris Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Viljandi Estonia Ger. Fellin Vladivostok Russian Federation Wa Ghana 57 E4
88 D2 97 G5 Waag see Váh
Villach Austria 77 D7 Vlieland island Netherlands Waal river Netherlands 68 D4
Villahermosa Mexico 33 G4 68 C1 Wabash river C USA 22 B4
430
Waco — White Sea
Waco Texas, USA 29 G3 Wanaka New Zealand Weser river Germany 76 B3

Waddeneilanden island group 133 B6 Wessel Islands island group
Netherlands Eng. West Wanaka, Lake lake New Australia 130 B2
Frisian Islands 68 C1 Zealand 133 B6 West Antarctica region
Waddenzee sea feature Wandel Sea Arctic Ocean Antarctica 134 B3
Netherlands 68 D1 137 G4 West Bank disputed territory
Wadi Halfa Sudan 54 B3 Wanganui New Zealand 132 D4 SW Asia 101 A5
Wádí Músá Jordan var. Petra Wanlaweyn Somalia 55 D6 West Bengal state India
101 B6 Warangal India 117 E5 117 F4
Wad Medani Sudan 54 B4 Warkworth New Zealand D2 Western Australia state
Wagga Wagga Australia Warrnambool Australia 131 C7 Australia 128-129
ww
131 C6 Warsaw capital of Poland Pol. Western Dvina river E Europe
Wagin Australia 129 B6 Warszawa, Ger. Warschau Bel. Dzvina, Ger. Düna,
Wahai Indonesia 121 F4 80 D3 Latv. Daugava, Rus.
Zapadnaya Dvina 88 C4
w
Wahíbah, Ramlat Ál Desert
Oman 103 E5
Waiau river New Zealand
133 A7 .Ea
Warschau see Warsaw
Warszawa see Warsaw
Warta river Poland Ger. Warthe
80 C4
Western Ghats mountain
range India 106 B3, 114 C1
Western Isles see Outer
syE
Waipawa New Zealand 132 E4 Hebrides
Warthe see Warta
Wairau river New Zealand Western Sahara region
Wash, The inlet England, UK
133 C5 occupied by Morocco
71 E5
ngi
Wairoa New Zealand 132 E3 N Africa 52 A3
Washington state USA 26
Waitaki river New Zealand Western Sierra Madre see
Washington, D.C. capital of Sierra Madre Occidental
133 B6
Waiuku New Zealand 132 D3
Wakatipu, Lake lake New
Zealand 133 D7
USA 23 E4
n
Waterford Ireland 71 B6
Watertown New York, USA
23 E2 eer
Westerschelde inlet
Netherlands 69 B5
West Falkland island Falkland
Wakayama Japan 113 C5
Wake Island atoll Pacific Ocean
124 D1
Watertown South Dakota, USA
25 E2 ing
Islands 47 D7
West Frisian Islands see
Waddeneilanden
Wake Island US unincorporated
territory Pacific Ocean
Wau South Sudan 55 B5
Waukegan Illinois, USA 22 B3
.ne
West Indies island group North
America 48 A4
134 C2
Wakkanai Japan 112 D1
Waîbrzych Poland Ger.
Waldenburg 80 B4
Wawa Canada 20 C4
Weddell Plain undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 136 B2
Weddell Sea Antarctica 136 A2
31 F4
t
West Palm Beach Florida, USA
Westport New Zealand 133 C5

West Siberian Plain see
Waldenburg see Waîbrzych Weichsel see Wisîa Zapadno-Sibirskaya Ravnina
Wales national region UK Wel. Weissenstein see Paide West Virginia state USA 22-23
Cymru 71 Wellesley Islands island group Wetar Strait sea feature
Walgett Australia 131 D5 Australia 130 B3 Indonesia 121 F5
Walk see Valga Wellington capital of New Wexford Ireland 71 B6
Walla Walla Washington, USA Zealand 133 D5 Whakatane New Zealand
26 C2 Wellington, Isla island Chile 132 E3
Wallis & Futuna overseas 47 B7 Whangarei New Zealand
collectivity France, Pacific Wells, Lake lake Australia 132 D2
Ocean 127 E4 129 C5 Wharton Basin undersea
Walnut Ridge Arkansas, USA Wels Austria 77 D6 feature Indian Ocean 123 D5
30 B1 Wenden see Césis Wheeling Ohio, USA 22 D4
Walvis Bay Namibia 60 B4 Wenzhou China 111 D6 Whitehorse Canada 18 D4
Walvis Ridge undersea feature Werder see Virtsu White Nile river Sudan / South
Atlantic Ocean 49 D6 Werro see Võru Sudan 55 B5
Wan see Anhui Wesenberg see Rakvere White Sea see Beloye More
431
White Volta — Yaroslavl’
White Volta river Burkina Faso Wisconsin state USA 22 B2 Xánthi Greece 86 C3
/Ghana 57 E4 Wismar Germany 76 C3 Xiamen China 111 D6
Whitianga New Zealand Wisîa river Poland Ger. Xi’an China 111 B5
132 E3 Weichsel, Eng. Vistula Xiang see Hunan
Whitney, Mount peak W USA 63 E3 80 D4 Xiao Hinggan Ling mountain
27 C6 W.J. van Blommesteinmeer range China 110 D2
Whitsunday Group island Reservoir Suriname 41 H3 Xilinhot China 109 F2
group Australia 130 D3 Wîocîawek Poland 80 C3 Xingu river Brazil 43 E2
Whyalla Australia 131 B6 Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Poland Ger. Xingxingxia China 108 D3
Wichita Kansas, USA 25 E5 Loslau 81 C5 Xining China 109 E4
Wichita Falls Texas, USA 29 F2 Wolfsburg Germany 76 C3 Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu
autonomous region China
ww
Wicklow Mountains mountains
Ireland 71 B5
Wien see Vienna
Wollongong Australia 131 D6
Wolmar see Valmiera
Woods, Lake of the lake
var. Sinkiang 108 B3
Xinxiang China 110 C4
w
Wiener Neustadt Austria 77 E6 Xixón see Gijon
Canada/USA 20 A3 Xizang Zizhiqu see Tibet
.Ea
Wiesbaden Germany 77 B5 Woodville New Zealand 132 D4 Xuzhou China 111 D5
Wight, Isle of island England, Worcester England, UK 71 D6
UK 71 D7 Worcester Massachusetts, USA
Wilhelm, Mount peak Papua

New Guinea 126 B3
syE
Wilcannia Australia 131 C6 23 G3
Worms see Vormsi
Woîkowysk see Vawkavysk
Y
Wilja see Neris
Wilkes Land region Antarctica ngi
Wrangel Island see Vrangel’ya,
Ostrov
Yafran Libya 53 F2
Yakima Washington, USA 26 B2
137 C4
Willemstad Curaçao 37 E5
Williamsport Pennsylvania,
USA 23 E3
80 C4
n
Wrocîaw Poland Ger. Breslau
eer
Wuday ‘ah Saudi Arabia 103 C6
Yaku-shima island Japan 113 B7
Yakutsk Russian Federation
97 F3
Williston North Dakota, USA

24 D1
Wuhai China var. Haibowan
109 E3
Wuhan China 111 C5 ing
Yala Thailand 119 C7
Yalong Jiang river China 111 A5
Yalta Ukraine 91 F5
Wilmington Delaware, USA
23 F4
Wuliang Shan mountain range
China 111 A6 .ne
Yamaguchi Japan 113 B5
Yambio South Sudan 55 B5
Wilmington North Carolina,
USA 31 G2
Wilna see Vilnius
Wilno see Vilnius
Wuppertal Germany 76 A4
Würzburg Germany 77 C5
Wuxi China 111 D5
Wyndham Australia 128 D3
t
Yambol Bulgaria 86 D2
Yamdena, Pulau island
Indonesia 121 G5
Yamoussoukro capital of Côte
Windau see Ventspils Wyoming state USA 24 C3 d’Ivoire 56 D5
Windhoek capital of Namibia Yamuna river India 117 E3
60 C3 Yana river Russian Federation
Windorah Australia 130 C4
Windsor Canada 20 C5
Windward Islands see
X 95 F2
Yangon Myanmar Eng.
Rangoon 118 B4
Barlavento, Ilhas de Xaignabouli Laos prev. Muang Yangtze see Chang Jiang
Winisk river Canada 20 B3 Xainabouri 118 C3 Yaoundé capital of Cameroon
Winnemucca Nevada, USA Xalapa Mexico var. Jalapa 59 B5
27 C5 118 C3 Yap island Micronesia 126 A1
Winnipeg Canada 19 G5 Xai-Xai Mozambique 61 E4 Yap Trench undersea feature
Winnipeg, Lake lake Canada Xalapa Mexico 33 F4 Philippine Sea 124 B2
19 G5 Xam Nua Laos 118 D3 Yaqui river Mexico 32 B2
Winston-Salem North Carolina, Xankändi Azerbaijan Rus. Yarmouth Canada 21 F4
USA 31 F1 Khankendy, prev. Yaroslavl’ Russian Federation
Winton Australia 130 C4 Stepanakert 99 G2 96 B2
432
Yazd — Zwolle
Yazd Iran 102 D4 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Russian Zaysan, Ozero lake Kazakhstan

Yazoo river SE USA 30 C2 Federation var. Vladimirovka 94 D3
Yecheng China 108 A3 97 H4 Zeebrugge Belgium 69 A5
Yekaterinburg Russian Yverdon Switzerland 77 A7 Zenica Bosnia & Herzegovina
Federation prev. Sverdlovsk 82 C4
96 C3 Zeravshan river C Asia 105 E3
Yelisavetpol see Gäncä
Yellowknife Canada 19 E4 Z Zeya river Russian Federation
95 F3
Yellow River see Huang He Zhambyl see Taraz
Zacapa Guatemala 34 C2 Zhayyk see Ural
Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean
110-111 Zacatecas Mexico 32 D3 Zhdanov see Mariupol’
Zadar Croatia 82 A4 Zhe see Zhejiang
ww
Yellowstone river NW USA 24 C2
Yemen country SW Asia 103 C7
Yenakiyeve Ukraine 91 G3
Zagreb capital of Croatia 80 B3
Zágros, Kuhhá-ye mountain
range Iran/Iraq 102 D4
Zhejiang province China var.
Che-chiang, Chekiang, Zhe
111 D5
w
Yengisar China 108 A3
Yenisey river Russian
Federation 96 D3
.Ea
Yerevan capital of Armenia
Záhedán Iran 102 E4
Zahlé Lebanon 100 B4
Zaire country see Dem. Rep.
Zhengzhou China 111 C5
Zhezkazgan Kazakhstan prev.
Zdhezkazgan 96 C4
Zhitomir see Zhytomyr
var. Erevan, Jerevan, Eng.
Erivan 99 F2
Yevpatoriya Ukraine 91 F4 syE Congo
Zaire river see Congo
Zajeâar Serbia 82 E4
Zhlobin Belarus 89 D6
Zhodzina Belarus 89 D5
Yinchuan China 110 B4
Yining China 108 B2 ngi
Zákinthos see Zákynthos
Zákynthos island Greece prev.
Zákinthos 87 A5
Zhytomyr Ukraine Rus.
Zhitomir 90 D2
Zibo China 110 D4
Yogyakarta Indonesia 120 D5
Yokohama Japan 113 D5
Yopal Colombia 40 C2 n
Zalaegerszeg Hungary 81 B7
Zambezi Zambia 60 D2
eer
Zambezi river southern Africa
Zielona Góra Poland Ger.
Grünberg in Schlesien 80 B5
Zigong China 111 B6
York England, UK 71 D5
York, Cape headland Australia
130 C1
60 D3
Zambia country southern
Africa 60-61 ing
·ilina Slovakia Hung. Zsolna,
Ger. Sillein 81 C5
Zimbabwe country southern
Yorkton Canada 19 F5
Youngstown Ohio, USA 22 D3
Zamboanga Philippines 120 E3
Zamora Spain 74 D2 .ne
Africa 60-61
Zinder Niger 57 C3
Ypres see Ieper
Yu see Henan
Yuba City California, USA 27 B5
Yucatan Channel channel
Zanda Xizang Zizhiqu, W China
108 B4
Zanján Iran 102 C3
Zanzibar Tanzania 55 C7
t
Zoetermeer Netherlands 68 C4
Zomba Malawi 61 E2
Zonguldak Turkey 98 C2
Zouérat Mauritania 56 C1
Caribbean Sea 36 A2 Zaozhuang China 111 D5 Zrenjanin Serbia 82 D3
Yucatan Peninsula peninsula Zapadnaya Dvina see Zsolna see ·ilina
Mexico 33 H4 Western Dvina Zug Switzerland 77 B7
Yue see Guangdong Zapadno-Sibirskaya Ravnina Zuider Zee see IJsselmeer
Yueyang China 111 C5 Eng. West Siberian Plain.
Plain Russian Federation Zürich Switzerland Eng. Zurich
Yukon river Canada/USA 18 C2 77 B6
Yukon Territory territory 96 C3
Zapala Argentina 47 B5 Zurich see Zürich
Canada 18 D3
Zaporizhzhya Ukraine Rus. Zürichsee lake Switzerland
Yuma Arizona, USA 28 A3 77 B7
Yun see Yunnan Zaporozh’ye 91 F3
Zaporozh’ye see Zaporizhzhya Zuwárah Libya 53 F2
Yunnan province China var.
Yun, Yun-nan 111 B6 Zarafshon Uzbekistan 104 D2 Zvornik Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C3
Yun-nan see Yunnan Zaragoza Spain Eng. Saragossa
Yurev see Tartu 75 F2 Zwedru Liberia 56 D5
Yur’yev see Tartu Zaranj Afghanistan 104 C5 Zwickau Germany 76 D4
Yushu China 108 D4 Zaria Nigeria 57 G4 Zwolle Netherlands 68 D3
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
**Note : Other Websites/Blogs Owners we requested you, Please do not Copy

(or) Republish this Material.
This copy is NOT FOR SALE.
**Disclimers : EasyEngineering does not own this book/materials, neither created nor
scanned. we provide the links which is already available on the internet. For any quarries,
Disclaimer are requested to kindly contact us. We assured you we will do our best. We DO
NOT SUPPORT PIRACY, this copy was provided for students who are financially troubled but deserving
to learn. Thank You and God Bless!

Atlas - A Pocket Guide To The World Today

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atlas - A Pocket Guide To The World Today

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.

**Note : Other Websites/Blogs Owners we requested you, Please do not Copy

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

FOR THE SIXTH EDITION

Publisher Andrew Macintyre Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf

ww Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Art Director Philip Ormerod

Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

Printed and bound in Hong Kong

6000m / 19,686ft River

Depression n eer Major town

Full international .ne

Cease-ﬁre line Rail

State/Province Insight; facts, ﬁgures, and

North & Central Northwest Africa . . . . . . . . . . 52-53

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Netherlands. . . . . . . . 286 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . 316 V

LIBERIA TOGO UGANDA KENYA S MALDIVES MALAYSIA PALAU

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE DEM. REP. SINGAPORE

SOLOMON (NZ) Cook

NEW CONTINENTAL KEY

Dead Sea gr Plateau Tibet Honshu

Arabian Taiwan Philippine

Islands Ethiopian Bengal

Equator Gulf of Congo Somali Borneo Celebes

Guinea Basin Basin Sumatra

19,340ft Seychelles Java Sea Mount

Fiji Basin AMERICA Basin

North Southwest Aconcagua

+11 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Lake Athabasca Labrador

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

0 km 1000 Galapagos Islands A M E R I C A

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Western Canada & Alaska

On July 9, 1958, a massive landslide dropped 40 million Ketchikan

Great Bear Lake

St. John McMurray

Flin Flon Thompson O

west, is 4990 miles

ngi Win is k Attawapiskat

USA: The Northeast

Michigan Bay City

5 and can take around 5 minutes

Lake Ont a r ATLANTIC

ia New York Long Island

MARYLAND The Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia,

Fredericksburg contains nearly 100,000 miles (161,000 km) of

Charlottesville telephone cable, enough to go around the

RICHMOND circumference of the Earth almost four times.

USA: Central States

capacity of 7.2 billion Laramie CHEYENNE

began to fill. Grand DENVER

Hastings Kirksville continuous 219 mile (352 km)

Astoria Walla ts.

Coos Bay Burns Caldwell BOISE Idaho Falls

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Crescent Goose Lake Great

Long Beach Santa Ana Palm Springs the hottest, with