Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disease - When there is a harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological process.
1. Non-infectious diseases
• Diseases with which no animate or virus pathogen is associated.
• Cannot be transmitted.
• No parasite is associated (Non-parasitic diseases).
Ex. Tip rot or Necrosis of mango - B deficiency.
Black heart of potato - Oxygen deficiency.
Khaira disease of paddy - Zn deficiency
2. Infectious diseases
• A specific pathogen is responsible for the diseases.
• diseases are infectious, contagious and transmittable
Infectious diseases are often classified according to their occurrence in the following
groups - Fungi, Bacteria, Virus, Viroids, Phytoplasma, Spiroplasma, Fastidious
vascular bacteria, Nematode.
1. Damping off
• Rotting of seeds and radicle before seedling emergence – Pre-emergence
• Rotting of emerged seedlings at ground level resulting in toppling down of seedlings –
Post-emergence
• Eg. Damping-off of vegetable - Pythium aphanidermatum P. debaryanum P. ultimum
2. Club root
• Modification of roots and rootlets into club shaped swellings due to hypertrophy and
hyperplasia
• Eg. Club root of cabbage : Plasmodiophora brassicae
3. Root rot
• Disintegration or decay of roots
• Eg. Root rot of pulses Macrophomina phaseoina
4. Foot rot
• Disintegration of basal part of the stem
• Eg. Foot rot in pepper Phytophthora palmivora
4. Collar rot
• Collar region of the seedlings rot
• Eg. Collar rot of groundnut – Aspergillus niger A.pulveruilentus
5. Stem rot
• Leads to rotting Disintegration of the tissues of the stem.
• Eg. Stem rot of paddy – Sclerotium oryzae
6. Wilt
• Loss of turgidity and dropping of leaves and shoots
• Eg: Red gram wilt – Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. udum
7. White rust
• White or creamy, shiny irregular pustules seen on the lower surface of the leaves.
• Eg. White rust of amaranthus - Albugo bliti
9. Powdery mildew
• Small irregular powdery patches are seen on the upper surface of the leaves.
• Eg. Powdery mildew of blackgram – Erysiphe polygoni.
12. Blast
• Spindle shaped spots with grey centre and brown margin appear on leaf (leaf blast)
• Blackening of node of the plant (node blast) and neck of the panicle (neck blast)
• Eg. Blast of paddy – Pyricularia grisea
13. Anthracnose
• Black sunken lesion circular to angular are seen on leaves, cotyledons, stem, fruits, flowers
and pods of plants.
• Acervuli the asexual fruiting body is produced in the sunken lesion.
• Eg. Anthracrose of bean – Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.
14. Rust
• Raised reddish brown (rusty) pustule appear on both surface of leaf, stem etc
• Eg. Sunflower rust - Puccinia helianthi
15. Scab
• Slightly raised or sunken lesion with cracks on petiole, pedicel, blossom, fruit, leaves and
gives a scabby appearance.
• Eg. Scab of apple - Venturia inaequalis
17. Gummosis
• Exudation of gummy substances from infected bark and bark completely rots and dries due
to girdling
• Eg. Gummosis of citrus – Phytophthora citrophthora
19. Smut
• Seeds in the infected ear head or entire earhead is replaced by a gall (or) sori contain large
number of black colour, smut spores or spore bolls.
• Eg. Loose smut of wheat – Ustilago nudo tortice
22. Bunt
• The infected grain are found to be full of sooty black powdery manes of bunt spores
decayed fishy odour.
• Eg. Bunt of wheat Tilletia caries.
23. Wart
• Wart like protuberances on tubers and stem
• Eg. wart of potato Synchytrium endobioticum.
25. Gall
• Enlarged sac like growth on stem, leaves, blossoms etc.
• Eg. Stem gall in coriander (Protomyces macrosporus).
28. Necrosis
• Killing of plant tissue often result in development of brown to black colour.
29. Discolouration
• Change in colour of the plant or one or more its pacts
BACTERIA
Plant pathogenic bacteria are basically facultative saprophytes and they enter into the host plant
mostly through wounds and natural openings. The important symptoms are
1. Leaf spot
• Symptom include the appearance of water soaked, circular or irregular, necrotic spot on
leaves. Sometimes the spots are encircled with a yellow halo.
• Dicot - spot is restricted by veins and become angular.
• Monocots - spots usually appears as streaks or stripes.
Eg. Bacterial leaf spot in tomato : X. axonopodis. pv. vesicatoria,
Angular leaf spot in cotton : X. a. pv. malvacearum
Bacterial leaf streak in paddy : X. oryzae. pv. oryzicola
2. Leaf blight
• Rapid and extensive necrosis of affected leaves resulting in scorched appearance.
(Eg) Bacterial blight in paddy : X. oryzae. pv. oryzae
Bacterial blight in beans : X.c. pv. phaseoli.
3. Soft rot
• Affected area is soft, watery, discoloured and somewhat depressed, or wrinkled or
blistered.
• Eg. Soft rot of tomato, egg plant, crucifers, onion, carrot, celery, lettuce is caused by
Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora.
5. Scab
• The infected area becomes rough, corky, slightly raised with rusty surface and pitted due to
the abnormal proliferation of tissues in the epidermis.
• It is only by epidermal infection and are not deep seated.
• Eg. Potato scab: Streptomyces scabies
7. Wilt
• Yellowing, dropping, wilting and death of the above ground parts of the plant.
• Bacteria enter and multiply inside the xylem vessels of host plant.
• The occlusion of vessels by bacterial cells and their polysaccharides interfere with
translocation of water and nutrients and Wilt symptom develops.
• Eg. Bacterial wilt in solanaceous plants : Pseudomonas solanacearum
• The wilted plants show brown to black colour discolouration in vascular bundle.
Virus particles consist of nucleic acid encapsidated within a protective protein coat called capsid.
Capsid is made up of individual subunits called capsomeres. Mature virus particle is called virion.
It is obligate in nature
Common symptoms
1. Reduction in growth
• Reduced plant height
• Almost all parts show reduction
3. Chlorosis
• Whole leaf become yellow due to loss of chlorophyll
• Chlorosis confined to the vein – Vein clearing
• Eg. Bhendi yellow vein virus
4. Ringspotting
• One or more concentric rings of dead cells with normal green tissue between them
• Eg. Tobacco ring spot virus, Papaya ring spot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus
5. Necrosis
• Death of tissue, organs or whole plant
• Eg. Potato virus X, Potato virus Y
7. Enation or tumours
• Outgrowth from upper or lower surface of leaves
• Eg. Pea enation mosaic virus
9. Flower symptom
• Color breaking on flowers
• Reduced size, deformed shape and reduced flowering
• Eg. Tulip color breaking virus
Satellite Viruses
Viroids
• Viroids are circular, single stranded pathogenic RNAs of few hundred nucleotides long
(240 – 400nt) smallest of known agents of infectious diseases.
• They do not code for any protein and are replicate independently of any associated
plant virus
• They lack protein coat
Important diseases caused by viroids are,
• Potato spindle tuber viroid (First viroid disease by Diener, 1971)
• Citrus exocortis viroid
• Coconut cadang cadang viroid
• Tomato bunchy top
Phytoplasma
• Lack true cell wall, bounded by single triple-layered membrane, gram negative, cells
containing cytoplasm, randomly distributed ribosomes and strands of nuclear material.
• Exhibit pleomorphic shape
• Reproduce by budding and binary fission
• Lack flagella and do not produce pores
• Resistant to penicillin and sensitive to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and erythromycin
Spiroplasma
• Gram positive, Pleomorphic cells, varying in shape and helical in form
• Lack true cell wall bounded by triple layered membrane
• Require sterol for its growth
• Culturable on nutrient media and multiply by fission
• Susceptible to tetracycline but not to penicillin
1. Stem parasite
Total parasite - Cuscuta
Semiparasite - Loranthus
2. Root parasite
Total parasite - Orabanche
Semiparasite – Striga
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Environment
Pathogen Host
!
Types of Epidemics
Rapid Epidemic / Compound interest disease
Pathogen multiply at a higher rate with in a short period leads to rapid increase of disease
Eg. Late blight of potato, Stem rust of wheat, Powdery mildew of wheat
Slow epidemic / Simple interest disease
Infection take several years to become epidemic – Eg. Vascular wilts, Soil borne smuts
Causes of epidemic
i. Inoculum potential
ii. Unnatural culture
iii. Introduction of a disease to a new area – Eg. TN1 rice variety from Japan – BLB
susceptible
iv. Due to plant breeding – Eg. HB3 Cumbu – highly susceptible to downy mildew
v. Weather factors
a. Temperature
Powdery mildew favoured in summer
BLB – Temp around 25-30oC (not below this temp)
Apple Scab – temp is near 20oC and blossom remain wet for 18hrs
b. Relative humidity
Sorghum downy mildew – maximum sporulation @ 100% RH
Late blight of potato – temp of 10oC & RH not less 75%
c. Rainfall
Frequent drizzling favours cumbu ergot
BLB – combination of rainy weather, strong wind & temp of 22-26oC
Brown spot of rice – Heavy rainfall accompanied by temp of 25-30oC, cloud
weather & low solar radiation
d. Dew
Sorghum downy mildew - more sporulation @ leaves are wet for 4-5hr
Blast – Dew for 6-8hrs favours disease
e. Light
Heavy shade – increases brown spot of rice, Blister blight of tea
More sporulation of cumbu downy mildew @ Increased light duration
Agri optionals agademy.in !11 of !43
vi. Soil factors
a. Soil Moisture
Low moisture – favours potato scab, Root rot (Dry)
High moisture – Damping off, Root rot (Wet)
b. Soil Temperature
Verticillium wilt of cotton – low soil moisture (<20 oC)
Fusarial wilt – hight soil moisture (>32 oC)
c. Soil pH
Acid soil – Favours Club root of cabbage
Alkaline soil – Fusarial wilt of cotton, Common scab of potato
Disease assessment
1. Assessment in terms of percentage
Applicable for disease which cause complete death of plants (Eg. Damping off, Root rot,
wilt, etc.), systemic diseases (eg. Virus, Phytoplasma, etc.,) and in diseases leading to total
destruction of infected organs (eg., Smut, greenear, etc.,)
CLASSIFICATION OF QUARANTINE
• Exclusive – Prohibition of importation of plant materials.
• Regulatory – import permitted if accompanies “Phytosanitary certificate”
Also
DOMESTIC: Restricts spread of a disease with in a country from one place to another with in
state or between states.
• In TN Madras Agricultural pests and diseases Act, 1919 - Control of sandal spike,
Cardamom mosaic, Orabanche, Wheat stem rust, blister blight.
• In INDIA DIP Act 1914
– Prevent spread of BBTV from Assam, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and
west Bengal.
– Prevent spread of potato cyst nematode from TN.
INTERNATIONAL (Foreign)
• Coffee leaf rust – Hemilieavastatrix (Srilanka)- 1940
• Late blight of potato – Phytophthorainfestans(Srilanka)- 1883
• Banana bunchy top virus- (Srilanka)-1940
• Paddy blast- (Srilanka)-1918
• Cardamom suckers – prohibited from Anamalais to avoid Katte mosaic virus
Embargo
Total prohibition on import or export of transport of plant material in a country.
Categorization of quarantine restrictions:
• Unrestricted
• Restricted – require phytosanitary certificate
• Post entry quarantine
• Prohibited – require phytosanitary certificate and import permit
Eradication
Aims at killing of pathogen that have already gained entry in to the country.
Eradication from seeds and seed materials
Mechanical
▪ 20% brine solution
Physical
▪ Steam at 52 – 540 c for 20 mins – ex. BLB and Blast
▪ Sugarcane grassy shoot – hot water treatment 500 c for 2 – 2.30 hrs
▪ Hot air @ 500 c for 8 hrs
▪ Aerated steam theraphy at 500 c for 1 hr
Paddy:
Blast – ADT 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, Co 37, Co 43, Co 44, Co 45, Co 47, IR 64,
Ponmani, IR 20, ASD 16
Brown spot – Co 20, Co 44, Bala, Bhavani
BLB – IR 20, Zenith, IR 28, 29, 30
RTV – IR 20, 28, 29, 30, IR 50 and Co 45
Sorghum: Downy Mildew – QLSCO 25, CO 26, CO 21
Wheat: Stem and Yellow rust – Lerma Roja, Safed Lerma, Sonalika, Choti Lerma
Yellow rust – Hira
Brown rust – Pratap
Yellow and Orange rust – VP 262
Loose smut – Kalyani 277, PV 18, WG 307, C 302
Bengalgram: Wilt – ICCC 32, 42, ICC 12223, 11322, 12408, H 82-2, bdn 1, 2
Redgram: Wilt – NP 41, 51 and 80
Sterility Mosaic – VR 3, DA 11, 12, 13, Bahar, BSR 1, Co (RG) 7
Yellow Mosaic – Co 6, Vamban 2, APK 1
Groundnut: Leaf spot and Rust – ALR 1, ALR 3
Bud necrosis – Co 3 (Moderately resistant)
Black gram: Yellow Mosaic – VBN 1, VBN 3
Sugarcane: Red rot – COC 99061, Co 86249, COC 22, Co(Si)6 – Resistant
COC 8001, Co 8201 – Moderately resistant
Smut – Co 7704 - resistant
COC 85061, COC 8201 – Moderately resistant
Tobacco: Tobacco mosaic virus – TMVRR 2, RR 29, RR3
Potato: Late blight – Kufri Jyothi, Kufri Malar, Kufri Thangam
Bhendi: Yellow mosaic – Parbhani kranti
Coffee rust: Cauvery
Cotton: Bacterial leaf blight – MCU 10, Paiyur 1
1. Mercurial fungicides
Mercurial fungicides
Organic
Inorganic Eg. Ethyl mercury chloride, Phenyl
Eg. Mercuric chloride mercury acetate, methoxy ethyl
mercuric chloride, etc.
Mercuous chloride
Agri optionals agademy.in !17 of !43
2. Copper fungicides
Common Name Trade name
1. Copper Sulphate Preparations
1. Bordeaux mixture • It is prepared by mixing copper sulphate and lime in
water (to get 1% mixture, mix 1 kg of CuSO4 and 1
kg of lime in 100 litres of water)
• CuSO4+Ca (OH) 2 ----------> Cu (OH) 2 + CaSO4
• Phytotoxic to apple, pear, peaches and high yielding
varieties of Rice, Maize
2. Bordeaux paste It is prepared by mixing 1 kg of CuSO4 and 1 kg of lime
in 10 litres of water.
3. Burgundy mixture It is prepared by mixing 1 kg of CuSO4 and 1 kg of
Sodium Carbonate in 100 litres of water,
4. Cheshnut compound It is prepared by mixing 2 parts of copper sulphate and
11 parts of Ammonium Carbonate
II. Copper carbonate preparation
Chaubattia Paste This is prepared by mixing 800 g of copper carbonate
and 800 g of Red lead in 1 litre of linseed oil or lanolin.
III. Cuprous oxide Fungimar, Perenox, Copper Sandoz, Copper 4% dust,
Preparation Perecot, Cuproxd, Kirt i copper.
IV. Copper oxychloride Blitox, Fytolan, Blue copper 50, Cupravit, Cuprax
Preparation
3. Sulphur fungicides
Inorganic – WP, Dust (Kosam, Thiovit)
Organic – (Carbamate fungicides)
Monoalkyl dithiocarbamates – Zineb, Maneb, Mancozeb, Nabam, Vapam
Dialkyl dithiocarbamates – Thiram, Ziram, Ferbam
4. Quinone fungicides
Chloranil – Spergon
Dichlone – Phygon, Phygon XL
5. Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
Captan, Folpet, Captafol, Vincozolin (rolinan), Iprodione
6. Aromatic compounds
Quintozene (PCNB) – Brassicol, Terraclor (Soil treatment)
Dinocap – Karathane, Arathane
7. Non-Aromatic compounds - Dodine
8. Organotin compounds (Triphenyl tin)
Fentin hydroxide, Fentin acetate, Fentin chloride
Agri optionals agademy.in !18 of !43
9. Organophosphorus compounds - Ediphenphos
10. Nickel compounds
Nickel chloride – For Tea blister blight
11. Miscellaneous fungicides
Chinomethionate – Morestan (Acaricidal)
12. Systemic fungicides
i. Acetamides: e.g., cymoxanil
ii. Acylalanines: e.g., Metalaxyl, Furalaxyl, Benalaxyl
iii. Pyrimidines and purines: e.g., Dimethirimol, Ethirimol
iv. Triazoles: e.g., R.H-24, Tricyclozole, Fluotrimazole, Triadimefon,
v. Phenol derivatives: e.g., Chloroneb
13. Antibiotics
Chemical substance produced by one microorganism which in low concentration can
inhibit or even kill other microorganisms.
Antibacterial antibiotics
Streptomycin, Tetracycline
Antifungal antibiotics
1. Aureofungin
o Produced from Streptoverticillium
o Given as soil drenching and foliar spray.
o As a truck application/root feeding, 2 g of aureofungin-sol+1g of copper sulphate in 100 ml
of water effectively reduce Basal stem end rot of coconut.
o Trade name: Aurefungin-Sol.
2. Griseofulvin
o Produced by Penicillium griseofulvum.
o Tradename: Griseofulvin, Fulvicin and Grisovin.
o Highly toxic to powdery mildew of beans and roses, downy mildew of cucumber.
o Control Alternaria solani in tomato Sclerotinia rot in apple and Botrytis rot in lettuce.
3. Cycloheximide
o Produced by different species of Streptomyces,
o Trade Name: Actidione, Actidione PM, Actidione RZ and Actispray.
4. Blasticdin
o Product of Streptomyces griseochromogenes
o Specifically used against blast disease of rice caused by Pyricularia oryzae.
o Trade Name: Bla-s.
5. Antimycin
o Produced by several species of Streptomyces,
o Effectively used against early blight of tomato, rice blast and seeding blight of oats.
o Trade Name: Antimycin.
6. Kasugamycin
o Obtained from Streptomyces kasugaensis.
o very specific antibiotic against rice blast disease.
RICE
1. Rice blast or rotten neck - Pyricularia grisea (Perfect stage: Magnaparthae grisea)
Symptoms
1. Leaf blast/ leaf infection
• Initially formation of reddish brown specks on the leaf blade.
• Later specks enlarge to form spindle shaped lesions with reddish brown margin and grey
centre.
• Later the lesion coalesces and leads to drying of entire leaf.
2. Nodal blast/nodal infection
• Black discoloration on the nodal region.
3. Neck blast/rotten neck
• Initially black discoloration on the neck region.
• Weakening of the tissue in the neck region - ear heads are broken and hang down.
4. Grain blast
• Black irregular lesion on the grain is seen.
Management:
• Non-systemic: Ediphenphos.
• Systemic: Iprobenphos, Tricyclazole (neck blast), Tridemorph.
9. Rice tungro disease: Rice tungro bacilliform virus / Rice tungro spherical virus.
Vector: Nephotetix virescens/ Nephotetix impecticeps.
Symptoms
10. Rice yellow dwarf: Phytoplasma Vector: Nephotetix virescens/ Nephotetix impecticeps.
Symptoms
• Excessive tillering and stunting of the plant. Yellow discoloration on leaves.
Management
• Foliar spray with systemic insecticide and 2% urea.
WHEAT
1. Black stem rust: Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici
• Seen only on the stem. Initially linear, elongated reddish brown raised pustules. Later it
turns to black raised linear pustules.
SORGHUM
1. Downy mildew: Peronosclerospora sorghi
Symptom:
• Downy mildew: White downy growth on the lower surface of the leaf. Yellow
discoloration on the corresponding upper surface.
• Leaf shredding: formation of chlorotic streaks along the veins due to oospore formation.
Shredding of the leaves along the veins at the final stage of the crop growth.
Management:
• Foliar spray with Metalaxyl - 0.4%.
REDGRAM
1. Wilt: Fusarium oxysporum fsp.udum.
Symptom:
• Yellowing and drooping of the plants.
• Partial wilting or entire wilting of the plant is seen.
• Pink discoloration in the vascular region is the characteristic symptom.
Management:
• Spot soil drenching with copper oxychloride @0.25%.
5. Sterility mosaic: Pigeon pea sterility mosaic virus. Vector: Aceria cajani
Symptom:
• Reduction of leaf size and proliferation of auxillary buds.
• Sterility of the plant is also observed.
Management:
• Spraying of dicofol-0.1%, inorganic sulphur.
OILSEEDS
GROUNDNUT
1. Dry root rot: Macrophomina phaseolina/ Rhizoctonia bataticola.
2. Wet root rot: Rhizoctonia solani/ Thanatephorus cucumeris
3. Crown rot: Aspergillus flavus
Symptom:
• Pre emergence: Rotting of the seeds before the emergence of the seedling.
• Post emergence: Rotting at the collar region of the seedling.
• Crown rot: On the well-established plant, rotting at the basal portion and spreads
upward and leads to death of the entire plant.
Management:
• Shallow sowing of the seeds and adopt wider spacing.
• Spot soil drenching with copperoxychloride.
4. Tikka disease: Cercospora arachidicola (early leaf spot) & Cercospora personata (late leaf
spot)
Symptom:
• Early leaf spot: seen within 3-4 weeks of sowing. On the leaves irregular to circular
reddish brown/ black lesions surrounded by “yellow halo”.
• Late leaf spot: seen within 5-7 weeks of sowing. Mostly on the leaf margin, enlarged
black lesion without yellow halo.
SESAME
Symptom:
• Formation of the phylloid flowers.
• All the floral parts are converted into green leaf like structure.
Management:
• Foliar spray with tetracycline – 100ppm.
• Foliar spray with systemic insecticides from two-leaf stage.
SUNFLOWER
1. Head rot: Rhizopus nigricans
Symptom:
• Irregular water soaked lesion is seen on the backside of the head portion.
• Lesion turns to black and spread to entire head and leads to rotting of the head.
Management:
• Foliar spray with mancozeb -0.25%, calixin -0.1%
CASTOR
1. Seedling blight: Phytophthora parasitica
Symptom:
• Irregular water soaked lesion on the leaves.
• Later it turns to black color and it spreads to petiole and stem.
Management:
• Foliar spray with fosetyl aluminium -0.1%
COCONUT
1.Basal stem end rot: Ganoderma lucidum
Symptom:
• Reddish brown oozing from the base of the stem and spreads upward.
• Drooping of the lower fronds.
• Oozing is through the cracks.
• Formation of sexual fruiting body – basidiocarp.
Management:
Curative:
• Isolation trench : apply sufficient amount of sulphur dust inside the trench.
• Soil drenching : Bordeaux mixture – 1% @40 litres/ tree.
• Trunk injection: Calixin @ 3ml/ trunk, 4 injections @ 4 month interval.
• Root feeding : Calixin @ 3ml + 100ml water.
SUGARCANE
1. Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum
Symptom:
• Pre emergence: before the emergence of the seedling. Death of the sets occurs inside
the soil itself.
• Post emergence: after the establishment of the seedling. Reddish brown lesion at the
collar region of the seedlings is seen.
Management:
• Spot soil drenching with copperoxychloride -0.25%.
COTTON
1. Wilt diseases: Fusarium oxysporum fsp. Vasinfectum
TOBACCO
1. Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum
2. Black shank: Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae
Symptom:
• Black lesion is seen at the collar region which spreads both upward and downward.
• Later it leads to girdling symptom.
Management:
• Foliar spray with fosetyl aluminium -0.1%
MANGO
1. Malformation – Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans
Symptoms – Vegetative malformation – Bunchy top symptom
Floral malformation – produce huge number of flowers gives bushy
appearance
9. Fruit rots
i. Blue & Green mould – Penicillium spp
ii. Alternaria rot – Alternaria citri
iii. Soft rot – Aspergillus niger
iv. Sour rot – Geotrichumcandidum
10. Red rust – Cephaleurosvirescens
GRAPEVINE
1. Powdery mildew – Uncinulanecator
Symptoms
- Occurs on all stages of crops
- White powdery growth on the upper surface of leaves, tender shoots, tendrils, floral parts
and immature fruits
- Infected leaves dried and fall off
4. Fruit rot
i. Grey mould – Botrytis cinerea
ii. Blue mould – Penicillium digitatum
iii. Soft rot – Phomopsis viticola
iv. Stalk end rot – Aspergillus niger
v. Penicillium rot – Penicillium canescens
vi. Rhizopus rot – Rhizopus nigricans
GUAVA
1. Wilt – Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. psidii
SAPOTA
1. Leaf spot – Phavophloeospora indica
2. Sooty mould – Capnodium sp.
3. Flat limb – Botryodiplodia theobromae
PAPAYA
1. Stem rot / Foot rot – Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani
Symptoms
- On mature plants, show complete decay of basal portion of the stem
- Fruits shriveled and drop off
APPLE
1. Apple scab – Venturia inaequalis
- Symptoms – Scattered, rough, Circular, brown spots appear on leaves and they may be
slightly raised
- On fruits – Small, rough, black, circular lesions on their skin and they enlarge and then
depress leading to shrinkage
VEGETABLES
TOMATO
1. Damping off – Pythium aphanidermatum
• Seedlings are affected.
• Brown discolouration at the lower portion of stem.
4. Leaf curl - Tobacco leaf curl virus (Vector – Whitefly – Bemissia tabaci)
BHENDI
1. Yellow vein mosaic - Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus
• Main and lateral veins are bleached.
• Interveinal portion exhibits green color later bleached off.
CUCURBITS
1. Anthracnose – Colletotrichum lagenarium
2. Downy mildew – Pseudoperonospora cubensis.
• White patch of downy growth on undersurface of leaf.
• Upper surface correspondingly shows yellow patches.
• Leads to drying of leaves.
3. Powdery mildew - Erysiphe cichoracearum
• Whites powdery growth on the upper surface of leaf.
• Leaf exhibit drying.
4. Cercospora leaf spot - Cercospora citrunella
5. Mosaic - Cucumis virus 1 (Vector: Aphids)
CHILLIES
1. Damping off – Pythium aphanidermatum
2. Die back and fruit rot - Colletotrichum capsici
• Symptoms are seen on stem and fruit – stem shows die back symptoms.
• Water soaked spots are seen on mature fruits - Affected portion turns white.
• Acervuli are formed on the spots and seen as black dots in large numbers.
CRUCIFERS
Agri optionals agademy.in !38 of !43
1. Club root of cabbage – Plasmodiophora brassicae
Symptom
• External symptom: Yellowing, wilting and stunting of the plant.
• Internal symptom: Club like swelling of root and rootlets due to hypertrophy and
hyperplasia.
Management
• Lime application at the rate of 2.5t/ha.
• Soil drenching with pentachloronitrobenzene.
2. Black leaf spot – Alternaria brassicae
3. White rust – Albugo candida
4. Downy mildew - Peronospora parasitica
TURMERIC
1. Leaf spot - Colletotrichum capsici
Symptom: Elongated irregular lesions with brown margin and grey centre with acervulli.
POTATO
1. Early blight - Alternaria solani
2. Late blight - Phytophtor ainfestans
Symptom
• Irregular black lesions seen on the leaf tip and margin.
• Later spreads to whole parts of the plant and leads to death of the plant and rotting
of the tuber.
Management:
• Fosetyl aluminium – 0.1%
3. Common scab - Streptomyces scabies
Symptom: Scabby out growth on the surface of the tubers
Management
• Harvest and store the crops at optimum moisture content 12-13% and temperature
12-15oC
• Fumigate the storage godowns
• Provide proper ventilation to storage godowns
Causal organism
Biotic factors
Soft rot producing bacteria, Fungus due to predisposing factors such as humidity,
temperature, presence of bruises or lesions on fruits and vegetables
Abiotic factors
When fruits and vegetables stored in poor ventilated conditions such s High level of CO2,
Low O2 post harvest disease may happen.
Black heart of apple and Potato – caused by lack of oxygen (High temp, poor ventilation)
Mode of entry
Post harvest pathogens are weak pathogens - enter through injuries or natural openings.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Biological control - reduction of inoculum density or disease producing activities of a Pathogen by
introduction of one or more antagonists. Biological control is nothing but control of plant diseases
using living microorganisms.
The four main mechanisms involved in the biocontrol are
(i) Parasitism - antagonist parasite the other organism,
(ii) Antibiosis - antagonist may secrete harmful metabolites
(iii) Competition - antagonist may compete with the pathogens for nutrients or space
(iv) Lysis - may cause death of the parasite by producing enzymes