BASIC TO PLANT

PROTECTION

HENIK SUKORINI
AGROTECHONOLOGY, UMM
PLAT PROTECTION

• Plant protection is the science and practice of

managing invertebrate pests and vertebrate pests, 
plant diseases, weeds and other pest organisms that
damage agricultural crops and forestry
Waheed I. Bajwa and Marcos Kogan , 2002
FAO, 2005
FAO, 2005
WHY ARE INSECTS SO ABUNDANT?
Small size - takes little food to mature to reproductive age

Ability to fly - escape enemies, adverse environmental conditions

Unique body - waxy layer, strong exoskeleton, jointed legs

High reproductive capacity - e.g. CPB female can lay 3000 eggs

Metamorphosis - adults and young use different resources

HOW DO INSECTS CAUSE
DAMAGE?
Injury to crops
DIRECT or INDIRECT injury

Injury to Humans and animals

Blood feeding - disease transmission
Internal & External Parasites
Annoyance
Injecting toxic substances
Destroy stored products and possessions
Pest - A living organism that occurs in such numbers and
places so that it is inconvenient to human health,
economics, comfort, or aesthetics.

Beneficial - An insect which favorably affects humans

Insect with the result of its actions or products.

Preharvest 13.0%
Losses in Agriculture Postharvest 3.5%
TOTAL 16.5%

Annual loss in the U.S. about $7 billion annually to insects

Insect Diversity
INSECTS - ANATOMY

• Insects
• Small animals that have three body regions and three pairs or six legs.
• The three body regions are….
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
PARTS OF THE INSECT
LIFE CYCLE OF INSECTS

• Complete metamorphosis
• Egg
• Larva
• Worm
• Caterpillar
• Pupa
• Adult
• Flies
• Beetles
LIFE CYCLE OF INSECTS

• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Egg
• Nymph
• Adult
INSECTS - MOUTHPARTS

• Chewing
• Tear, chew or grind food.
• Parts of leaves eaten
away.
• Example:
• Grasshoppers
• Beetles.
INSECTS - MOUTHPARTS

• Piercing-sucking
• Punctures plant & sucks sap.
• Rasping-sucking
• Rasps or breaks surface and suck sap.
• Example: Thrips
INSECTS - MOUTHPARTS

• Siphoning
• Have a coiled tube they dip into liquid food such as nectar and draw it in.
• Sponging
• Have two sponge-like structures that collect liquid food and move it into the food canal.
• Example: Housefly
INSECT DAMAGE

• Damage depends on type of mouthparts.

CHEWING INSECTS

• Beetle
• Eat leaves, stems, flowers, fruit
and nuts.
CHEWING INSECTS

• Cutworms
• Usually attack stems, but may eat
other plant parts.
CHEWING INSECTS

• Caterpillars
• Larva of moths and butterflies and are fuzzy or hairy.
• Eat young leaves and stems.
• Roll up in leaves making the leaves curl.
CHEWING INSECTS

• Grasshoppers
• Eat all parts of plants.
SUCKING INSECTS

• Aphids
• Pierce & suck juices.
• Known as plant lice.
• Cause stunted growth and yellow
spotted leaves.
• Causes sticky substance and black
mold which attracts ants.
SUCKING INSECTS

• Leaf Bugs
• Causes plants to look unhealthy.
• Lose their normal color and wilt.
SUCKING INSECTS

• Mealybugs
• Pierce and suck from underside of leaves and in leaf axils.
• Causes yellow appearance and sticky secretions.
SUCKING INSECTS

• Scale
• Appear as black or brown raised bumps attached to stems and underside of
leaves
• Causes yellow leaves and stunted growth.
SUCKING INSECTS

• Thrips
• Chew & then suck plant
tissue causing it to become
speckled or whitened, leaf
tips to wither, curl up or
die.
SUCKING INSECTS

• Whiteflies
• Feed on underside of young
leaves causing yellowing.
• They will look like flying little
white specks when plants are
shaken.
MITE DAMAGE

• Mites
• Aren’t insects because they
have 8 legs.
• Attack underside of leaves
causing gray to grayish-green
spots.
• Severe infestations cause
webbing.
WHAT IS A DISEASE???

• A plant disorder caused by an infectious pathogen or agent.

CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR A DISEASE

• Three conditions are necessary for a disease in a plant.

• Host plant
• Disease causing organism or pathogen must be present.
• Favorable environment for disease organism to
develop.
THE DISEASE TRIANGLE
WHAT CAUSES A DISEASE??
• The groups of pathogens are….
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Viruses
• Parasitic plants
• Mistletoe
• Dodder
• Lichens FUNGI
PARASITIC PLANTS

MISTLETOE DODDER LICHENS

PLANT DISEASES – BLIGHT

• Cause plants to quickly turn

brown as if they had been
burned.
PLANT DISEASES – CANKER

• Causes open wounds on woody

plant stems.
PLANT DISEASES – DAMPING OFF

• A fungal disease that causes young plants and seedlings to rot off at
the soil level.
PLANT DISEASES – GALLS

• Round swellings or growths on plants.

PLANT DISEASES – LEAF SPOTS

• Rings of different shades of brown, green, or yellow that

make spots on leaves.
PLANT DISEASES – MILDEW

• Grows on leaf surfaces (both upper & lower) as white, gray or purple
spots.
PLANT DISEASES – MOSAIC

• Caused by viruses that make the

leaves have irregular mottled
areas with patterns ranging from
dark green to light green to
yellow to white.
PLANT DISEASES – ROT

• Causes plants to decay & die.

PLANT DISEASES – RUST

• Causes small spots on leaves that resemble yellow, orange, brown or

red rust mainly on the underneath side of leaves.
PLANT DISEASES – SMUT

• A black powdery disease that

causes blisters that burst open
releasing black spores.
PLANT DISEASES – WILTS

• Disease that blocks the uptake

of water in plants stems causing
it to wilt.
DESIGNED BY:

• Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor

• Hobbton High School
Pest The application of technology, in the context of
Control biological knowledge, to achieve satisfactory
reduction of pest numbers or effects.
Control Strategies
1. Natural
2. Biological
3. Cultural
4. Legislative and Regulatory
5. Mechanical and Physical
6. Genetic
7. Chemical