Negese R. (MSc.

) 2/16/2021 1

Negese R. (MSc)
 ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY (WRE 2202)

CHAPTER - ONE
INTRODUCTION

FEBRUARY, 2021
NEGESE R.
Negese R. (MSc.) 2/16/2021 2
 CONTENTS
Introduction
Applications of Hydrology in Engineering

Hydrologic Cycle and its Component

Catchments

Water Budget Equation

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1. INTRODUCTION
Hydrology is a science that deals with the space-time
interaction of the quantity and quality of water on earth
including and its
 Occurrence, Movement, Distribution, Circulation,
Storage, Exploration, Development, and
Management
 Deals chemical and physical properties of water, and their
reaction with the environment, including their relation to
living things.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROLOGY

SCIENTIFIC HYDROLOGY
The study of water which is concerned chiefly with
academic aspects
Academic aspects such as geology, chemistry and
physics etc.

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
A study concerned with engineering application

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1. INTRODUCTION
 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
It is an applied science and deals with those segments
of the field pertinent to planning, design, and
operation of engineering projects for the control and
use of water.
In a general sense, it deals with:
Estimation of water resources
The study of processes such as precipitation,
abstractions, runoff… and their interaction
The study of problems such as floods and droughts and
strategies to combat them
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
 Hydrology finds its greatest application in the design
and operation of water resources in engineering
projects, such as
 Hydraulic structures (such as dams, weirs, barrage…)
 Water supply,
 Irrigation,
 Hydropower,
 Highway,
 Flood control, and
 Navigation

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS CONT…

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS CONT…
 In all these projects hydrological investigations are
crucial for the proper assessment of the following:
 The capacity of storage structures such as reservoirs
 The magnitude of flood flows to enable safe disposal of
the excess flow
 The minimum flow and quantity of flow available at
various seasons
 The interaction of the flood wave and hydraulic
structures, such as dams, levees, weirs, bridges, and
culverts.
The hydrological study of a project should or it involves
 The collection of relevant data and analysis of the data by
applying the principles of hydrology to seek solutions to
practical problems.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Water on earth exists in a space called the hydrosphere
that extends about 15 km up into the atmosphere and
about 1 km down into the lithosphere, the crust of the
earth.
Water circulation in the hydrosphere through numerous
paths forms the hydrological cycle.
It can be said that the hydrological cycle has no
beginning or end and its main processes occur
continuously. Hydrological Cycle\Hydrological
Cycle.mp4
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE CONT....
The major components of the hydrologic cycle are:
 Precipitation: water that falls in the form of rain or snow from saturated clouds
 Evaporation: the process whereby liquid water changes into gaseous form
 Transpiration: the process of water, formed during photosynthesis of plant, is
released into the air
 Interception: part of a rainfall or snowfall which is retained by the plant leaves or
buildings before it touches the ground
 Depression storage/surface detention: the excess rainfall which is temporarily
stored in surface depressions
 Infiltration: the process whereby water inters a few depths into the subsoil
 Groundwater: the water resource which is found deep in the ground
 Runoff: water which flows over or below the land surface from excessive
precipitation

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE CONT....

39
1 0 0 Moisture over land
P r e c i pd i t a t i o n o n l a n

61 385
Evaporation from land Precipitation
on ocean
Snow
melt

Surface Precipitation
runoff
Evapotranspiration 424
Evaporation
from ocean

Infiltration
Groundwater Wat
er t ab l
Recharge e

38 Surface discharge
Groundwater flow

Impervious 1 Groundwater
Lake strata discharge

Reservoir
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.3. CATCHMENTS
 Area of land that drains to a single outlet and is
separated from other catchments by a drainage
divide.
 Rainfall that falls in a catchment will generate runoff
to that catchment outlet.
 Topographic elevation is used to define a catchment
boundary (land survey)

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.3. CATCHMENTS CONT.…
CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Divide

 Size
 Slope Reservoir

 Shape Natural
stream

 Soil type
Urban

 Storage capacity Concrete

channel

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.4. WATER BUDGET EQUATION
MASS IN FLOW – MASS OUTFLOW = CHANGE IN STORAGE

P - R - G – E-T = S
P = Precipitation
R = Surface runoff
G = Net groundwater discharge
out of the catchment
E = Evaporation
T= Transpiration
S = Change in Storage

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.4. WATER BUDGET EQUATION CONT…
Note
The infiltration does not occur explicitly in the water
budget equation as the infiltration which is a loss to the
runoff processes is a gain to the ground water system
All terms in the water budget equation must have
consistent units (volume or depth over the catchment area)
In hydrologic calculations volumes are often expressed as
average depths over the catchment area

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.4. WATER BUDGET EQUATION CONT…
Example- A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.2m above
datum at the beginning of a certain month. In that month, the lake
received an average inflow of 6.0m3/s from surface runoff sources.
In the same period, the outflow from the lake had an average value
of 6.5m3/s. Further, in that month, the lake received a rainfall of
145mm and the evaporation from the lake surface was estimated as
6.10cm. Write the water budget equation for the lake and calculate
the water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month. The
average surface area can be taken as 5000ha. Assume that there is
no contribution to or from the ground water storage.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.4. WATER BUDGET EQUATION CONT…
Solution
For a time period t the water budget for the lake can be written
as:
Input volume – Output volume = Change in storage
I t  P A  Q t  E A  ΔS
Where:
I = average inflow rate
Q = average outflow rate
P = precipitation
E = evaporation
A = surface are of the lake
S = change in lake storage volume
t = time
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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.4. WATER BUDGET EQUATION CONT…
Solution Cont.….
Here, t = 1 month
= 30 x 24 x (60 x 60)
= 2.592 x 106 s
= 2.592 Ms
In one month:
Inflow volume = It = 6.0 x 2.592 = 15.552 Mm3
Outflow volume = Qt = 6.5 x 2.592 = 16.848 Mm3
14.5 x 5000 x 100 x 100
Input due to precipitation PA =
100 x 106
= 7.25 Mm3
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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.4. WATER BUDGET EQUATION CONT…
Solution Cont.….
Outflow due to Evaporation EA = 6.10 x 5000 x 1006 x 100
100 10
= 3.05 Mm3
Hence, S = (15.552 + 7.25)
– (16.848 + 3.05)
= 2.904 Mm3
S 2.904 x 106
Change in elevation z = =
A 5000 x 100 x 100
= 0.058 m (+ve)
New water surface elevation
at the end of the month = 103.2m + 0.058m
(above datum)
Negese R. (MSc.) = 103.258 m (Ans)
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.4. WATER BUDGET EQUATION CONT…
ASSIGNMENT 2
1. In a given year, a watershed with a drainage area of 215 km received 900
mm of rainfall. The average flow rate measured at the outlet of the
watershed was 3.1 m3/s. Estimate the amount of water lost due to the
combined effects of evaporation and transpiration. Assume the annual
change in storage is zero.
2. The following yearly data were collected from a 2000 km2 catchment.
Total precipitation is 620 mm, total combined loss due to evaporation
and transpiration is 350 mm, estimated groundwater outflow is 100 mm,
and mean surface runoff is 150 mm. What is the change in volume of
water (m3) remaining in storage in the catchment at the end of the elapsed
year.
3. List the major water resources projects in your area. What specific
hydrological problems did each project involve?
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 1. INTRODUCTION
THE EARTH’S WATER DISTRIBUTION
• 97% of the water on earth is in the
oceans

• Only 3% of the water on earth is

freshwater

• About 2.4% of the freshwater on

earth is permanently frozen in glaciers
and at the polar ice caps

• About 1/2 of 1 % of the water on

earth is groundwater

• Only about 1/100 of 1% of the water

on earth is in the rivers and lakes

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1. INTRODUCTION
WORLD WATER

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1. INTRODUCTION
ETHIOPIA
o Area: 1.13million square kilometer
(1,119,683km2 of dry land and 7,444km2 water area)
o Altitude:
o 125m below sea level (Danakil depression) and
o 4600m above sea level (Ras Dashen mountain)
o Temp:
o Mean annual temperature between 150 – 200
o Rainfall:
o Mean annual rainfall between 200mm – 2200mm

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1. INTRODUCTION
ETHIOPIA WATER RESOURCE

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1. INTRODUCTION
ETHIOPIA MAJOR BASINS

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 THANK YOU!

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