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ELECTRONICS & MODREN PHYSICS

HAFIZ FAROOQ ALAM COURSE CODE PHYS 208

CHEMISRTY DEPARTMENT BS- CHEMISTRY
UNIVERISTY OF SAHIWAL 4th SEMESTER

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 Transistor
Outlines

➢ History of Transistor
➢ Definition of Transistor
➢ Structure of Transistor
➢ Working of Transistor
➢ References

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 Transistor
Objectives
This session will help you to understand the,
➢ History of Transistor
➢ Definition of Transistor
➢ Structure of Transistor
➢ Working of Transistor

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 Transistor
History of Transistors
➢ In 1906, an American inventor and physicist, Lee De
Forest, made the vacuum tube triode or audio as he called
it.
i Used in radios , ii Used in early computers
➢ At the Bell Laboratories in 1947, John Barden & Walter
Braltain were the first that invent the first point contact
transistor by adding another junction to a p-n junction
diode. Which could control the flow of majority charge
carriers.
➢ William Shocleley in 1951 made the modern version of
the transistor.
Vacuum tube triode

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History of Transistors

➢ The first working silicon transistor was

developed at Bell Labs on January 26, 1954
by Morris Tanenbaum.
➢ The first MOSFET (metal–oxide–
semiconductor field-effect transistor)
actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at
Bell Labs in 1960.

First point contact transistor

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 Transistor
Introduction of Transistor
➢ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of
semiconductor material that can act as an insulator and a conductor.
➢ The three layered transistor is also known as the bipolar junction
transistor.
➢ A transistor consist of two back to back pn-junctions
semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic
signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor
material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit. 7
 Transistor
Structure of Transistor
➢ A transistor has three regions namely,
➢ Emitter- heavily doped
➢ Base- lightly doped
➢ Collector- moderately doped
➢ By Structure- two types of transistors
n-p-n Transistor & p-n-p Transistor

T transistor Symbols 8
 Transistor
Structure of Transistor
According to structure it has two types
P-N-P Transistor & N-P-N Transistor
➢ P-N-P Transistor; when n-type substance ( Si or Ge ) is sandwiched
between two p-type substances, then device formed is called
Symbol P-N-P Transistor
p-n-p transistor.
➢ N-P-N Transistor;

When a p-type substance is sandwiched between two n-type

substances, the device formed is called n-p-n transistor.

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Symbol N-P-N Transistor
 Transistor
Parts of transistor
(1)- Emitter (2)- Base (3)- Collector
➢ Emitter :
• The emitter has greater concentration of impurity atoms as compared to collector, so it
has more charge carriers than collector.
• The arrow on emitter terminal shows the direction of conventional current.
• The width of emitter is slightly smaller in size as compared to collector
➢ Base :
• The central region is know as base, usually the base is very thin of the order of 10^-6 m.
• It has least concentration of impurity as compared t emitter and collector.
• It has the key role in transistor. It controls the flow of electron from emitter to collector.
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Continue…

➢ Collector :

• The collector’s function is to collect majority charge carriers

through the base.

• The collector has less concentration of impurity as compared to

emitter.

• The collector is comparatively large in size than the emitter

because it has dissipate mush greater power.

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References

➢ D. Halliday, R. Resnick, K. S. Krane, Physics, John Willey & sons, Inc., 1992.

➢ Electronic stutorial.com

➢ Electronics Devices by Floyd

➢ Basic Electronics By B. L. Tharaja

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