b;sydih

6 fY%aKsh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

i
ish¨ u ysñlï weúß‚

m%:u uqøKh - 2014

fojk uqøKh - 2015
f;jk uqøKh - 2016
isõjk uqøKh - 2017
miajk uqøKh - 2018
yhjk uqøKh - 2019

ii
 Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/`os w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iii
iii
;s<sKh f,iska rcfhka fï fmd; ,Èñ
lshjd thska keK .=K t<s lr .ksñ
uf. rg fjkqfjka u oE iïm;a rlsñ
fï fmd; tk jifr fjk flkl=g mqoñ

Aµ]ß öÁS©v¯õ´ ¡¼uøÚ¨ ö£Ø÷Óß

AÔÄ ö£¸Qh÷Á ¡¼uøÚU PØ÷£ß
uõ´ |õmiß ÁÍö©ÚÄ® ¡¼uøÚU Põ¨÷£ß
£» ©õnÁ¸® £°ßÔh÷Á ¡¼øu÷¯ AΨ÷£ß

From the government, I received this as a gift

I’ll read it, light up my knowledge and practise thrift
On my country’s own behalf, I’ll protect the national resources
And offer this book to another one as a fresh garland of roses

iv
 —w¨;a fjñka" fjkia fjñka" ksje/È oekqfuka
rgg jf. u uq¿ f,djg u fjkak keK myka˜

.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a m‚jqvh

f.ù .sh oYl follg wdikak ld,h f,dal b;sydih ;=< iqúfYaIS jQ ;dlaI‚l
fjkialï /ila isÿjQ ld,hls' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ikaksfõokh m%uqL lr.;a fiiq
lafIa;%j, YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ j;auka isiq ore oeßhka yuqfõ kj wNsfhda. /ila ks¾udKh ù
;sfí' wo iudcfha mj;sk /lshdj, iajNdjh kqÿre wkd.;fha § iqúfYaIS fjkialï /ilg
,la jkq we;' tjka jgmsgdjla ;=< kj ;dlaI‚l oekqu iy nqoaêh flakaø lr.;a iudchl
fjkia wdldrfha /lshd wjia:d o ,laI .Kkska ks¾udKh jkq we;' ta wkd.; wNsfhda.
ch.ekSu fjkqfjka" Tn iún, .ekaùu wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i uf.a;a" wm rcfha;a m%uqL
wruqKhs'
ksoyia wOHdmkfha udyeÕs m%;s,dNhla f,i fkdñf,a Tn w;g m;a jk fuu fmd;
ukdj mßYS,kh lsÍu;a" bka wjYH oekqu Wlyd .ekSu;a Tfí taldhk wruqK úh hq;= h'
tfuka u Tfí ujqmshka we;=¿ jeäysáhkaf.a Y%ufha iy lemlsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i rch úiska
fkdñf,a mdi,a fm<fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lrkq ,nk nj o Tn jgyd .; hq;= h'
f,dalh fõ.fhka fjkia jk jgmsgdjl" kj m%jK;dj,g .e<fmk whqßka kj úIh
ud,d ilia lsÍug;a" wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< ;SrKd;aul fjkialï isÿ lsÍu i|yd;a rchla
f,i wm lghq;= lrkafka rgl wkd.;h wOHdmkh u;ska isÿ jk nj wm fyd¢ka u wjfndaO
lrf.k isák neúks' ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, N=la;s ú¢ñka" rgg muKla fkdj
f,djg u jevodhS Y%S ,dxlsl mqrjeishl= f,i keÕS isákakg Tn o wÈgka lr.; hq;= jkafka
tneúks' ta i|yd fï fmd; mßYS,kh lsÍfuka Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a
úYajdihhs'
rch Tfí wOHdmkh fjkqfjka úhoï lrk w;súYd, OkialkaOhg jákdlula tla
lsÍu o Tfí hq;=lula jk w;r" mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd Tn ,nd .kakd oekqu yd l=i,;d Tfí
wkd.;h ;SrKh lrk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' Tn iudcfha l=uk
;rd;srul isáh o ish¨ ndOd ì| ouñka iudcfha by< u ia;rhlg .uka lsÍfï yelshdj
wOHdmkh yryd Tng ysñ jk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjOdrKh lr .; hq;= h'
tneúka ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd" f.!rjkSh mqrjeishl= f,i fyg f,dj
Èkkakg;a foaY foaYdka;rj, mjd Y%S ,dxflah kduh nn<jkakg;a Tng yels fõjdæ hs wOHdmk
wud;Hjrhd f,i uu Y=N m%d¾:kh lrñ'

v
wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï
wOHdmk wud;H
 fmrjok

f,dalfha wd¾Ól" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd ;dlaI‚l ixj¾Okh;a iu`.

wOHdmk wruqKq jvd ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ñksia w;a±lSï" ;dlaI‚l
fjkiaùï" m¾fhaIK iy kj o¾Yl weiqfrka bf.kSfï yd b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh
o kùlrKh fjñka mj;shs' tys§ YsIH wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk f,i bf.kqï
w;a±lSï ixúOdkh lrñka b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd úIh
ks¾foaYfha ±lafjk wruqKqj,g wkql+,j" úIhdkqnoaO lreKq we;=<;aj
fm<fmd; iïmdokh ùu wjYH h' fm<fmd; hkq YsIHhdg bf.kSfï
WmlrKhla muKla fkdfõ' th bf.kqï w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug;a keK .=K
j¾Okhg;a p¾hduh yd wdl,amuh j¾Okhla iys;j by< wOHdmkhla
,eîug;a bjy,a jk wdYS¾jdohls'

ksoyia wOHdmk ixl,amh h:d¾:hla njg m;alrñka 6 fY%aKsfha isg 11

fYa%Ksh olajd fm<fmd;a 91la muK rcfhka Tng ;s<sK flf¾' tu .%ka:j,ska
Wmßu M, ,nk w;r u tajd /l .ekSfï j.lSu o Tn i;= nj isysm;a lrñ'
mQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì" rgg jevodhSs hym;a mqrjeishl= ùfï mßph ,nd
.ekSug fuu fm<fmd; Tng WmldÍ fj;ehs uu wfmalaId lrñ'

fuu fm<fmd;a iïmdokhg odhl jQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï

uKav, idudðl uy;au uy;aókag;a wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h
uKav,hg;a udf.a ia;=;h
s m< lr isáñ'

ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl"

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
biqremdh"
n;a;ruq,a,'
2019'04'10

vi
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
ví,sõ' ã' moañ‚ kd,sld
fufyhùu (
ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s
iïnkaëlrKh
tA' tï' wd¾' fla' wêldß
m%§ma b÷ks,a mshr;ak ^219 uqøKh&
ixialdrl uKav,h
uydpd¾h yÕ==rkafl; ërdkkao ysñ
BA, MA, ^fmardfo‚h&
PHD ^bkaÈhdj&
uydpd¾h rdÊ fidaufoaj
BA (Special), MPhil ^le,‚h&
PHD^iaùvka&
uydpd¾h m;auisß lkakka.r
BA, MA, ^› chj¾Okmqr&
pkaÈud ksYdks O¾umd,
BA ^le,‚h& PGDE ^fld<U&
MSc ^uef,aishdj&
f,aLl uKav,h
fla' tia' rxckS
BA ^› chj¾Okmqr&
MA ^› ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h&
PGDE ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh&
ví,sõ 'tA. bkaødks
BEd ^fld<U&
fïß fvdfkagd lkHd fidhqßh
BA ^fmardfoKsh&
MA ^bkaoshdj&
PGDE ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh&
- wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- iyldr flduidßia"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- iyldr flduidßia"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- b;sydih wOHhk wxYh"
fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h'
- mqrd úoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh"
le<Ksh úYajúoHd,h'
fld<U 07'
- b;sydi wOHhk wxYh"
Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h'
- fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
- .=re WmfoaYl"
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h, fydrK'
- .=re fiajh"
fÊiq ì,sskaodf.a lkHdrduh" r;akmqr'
- úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;sks
vii
NdId ixialdrl

tÉ' mS' iqis,a isßfiak - lÓldpd¾h"

ydmsá.ï cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh"
óß.u'
Ñ;% yd rEm igyka

Ô' ù' tA' ã' fmf¾rd - lÓldpd¾h"

.=re úoHd,h" uyr.u'

mß.Kl wlaIr fhdackh iy msgq ieliSu

wkQId jkakskdhl
ví,sõ. biqß uOqIdks

viii
 mgqk
1. b;sydih ye¢kaùu

1.1 b;sydih hkq l=ula o @ 1

1'2 b;sydih bf.k .kafka flfia o@ 1
1.3 b;sydih bf.k .ekSfï m%fhdack 3
1.4 b;sydi ld,h uek .kafka flfia o@ 4

2. wdos ñksid

2'1 ñksid ìys jQ mßirh 7

2'2 wdÈ ñksidf.a úldYkh 9
2'3 ixialD;sl ÈhqKqj 12

3. f,dalfha mer‚ YsIagdpdr

3'1 YsIagdpdr ìys ùu 20

3.2 YsIagdpdr jHdma;sh yd f,dalhg Wreu jQ Þhdo 21

4. Y%S ,xldj ckdjdi ùu

4'1 Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a ckdjdi 30

4.2 úch rcqf.a meñŒu iy ckdjdi jHdma;sh 33

5. wfma wNS; rcjre

5.1 mKavqldNh rc;=ud 36
5'2 foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud 38
5'3 ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud 42
5'4 j,.ïnd rc;=ud 45
5'5 jiN rc;=ud 48
5'6 uyfika rc;=ud 51
5'6 Od;=fiak rc;=ud 54

g''' www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk

ix
x
 m<uqjk mdvu
b;sydih ye`oskaùu
ye¢kaùu
b;sydih hkq l=ula o hk ldrKh;a
b;sydih bf.k .ekSu wmg jeo.;a
jkafka l=ula ksid o hk ldrKh;a
fuu mßÉfþofha § Tng bf.kSug
,efnkq we;. b;sydih hkq È.= ld,hla
neúka th f;areï .kafka flfia o
hk lreK;a fuu mdvfï úia;r lr
;sfí.
1'1 b;sydih hkq l=ulao@
ñksiaiq fndfyda ld,hl isg mDÓúh u;
Ôj;a fj;s. ta §¾> ld,h ;=<,
^w& Tjqyq f,dalfha úúO m%foaYj, Ôj;a
jQy.
^wd& tfia Ôj;a ùug iqÿiq f,i Tjqyq
mßirh ilia lr .;ay.
^we& Tjqyq tlsfkld iu. l,a .; l<y.
fï wdÈ isoaê úia;r lrk l:dj b;sydih
hss. fláfhka lsjfyd;a b;sydih hkq w;S;
ld,fha Ôj;a jQ ñksiqka .ek f;dr;=re
fidhd n,d tajd meyeÈ,s lsÍu hs.
1'2 b;sydih bf.k .kafka flfia o@
wms wE; w;S;fha § Ôj;a fkdjQfhuq.
tfyhska wE; w;S;fha isÿ jQ foa .ek
wmg oekqula ke;. my; oelafjk foa
.ek is;kak.
^w& uf.a iShdf.a wïud ud oel ke;.
^wd& uf.a mdi, f.dvkexjQ ieá ud oel
ke;.
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
^we& wfma .ug fiajh l< jeäysáhka
.ek ud okafka ke;'
fï ish,a, Tfí Ôú;fha b;sydihg
wh;a foa hs. ta ms<sn`o j Tn oek .kafka
flfia o?
^w& uf.a iShdf.a wïud .ek uf.a ;d;a;d
ug lshd § ;sfí.
^wd& uf.a mdi, bÈ l< yeá mdi,a
i`.rdfõ ,smshl úia;r lr we;.
^we& wfma .ug fiajh l< jeäysáhka
.ek úÿy,am;s;=ud mdi,a /iaùfï §
meyeÈ,s lr ÿkafka h.
b;sydih bf.k .kakd úg Tng fujeks
.eg¨ o we;s úh yels h.
^w& wfma rfÜ rcjreka ys`o isá isxydikh
fln`ÿ tlla o?
^wd& merKs ld,fha wfma rfÜ Ndú; jQ
uqo,a fudkjd o?
³ tjeks isxydikhla fld<U
msysá cd;sl fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a
lr ;sfí.
³ merKs ldis fndfyduhla fl!;=ld.drfha
§ wm oel we;.
isxydikhla hkq fln`ÿ tlla oe hs th
oel .ekSfuka Tng jgyd .; yels jkq
we;. merKs ldis .ek jqj o wmg oekqula
,nd .; yelafla tajd oelSfuks.
wm b;sydih .ek oek .kafka merKs
ld,fha ,shejqKq fmd;am;a wdY%fhks. tfia
fkdfõ kï merKs ld,fha ðj;a jQ ñksiqka
1
 rEmh wxl 1'2 b;sydih ms<sn| fndfyda oE jeäysáhkaf.ka wid ±k.; yels h'

mßyrKh lr" oekg b;sß ù ;sfnk
NdKav wdY%fhks. fï foj¾.h u yereKq
úg wfma jeäysáhka mjik w;S;h .ek
lshefjk l:d u.ska o wmg b;sydih
.ek oek.; yels h. b;sydih .ek wmg
oekqu ,nd .ekSug Wmfhda.s jk fï iEu
fohla u ye`Èkaùug fhdok fmdÿ kula
;sfí. ta ‘uQ,dY%h’ hkak hs.
b;sydih bf.kSug m%fhdackj;a jk
uQ,dY%h foj¾.hla ;sfí.
^w&. idys;H uQ,dY%h - ^merKs fmd;am;a wdos
,shk ,o foa iy ckl;d&
^wd&. mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h - ^merKs
ld,hg wh;a NdKav" f.dvke.s,s iy
tajdfha iqkanqka wdos foa iy w;S;hg
wh;a" oekg b;sß ù we;s fjk;a oE&
ksoiqka: ñksia wegiels,s" ñksid úiska
wdydrhg f.k b;sß jQ fkdfhla oE wdÈh'

Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih yeoEÍug bjy,a jk uQ,dY%h lsysmhla

uQ,dY%h j¾.h rpkd jQ $ bos lrk ,o ld,h l¾;D

idys;Huh
§mjxih l%sia;= j¾I y;r jk ishji fidhdf.k ke;
uQ,dY%hls
uydúydrhg wkqnoaO Èlai|
idys;Huh
uydjxih l%sia;= j¾I mia jk ishji fifkúhd msßfjkajdiS
uQ,dY%hls
uydkdu ysñ

fmdf<dkakrefõ mqrdúoHd;aul l%sia;= j¾Ifhka fodf<dia jk

m<uqjk mrdl%undyq rc;=ud
.,aúydrh uQ,dY%hls ishji

2
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 isxydikh hkq
fln÷ fohla o ?
m<uq jk l%shdldrlu
Tfí mdi,a b;sydih
±k .ekSug WmldÍ jQ
uQ,dY%h my; j.=fjys
,shkak.
idys;Huh uQ,dY%h mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h
1'3 b;sydih bf.k .ekSfï m%fhdack
w;S; ld,fha isÿ jQ foaj,a oeka wjika
ù we;s ksid tajd .ek bf.k .ekSfuka
m%fhdackhla ;sfí oe hs Tng isf;kakg
ms<sjk. w;S;fha isÿ jQ foa wjika ù we;;a
tajd u.ska fok mKsúvh j¾;udkh jvd
hym;a lr .ekSu i`oyd m%fhdackhg .;
yels h.
wms fuu lreK ir, ksoiqkla u.ska
meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug W;aidy .ksuq.
f.dú;eka lsÍfï § wo wmg uqyqK §ug
;sfnk m%Odk .eg¨jla jkafka lDñkdYl
iy ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú; lsÍu ksid
we;s ù ;sfnk wys;lr mßir ;;a;ajh hs.
tfy;aa mqrdK ld,fha § Y%S ,xldj
fmrÈ. OdkHd.drh hehs úreodj,shlg
ysñlï lSfõ id¾:l f,i f.dú;eka
l< ksid h. ta ld,fha f.dú;ek ksid
wo olskakg ;sfnkakdla fuka mßirh
¥IKhla mej;s njg lsisÿ idlaIHla
ke;. tfia mßir ys;ldó f,i w;S;fha
f.dú;eka lf<a flfia o hkak wjfndaO
lr .ekSfuka f.dú;ek yd iïnkaO
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
l ?
wfma j¾;udk .eg¨j úi`§ug ud¾.hla
fidhd .; yels h. j¾;udkfha § wm
olsk wik foa tfia jQfhaa flfia oehs
f;areï .ekSug kï b;sydih foig yeÍ
ne,Su wjYH h. ksoiqkla f,i" Tn ,shk
wl=re ta wdldrhg ilia
jQfhaa flfia oehs hk
.eg¨j ljod fyda Èfkl
Tng we;s úh yels h.
tfia fkdfõ kï" Tfí
ñ;=frl= ta .ek Tfnka
wikakg ms<sjk. tjeks fohla f;areï
.ekSug kï wl=rej, b;sydih fidhd
ne,sh hq;= h. Y%S ,xldfõ wl=re ,Sùu
.ek wjqreÿ fooyia foish mkyl muK
b;sydihla ;sfí. ta wkqj wm ,sùug
Ndú; lrk ‘l’ wl=r wo ;;a;ajhg ÈhqKq
jQfhaa flfia oehs wxl 1'3 ork igyk
wdY%fhka f;areï .ekSug jEhï lrkak.
w;S;fha Ôj;a jQ wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;kaa ,nd
.;a ch.%yK fuka u Tjqka wid¾:l
jQ wjia:d .ek fyd`Èka oek .ekSfuka
j¾;udkfha § wmg uqyqK §ug isÿ jk
.eg¨ úi`od .ekSug u. fmkaùula ,efí.
tmuKla fkdj ta oekqfï wdf,dalfhka"
wkd.;h flfia úh hq;= o hk l,amkdj
we;s lr .ekSug;a, ta wkqj wfma rg
wkd.;fha § ÈhqKq lrkafka flfia o hk
ldrKh myod .ekSug;a b;sydih wmg
u. fmkaùula lrhs. úúO ck fldgia
Ôj;ajk iudcfha Tjqfkdjqkaf.a weoys,s
úYajdi m%Odk fldg.;a ixialD;sl
wx.j,g .re lrñka iu.sfhka
iyÔjkh mj;ajdf.k hdug b;sydih
bf.k .ekSfuka yelshdj ,efí'
3

l%sia;= mQ¾j
250
l%sia;= j¾I l%sia;= j¾I
250 800
rEmh wxl 1'3 - wjqreÿ 1500 la ;siafia zlZ wlaIrh
j¾;udk ;;a;ajhg ÈhqKq jQ wdldrh
fojk l%shdldrlu
Tfí mdif,a b;sydih
ms<sn| rpkhla ,shkak'
1'4 b;sydi ld,h uek .kafka flfia o@
b;sydih hkq b;d È.= ld,hla jk neúka
th ksjerÈ j uek .ekSu b;sydih
bf.k .ekSug wjYH jk jeo.;a
lreKls. b;sydifha úúO isÿùï wh;a
ld, uekSug l%u lsysmhla ;sfí. iq,n
jYfhka ta i`oyd Ndú; jkafka
^w&' l%sia;= mQ¾j iy
^wd&' l%sia;= j¾I
hk fhÿï fol hs. fuu l%u fol ilia
lr ;sfnkafka l%sia;=ka jykafiaf.a
W;am;a;sh isÿ jQ j¾Ih mokula fldg
f.k h. ta wkqj,
l%sia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;am;a;sh isÿ ùug
fmr ld,h l%sia;= mQ¾j f,i;a"
l%sia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;am;a;sfhka miq
ld,h l%sia;= j¾I f,i;a ye`Èka fõ.
ksoiqkla weiqfrka wms fuh meyeÈ,s
lr .ksuq. ñys`ÿ uyry;ka jykafia
furgg jevu lf<a l%sia;=ka jykafia
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
bm§ug wjqreÿ foish mkylg fmr h.
tfyhska tu isÿ ùu l%sia;= mQ¾j foish
mkyg wh;a he hs ie,fla. ñkafkaß jej
bos l< uyfika rcq Ôj;a jQfhaa l%sia;=ka
jykafiaf.a W;am;a;sfhka wjqreÿ foish
l%sia;= j¾I ye;a;Ey;rla .sh miq hs. tfyhska th
1200 l%sia;= j¾Ifhka foish ye;a;Ey;f¾ § isÿ
jQjla f,i ms<s.efka.
fï yereKq úg nqoaO j¾I iy Yl j¾I
hk j¾I l%u o we;eï úg ld,h oelaùug
fhdod .efka. merKs ld,fha bkaÈhdfõ
iy Y%S ,xldfõ fuu l%u fhdod f.k
we;. iuyr úg wfma ksfjiaj, ;sfnk
,sf;a o fuu j¾I l%u i`oyka lr ;sfnkq
Tng oel .; yels h. fuu j¾I l%u fol
o b;sydi ld,h uek .ekSug oekg;a
we;eï wjia:dj, Ndú; flf¾.
nqoaO j¾I wdrïN jkafka nqÿka jykafiaf.a
uyd mßks¾jdKh isÿ jQ Èk isg h. nqÿka
jykafiaf.a mßks¾jdKh isÿ jQ j¾Ih
.ek W.;=ka w;r fkdfhl=;a woyia
we;;a idudkHfhka ms<s.efkkafka th
l%sia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;am;a;shg wjqreÿ
mkaish y;<sia y;rlg fmr tkï l%sia;=
mQ¾j 544 § isÿ jQjla f,i h.
Yl j¾I l%uh yskaÿ Èk o¾Ykhls. th
wdrïN jkafka l%sia;= j¾Ifhka 78 § h.
bkaÈhdfõ ngysr m%foaYh md,kh l<
f.!;ómq;% id;l¾KS rcq úiska fuu j¾I
l%uh wdrïN lrk ,oafoa Yljreka mrod
Tyq tu m%foaY ch.%yKh lsÍu isys lrkq
msKsi h.
uqia,sïjreka ;ukaf.a wd.ñl W;aij
meje;aùfï § ld,h uek .ekSug Ndú;
lrk j¾I l%uhla ;sfí. th ye¢kafjkafka
ysÊß j¾I hk kñks. th wdrïN jkafka
l%sia;= j¾I 622 § h. bia,dï wd.fï
kdhlhd jQ uyïu;a;=ud ulalu isg u§kd
k.rhg meñKs j¾Ih th hs.
fï yereKq úg wjqreÿ ,laI .Kkla
merKs b;sydih uek .ekSug úoHd.drj,
isÿ lrk mÍlaIK l%u .Kkdjla ;sfí.
4
 j¾;udkh
j¾;udkh

w;S;h
w;S;h w;S;fha ;snQ fndfyda oE ±ka je<,S
f.dia h' tAjdg wh;a iqkanqka
fmdf<dfõ mia ;Ügqj, b;sß ù
;sfí' mfriaifuka fmdf<dj
leŒfuka tjeks oE fidhd f.k
b;sydih ±k .ekSug yels h h'

l%udkql+,j fmdf<dj ydrd ne,Sfuka jiN rcqf.a ld,h wdrïN ùu

o w;S; ld,h uek .ekSug mss<sjk. l%sia;= j¾I 67
tfia fmdf<dj yEÍu ye`Èkafjkafka l%sia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;am;a;sh
mqrdúoHd;aul leŒu hkqfjks. tfia
leKSfuka fmdf<dj hg ;sfnk mia ;Ügq l%sia;= j¾I 1
oel .; yels h. mqrdK ld,fha isÿ jQ nqÿka jykafiaf.a uyd mßks¾jdKh
fkdfhla isoaêj,g wh;a" myiqfjka
Èrd fkdhk fkdfhl=;a foa fujeks mia l%sia;= mQ¾j 544
;Ügqj, ;ekam;a ù ;sfí. fmdf<dfõ hg nqoaO j¾I l%uhg wkqj m%Odk ft;sydisl
u we;s mia ;Ügqj, jvd;a merKs foa;a isoaê lsysmhla isÿ jQ ld, jljdkq
fmdf<dj u;=msgg tk úg mia ;Ügqj, fufia h:
uE; ld,j,g wh;a foa;a ;ekam;a j
uyfika rcqf.a ld,h wdrïN ùu
;sfnkq oelsh yels h.
nqoaO j¾I 818
l%sia;= j¾I l%uhg wkqj m%Odk ft;sydisl jiN rcqf.a ld,h wdrïN ùu
isoaê lsysmhla isÿ jQ ld, jljdkq fufia h:
nqoaO j¾I 611
Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu
l%sia;= j¾I 1948 l%sia;=ka jykafiaf.a W;am;a;sh
nqoaO j¾I 544
uyfika rcqf.a ld,h wdrïN ùu
nqÿka jykafiaf.a uyd mßks¾jdKh
l%sia;= j¾I 274
nqoaO j¾I 1
5
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 jeo.;a lreKq
;=ka jk l%shdldrlu
1. ñksid w;S;fha oS l< lS oE ish,a,
b;sydihg wh;a h.
my; i|yka isÿùï nqoaO j¾Ifhka yd
2. b;sydih .ek oek .ekSug Wmldr l%sia;= j¾Ifhka ,shd olajkak.
jk oE ye¢kafjkafka uQ,dY%h kñks. tajd
1' Tnf.a Wmka Èkh l%sia;= j¾Ifhka
idys;Huh uQ,dY%h iy mqrdúoHd;aul
yd nqoaO j¾Ifhka
uQ,dY%h hkqfjka fofldgilg wh;a
h.
2' j¾;udk jir l%sia;= j¾Ifhka yd
3.b;sydih bf.k .ekSfuka nqoaO j¾Ifhkaa
j¾;udkfha isÿ jk oE f;areï
.ekSug;a bÈßfha § wm l< hq;= oE
.ek ie,eiaula we;s lr .ekSug;a bv
ie,fia.
4. b;sydifha hï hï oE isÿ jQ ld,h
f;areï .ekSug l%u ;sfí. l%sia;=ka
jykafiaf.a W;am;a;sh mokï lr
.;a l%sia;= j¾I l%uh;a, nqÿrcdKka
jykafiaf.a uyd mßks¾jdKh mokï
lr .;a nqoaO j¾I l%uh;a ta w;ßka
m%Odk h.

6
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 fojk mdvu
wdÈ ñksid
ye`Èkaùu
ñksid Ôj;a jkafka mDÓúfha h. ta wm
ldf.a;a f,dalh hs' ñksidg fuka u
fjk;a i;=kag;a úúO .y fld<j,g;a
kjd;ek th hs. ta ish¨ fokdg Ôj;a
ùug wjYH wdydr iy wfkl=;a oE ,nd
fokafka o mDÓúh hs. mDÓúfha Ôj;a
jk úúO i;=ka iy .yfld< úúOdldr
fjkialïj,ska hqla; h. ta fjkialï
we;s jQfhaa mDÓúfha fkdfhla ;ekaj,
;sfnk mßirfha we;s fjkialï ksid h.
mDÓúh ñksid we;=`M wfkla i;=kag;a
.yfld<j,g;a tl fia n,mEfõ h.
tfyhska wm Ôj;a jk mDÓúh .ek hï
;rulska fyda bf.k .ekSu wm ld yg;a
jeo.;a fõ. fï mdvfï § Tng bf.k
.kakg ,efnkafka mDÓúh ks¾udKh
ùu iy ta u; Ôùka ìys ùug wod<
lreKq h.
rEmh wxl 2.1 - mDÓúh ìys jQfhaa o wyfia ;snQ fujeks ¥ú,s j,dl=<lsks.
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
m<uq jk fldgi
2'1 ñksid ìys jQ mßirh
mDÓúh iy Ôjh we;s ùu
wm Ôj;a jk mDÓúh" .%yf,dalhls.
th iE§ ;sfnkafka wdikak jYfhka
óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk ydroyia mkaish
y;<syla ;rï wE; ld,hl § h. mDÓúh
iEfokakg we;af;a l=uk wdldrhlg
o hk lreK .ek úoHd{hska w;r
fkdfhl=;a woyia ;sfí. flfia fj;;a
th wyfia ;snQ ¥ú,s j,dl=<lska iEÿKq nj
fmdÿ úYajdih hs. tjeks ¥ú,s j,djla
ye`Èkafjkafka zksydßldjlaZ kñks. Bg
bx.%Sis fmd;am;aj, fhdod ;sfnkafka
fkìhq,d (nebula) hk mohhs. mDÓúh
iEfok wjia:dfõ th uy;a WKqiqulska
hqla; úh. miq j l%ufhka th isis,a ùug
mgka .;af;a h. tfy;a mDÓúfha ueo
fldgi ;ju;a oeä WKqiqulska hqla; h.
tys W!IaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 6000
la muK fj;ehs .Kka n,d ;sfí. c,h
W;=rkafka fi,aishia wxYl 100g r;a jQ
úg hs. túg mDÓúfha we;=<; WIaK;ajh
fl;rï oe hs Tng is;d .ekSug yels jkq
7
 rEmh wxl 2.2 - cmdkfha iql=rcsud .skslkao mqmqrd fmdf<dj ueo ;sfnk .skshï jQ ,djd msg;g .,d .sh wkaou
we;. .sksl`ÿ mqmqrk úg bka msg;g .,d
tkafka fmdf<dj ueo tfia WKqfjñka
;sfnk oE h. tajd ye¢kafjkafka ‘,djd’
hk kñks.
mDÓúh iE§ wjika jQ miq tys Ôùka
we;s jQfhaa ;j;a ld,hla .sh miq j h.
tfia ìys jQ Ôjhla iys; m<uq foa weig
fkdfmfkk ;rï l=vd fohls. th
ye`Èkafjkafka fm%dldfhdaÜ nelaàßhdj
kñks. tu nelaàßhdj ìys jQfhaa óg
wjqreÿ ñ,shk fooyia mkaishhlg by;
§ h.
óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk mkaish y;<sia
follg fmr cSj;a jQ if;l=f.a
i,l=Kla lekvdfjka fidhd f.k
;sfí. fikaáógr 4 ;a 7;a w;r È.lska
hq;a fuu i;d Ôj;a ù ;sfnkafka uqyqÿ
m;=f,a h. wdydr .ekSug uqLhla iy weia
myla msysgd ;sìKs. fudyq ye`Èkafjkafka
zTmîkshdZ hk kñks.
f,dalfha uq,a u cSùka ìys jQfhaa c,fha h.
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
Tjqka f.dvìug meñKsfha miq ld,hl
§ h. m<uq jrg f.dvìu my< jQfhaa mdo
lsysmhla ;sfnk yel/,a,ka jeks i;=ka
h. ta óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk ydrish úiailg
by; ld,hl § h. ta ld,h ye`Èkafjkafka
is¨ßhka hq.h kñks.
uq,ska u f.dvìu me;sÍ .sfha i;=ka fkdj
Ydl j¾. hs. ta óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk mkaish
y;<siafollg fmr ld,hl mej;s
me,sfhdfidhsl kñka ye`oskafjk hq.hl
§ h. mDÓúfha Ydl j¾. iy i;=ka ìys jQ
ld,h iu. ii`ok úg ñksid ìys jQfhaa
fndfyda miq ld,hl § h. ta ms<sn`o úia;r
B<`. mdvfï § úia;r flfrkq we; .
rEmh wxl 2.3 - fm%dldfhdaÜ nelaàßhdjlf.a
iajrEmh ±lafjk rEm igykla
8

jeo.;a lreKq
1. mDÓúh ìys jQfhaa óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk
ydroyia mkaish y;<sylg by;
ld,hl § h. ta wyfia ;snQ ¥ú,s
j,djlsks.
2. mDÓúh WKqiqï j ;sî l%ufhka isis,a
úh. tfy;a th ;ju;a iïmQ¾Kfhka
isis,a ù ke;.
3. mDÓúh u; cSjh ìys jQfhaa miq
ld,hl § h. m<uq jrg Ôjh yg
.;af;a c,fha h.
4. m%:u jrg f,dalfha we;s jQfhaa
b;du;a l=vd nelaàßhdjls.
5. m<uq jrg f.dvìu my< jQfhaa Ydl
j¾. hs. fojkq j i;a;aj j¾. ìys úh.
y;r jk l%shdldrlu
tla tla ld,j, § ìys jQ me<Eáme<Eá,
i;a;ajhka yd ñksid ms<sn| j
wjfndaOhla ,efnk wdldrfhaa
mska;+r tl;=jla .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia
mßÈ ilikak.
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh wxl 2.4 - óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk
mkaish y;<sia follg fmr Ôj;a jQ
Tmîkshdjl=f.a mdId‚N+; i,l=Kla.
fuh fidhd f.k ;sfnkafka lekvdfjks.
fojk fldgi
2'2 wdÈ ñksidf.a úldYkh
ñksid ìys ùu
ñksid iajNdj O¾uhg wh;a i;a;ajfhls.
tfy;a fjk;a i;=kag jvd Tyq bÈßfhka
isà. fkdfhla fkdfhla oE ;ekSfï
yelshdj ^;dlaIKh& woyia yqjudre lr
.ekSfï yelshdj ^NdIdj& keàu" .ehSu
wdos fi!kao¾hd;aul oE ^l,dj& ñksid
úiska ksmojk ,È. fjk;a i;=ka w;r
tjeks foa olskakg ke;. i`o ;rKh
lsÍug mjd ñksid iu;a ù we;. Tyq
fï ;;aa;ajhg ÈhqKq jQfhaa §¾> ld,hla
;siafia fkdfhl=;a wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK
§fï m%;sM,hla f,i h. fjk;a i;=ka
w;r ;j;a if;l= jQ ñksid wfkla i;=ka
ish¨ fokd wìnjd ÈhqKq jQfhaa flfia o?
hkak fuu mdvfï § Tng bf.k .ekSug
,efí. tfia bf.k .ekSfuka ñksia
mrmqrg wh;a jQfjl= f,i ;u iudchg
Tn l< hq;= fiajh wjfndaO lr .ekSug
Tng wjia:djla ,efnkq we;.
ñksid ìys ùu wdrïN jkafka jdkr
mrïmrdjlsks. we;af;ka u th rij;a
l:djls. óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk folyudrlg
muK by; § wm Ôj;a jk fï mDÓúfha
mej;sfha wêl YS;, foaY.=Khls. ta
ld,h ye`Èkafjkafka zuydysu hq.hZ
hkqfjks. uydysu hq.h wdrïN jk
ld,fha wm%sldfõ Ôj;a jQ Ñïmkais
j¾.hla Tjqkaf.a wfkla kEoEhkag
jvd fjkia wdldrhg yev .efikakg
mgka .;af;a h. ta ld,fha mej;s wêl
9

rEmh wxl 2.5 - jdkrfhl= j isg wjqreÿ ,laI .Kkla
;siafia ÈhqKqjg m;a ñksid wm Ôj;a jk mDÓúhg n,mEï
we;s lsÍug ;rï n,j;a úh.
YS;,g Tfrd;a;= §ug isÿ ùu ksid;a"
wdydr ÿ,n jQ ta ld,fha § kqmqreÿ wdydr
.ekSu ksid;a" fï ÑïmkaiSkaf.a o;aj,;a
uqyqfKa;a fjkialï we;s úh. mdo
foflka weúo hdug tl, Tjqyq yqre jQy.
tfia we;s jQ ta fjkialï ÑïmkaiSkaf.ka
ñksia j¾.hd ìysùug wjYH lrk miqìu
ilia lf<a h.
jdkr mjq,lska udkj mrïmrdjla ìys
ùug n, mE tla m%Odk fya;=jla jQfhaa
uydysu hq.fha § mej;s foaY.=Kh
hs. fuu ld,fha § mDÓúfha W;=re
iy ol=Kq m%foaY uq`Mukska u
>k ysu ;Ügqj,ska jeiS .sfha h.
.yfld< lsisjla m, oerefõ
ke;. tksid u wdydr iq,n jQfhaa
o ke;. ueu;a w,s Ôj;a jQfhaa fï
ld,fha § h.
rEmh wxl 2.6 - Ñ;% Ys,amshl=" uyd
ysu hq.fha mej;s mßirh is;=jï lr
we;s wdldrh.
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
uydysu hq.h kñka ye`Èkafjk wêl YS;,
ld,h ;=< foaY.=Kh WKqiqï jQ flá ld,
mej;sfha h. uydysu hq.h ;=< tjeks wêl
YS;, ld, y;rla iy flá WKqiqï ld,
y;rla ;sìKs. WKqiqï ld,j, wdydr iq,n
ùfuka ish¨ i;=kag i;=gqodhl ld,hla
kej; Wod úh. jdkr mrïmrdjg wh;a
Ñïmkaisfhl=f.ka ñksfil= ÈhqKq jQfhaa
fï uyd ysu hq.fha § h. tu l%shdj,sh
ye`Èkafjkafka zudkj mßKduhZ hkqfjks.
YÍr yevfhka uq,a ld,fha udkjhka iy
jdkrhska w;r úYd, fjkila fkd;snqKq
kuq;a fjk;a jdkrhska fkdl< fohla
udkjhska úiska wdrïN lrk ,È. ta
WmlrK mdúÉÑ lsÍuhs. iajdNdúl j
c,h .,d f.k hk ;ekaj, ;sfnk rjqï
.,a tl;= fldg tajdhska hï hï weg
j¾. ;,d f.k tajd wdydrhg .ekSug;a
fjk;a ;e,Sfï wjYH;dj,g;a tu .,a
Tjqka Ndú;hg f.k ;sfí.
fuf,i ñksfil= ùug keUqrejla we;s
l< mer‚;u jdkrhd ye¢kafjkafka
Tiag%f,dams;slia hk kñks' mdo foflka
weúo hEfï yelshdj ksid udkjhskag
fjk;a jdkrhskag l< fkdyels foa l<
yels úh.
10
 uyd ysuhq.h

§¾> YS; ld,h flá WKqiqï §¾> YS; ld,h flá WKqiqï
ld,h ld,h

Tyq Ôj;a jQfhaa óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk 1'8 lg

l,ahdfï § Tjqyq .,aj,ska ;ekQ fuj,ï by; ld, jljdkqjl § h'
;j ;j;a ÈhqKq l<y. tys uQ,sl mshjr
jQfhaa .,lska ;j;a .,lg .id bka jdkr mrïmrdjlska ìys jqj o l,a hEfï
m;=rla lvd bj;a fldg uqjy;a uqyqK;la § ñksidf.a YÍrh jdkrhl=f.ka fjkia
idod .ekSu hs' fujeks W;aidyhl fhÿKq ù wo mj;sk f,i ilia úh. l%ufhka
m<uq jekakd ye¢kafjkafka fydafuda fud<h ÈhqKq ù th jdkrhl=f.a fud<hg
yeì,ia udkjhd kñks' tys f;areu jvd úYd, jQ neúka ñksidf.a ysialn, tA
—yels ñksid˜ hkakhs' Tyq Ôj;a jQfhaa wkqj yev .efiñka fjkia úh.
óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk 2'3 ;a 1'4 ;a w;r ld,
jljdkqjl § h' fuf;la Tn wid ±k.;a mer‚ udkjhska
wo Ôj;a jk ñksia j¾.hdg iïnkaO
j¾;udkfha olakg ;sfnk wdldrfha jkafka ;j;a ÈhqKq udkjfhl= yryd h' Tyq
kùk WmlrK ksmoùug ;rï iu;alula ye¢kafjkafka fydafuda kshekav;d,kaisia
ñksidg ysñ jQfhaa fuf,i ir, fuj,ï kñks' Tyq Ôj;a jQfhaa óg wjqreÿ yh
iE§ug bf.k .;a ksid h. ,laIhlg muK by; ld,hl § h' fuu
udkjhd úYd, i;=kaf.a weglgq Ndú;
.,a fuj,ï iE§u fuka u ñksidf.a lr ksjdi bÈ lf<a h' tfuka u t<j`M
oshqKqjg n, mE ;j;a ldrKhla jQfhaa j¾. msi wdydrhg f.k ;sfí' Tyq b;d
.skaor Ndú; lsÍug mqreÿ ùu hs. .skaor
Ndú; lsÍu ksid wdydr mq¨iaid .ekSug
yels úh. ta ksid wdydr jvd fyd`Èka Èrjd
.ekSug yels úh. .skaor ksid YS; ld,j,
§ WKqiqï ùug yels ùfuka Ôú;h ;j
ÿrg;a iqjmyiq ù YÍrfha yevh w,xldr
jQfhaa h.
ñksid úiska m<uq jrg .skaor Ndú;
lsÍu fmkakqï lrk idlaIH BY%dh,fhka
fidhd f.k ;sfí' tA idlaIH wjqreÿ y;a
,laI wkQ oyila ^7 90 000& mer‚ h'
.skaor Ndú; lsÍug mqreÿ jQfhaa fydafuda rEmh wxl 2.7- wjqreÿ ñ,shk folyudrlg fmr Ôj;a
bfrlagia kñka ye¢kafjk udkjhd h' jQ Tiag%f,dams;sliaf.a ysialn,la

11
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 rEmh wxl 2.8 - wjq r eÿ ñ,s h k
folyudrlg fmr ld,hl is g
ñks i d jdkrhl=f.a mgka ÈhqKq ñksil=
olajd mßKduh úh.

fyd| ovhlaldrfhla úh'

wjqreÿ ñ,shk foll muK ld,hla
;siafia ñksid ;ukaf.a yelshd ÈhqKq lr
.;af;a h. w¨;a foa ksmoùug l,amkd
l< ksid Tjqkaf.a fud<h fyd`Èka
jeäKs. ta ksid u óg wjqreÿ ,laIhlg
^1 00 000& muK wE; ld,hl § Tjqkag
tlsfkld w;r woyia yqjudre lr
.ekSug yels NdIdjla o ye`.Sï m%ldY
lsÍug ix.S;h iy kegqï o Ñ;% we`§ug
yelshdj o ,eìKs. fujeks idrj;a foa
ksmojQ udkjhd ye¢kafjkafka fydafuda rEmh wxl 2.10 - fydafuda idmshka udkjhd óg wjqreÿ
;siaoyilg fmr ld,hl § iE¥ ngk<djla. fï i|yd
idmshka hkqfjks. ta wm ldf.a;a <`. u fhdÞ f.k ;sfnkafka if;l=f.a weg len,a,ls.
kEoEhd hs. wm ish¨ fokd wh;a jkafka
o fydafuda idmshka mjq,g h.

wdÈ udkjhska fidhd mia jk l%shdldrlu

.;a foa wog;a
wmg uy;a fia ñksidf.a úldYkfha úúO wjê
m%fhdackj;a h. Bg Ñ;%hg k.kak'
fyd`o u ksoiqk
.skaor fidhd
.ekSu iy th 2'3 ixialD;sl ÈhqKqj
Ndú; lrkakg
bf.k .ekSu hs. Ñïmkaishl= j isg miq j ñksfil= olajd
;ukaf.a YÍrh iy fud<h ÈhqKq lr .;a
ksjdi bÈ lsÍu yd ñksid §¾> ld,hla ;siafia ;uka cSj;a
wdydr msi wkqNj jk wdldrh o fjkia lr .;af;a h. th
lsÍu wdÈhg wm ye¢kafjkafka zixialD;slZ fjkiaùu
yqre mqreÿ jQfhaa o hkqfjks. fuu lreK wmg fyd¢ka
w;S; ld,fha Ôj;a fmfkkafka ñksid" wdÈ ld,fha isg
jQ udkjhkaf.ks' ksmojQ .,a fuj,ïj, iajrEmh fjkia
rEmh wxl 2.9 - uekúka
yev.iajd ilia lrk ,o l< wdldrh bf.k .kakd úg h.
mer‚ .,afuj,ula

12
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
wjqreÿ ñ,shk folyudrl muK §¾> ovhu iy ;ek
ld,hl § ñksid ish cSú;h yev.iajd ;ek weúo
.;a wdldrh l%ufhka fjkia úh. .,a wdydr tl;=
fuj,ï, jdiia:dk, wdydr wdÈh fuf,i lsÍu hs.
fjkia ùïj,g ,la fjñka ÈhqKq jQ nj
fmfka. §¾> ld,hla ;=< ñksid ,nd mqrdYs,d hq.fha
.;a ÈhqKqj flfia ù oehs wjfndaO lr wjika ld,fha
.ekSug bjy,a jkafka udkjhd ksmo jQ § Ñ;% we`§ug;a
.,a fuj,ï nj by; i`oyka flßKs. Èrd .,aj,ska rEm
hdulg ,la fkdjk ksid .,a fuj,ï ilia lsÍug;a
§¾> ld,hla ;siafia fkdkeiS b;sß Tjqyq mqreÿ jQy.
j ;sfí. l,a .; fj;a u ñksid ksmo
jQ .,a fuj,ïj, yevh m%udKh iy
ld¾hlaIu;dj ÈhqqKqjg m;a ùu olskakg
;sfí. fuj,ïj, iajrEmh wkqj ñksidf.a
ixialD;sl ÈhqKqj m%Odk wjê ;=klg rEmh wxl 2.11- mqrdYs,d hq.fha miqNd.fha § iE¥
ldka;d rEmhla. fuh ilia lr ;sfnkafka i;a;aj weg
fnokq ,efí. tkï" lene,a,lsks.

1.mqrdYs,d hq.h
2.uOHYs,d hq.h uOHYs,d hq.fha § ,enQ ÈhqKqj
3.kjYs,d hq.h hkqfjks.
f,dalfha fkdfhla m%foaYj, uOH Ys,d
mqrdYs,d h q.fha § ñksiqka Ô j;a hq.h wdrïN jQfhaa tlsfklg fjkia
jQfhaa flfia o@ ld, mßÉfþoj, h. tfy;a fmdÿfõ .;a
l, th óg wjqreÿ 20 000 ;a 18 000 ;a
mqrdYs,d hq.fha § ñksiaiq lKavdhï f,i w;r ld,hlg by; § wdrïN jQ nj iaÓr
;eka ;ekaj, t<suyfka cSj;a ùug mqreÿ l< yels h. mqrdYs,d hq.fha § fuka u fï
ù isáhy. tjeks lKavdhulg
idudcslhska 20;a 30;a w;r
m%udKhlska hq;a mjq,a lsysmhla
we;=<;a úh. ;ukaf.a u<.sh
kEoEhska fjkqfjka wjux.,
pdß;% meje;aùug ñksiqka
yqremqreÿ jQfhaa o fuu hq.fha
§ h. tjeks pdß;%j, § Tjqka
wkq.ukh l< tla m%Odk
lghq;a;la jQfhaa wegiels,s u;
j¾K wdf,am lsÍu hs. j¾K
iE§u i`oyd Ndú; lr we;af;aa
.=re.,a h. .=re.,a iq,n fkdjk
m%foaYj, cSj;a jQ wh tajd iq,n
m%foaYj,ska ,nd .ekSu ksid ta
ld,fha NdKav yqjudrej wdrïN
úh. fï ld,fha § ck.ykh
úYd, m%udKhla fkdù h. rEmh wxl 2'12 - uOHYs,d hq.fha §
mqrdYs,d hq.fha § ñksiqka cSj;a bkaÈhdfõ úiQ ñksiqka úiska w¢k
ùu i`oyd Wmfhda.s lr .;af;a ,o Ñ;%hls'
13
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'

rEmh wxl 2.13 - ,S o~q yd fld< w;= Ndú; fldg fujeks
;djld,sl me,am;a iE§ug uOHYs,d hq.fha § ñksid mqreÿ
úh.
ld,fha § ñksid ovhñka iy wdydr tl;=
lsÍfuka ;j ÿrg;a ish cSúldj f.k
.sfha h. ÿkq- B;, Ndú; lr ovhï lsÍu
wdrïN jQfhaa fï ld,fha § h.
ovhï lsÍu fjkqjg .iaj, f.ä j¾.
fld< iy w, j¾. jeä jYfhka ;ukaf.a
wdydrhg fhdod .ekSug ñksid mqreÿ
jQfhaa;a fï ld,fha § h. mqrdYs,d hq.fha
§ fuka ;ek ;ek weúo hñka ld,h .;
lrkq fjkqjg fï ld,fha § tl ;ekl
È.= ld,hla cSj;a ùug ñksiaiq yqre jQy.
±j o`vq iy fld< w;= Ndú; lrñka
ksjdi ;kd .ekSug tl, jeisfhda iu;a
jQy. fkdfhla j¾K fhdod .ksñka Tjqyq
.,a m¾j; ì;a;s u; Ñ;% wekafoda h.
mqrdYs,d hq.h iu. ikaikaokh lrk
úg uOHYs,d hq.fha § ñksid jvd;a ÈhqKq
jQ nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ.
kjYs,d hq.fha § we;s jQ fjkialï
kjYs,d hq.h wdrïN jkafka óg wjqreÿ
kjoyilg muK (9000) by; ld,hl
§ h. tu hq.h ;=< ñksid úiska b;d
jeo.;a lghq;= lsysmhla wdrïN lrk ,È.
ta w;ßka lemS fmfkk tla lghq;a;la
jkafka f.dú;ekg mqreÿ ùu h. ;sß`.=,
nd¾,s, ù, l=rlalka wdÈ OdkH j¾. j.d
lsÍu fï ld,fha § wdrïN úh. i;=ka yS,E
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
lr f.k Wkaf.ka lsß, ì;a;r, uia, f,dï
wdÈ foa ,nd .ekSug fm,ôKs. tksid
f.dú;ekg wu;r j i;a;aj md,kh o
me;sr .sfhah. fï ld,fha § m%:u jrg
f,day j¾. fidhd .ekSu ksid .,a fuj,ï
fjkqjg f,day wdhqO ;kd .ekSug Tjqkag
yels úh. óg fmr mej;s uOHYs,d hq.fha
§ wdrïN jQ tla ;ekl cSj;a ùfï mqreoao
jeä ÈhqKq ùfuka .ïudk ìys jQfhaa o fï
ld,fha § h. f.dú;eka lghq;=j, iy
i;=kaf.a wdrlaIdj m;d foúhka weoySu
fï ld,fha § werôKs. tksid ñksiqka
wd.ñl lghq;=j,g keUqre ùu m<uq jrg
ms<sìUq jkafka o kjYs,d hq.fha § nj
ms<s.efka.
rEmh wxl 2.14 - kjYs,d hq.fha §
ñksiqka úiska ksmojk ,o oEle;a;la.
fuh ueáfhka idok ,oaols. fuu
oEle;a; l%sia;= mQ¾j 3000 g wh;a h.
ñksid §¾> ld,hla ;siafia l%ufhka ÈhqKq
jQ wdldrh fuu mdvfï § meyeÈ,s úh. tA
§¾> ld,fha § Tyq ÈhqKq l< oE wog;a
wmg uy;a fia m%fhdackj;a h'
ñksidf.a ÈhqKqj iïnkaOfhka kjYs,d
hq.fha § isÿ jQ jeo.;a u foa w;r
f.dú;ekg iy i;a;aj md,khg fhduq
ùu;a .ïudkj, cSj;a ùug yqre ùu;a hk
isoaê fol fmkajd Èh yels h' miqld,Sk j
YsIagdpdr ìys ùug tajd u.ska uy;a
n,mEula we;s úh' ie,lsh hq;= ;rfï
§¾> ld,hla f.dú;eka lghq;=j,
kshe,Su ksid wdydr iq,n ùu;a tu.ska
14
we;eï fokdf.a j;a fmdfyi;alï
ÈhqKq ùu;a fya;= fldg f.k ÿmam;a yd jeo.;a lreKq
fmdfydi;a hk fn§u uq,a jrg we;s jQfhaa
1. ñksid ÈhqKq jQfhaa jdkr
o kjYs,d hq.fha § h' ta ta iudcj, jdih
l< fmdfydi;a wh n,j;a jQ w;r Tjqyq mrïmrdjlsks. ta óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk 2.5
miq ld,hl kd.ßl cSú;hlg yqre jQy' ta lg muK by; § h.
ms<sn`o lreKq bÈß mdvïj, § bf.kSug
2' jdkrhl=f.ka udkjhl= ìys ùfï
kshñ; h'
l%shdj,sh ye¢kafjkafka udkj
mßKduh hkqfjks.
3. udkj mßKdufha jeä fldgila isÿ
jQfhaa uydysu hq.h kñka ye`Èkafjk
yh jk l%shdldrlu wêl YS; ld,fha § h.

.=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia mßÈ my; j.=fõ 4. ñksid ÈhqKq jQfhaa mßirh u.ska
±lafjk wdldrhg ñksid tA tA hq.j, we;s l< fkdfhl=;a wNsfhda.j,g
§ ,nd .;a ch.%yK ms<sn| fidhd uqyqK §fï m%;sM,hla f,i h.
n,kak.
5. ñksid wfkla i;=kaf.ka fjkia
mQ¾j Ys,d uOH Ys,d kj Ys,d jkafka Tyq fkdfhl=;a oE ksmojQ
hq.h hq.h hq.h ksid h. tfia ksmojQ oE wog;a wmg
m%fhdackj;a h.
6. fydafuda idmshka udkjhd úiska
wjqreÿ ,laIhlg muK by; § NdIdj"
ix.S;h" Ñ;% iy kegqï wdÈ foa y`ÿkajd
fok ,È.

15
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 f;jk fldgi
f.dú;ek wdrïN ùu
ñksidf.a ÈhqKqj fyj;a udkj mßKduh
isÿ jQfhaa uydysu hq.fha § nj Tn oeka
fyd`Èka okakd lreKls. óg wjqreÿ 12 000
lg muK by; ld,hl § tf;la mej;s
uydysu hq.h wjika jk ,l=Kq my<
úh. tys § mDÓúfha wêl YS;, foaY.=Kh
WKqiqï njg m;a úh. fï fya;=j ksid
.iaje,a idrj;a f,i jefvkakg mgka
.;af;a h. i;=kag jqjukd ;rï wdydr
iq,n úh. fï m%fndaOh ñksiqkag;a tl
fia oefkkakg mgka .;af;a h. fuu
w¨;a foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh wdrïN jk
hq.h ye`Èkafjkafka fydf,daisk hq.h
kñks.
fï ld,fha § ñksiaiq i;=ka ovhï lsÍug
fjkqjg f.dú;eka lsÍu wdrïN l<y.
f,day j¾. fidhd f.k tajd ;ukaf.a
m%fhdackhg .;ay. i;=ka ovhï lrkq
fjkqjg i;=ka yS,E lsÍfuka i;a;aj
md,khg fhduq jQy. tla tla rgj, tl,
úiQ ñksiqka úúO OdkH j¾. j.d lr
we;. ksoiqkla olajkafka kï ù j.dj
uq,a jrg wdrïN jQfhaa Ökfha h.
rEmh wxl 2'15 - mqrdK;u f.dúhka úiQ .ïudkhla is;a;frl= úiska ÿgq wdldrh ±lafjk Ñ;%hla
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
;sß`.= uq,a jrg j.d lf<a uOHOrKs
m%foaYfha h. wm wo wdydrhg .kakd
OdkH j¾. lsysmhla uq,a jrg j.d l<
ia:dk fufia h.
nvbß`.= - uOHu fulaisfldaj ^l%sia;=
mQ¾j 3000& wÈka wjqreÿ 5000 lg fmr
;sß`.= - uOHOrKs m%foaYh ^l%sia;= mQ¾j
9000& wÈka wjqreÿ 11 000 lg fmr
ù - Ökh -^l%sia;= mQ¾j 7000& wÈka wjqreÿ
9000 lg fmr
ñksid f.dú;ekg fhduq ùu ksid ish
mjqf,a idudðlhska iu. tl ;eklg ù
Ôj;a ùug fm,ôKs. fï ksid jdiia:dk
f,i ksjdi bÈ flßKs. lsysm fofkl=
ish mjq,a iu. tfia tla ;ekl cSj;a ùu
ksid .ïudk ìys ùu wdrïN úh. ñksid
uq,a jrg .ïudk ;kd .;af;a l%sia;= mQ¾j
6000 § muK h. uq,a jrg tfia ìys jQ
.ïudkj, kgnqka fidhd f.k ;sfí.
f.dú;ek wdrïN ùu ksid wdydrh i`oyd
iqÿiq OdkH j¾. y`ÿkd .ekSug iy tajd
fnda lr .ekSug ñksid W;aidy .;af;a h.
wo wm tÈfkod wdydrhg .kakd tjeks
OdkH j¾. f,dalfha fkdfhla m%foaYj,
fkdfhla ld,j, § fnda lr .kakd ,o
16
tajd fõ. óg wu;r j f.dú;eka lghq;=
i`oyd wjYH lrk WmlrK ;kd .ekSug
ñksiaiq l%shd l<y. fï ld,fha § f,day
j¾. fidhd .ekSug iu;a ùu ksid tjeks
WmlrK fyd`Èka ilia lr .ekSug Tjqyq
iu;a jQy. tfy;a f,day fidhd .ekSug
fmr isg u ñksid úiska f.dú WmlrK
;kd .ekSug W;aidy f.k ;sfí. fï
whqßka ksmojk ,o mqrdK ld,hlg
wh;a ueáfhka iE¥ oE le;a;la tla;rd
.,a.=ydjl ;sî mqrdúoHd{hska úiska
BY%dh,fhka fidhd .kakd ,È.
uq,a ld,fha § bÈ lrk ,o ksjdi b;d
ir, tajd h. ueáfhka idok ,o ì;a;s
iy fld< w;= fiú,s lrk ,o jy<la
tajdg ;sìKs. fï wdldrfha f.j,a
ye¢kafjkafka jßÉÑ f.j,a hkqfjks.
iuyr rgj, tfia idok ,o f.j,aj,
ì;a;s ,S o~qj,ska ilia lr ;sìKs.
f.dú;eka lsÍug bf.k .ekSu ñksid ,nd
.;a úYd, ch.%yKhls. ;ek ;ek weúo
hñka ovhï lrkq fjkqjg .ïudkj,
Ôj;a ùug mqreÿ jQfhaa f.dú;eka lsÍug
mqreÿ jQ ksid h. wiajekak ,nd .;a miq
,enqKq úfõlh fya;=fjka ñksiqkag
f.dú;ekg wu;r j fjk;a fkdfhla
lghq;=j, ksr; ùug bv ,eìKs. Ñ;%
we`§u" ms<su iE§u" ix.S;hg fhduq
ùu wdÈ foa ÈhqKq jQfhaa tys m%;sM,hla
jYfhks. fuf,i f.dú;ekg iy i;a;aj
md,khg fm,öu ksid ñksidg YsIagdpdr
;kd .ekSfï yelshdj ,eìKs.
uq,a u cSùka c,fha ìys ù miq j f.dvìu
me;sÍ .sh wdldrh ms<sn| fuu mdvfï §
meyeÈ,s flß‚. f.dvìu § úúO i;=ka
ÈhqKq jQ w;r j¾;udkfha f,dalfha Ôj;a
jk mlaISka" Wr.hska" u;aiHhska" lDóka"
mKqjka" ikaêmdÈlhska" ËSrmdhSkA tfia
j¾Okh jQ Ôùka h. fl;rï fjkialï
;snqK o tA ish¨ fokd wdrïN jQfhaa tl u
;eklsks. ñksid o tA úúO i;=ka w;r
isák ;j;aa tla i;a;ajfhls. jdkrhl= j
isg miq j Tyq fydafuda idmshka kñka
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
ye¢kafjk nqoaêu;a ñksid f;la ÈhqKq
úh.
wm ljqre;a fydfuda idmshka j¾.hg
wh;a jqj o wo f,dalfha we;eï
m%foaYj, Ôj;a jk ñksiqkaf.a uqyqKj,
fjkialï olakg ;sfí. wm%sldfõ
Ôj;ajk whf.a uqyqK Ökfha Ôj;a jk
whf.a uqyqKqj,g jvd fjkia h. tu
fjkialï wkqj fydafuda idmshka ñksid
fldlfidhsâ, kSf.%dhsâ, Tiag%f,dhsâ iy
fudkaf.df,dhsâ hkqfjka j¾. y;rlg
fnÞ ;sfí. fujeks fjkialula isÿ jQfhaa
Tjqka Ôj;a jk mßirj, mej;s fjkialï
ksid h.
jeo.;a lreKq
1. óg wjqreÿ 12000 lg muK by;
ld,hl § tf;la f,dalfha mej;s isis,a
foaY.=Kh fjkia ùu werô‚'
2' f,dalfha foaY.=Kh WKqiqï ùu ksid
ñksiqkag f.dú;eka lghq;= wdrïN
lsÍug iqÿiq miqìula we;s úh'
3. wo wm wdydrhg .kakd fndfyda
OdkH j¾. b;d mer‚ ld,hl §
ñksiqka úiska uq,a jrg j.d lrk ,o
tAjdhs'
4. ñksid f.dú;eka lghq;=j,g
keUqre ùu yd .,a fjkqjg f,day j¾.
Ndú; lsÍu hk oE tl u ld,hl isÿ
úh'
17
 rEmh wxl 2'16 - Ôjh yg.;af;a c,fha h' tA tla ffi,hlska iukaú; ÔjdKqjla f,isks' miq ld,hl oshqKq Ôùka we;s
úh' th jvd;a fõ.j;a jQfhaa Ôùka f.dvìug meñŒfuka miq j h' iajNdj O¾uhg wh;a ish¨ Ôjh we;s foa tl u
;eklska wdrïN jQ nj f;areï .ekSu jeo.;a h' tksid tA iEu Ôjhlg u fï f,dalfha iqrlaIs; j Ôj;a ùug iudk
whs;sjdislula ;sfí' tfyhska mßirhg wdorh lsÍu;a wm ldf.a;a hq;=luls'

18
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 Tiag%f,dams;slia
fydafudakshekav;df,kaisia
rEmh wxl 2'18 úúO uqyqKq we;s fydafudaidmshkajreka
f,dalfha me;sÍ we;s wkaou.
fldlfidhsâ
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
fydafudayeì,sia fydfuda bfrlagia
rEmh wxl 2'17
wjqreÿ ñ,shk folyudrl muK ld,hla
;siafia ñksid ÈhqKqjg m;a jQfhaa h.
jdkrfhl= j isg udkjhl= olajd fjkia
ùfï ,l=Kq fmkajk jeo.;a ,laIK
ñksidf.a YÍrfhka ms<sìUq fõ. uqyqK tA
w;ßka jeo.;a h. fuys olajd ;sfnkafka
tA udkjhskaf.a ysia ln,aj, iajrEmh
wkqj ks¾udKh lrk ,o rEm lsysmhls.
fydafudaidmshka
kSf.%dhsâ Tiag%f,dhsâ fudkaf.df,dhsâ
19
 f;jk mdvu
f,dalfha merKs YsIagdpdr
ye`oskaùu
wdrïNfha § jdkrhl= j isáh o ld,h
.; fj;a u ñksid flfuka ÈhqKq úh.
ovhï lrñka ;ek ;ek weúÈñka
wdydr tl;= fldg ish Ôú;h /l
.;a Tyq miq lf,l f.dú;eka lsÍu
wdrïN l< wdldrh miq.sh mdvïj,
§ bf.k .ekSug Tng wjia:djla
,eìKs. ñksidf.a osshqKqfõ by< u
;;a;ajh ,nd .ekSug Tjqkag yels
jQfhaa k.r ;kd f.k tajdfha Ôj;a
ùu wdrïN l< miq h. wl=re ksmoùu"
uqo,a mßyrKh wdÈ jeo.;a foa rdYshla
fï ld,fha § we;s jQ ksid th ñksid
YsIagdpdrj;a ùu kñka ye`Èkafõ.
fuu mdvfï § Tng bf.kSug
,efnkafka th hs. iajNdj O¾uhg
wh;a i;a;ajfhl= jqj;a ñksid fiiq
i;=kaf.ka fjka jkafka l=ula ksid
oe hs hk ldrKh fuu mdvu bf.k
.ekSfuka miq Tng jegfykq we;.
3'1 YsIagdpdr ìysùu
ñksid b;d mqrdK ld,hl isg .ïudk
;kd f.k tajdfha Ôj;a ùug mqreÿ jQ
wdldrh wms óg fmr mdvfï § bf.k
.;af;uq' §¾> ld,hla ;siafia tfia
.ïj, Ôj;a jQ ñksiaiq Èfkka Èk ;j
;j;a ÈhqKq jQy' f.dú;eka lsÍu;a i;=ka
we;s lsÍu;a ksid iuyr .ïjeisfhda
Okj;a jQy' tfy;a iuyr .ïjeishkag
j.d lrkakg isÿ jQfhaa idrj;a ke;s"
myiqfjka c,h ,nd .; fkdyels bvïj, h'
ta whg fyd`o wiajekakla fkdue;s ùu
ksid Ôj;a ùu wmyiq fohla úh' ta wh
ta ksid u .ïj, Ôj;a jQ ÿmam;=ka f,i
ie,lsKs' iudcfha ÿmam;a iy fmdfydi;a
hkqfjka fofldgila we;s ùug u`.
mEÿfKa tf,i h.
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
ld,h.; jk úg § ta Okj;a wh iy
ta whf.a kEoEfhda .ïj,ska fjka ù
Ôj;a ùug mgka .;a y. jßÉÑ f.j,a
fjkqjg .,ska ;ekQ f.j,ska o fyd`Èka
bÈ l< uxudj;aj,ska o Èh w.,a iy
m%dldrj,ska o je`ÿï msÿï lsÍug iqÿiq
foajd,j,ska o iukaú; jQ tjeks ;eka
ye¢kafjkafka k.r kñks. tfia
k.rj, Ôj;a ùu wdrïN l< Okj;a
.ïjeishka t;eka mgka ye`ÈkajQfhaa
kd.ßlhska hk kñks. Tjqka kej;;a
lsis Èfkl f.dú;eka lsÍu fyda i;=ka
we;s lsÍu lf<a ke;. ta fjkqjg Tjqkag
wh;a jQ bvïj, f.dú;eka lrk ,oafoa
ÿmam;a .ïjeishka úisks. tfy;a tajdhska
,efnk wiajekafkka jeä fldgila
k.rj, Ôj;a jQ kd.ßlhska úiska
whs;s lr .kakd ,È'
YsIagdpdrhla hkqfjka ye`Èkafjkafka
tjeks k.r iy tys úiQ kd.ßlhska
Ôj;a jQ wdldrhg hs. k.rhla .ulg
jvd úYd, h' k.rj, úiQ ñksiaiq wl=re
,sùu yqre lr .;ay. k.r md,kh lsÍug
msßila isáhy. k.rj, Ôj;a jQ msßia
wd.ñl ia:dk bÈ l<y. Tjqyq ÿre rgj,a
iu. fjf<`odfï ksr; jQy. tfyhska
YsIagdpdrhla hkq l=ula oe hs y`ÿkd
.ekSug ta uQ,sl ,laIK bjy,a lr .;
yels h.
f,dalfha fkdfhla m%foaYj,
Ôj;a jQ ñksiqka úúO ld,j, tfia
;ukaf.a u YsIagdpdr ;kd f.k ;sfí.
ta w;=ßka merKs;u YsIagdpdr f,i
fuifmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrh, Bcsma;=
YsIagdpdrh, bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrh iy
Ök YsIagdpdrh y`ÿkajd Èh yels h.
YsIagdpdr ms<sn`o j bf.k .ekSu wmg
jeo.;a h. Bg fya;=j tajdfha Ôj;a jQ
wh ksmo jQ fkdfhl=;a oE wog;a wfma
20

y;a jk l%shdldrlu
w;S;fha mej;s .ul yd k.rhl
olakg ;snQ fjki meyeÈ,s jk fia
Ñ;%hla w|skak.
YsIagdpdrhla hkq ñksidf.a ÈhqKqj ms<sìUq
lrk b;d jeo.;a l%shdj,shls. merKs
YsIagdpdrj, Ôj;a jQ wh w¨;a w¨;a foa
ksmojd wm ld yg;a Ôj;a ùu myiq l<
wdldrh fyd`Èka bf.k f.k" w¨;aa oE
ksmojd ;u rgg fiajh lsÍug Tn o bgd
.; hq;= h.

Ôú;j,g m%fhdackj;a ksid h.

wg jk l%shdldrlu
jD;a;hlg wxYl 360 la we;s nj wms
.Ks; mdvfï § bf.k .ksuq. ñks;a;=jg Tfí .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia mßÈ YsIagdpdr
;;amr 60 la ;sfnk nj;a mehg ñks;a;= jHdma;sh iïnkaO is;shula we| ,l=Kq
60 la ;sfnk nj;a wms oksuq. fï lrkak.
wdldrhg is;kakg wmg mqreÿ lf<a
merKs fuifmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrfha
isá .Ks;{hska h.
fjä fnfy;a, ud,sud hka;%h, lvodis iy
uqøK hka;%h uq,ska u f,dalhg y`ÿkajd
fok ,oafoa Ök YsIagdpdrfha ck;dj jeo.;a lreKq
úisks. fï iEu fohla u wo wmg uy;a
1. ñksiqka uq,ska u Ôj;a jQfha
fia m%fhdackj;a h.
.ïudkj, h' k.r ;kd f.k tAjdfha
m<uq jrg rn¾ fnda,hla idok ,oafoa Ôj;a ùu wdrïN lf<a miq ld,hl §h'
udhd YsIagdpdrhg wh;a jeishka úisks.
rn¾ hkq wmg uy;a fia m%fhdackj;a 2' YsIagdpdrhla hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka
fohls. wms m,`Èk mdjykaj,g rn¾ fhdod k.r iy tAjdfha Ôj;a jk ie,lsh
;sfnkakdla fuka u úYd, wyia hdkdj, hq;= ;rfï úYd, ck.ykhla Ôj;a
frdaoj,g mjd fhdokafka rn¾j,ska iE¥ jk iudchls'
frdao hs.
3. mer‚ YsIagdpdrj, Ôj;a jQ ñksiaiq
3'2 YsIagdpdr jHdma;sh yd f,dalhg úúO foa f,dalhg ohdo l<y'
Wreu jQ Þhdo

YsIagdpdrhla hkq l=ula oe hs jgyd .ekSug

kï f,dalfha merKs YsIagdpdr lsysmhl
f;dr;=re fidhd ne,sh hq;= h. fï i`oyd
fuifmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrh Bðma;=
YsIagdpdrh iy bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrh
ms<sn`o rij;a f;dr;=re lsysmhla my;
úia;r lr ;sfí.
21
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 fojk fldgi
fufidfmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrh
ye¢kaùu
fuu YsIagdpdrh ÈhqKq jQfhaa hqm%àia
iy ghs.%Sia hk .x.d ksïkj, h. tu
.x.d msysgd ;sfnk m%foaYh oeka wh;a
jkafka brdlhg h. fufidfmdf;añhd
hk jpkfhka woyia jkafka z.x.d
folla ueÈ jk fia msysá rgZ hkakhs.
iS iEfï wjia:djla ±lafjk merKs
fufidfmdf;añhdkq ueámqjrejla
fufidfmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrhg wh;a
m%Odk k.r wjg jdih l< f.dúfhda
lDIsl¾ufha iy i;a;aj md,kfha
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
fufidfmdf;añhdj msysgd ;sfnkafka
by;ska i`oyka l< .x.d folg ueÈ
jk f,i h. fuu YsIagdpdrh ìys jQfhaa
l%sia;= mQ¾j 3100--2900 w;r ld,fha
§ h' ta óg wjqreÿ mkaoyilg muK
by; § h'
kshe,S isáhy. tu
m%foaYj, j¾Idj ys`. jQ
ksid Tjqyq .x.dj, c,h
we< ud¾.j,ska ;ukaf.a
f.dúm<j,a fj; /f.k
.sfhda h. j.djg iqÿiq
jk mßÈ fmdf<dj ilia
lsÍug i;=ka fhdod
.ksñka iS iEfjda h. ta
i`oyd Tjqyq f,dayj,ska
;ekQ k.=,a o .,ska ;ekQ
Wo¨ o Ndú; l<y. tys
j.d l< oE w;r OdkH
j¾." m,;=re iy t<j`M j¾. o úh.
;sß`.= iy nd¾,s Tjqka j.d l< m%Odk
OdkH j¾.j,g wh;a úh.
22

merKs W!¾ k.rfha msysá
fufidfmdf;añhdkq is.=rÜ foajd,hla
fuifmdf;añhdkq jeisfhda iajNdj
O¾uh foúhka f,i i,ld je÷ï-msÿï
l<y. j¾Idj iq<`. iy .xj;=r tfia
foaj;ajfhka mQcdjg ,la úh. ;uka
Ôj;a jkafka iajNdj O¾uhg wh;a
tjeks foújreka i;=gq lsÍug nj Tjqyq
l,amkd l<y'
fufidfmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrhg
wh;a kdjql hd;%d
.x.dj, hd;%d lrk l=vd keõj,ska
fjf<`odï lsÍug fufidfmdf;añhdkq
jeisfhda olaI;djla oelajQy. lEu îu
we`ÿï me<`ÿï wdÈ foa fï keõj, f.k
.sfha h. fufidfmdf;añhdfõ W;=re
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
^w& fuu foaj uKav,fha
m%Odkshd jQfhaa - wkQ
kñka ye`ÈkajQ foúhd
h.
^wd& fmdf<djg wêm;s
foúhd ye¢kajQfha
tkalsls hk kñks.
^t& tka,s,s kñka
jkaokdudkhg ,la
jQfhaa iq<`.g iy
f.dú;ekg wêm;s
foúhd h.
fufidfmdf;añhdfõ iEu k.rhl u
tu k.rhg wh;a foú flfkla isáfha
h. foúhkag mqo mQcd meje;aùug ;ekQ
foajd, ye`Èkaùug is.=rÜ hk jpkh
Ndú; fõ. tu foajd,j, isá mQclhskag
fuifmdf;añhdkq iudcfha jeo.;a
;ekla ysñ ù ;sìKs.
fldgfia Ôj;a jQ weisßhkajre olaI
fjf<kafoda jQy. Tjqka ;u fjf<`odï
lf<a f.dvìu yryd h. fjf<`o
NdKav nQrejkaf.a msg u; mgjd f.k
fjf<`odfï hdug Tjqyq mqreÿ ù isáhy.
tajd ye¢kafjkafka ;j,ï hkqfjks.
23

wlaIr moaO;sh
f,dalfha merKs;u wlaIr moaO;sh
ksmojk ,oafoa fufidfmdf;añhdkq
jeishka úisks. fuu wlaIr ye¢kafjkafka
l+kH wlaIr hk kñks. l+kH wlaIr
,sùug Ndú; lf<a ueáj,ska idok ,o
mqjre h. f;; ueámqjre u; W,a lrk
,o ,S lene,a,lska tfia wl=re ,shkq
,eì‚. wdrïNfha § rEm we`§ula f,i
wdrïN jQ fufidfmdf;añhdkq f,aLk
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
fufidfmdf;añhdkq iudch
fufidfmdf;añhdkq iudch fldgia
y;rlg fn§ ;sìKs. ta ^1& mQclhska ^2&
by< mka;sj,g wh;a jeishka ^3& my<
mka;sj,g wh;a jeishka iy ^4& jy¨ka
jYfhks. mQclhska fufidfmdf;añhdkq
iudcfha isá n,j;a u msßi hs.
Tjqyq wd.ñl lghq;=j,g wu;r j
ffjoHjreka f,i o lghq;= l<y.
mQcljre ysi uqvq l<y. neg`M iïj,ska
ueiQ lndhla Tjqyq ye`o isáhy.
by< mka;sj,g wh;a msßñ iy .eyekqq
rkska ksu l< fkdfhl=;a wdNrK
me<`o isàu isß;la j mej;sKs. msßñ È.g
fldKavh jejQy. Tjqkag È.= /jq,la o
;sìKs. ldka;dfjda tla Wrhla jefik
fia we`ÿï wekafoda h. Tjqkag o È.=
fldKavhla ;sìKs. my< mka;sj, wh
iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;hla .; lf<a ke;s
jqj;a ;ukaf.a ksjdij, myiq f,i
Ôj;a jQy' fjfyi ù jev lf<da h. ta
i`oyd Tjqkag jegqma ,eìKs. Tjqkaf.a
we`ÿï iy wdNrK jákd tajd fkdù h.
l%uh miq ld,fha § wlaIr moaO;shla f,i
ÈhqKq úh. fï ueámqjrej, fkdfhl=;a oE
,shd ;sfí. fjf<`odï lghq;=j,g wod<
úia;r ta w;r m%Odk h.
fufidfmdf;añhdfõ Ôj;a jQ .s,a.-fïIa
kue;a;d úiska l+kH wlaIrfhka ,shk
,o ùr l;dj f,dalfha merKs;u idys;H
lD;sh f,i ie,fla. ueámqjre u; ,sùu
ÿIalr jqj o fufidfmdf;añhdkq jeisfhda
th olaI f,i l< y. ueámqjre u; ,shQ
we;eï ,sms ueáfhka u ksu l< ljrj,
nyd wod< mqoa.,hd fj; heùug mshjr
f.k ;sfí. fuifmdf;añhdj md,kh
l< yuqrdì kï md,lhd úiska ilia
lrk ,o kS;sud,djla iys; f,aLkhla
;sfí. th f,dalfha merKs;u kS;s fmd;
hs.
24
 bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrh
fuu YsIagdpdrh ÈhqKq jQfhaa bkaoshdfõ
jhUÈ. m%foaYh yryd .,d hk
bkaÿ .x.d ksïkfha h' j¾;udkfha
tu m%foaYh we*a>ksia:dkhg;a"
mlsia:dkhg;a" bkaÈhdfõ jhU
fldgig;a wh;a fõ' tu YsIagdpdrfha
ÈhqKq u wjia:dj mej;sfha l%sia;=
mQ¾j 2600¡- 1990 ;a w;r ld,fha § h'
fudfykafcdodfrda iy yrmamd hkq
tys mej;s m%Odk k.r folls' ÈhqKq u
wjia:dfõ § tu YsIagdpdrhg wh;a
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
ish¨ k.rj, ñ,shk myla muK
ck.ykh cSj;a ù ;sfí. bkaÿksïk
YsIagdpdrfha úiq ck;dj ;U" f,dalv"
Bhï iy áka hk f,day Ndú; l<y.
Tjqyq ms,siaiq ueá .fvd`M Ndú; fldg
iE¥ ksjdij, cSj;a jQy. tu ksjdij,
b;d ÈhqKq c,k< moaO;shla ;sìKs.
Tjqkaf.a k.r b;d fyd`Èka ie,iqï
l< tajd úh. bkaÿksïk jeisfhdaa
wlaIr f,i Ndú; l< yels ixfla;
moaO;shla o ks¾udKh l<y'
bka ÿ ks ï k Ys I a g dpdrhg
wh;a m% O dk k.r 4 la ;s ì K.
ta j d kï fudfykafcdÞfrda"
yrmamd" fOd,ùr iy
ld,snka.ka h. fï ish¨
k.r fyd¢ka ie,iqï
lrk ,o tAjd h. fï
PdhdrEmfha ±lafjkafka
mqrdúoHd;aul leŒïj,ska
fidhd .kakd ,o tjeks
k.rhl kgnqqka h.
25
 bkaÿksïkfhka fidhd.;a fuu uQ¾;sfhka ms<sìUq
jkafka tu YsIagdpdrhg wh;a k.rhl Ôj;a jQ mQ-
clfhl= hehs ms<s.efka. uQ¾;sfha k<f,a olakg we;s
máh Tyq Wiia mqoa.,fhl= nj yÕjk ixfla;hls.
weia wvjka fldg isák whqßka uQ¾;sh fk<d ;sîu
Tyq ikaiqka j Ndjkdfjka isák nj fmkajhs. tu
uQ¾;sfhka olajd ;sfnkafka mQclhl= nj thska ;j
ÿrg;a ikd: lrhs.

bkaÿksïkhg wh;a
k.rj, úiQ ck;dj
b;du;a l%uj;a f,i
bÈlrk ,o c,ldKq
<sx iy wmøjH neyer
lrk k< moaO;s Ndú;
l<y. fuu PdhdrEmfhka
±lafjkafka tjeks
k.rhl bÈlrk ,o"
fm!oa.,sl m%fhdackh
i|yd Ndú;hg .;a
<s|ls.

bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrhg wh;a

merKs k.rj, olakg ;sfnk
uekúka ilia l< mdrj,a"
m%jdykh ms<sn`o idlaIH f,i
ie,lsh yels h. fuys ±lafjkafka
tf,i m%jdykhg fhdÞ .;a
lr;a;hl wkqrejls. fuh fl<s
fi,a,ï i|yd fhdÞ.;a tlla
ùug bv ;sfí.

26
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'

Bcsma;= YsIagdpdrh
wm%sldkq uydoaùmh yryd .,d nisk
khs,a .x.dfõ my< fldgig wh;a
ksïk m%foaYfha fuu YsIagdpdrh ÈhqKq
jQfhaa l%sia;= mQ¾j 3150 § muK h' tu
m%foaYh j¾;udk Bcsma;=jg wh;a jk
neúka fuu YsIagdpdrh o tkñka
ye`Èkafõ' §¾> ld,hla ;siafia fuu
YsIagdpdrh md,kh lrk ,oafoa mdrdfjda
kñka ye`Èkafjk rc fm<m;la úisks'
Bcsma;= YsIagdpdrhg wh;a ñksiqkaf.a
m%Odk cSjfkdamdh jQfhaa lDIsl¾uh
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
fuu PdhdrEmfha ±lafjkafka bkaÿ
ksïk YsIagdpdrhg wh;a uqødjls. tys
by<ska fmfkkafka ixfla; lsysmhls.
tAjd lsis hï woyila m%ldY lsÍug
fhdod.;a wlaIr úfYaIhla hehs fndfyda
fokd l,amkd lr;s. rEmfha ±lafjk
i;a;ajhd rhsfkdaisria nj ksiel h.
bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrhg wh;a uqødj,
l=ula ,shd ;sfnkafka ± hs fuf;la
lsisjl= y÷kdf.k ke;.
hs' ta ksid ÈhqKq jdßud¾. moaO;shla
ksmo ùug Tjqyq iu;a jQy' Bcsma;=
jeishka f,dalhg odhdo l< úYsIag;u
ks¾udKh jQfhaa msróv hs' mdrdfjda
rcjrekaf.A u<isrere ;ekam;a lrk
,oafoa msróvj, h' Tjqka ksmo jQ ;j;a
jeo.;a wx.hla kï wlaIr moaO;sh hs'
fkdfhla i;=kaf.a iy NdKavj, rEm
Ndú; fldg ks¾udKh l< tu wlaIr
ye`Èkafjkafka Bcsma;= Ñ;%dlaIr kñks'
27
 fuu PdhdrEmfha ±lafjkafka
Bcsma;=fõ w.kqjr jQ lhsfrda
k.rhg u`ola wE;ska ;ekl
msysá .Sid kï ia:dkfha
f.dv k.d ;sfnk msróv hs'
fïjd ;=< mdrdfjda
rcjrekaf.a iy Tjqkaf.a
ìfidajrekaf.a uD; foay
;ekam;a lr ;sfí' Bcsma;=fõ
merKs;u msróv bÈ lrk
,oafoa l%sia;= mQ¾j 2630- -2611
w;r ld,fha § h' .Sidys
msysá msróv f,dalfha
;sfnk mqÿu yf;ka tlla
f,i ie,fla'

fk*fk*jqfgka fk*àá /ðk mdrdfjda rcl=

jQ wlafyk;kaf.a ìfidj h. weh Ôj;a jQfhaa
l%sia;= mQ¾j 1370-1330 w;r ld,fha § h' wef.a
fuu Wvqlh uQ¾;sh weh Ôj;a jk ld,fha
§ u ks¾udKh lrkakg we;ehs ie,fla'
wlafyk;ka rcq ñh hdfuka miq flá l,la
weh úiska Bðma;=j md,kh lrk ,È. fk*àá
ìfidj mqrdK ld,fha Ôj;a jQ rEu;a ldka;djl
f,i ie,fla.

Bðma;= YsIagdpdrhg wh;a

W.;=ka" ,sùug Wmfhda.s lr
.; yels ixfla; ud,djla
ksmojd we;. tÈfkod Ôú;hg
iïnkaO fkdfhl=;a NdKav iy
olsk" weiqre lrk oE rEmhg
ke.Sfuka tu ixfla; ilia
lr ;sìKs. fïjd ye`Èkaùug
Bðma;= Ñ;%dlaIr hk fhÿu
Ndú; fõ.

28
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 rdclShhl= mlaISka yUd-
hk wdldrh ±lafjk
mer‚ Bðma;= is;=juls.
mßirh b;d u o¾YkSh
f,i fuys is;=jï lr
;sfí.

Bðma;= YsIagdpdrhg wh;a m%N+jrhl=f.a

uñhla ±lafjk PdhdrEmhls' u< isrere
l,a;nd .ekSfï uñlrK l%uh f,dalhg
y÷kajd fok ,oafoa Bðma;= YsIagdpdrfha
jeishka úisks'

fuu PdhdrEmfhka
±lafjkafka l%sia;=
mQ¾j 1332-1323 w;r
kj jk l%shdldrlu ld,fha Ôj;a jQ
gQgkalduka rcqf.a
by; olajd we;s rEm igyka wOHhkh uñfha uqyqK u; ;nd
fldg my; ±lafjk iaudrl wh;a ;snQ rkska l< fjia
uqyqK hs'
YsIagdpdrh ,shd olajkak'

^w& iaudrlh ^wd& YsIagdpdrh

fi,a,ï ueá lr;a;h
l++kH wlaIr
msróv
fk*àá /ðk
i;a;aj ixfla; iys; ueá uqød
gQgkalduka rcqf.a uqyqfKa rkska l< wkqrej

29
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 isõjk mdvu

Y%S ,xldj ckdjdi ùu

ye`oskaùu
´kE u rglg ñksiqka meñK m<uqfjka
u tys mÈxÑ ùu y÷kajkafka ta rg
ckdjdi ùu hkqfjks. ¥m;la jQ wfma
rgg uq,ska u ñksiqka meñKsfha óg
wjqreÿ tla,laI úismkaoyilg muK
by; ld,hl § h. Tjqka tfia meñK
;sfnkafka ÿre rgl isg h. Tjqyq wfma
wdÈ;u uq;=ka ñ;af;da h. È.= ld,hla
;siafia fï rfÜ Ôj;a fjñka TjqkA
fï rg ÈhqKq l< wdldrh ms<sn|
fuu mdvfï § Tng bf.k .ekSug
wjia:djla ,efnkq we;.

m<uq jk fldgi

4'1 Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a ckdjdi

uq,ska u furg jdih l< wh ovhñka

ish Ôú;h /l .;a msßils. ovhï lsÍug
wu;r j ;ekA ;ekAj, weúo hñka Tjqyq
lEug .; yels foa tl;= lr .;ay. jeis
ld,j, § Tjqyq .,a .=ydj, Ôj;a ùug
leue;a;la oelajQy. jeis fkdue;s ld,j,
§ i;=ka .ejfik ;ekaj, t<suyfka
Ôj;a jQy. ta i;=ka ovhï lr .ekSug
myiq ksid h.
tÈfkod lghq;=j,g Tjqka Ndú;
lf<a .,aj,ska iE¥ fuj,ï h. tajd
ye¢kafjkafka .,afuj,ï kñks. Bg
wu;r j i;=kaf.a weglgqj,ska iy
,Sj,ska iE¥ WmlrK o Tjqyq Ndú; l< y.
le,fha jefjk j,afo,a" j,aflfi,a" lgq
w, wdos foa Tjqka wdydrhg f.k ;sfí.
uqjka, ydjqka, o`vqf,akqka, b;a;Ejka,
bínka, óñkakka, ;,f.dhska iy
f.d`Mfn,a,ka Tjqka wdydrh i`oyd ovhï
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
rEmh wxl 4.1 - ;ek ;ek weúÈñka m,je, fk<d .ekSu"
wdydr fidhd .ekSug ovhï hq.fha § wkq.ukh l<
m%Odk lghq;a;ls'
l< i;=ka w;ßka iuyfrls. Tjqyq wfma
rfÜ fkdfhla m%foaYj, Ôj;a jQy.
wdNrK m,`Èkakg wo wm leue;a;la
olajk whqßka ta ld,fha Ôj;a jQ wh o
hï hï wjia:dj, wdNrK me,`o ;sfí.
tfia f., irid .ekSug Ndú; l<
fudar ud`Mjl=f.a o;lska iE¥ mn¿jla
.,a.=ydjlska fidhd f.k ;sfí. tfy;a
Tjqkaf.a we`ÿï flf,il ilia ù ;snqKs
oe hs fuf;la fidhd f.k ke; .
30
 PdhdrEmh wxl 4.4 - ovhï hq.fha ñksiqka jdih l<
;ekla njg fidhd f.k we;s ls;=,a., fn,sf,k.

l< ñksiqka úiq uq,a hq.h ye`Èkafjkafka

rEmh wxl 4.2 - iajdNdúl j jefjk w, j¾. wdydrhg .,a hq.h kñks. .,a hq.fha ñksiqka w;r
.ekSug o ovhï hq.fha ñksiaiq mqreÿ ù isáfhda h¡ isxy," fou<" uqia,sï wdos fjkialula
fï msßia" ñh.sh ;ukaf.a kEoEhska ;snqfKa ke;. tjeks fjkialï wm w;r
.,a.=yd we;=<; j<,d oeuQy. tfia j<,d we;s jQfhaa fndfyda miq ld,hl § h.
oeuQ whf.a wegiels,s fidhd f.k
;sfí. tajd j<,d ;sfnkafka jl=gq fldg
h. iuyr wegiels,sj, r;=mdg wdf,am
lr we;. ta mdg idod f.k ;sfnkafka
r;= .=re.,a kñka ye`Èkafjk fmdf<dfõ
we;s iajdNdúl .,a j¾.hlsks. fï lreKq
j,ska fmfkkafka ta msßia ;ukaf.a ñh.sh
wh fjkqfjka wjux., pdß;%hla bgq
lr we;s nj hs. .,ska iE¥ fuj,ï jeä lKavdhï jev
jYfhka Ndú; l< ksid fï rg ckdjdi

1. wjg mßirfhka ;sßjdkd .,a m;=re

lsysmhla fidhd.kak. tjeks .,a
m;=rej,ska hula lemSug yels jkafka
flfia ± hs idlÉPd lrkak.
2' .=re;=ñh fyda .=re;=ud iu.
.,a.=ydjla keröug f.dia tys cSj;a
ùug isÿ jqj fyd;a Tng uqyqK §ug
isÿ jk wNsfhda. ud,djla ilikak.

PdhdrEmh wxl 4.3 - mdyshka., .,a.=ydfjka fidhd

f.k ;sfnk" ovhlalrejka fn,slgqjla úo ilia
lr.;A f.f,ys m,`Èk ;e,a,la ^PdhdrEmh mqrdúoHd
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wkq.%yfhks&
31
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 jeo.;a lreKq
1. wfma rg ckdjdi jQfha óg wjqreÿ
tla,laI úismkaoyilg muK by; oy jk l%shdldrlu
ld,hl § h.
2.furg ckdjdi l< msßiaa ÿre rglska 1. .,ahq.fha Ôj;a jQ flfkl= ms<sn|
meñ‚ whhs' Tjqyq wfma rfÜ fkdfhla is;ska ujd f.k Tyqf.a tÈfkod
m<d;aj, Ôj;a jQy. Ôú;fha wjia:djla is;=jug
k`.kak.
3. Tjqyq ovhï lsÍfuka iy wdydrhg
.; yels fjk;a foa tl;= fldg 2. mdglska hq;a .,la wjg mßirfhka
.ekSfuka Ôj;a jQy. fidhd f.k" bka wdf,am l< yels
j¾Khla idod th wdf,am fldg
4. wdNrK me<`§ug;a ñh.sh whg n,d .,a hq.fha ñksiqka mdg ksmojQ
f.!rj lsÍug;a Tjqyq oek isáfhda h. whqre .ek igykla ,shkak.
5. tÈfkod lghq;= lr .ekSug Tjqka
Ndú; l< WmlrK .,ska" oejfhka
iy i;=kaf.a weglgqj,ska ksmojd
;sìKs. tu ld,h ye`Èkafjkafka
.,ahq.h kñks.
6' .,ahq.fha ñksiqka cd;s wd.ï
jYfhka fn§ isáfha ke;.

32
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 fojk fldgi
4'2 úch rcqf.a meñŒu iy ckdjdi
jHdma;sh
ye`oskaùu
.,ahq.h wjqreÿ ,laIhlg jeä
ld,hla ;siafia mej;sKs. tfy;a óg
wjqreÿ 5000- ¡ 4500 ;a w;r ld,hl
§ tu hq.fha Ôj;a jQ wh jvd ÈhqKq
;;a;ajhlg m;a jQy' j<x iE§ug
mgka .ekSu;a .,afuj,ï fjkqjg
hlv f,dayh Ndú; lrkakg mgka
.ekSu;a fuu ÈhqKqj fmkakqï lrk
m%Odk ,laIK hs. l%sia;= mQ¾j 544 §
úch l=ure we;=`M msßi furgg f.dv
nisk ld,fha wfma rfÜ Ôj;a jQfhaa
tfia ÈhqKq fjñka isá msßils' fuu
fldgfia § Tng ta .ek úia;r bf.k
.ekSug ,efnkq we;'
f.dú;eka lsÍug mqreÿ jQ fï rfÜ
merKs;u ck;dj cSj;a jQfhaa l`ÿlr
m%foaYj, h. ta óg wjqreÿ 4400 lg ^l%sia;=
mQ¾j 2400& muK by; ld,hl § h. l`ÿlr
m%foaYj, ;ekska ;ek msysgd ;sfnk
;eks;,d ìïj, Tjqyq jdih l< y. tjeks
;eks;,d ìula ye`Èkafjkafka idkqj hk
kñks. Tjqka Ôj;a jQ ;ekaj,ska OdkH
weUÍug .kakd .,a fidhd f.k ;sfí.
th Tjqka OdkH j¾. wdydrhg .;a nj
fmkajk idlaIHls. iajdNdúl j jefjk
;K j¾.j, weg Tjqka wdydrhg .kakg
we;' tfy;a ta OdkH j¾. fudkjd oe hs
;ju;a fidhd f.k ke;. Tjqyq ueá j<x
iE¥y. fï ld,fha § Tjqka lr ;sfnk
uy;a ymkalu kï hlv iE§ug bf.k
PdhdrEmh wxl 4.5 - Y%S ,xldfõ l`ÿlr m<d;aj, úiQ
uq,ald,Sk f.dúhka úiska Ndú; lrk ,o weUreï.,a iy
;j;a oE'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
.ekSu hs. fmdf<dfõ ;sfnk hlv iys;
.,a WKq fldg hlv idod f.k ;sfí.
ish tÈfkod cSú;fha wjYH;d i`oyd Tjqyq
.,a fuj,ï iu. hlv fuj,ï o iq`M
jYfhka Ndú; l<y. hlv WmlrKj,
;sfnk Yla;su;a nj ksid Tjqkag ;ukaf.a
jev lghq;= fjkodg jvd fyd`Èka lr .;
yels úh.
ta wh jßÉÑ f.j,aj, Ôj;a jQy. tu
f.j,aj, jy< fld< w;= fiú,s fldg
;sìKs. jy, fiú,s lsÍug udkd fyda
b`Mla fld< fõ<d tajd Ndú; lrkakg
we;. oekg;a ta m%foaYj, fyaka f.dúfhda
;ukaf.a fyafka me, fiú,s lsÍug fhdod
.kafka fõ<d .;a udkd fyda b`Mla fld<
wdÈh hs'
ñh.sh ;ukaf.a kEoEhska fjkqfjka
Tjqka fidfydka ;kd we;. u< isrere
lsis hï ;ekl j<,d ld,hla .sh miq
wegiels,s f.dvg f.k wdodykh
lr we;. miq j NIaudjfYaI ^ñkS w`M&
ueáfhka iE¥ uqÜáhl oud ueáfhka u
bÈ l< fidfydkl ;ekam;a l<y. fï
wh uq,a u ld,j, § l`ÿlr m%foaYj, Ôj;a
ù ;sfí. miq j Tjqyq l`ÿlrfhka my<
;sfnk ;eks;,d ìïj,g .uka lf<da h.
l%ufhka ÈhqKqj lrd .uka lrñka isá
Tjqkag l%uj;a ;dlaIKhla ;snQ nj Tjqka
ksmojd ;sfnk j<x j¾." hlv fuj,ï
iy bÈfldg ;sfnk ksjdij,ska meyeÈ,s
fõ.
úch l=uref.a meñKSu
úch kñka ye`Èkafjk l=ufrl= Tyqf.a
msßjr y;aishhla fokd iu. l%sia;= mQ¾j
544 § muK bkaÈhdfõ isg meñK fï
rfÜ mosxÑ jQ nj b;sydifha i`oyka h'
fï nj meyeÈ,s j úia;r jkafka wfma
rfÜ b;sydih bf.k .ekSug bjy,a
jk uydjxih kï jQ jeo.;a ft;sydisl
uQ,dY%fhks' fï msßi f.dv ng ;ek
ye`Èkafjkafka ;ïnmKa‚ hkqfjks' th
Y%S ,xldfõ ngysr uqyqÿ fjrf<a msysá
;ekls'
33
 úch l=ure furgg f.dv nisk
úg hlaI" kd." foaj hk msßia
fuys Ôj;a jQ nj úYajdi flf¾'
hlaI f.da;%hg wh;a l=fõKs
kñka ye`Èkafjk ldka;djla"
úch l=uref.a msßig wh;a jQjka
w,a,d ie`.jQjd h. ;uka iu.
meñKs msßi fidhñka isá úch
l=ureg wjidkfha l=fõKsh
uqK .eisKs. ta wjia:dfõ weh
lmq láñka isá nj i`oyka fõ.
l=fõKsh hlaI f.da;%hg wh;a
ldka;djl nj jgyd .;a úch
l=ure ;ukaf.a lvqj Tijd weh
ìhm;a fldg" i`.jd ;enQ ;ukaf.a msßi kej; ,nd .;af;a h' miq j úch l=ure
úiska l=fõKsh irK mdjd .kakd ,§. úch l=ureg odj l=fõKshg msßñ orejl=
iy .eyekq orefjl= ,eìKs' Tjqkag Ôjy;a: iy Èid, hkqfjka kï ;nkq ,eì‚.
fuu hlaI f.da;%sl lKavdhug wh;a k.r folla ;sìKs' tajd isßij;a:qj iy
,xldmqrh f,i ye¢kaú‚' isßij;a:q k.rfha W;aijhla meje;afjk Èfkl
rd;%sfha ish¨ u hlaIf.da;%sl kdhlhska úkdY fldg Y%S ,xldfõ rc ùug l=fõKsh
úch l=ureg Wojq l<d h.
hlaI f.da;%slhska úkdY lsÍfuka miq úch l=ureka l=fõKsh w;yer ta fjkqjg
ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ mdKavH ráka l=ußhl f.kajd f.k irK mdjd .;af;a h.
úch l=ure iu. meñKs msßi fkdfhla ;ekaj, mosxÑ jQy' wkqrdOmqr u,aj;=Th
wdY%s; m%foaYfha Tjqka .ïudk we;s l< nj uydjxifha i`oyka fõ. ta w;r isá
Wm;siai weue;shd Wm;siai kï .u o" wkqrdO kï weue;shd wkqrdO.u o" §>dhq
weu;shd §>dhq.u o msysgqjQy.
úch l=ure we;=`M y;aishhla msßi wd¾h kñka ye`Èkafjk ck fldgilg wh;a
jQ nj uydjxifha i`oyka h' úch l=ure we;=`M msßif.a meñKSsfuka miq bkaÈhdkq
iudcfha ta jk úg mej;s fkdfhl=;a isß;a-úß;a fï rfÜ o me;sÍ .sfha h'

34
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 jeo.;a lreKq
1. fï rfÜ úiQ .,ahq.fha ñksiaiq
miq ld,hl § f.dú;ekg yqre jQy. tfldf<diajk l%shdldrlï

2. wjqreÿ 4000 lg by; ld,hl §

1. fyaka f.dú;eka i`oyd fhdod .kakd
Tjqyq hlv fidhd .;a y. Bg wu;r j
OdkH j¾. ;=kla ms<sn| úia;rhla
Tjqyq ueá j<x iy ksjdi iE§ug o
,shkak'
oek isáhy.
2. b`Mla fyda udkd fiú,s l<
3. ñh.sh ;ukaf.a kEoEhska
jᐥ me,am;l rEmhla fidhd th
fjkqfjka Tjqyq fidfydka idod
lvodishl w,jd tjeks" ksjila
wjux., pdß;% meje;ajQy.
iE§ug .kakd foa fudkjd ± hs
4. Y%S ,xldj ckdjdi ùu meyeÈ,s ,shkak'
lrk l:djla uydjxifha i`oyka
h. ta l:djg wkqj fï rg ckdjdi
lrk ,oafoa óg wjqreÿ 2500 lg by;
ld,hl § bkaÈhdfjka meñKs úch
kï l=url= iy Tyqf.a i;aishhla
msßi úisks.

35
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 miajk mdvu
wfma wNS; rcjre
ye¢kaùu
´kE u rgl ÈhqKqj we;s ùug kï ta
rfÜ md,lhd keKj;a ùu;a Od¾ñl
ùu;a wjYH h. wjqreÿ fooyil muK
§¾> b;sydifha wfma rg f,dalfha wka
rgj,a iu. iu ;eka f.k lghq;=
lf<a h. isy,§m" isf,Ènd" fihs,dka"
firkaäí" ;efm%dfíka hk kïj,ska
wfma fuu l=vd Èjhsk .ek bkaÈhdkq
id.rfha keõj,ska .uka l< fndfyda
fokd oek isáhy. fï rg iqkaor
Èjhskla ùu;a b;d jákd oE msgrgj,g
fjf<`odï lsÍu;a rfÜ m%isoaêhg
fya;= úh. rgjeishkaf.a hym; i`oyd
ksrka;rfhka l%shd l< nqoaêu;a wNS;
rcjreka fï rg md,kh l< ksid
wfma rg ksjy,a rgla f,i ld w;r;a
m%isoaêhg m;a úh. fï mdvfuka Tng
bf.kSug ,efnkafka tjka rcjreka
lsysm fofkl= ms<sn`o hs.
5'1 mKavqldNh rc;=ud
mKavqldNh rc;=udf.a mshd
§>.dñŒ l=ure h' uj Ñ;%d l=ußh hs'
mKavqldNh l=ure mKavq, kï
n%dyauKhl=f.ka wOHdmkh ,eî h'
l=urdg l=vd ld,fha § uqyqK fokakg jQ
úúOdldrfha ÿla lïlfgd¨ iy ndOl
rdYshla .ek b;sydi fmd;aj, úia;r
lr ;sfí' mKavqldNh l==ure wkd.;fha
rc jkq oelSug wlue;s jQ msßia l=ure
rcùu j<lkq msKsi lghq;= l<y' tfy;a
ish {dkfhka ta ish¨q ndOd ch.;a
mKavqldNh l=ure ksis jhig m;a jQ
l, iaj¾Kmd,S kï l=ußhl irK mdjd
.;af;a h' miq j Tyq rfÜ rcq njg m;a
úh'
mKavqldNh rc;=ud furg md,kh
lf<a wkqrdOmqrh md,k uOHia:dkh
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
lrf.k h' ta ld,fha wkqrdOmqrh
ye`ÈkajQfhaa wkqrdO.u hkqfjks' Bg
fya;=j ta ld,fha tu m%foaYh t;rï ÈhqKq
;;a;ajhl fkd;sîu h' fï nj jgyd .;a
rc;=udg b;d blaukska ;ud Ôj;a jk
m%foaYh ÈhqKq fldg tf;la wkqrdO.u
kñka ye`ÈkajQ th wkqrdOmqrhla njg
fjkia lsÍug wjYH úh'
tys § rc;=ud wkqrdOmqrh hkqfjka
ye`Èkaúh hq;= m%foaYh l=ula oe hs hkak
m<uq j y`ÿkdf.k ta jgd iSudj ,l=Kq
lf<a h' bka miq j ;ud f.dvke.Sug
woyia lrk k.rfha wdrlaIdj i`oyd
tu m%foaYh jgd Èh w.,la bÈ lf<a h'
k.rhg we;=`M ùug ;eka wjYH ksid
m%Odk ÈYd y;f¾ fodrgq y;rla ks¾udKh
fldg tu fodrgq yryd k.rfha wfkla
fldgia iïnkaO jk mßÈ ud¾. moaO;shla
msysgqù h' k.rh we;=<; WoHdk" fmdl=Kq
wdÈ iqkaor oE bÈ lf<a h'
k.rhl Ôj;a ùfï § tys jdih lrk
ñksiqkaf.a le<sli< wdÈ foa bj;a lsÍu
wjYH nj jgyd .;a ta nqoaêu;a rc;=ud ta
i`oyd fiajlhska m;a lf<a h' k.rh msßisÿ
lsÍug fiajlfhda mkaishhla o" jeisls<s
msßisÿ lsÍug fiajlfhda úis folla o"
u<isrere f.k hdug fiajlfhda tlish
mkyla o" fidfydka msßisÿ lsÍug iy
uqr lsÍug fiajlfhda tlish mkyla o
tfia m;a l< msßig wh;a jQy'
k.rfha Ôj;a jkakkaf.a wjYH;dj
i`oyd frday,la bÈ lsÍug t;=ud lghq;=
fh§ h' k.rfha úiQ úúO ckfldgia w;r
wd.ñl iyÔjkh we;s lsÍfï wruqKska
ta ta wd.ï fjkqfjka foajd, f.dvkexù
h' ta ld,fha k.rfha lïu,a jev l<
wh weoyQ lïudrfoaj kñka ye¢kajQ
foúfhla isáfha h' rc;=ud tu foúhkag
o tl, úiQ jeÈckhdf.a foúhkag o
36
 .euqKqjej mßn%dðldrduh

W;=re fÞr.ï

kSp iqidkh ks>Kag" mdidKav" n%dyauK

wdrdu
iefvd,a .ï wNhjej

k.rh

fjiuq‚ kef.kysr fÞr.ï

fidfydka ìï foajd,h
m%fNaof.h wd§ j,jduqÇ
f.dvke.s,s foajd,h
hlaIŒ
foajd,h
u,aj;=Th

wxl 5'1-mKavqldNh rc;=ud ie,iqï l<

wkqrdOmqr k.rh ms<sn| uydjxYfha
;sfnk úia;rhg wkqj we¢ is;=jula'

ol=Kq fÞr.ï

k.rfha ngysr fodrgqj wi, foajd, t;=ud l=vd ld,fha fkdfhl=;a ÿla
;kd ÿkafka h' ta whqßka fjk;a wd.ñl lrorj,g uqyqK ÿkak o fyd`Èka bf.k
mQclhskag o wd.ñl lghq;= i`oyd wjYH ta iEu ndOlhla u ch.%yKh fldg
f.dvke.s,s bÈ fldg mQcd lf<a h' wjidkfha rg fjkqfjka wemlemjQ
wdldrh ish¨ fokdg u wdo¾Yhls'
k.rhla wi, m<uq jrg jejla bÈ mKavqldNh rc;=udf.a wdo¾Yj;a Ôjk
lf<a mKavqldNh rc;=ud h' ta ld,fha pß;h u;l ;nd f.k f.!rjkSsh
tu jej ye`ÈkajqfKaa wNh jej kñks' mqrjeishl= ùug Tn o bgd .; hq;= h'
oekg wkqrdOmqrfha olskakg ;sfnk
nijlal=,u kñka ye`Èkafjk jej th hs' jeo.;a lreKq
mKavqldNh rc;=ud fufia uy;a 1. mKavqldNh l=ure l=vd l,
fjfyila orñka ;u rgjeishkaf.a fkdfhla ÿla .eyeg úkafoa h.
hym; fjkqfjka Wodr fiajdjla lrñka
wjqreÿ ye;a;Ejla furg rclï lf<a h' 2. tfy;a tA ish¨ wNsfhda. ch.;a
tA l=ure miq j rfÜ rc njg m;a
úh. iaj¾Kmd,S l=ußh t;=udf.a
ìfidj hs.
3. fmr mej;s wkqrdO.du"
wkqrdOmqrhla njg m;a lrk ,oafoa
fÞf<dia jk l%shdldrlu fï rc;=ud úisks'
4. mKavqldNh rc;=ud úiska
1' wxl 5'1 rEmh fyd¢ka ksßlaIKh
wkqrdOmqrh is;a.kakd k.rhla f,i
lrkak'
f.dvk.k ,È.
2' mKavqldNh rc;=ud wkqrdOmqr
5. k.rhla wi, úYd, jejla m<uq
k.rh ks¾udKh lr we;s wdldrh
jrg bÈlf<a fï rc;=ud hs. tA wNh
ms<sn| jdlH myla ,shkak'
jej h.
37
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 5'2 foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=udf.a mshd
mKavqldNh rcqf.a mq;d jk uqgiSj
rc;=ud h' t;=udf.a uj ljqreka ù oe hs
b;sydi fmd;aj, i`oyka lr ke;'
foajdkïmsh;siai rcqg ifydaorhska
kjfofkla iy fidfydhqßhka fofofkla
jQy' rc;=ud ta mjqf,a fojekakd hs'
rcùug fmr t;=udf.a ku ;siai h' uqgiSj
rc;=udf.ka miq j ;siai l=ure rclug
m;a úh' ta ld,fha bkaÈhdj md,kh lrk
,oafoa O¾udfYdal wêrdchd úisks' ;siai
rc;=ud n,hg m;a jQ miq O¾udfYdal
wêrdchd fj; ¥; msßila msg;a lf<a h'
wßÜG l=udrhd tu ¥; msßfia kdhlhd
úh' tlS ¥; msßi kej; Y%S ,xldjg
meñfKk úg ;siai rcqf.a wNsfIalhg
wjYH rdclSh NdKav O¾udfYdal
wêrdchd úiska furgg tjk ,È' wfYdal
wêrdchdf.a Wmfoia wkqj ;siai rcqf.a
wNsfIal W;aijh mj;ajd we;' wfYdal
rc;=ud Ndú; l< foajdkïmsh hk
f.!rj kduh miq ld,hl ;siai rc;=ud
o Ndú; lf<a h' tu f.!rj kdufha
f;areu zfoúhkag ms%h jQZ hkakhs'
ñyss÷ ysñ( uyrcæ fï .i l=ula o@
rcq( iajdókSæ fï wU .ils'
ñys÷ ysñ( uyrcæ fï wU .i yefrkakg fjk;a
wU .ia ;sfí o@
rcq( tfia h iajdñkSæ ;j;a wU .ia ;sfí'
ñyss÷ ysñ( uyrcæ ta wU .ia yefrkakg ;j;a
.ia ;sfí o@
rcq( tfia h iajdókSæ ;j;a .ia ;sfí' tfy;a
tajd wU fkdfõ'
ñyss÷ ysñ( uyrcæ ta wU;a fkdwU;a yefrkakg
;j;a .ia ;sfí o@
rcq( tfia h iajdókSæ ta fï wU .i h'
fufia wik ,o m%Yakj,g olaI f,i ms<s;=re
§u ksid rc;=ud b;d nqoaêu;a wfhl= nj ñys÷
ysñfhda jgyd .;ay'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
wfYdal rc;=udf.a mq;a jQ ñys`ÿ uyry;ka
jykafia m%uqL NslaIQka jykafia,d
msßila Y%S ,xldjg nqÿoyu /f.k wdfõ
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud furg md,kh
lrñka isá ld,fha § h' th isÿ jQfhaa
nqÿrcdKkajykafia msßksjka mEfuka
wjqreÿ 237 lg miq h' ta wjia:dfõ §
rc;=ud tu msßi uy;a f.!rjfhka
ms<s.;af;a h' nqÿoyu fï rfÜ msysgqjkakg
kï rfÜ rcq nqoaêu;a flfkl= ùu wjYH
nj ñys÷ uyry;kajykafia oek isáhy'
tys § rcqf.a nqoaêu;a nj mÍlaId lsÍug
tysñfhdaa wi, ;sfnk wU .ila fmkajd
foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.ka m%Yak lsysmhla
weiQy'
ñys÷ uyry;kajykafia iy Wkajykafia
iu. furgg jevu l< bÜÁh"
W;a;sh" iïn," noaOYd, hk ry;ka
jykafia,dg;a iquk idufKar ysñhka
iy NKavql Wmdil we;=`M lKavdhug;a
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud uy;a
f.!rjdorfhka ie,lS h' t;=ud ñys÷
ysñhka fj; uyfujqkd Whk iy tys
;siaidrduh kñka mkai,la idod th o
mQcd lf<a h'
38

ye¢kafjkafka jgodf.h hkqfjks' :Qmdrduhg jgodf.hla bÈ lrjQfhaa jiN rc;=ud h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a ol=Kq wl=Od;=j :Qmdrdufha ;ekam;a lr ;sfí'
wkqrdOmqrfha msysá :Qmdrduh bÈ lrjk
,oafoa foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud úisks'
NslaIqkajykafia,dg odkh je<`§u i`oyd
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
:Qmdrduh
od.enla l=uk yevhlska bÈ
l< hq;= oe hs fkdoek isá
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud
th flfia úh hq;= oe hs
ñys÷ ysñhkaf.ka weiqfõ h'
Wkajykafia rc;=udg jodf<a th
ù f.dvl yevhg iudk úh hq;=
nj h' ta wkqj :Qmdrduh bÈ lrk
,oafoa OdkHdldr yevhg h'
tfy;a miqld,j, § lrk ,o
m%;sixialrKj, m%;sM,hla f,i
j¾;udkfha th >Kagdldr
yevhlska hqla; ù ;sfí'
:Qmdrdu od.en jgd .,a lKq
fma<s ;=kla msysgd ;sfí' ta
.,a lKq mqrdK ld,fha § od.efí
wdrlaIdjg bÈl< f.dvke.s,, a lg
wh;a tajd h' tjeks f.dvke.s,a,la
,yn;a f.a kñka ye¢kajQ odk Yd,djla
o" ;j;a f.dvke.s,s o rc;=ud úiska bÈ
lrjk ,È' NslaIQka jykafia,df.a
39
 /.;a kej meñKsfha
oUfld<mgqk jrdhg h'
th hdmkfha msysgd ;snQ
jrdhlss' Y%S uyd fndaêh;a
ix>ñ;a;d fufyKska
jykafia;a ms<s.ekSug
tys .sh rc;=ud uy;a
yrißka ta msßi;a Y%S uyd
fndaêh;a wkqrdOmqrhg
jevujd f.k wdfõ h'
ix>ñ;a;d fufyKska
jykafia iu. Ys,amfY%aKs
oy wglg wh;a Ys,amSka
msßila o furgg
meñKshy' W;aijY%Sfhka
Y%S uydfndaêh uyfujqkd
Whfka frdamKh l<
rc;=ud uyfndaf.h kñka
f.dvke.s,a,la bÈ fldg
th NslaIQka jykafia,dg
mQcd lf<ah' Bg
wu;rj Wkajykafia,df.a
m%fhdackh i`oyd fmdl=Kq
wdÈh o ;ekù h'
rcq ñyska;,d m¾j;fha
wjg msysá .,a.=yd msßisÿ
lrjd ñys÷ ysñhka we;=`M
ta jk úg;a nqÿ oyu je,`o
f.k meúÈ ù isá msßig
jdih lsÍu i`oyd mQcd
lf<a h' tajd ye`Èkafjkafka
wgieg f,ka hkqfjks'
ta tfia mQcd l< .,a.=yd
m%udKh yeg wgla jQ
rEmh wxl 5.3 - ix>ñ;a;d fufy‚ka jykafia Y%S
uydfndaêfha YdLdjla furgg jevu jQfhaa foajdkïmsh;siai ksid h'
rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § h'
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud bgq l< ;j;a
bf.kSfï lghq;=j,g wjYH msßfjka jeo.;a lghq;a;la jQfhaa wkqrdOmqrfha
lsysmhla bÈ lrjQ rc;=ud ta uq`M m%foaYh k.r iSudj ,l=Kq lsÍu h' rc;=ud
uyd úydrh hehs kï lr i`.i;= fldg bka woyia lf<a fn!oaO úydrdrdu bÈ
mQcd lf<A h' fldg ;j ÿrg;a k.rh w,xldr lsÍu
h' k.rfha iSud ,l=Kq lsÍug ñys÷
Y%S uyd fndaëkajykafia furgg jevu uyry;kajykafia rcqg u. fmkajd we;'
jQfhaa o fï rcq rg md,kh lrk ld,fha Wkajykafiaf.a wkqYdikd mßÈ uydmÿu
§ h' tu mQckSh jia;=j jevujd f.k iy l=xc hk kï we;s we;=ka fofofkl=
meñKs ix>ñ;a;d fufyKska jykafia úiska wÈk ,o k.=,lska rc;=ud tu iSud
40
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 rEmh wxl 5'2 - Y%S uyd fndaêh wkqrdOmqrhg jevujd uy;a W;aijY%Sfhka frdamKh lsÍug
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud lghq;= lf<a h'
,l=Kq lrjQ nj b;sydifha i`oyka h'
Y%S ,xldfõ nqÿoyu je,`o .;a m<uq jk
md,lhd foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud h'rcqf.a
{d;s mq;%fhl= jQ wßÜG kï l=ure meúÈ
lrùfuka furg NslaIq Ydikh werôKs'
jeo.;a lreKq
1' foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=udf.a kug
fh§ ;sfnk zfoajdkïmshZ hkq
foúhkag m%sh jQ hk woyi fohss'
2' O¾udfYdal rc;=udf.a wkq.%yfhka
foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud fojk jrg
wNsfIal ,eî h'
3' fï rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § nqÿoyu
yd Y%S uydfndaêfha YdLdjla furgg
jevu lrjkq ,eì‚'
4' wkqrdOmqrfha msysá :Qmdrduh bÈ
lf<A fï rc;=ud h'
5' wkqrdOmqr k.r iSudj ,l=Kq lsÍu
isÿ lf<a fu;=udf.a md,k ld,fha §
h'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
t;=udf.a fidfydhqrdf.a ìij jQ wkq,d
foaúh meúÈ ùfuka Y%S ,xldfõ fufyKs
iiqk wdrïN úh' foajdkïmsh;siai
rc;=udf.a ÿr olakd kqjK ksid;a ieoeye;s
nj ksid;a ,dxlslhkag fn!oaOhka ùfï
jdikdj Wod úh' ta rc;=udf.a Wodr
lghq;= isysfldg rg fjkqfjka fiajh
lsÍug Tn;a is;g .kak'
oy;=ka jk l%shdldrlu
foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a rdcH ld,fha
isÿ jQ my; ±lafjk jeo.;a isÿùï
±lafjk mska;+r w,jd tA ms<sn| jdlH
;=k ne.ska ,shkak'
1' ñys÷ uyry;kajykafia we;=`M
msßi jevuùu
2' Y%S uyd fndaêh jevuùu
3' :Qmdrduh lrùu
41
 5'3 ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud t<dr rc;=ud
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud n,hg m;a ùug m%:u
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud wfma rg md,kh l< wkqrdOmqrh md,kh lf<a t<dr kï
nqoaêu;a ld¾hY+r md,lfhls' t;=udf.a rfcls' t<dr rc;=ud fid,S foaYfha isg
mshd ldjka;siai rc;=ud h' uj úydruyd furgg meñKs wfhls' wkqrdOmqrhg
foaúh hs' ta rc;=udg ;siai kñka ngysßka jQ uqyqÿ fjrf<a msysá udf;dg
ifydaorfhla o isáfha h' fï rc mjq,
Ôj;a jQfhaa ud.u rdcOdksfha h' merKs jrdfha fjf<| lghq;=j,ska iy
ud.u rdcOdkshg wh;a j ;snqfKa Y%S f.dú;eka lghq;=j,ska furgg ,enqKq
,xldfõ ol=Kq iy .sksfldk m<d;a h' ta iïmQ¾K wdodhï ish,a,u tl, ,nd
ld,fha ta m%foaYh ye`ÈkajQfhaa reyqKq rg .kakd ,oafoa t<dr rcq úisks' t;=ud
hk kñks' kS;s .rel Od¾ñl rfcls' rc;=udf.a
r:hla" od.enl .eàu ksid tu
furg úfoaY wdêm;Hfhka uqojdf.k od.efnys fldgilg ydks isÿ úh'
rg ±h iuh wdrlaId lr .ekSug ;ukag th m%;sixialrKh lrùu i|yd t<dr
wjia:djla ,efnkafka kï rg ÈhqKq rc;=ud lghq;= l< nj uydjxYfha
lsÍug ;ukag yels jk nj jgyd .;a oelafõ'
ÿgq.euqKq l=ure ;ud jeäysá jQ miq
wkqrdOmqr md,kh lsÍug bgd .;af;a h'
ÿgq.euqKq l=uref.a wruqK f;areï .;a
ldjka;siai rc;=ud Bg iqÿiq Yla;su;a
msßila ilia fldg wdydr iq,n lsÍug
jev lghq;= lf<a h' ta i`oyd ÿgq.euqKq

rEmh wxl 5.5 - ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udf.a urKdikak fudfydf;a wvla ksu l< rejkaje,s uy iEfha jev ksu fkdl<
fldgi iqÿfrÈj,ska jid t;=udf.a fidfydhqre ioaOd;siai l=ure úiska rc;=udg fmkajk ,§'
42
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud bÈlsÍu wdrïN l< rejkaje,siEh ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hj, y÷kajd §
;sfnkafka uyd:Qm hk kñks. md,s NdIdfjka ,shQ fmd;am;aj, Bg r;akud,S fÉ;sh
hk jpkh Ndú; lr ;sfí. bkaÈhdfõ rdu.du Þ.efí ;ekam;afldg ;snQ nqÿrcdKka
jykafiaf.a YdÍßl Od;= miq j rejkaje,siEfha ksoka lrk ,o nj lshefõ. uq,a
wjia:dfõ fuu ia;+mfha Wi wä 300 jQ w;r .¾Nfha mdofï úIalïNh wä 298 ls.
fuu ia;+mfha bÈlsÍï lghq;= wjika lrk ,oafoa ioaOd;siai rcq úisks. trcqf.a mq;a
,Êð;siai rc;=ud rejkaje,s iEhg hï m%;sixialrK lghq;a;la isÿ l< o tu ia;+mh
lsisjl= úiska úYd, lrjk ,o njla ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h u.ska fyda mqrdúoHd;aul
uQ,dY%h u.ska ;yjqre fkdfõ.

l=uref.a fidfydhqre ;siai l=ure

È.du`vq,a,g heù h' ta j¾;udk wïmdr
m%foaYh hs'
ÿgq.euqKq l=ure iy t<dr rcq uqK .eiS
igka lf<a úð;mqrfha § h' tys § y;<sia
y;r wjqreoaola ;siafia t<dr rc;=ud
úiska wkqrdOmqrfha f.k .sh md,kh
wjika úh' t<dr rc;=ud meroùug

rEmh wxl 5.6 - t<dr rcqf.a mq;a l=uref.a r:hg hgù

.jmeáhl= ñh.sh miq tA wmrdOh ±kqï §ug ñh.sh .j
meáhdf.a uj t<dr rcqf.a ud<s.djg meñK tys we;s
>Kagdrh kdo l< nj mejfia. tu l;d mqj; 19 jk
ishjfia § fn!oaO úydrhl is;=jï fldg we;s wkaou
^PdhdrEmh uydpd¾h mQcH yÕ=rkafl; ërdkkao
ysñhkaf.a ldreKsl wkq.%yfhks&'
43
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
.sh .ufka § ÿgq.euqKq l=ureg olaI
nqoaêu;a fiakdm;sjre oi fofkla fiajh
l<y'kkaÈñ;%"iqrksu,"uydfidaK"
f.daGhsïnr"f:armq;a;dNh"NrK"
fõ`Miquk" ,Nsh jiN" Lxcfoaj" Mqiaifoaj
hkq ta fiakdm;sjre fj;s'
fï fiakdm;sjrekaf.ka we;eï wh
msysgjQ fi,a,sms yuq ù ;sfí' ÿgq.euqKq
l=ure wkqrdOmqrfha rc ùfuka miq
lf,l Tjqyq oiuyd fhdaOhska hkqfjka
m%isoaêhg m;a jQy' ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udg
lKavq, kï we;a rdchd o tys § Wojq
lf<a h'
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud wkqrdOmqrfha fjfyr
úydr lsysmhla bÈ lf<a h' ñßijeáh"
rejkaje,siEh iy f,dajduydmdh Bg
wh;a h' rejkaje,siEh bos fldg wjika
lrkakg fmr t;=ud ñh .sfha h' miq j
tys lghq;= wjika lrk ,oafoa rc;=udf.a
fidfydhqrd jQ ioaOd;siai rcq úisks'
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud fjfyr úydr wkQ kjhla
bÈ l< nj b;sydifha i`oyka h' óg
wu;r j t;=ud rgjeishdf.a hym;
i`oyd fndfyda jev lghq;= isÿ lf<a h'
t<dr rc;=ud ñh.sh miq wdodykh l<
fidfydk wi,ska hk úg Bg f.!rj l<
hq;= njg t;=ud rgjeishkag wK lf<a h'
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udf.a ùr;ajh ksid u miq
lf,l t;=ud .ek;a t;=udf.a foujqmshka
iy fidfydhqrd .ek;a t;=udg Wojq l<
fiakdm;sjreka .ek;a is;a .kakdiq¨
l:d mg ne`ÈKs' ÿgq.euqKq hkqfjka m%isoaO
jQj;a t;=udf.a kshu ku .dñKS wNh
hkakhs' ÿgq.euqKq hk ku t;=udg Ndú;
lf<a rc ùfuka miq h' ÿgq hk jpkh
ixialD; NdIdfõ oDIaG hk jpkfhka
iE§ ;sfí' tys f;areu nqoaêu;a hkakhs'
mka;s ldurfha § ta l:d Tfí .=re;=ñh
fyda .=re;=ud Tng lshd fokq we;'
hï wruqKla bgq lr .ekSu fl;rï
ÿIalr jqj o ld,hla ;siafia ie,iqï fldg
nqoaêu;a f,i iy ffO¾hhjka; j l%shd
lsÍfuka th Èkd .ekSu" rgg wd.ug
ys;j;a ùu" .re l< hq;a;kag .re lsÍu"
rgjeishkag wdorh lsÍu" wdÈ .;s ,laIK
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udf.a pß;fhka lemS
fmfkhs' tjeks rcjreka isá b;sydihla
we;s rgl Wmka Tn o bka bf.k tfia
l%shd lsÍug yd yeisÍug W;aidy .;
hq;= h'
jeo.;a lreKq
1' ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud Y%S ,xldj
tlafiai;a lf<a h'
2' t;=ud merKs ud.ñka ìys jQ
md,lfhls'
3' ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udf.a jev lghq;=
id¾:l lsÍug t;=udf.a foujqmsfhda o
fidfydhqrd o fndfyda fihska lem ù
jev lf<da h'
4' rg tlafiai;a lsÍug ta rc;=udg
nqoaêu;a iy olaI fiakdm;sjre oi
fofkla Wojq l<y'
5' wkqrdOmqrfha msysá ñßijeáh
rejkaje,ssiEh iy f,dajduydmdh bÈ
lrk ,oafoa fï rc;=ud úisks'
6' ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udf.a ld,hg fmr
wkqrdOmqrh md,kh l< t<dr rc;=ud
Od¾ñl wfhls' t;=ud wjqreÿ y;<sia
y;rla ;siafia wkqrdOmqrh md,kh
lf<a h'
ody;r jk l%shdldrlu
my; i|yka ud;Dldj,ska Tn leu;s
tla ud;Dldjla f;dardf.k mka;sh
bÈßfha l;djla mj;ajkak'
1' .dñŒ wNh
2' t<dr rc;=ud
3' ldjka;siai rc;=ud
44
 5'4 j<.ïnd rc;=ud
j<.ïnd rc;=ud wfma rg md,kh l<
;j;a lS¾;su;a md,lfhls' t;=udf.a
mshd ioaOd;siai rcq h' uj ljqreka oehs
merKs fmd;am;aj, i`oyka ù ke;'
fï rcqg :q,;a:k" ,Êc;siai yd kd.
kï jQ fidfydhqfrdaa ;sfofkla isáhy'
miq lf,l L,a,dgkd. kñka b;sydi
fmd;aj, i`oyka jkafka kd. kï
fidfydhqrd h' j<.ïnd rc;=udf.a
ìfidj fidaudfoaúh hs'
j<.ïnd rc;=udf.a md,k ld,h ;rul
lror iys; jQjls' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka
meñKs wdl%uKslhska msßilg uqyqK
fokakg;a fï rfÜ u Ôj;a jQ ;siai kï
n%dyauKfhl= rc;=udg úreoaO ùfuka we;s
l< le/,a,lg uqyqK §ug;a t;=udg isÿ
rEmh wxl 5.7 - §¾> ld,hla lgmdvñka mj;ajdf.k wd O¾uh ;j ÿrg;a tfia mej;=Kfyd;a Bg ydks meñfKa hehs
is;+ j,.ïnd rc;=ud ud;f,a w¨ úydrhg uyd ix>r;akh /ia lrjd O¾uh .%ka:drEV lsÍug úê úOdk fh§ h'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
úh' tfy;a tä;r jQ;a {dkjka; jQ;a ta
rc;=ud wjidkfha ta ish,a, u ch .;af;a
h'
wkqrdOmqrfha msysgd ;sfnk wNh.sß
od.en bÈ lrjk ,oafoa j<.ïnd rc;=ud
úisks' rcq tu od.en;a Bg iïnkaO
úydrh;a idojd l=mslal,;siai kï jQ
NslaIQka jykafia flfkl=g mQcd lf<a
h' lrorj, meg,S isá wjia:dfõ § rcqg
uy;a fia Wojq lrk ,oafoa l=mslal,;siai
iajdóka jykafia úisks' rcq wNh.sß
úydrh ta ysñhkag mQcd lf<a Bg l<.=K
ie,lSula jYfhks' wNh.sß úydrh miqj
wka;¾cd;sl wOHdmk uOHia:dkhla
njg m;a úh'
j<.ïnd rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § isÿ jQ
;j;a jeo.;a u lghq;a;la jQfhaa tf;la
45
 wNh.sß ia;+mh bÈ lrjk ,oafoa j,.ïnd rcq úisks' t;=ud tu ia;+mh l=mslal, ;siai
kï NslaIQka jykafiag mQcd lf<a h' uq,a bÈlsÍï wjia:dfõ ia;+mfha Wi wä 350 úh.
.¾Nfha mdofï úIalïNh wä 355 ls' kgnqka jQ miq ia;+mfha j¾;udk Wi wä
245 ls. wNh.sß ia;+mfha l=uk mQckSh jia;=jla ;ekam;a lr we;af;a o hk lreK
lsisÿ uQ,dY%hl i`oyka fkdfõ' m<uq jk .cndyq rc;=ud wNh.sß ia;+mh úYd, fldg
n|jd tys u`Mfõ fÞrgq i;r bÈ lrù h' lksÜG;siai rc;=ud úiska ia;+mfha m%Odk
ÈYd y;f¾ jdy,alv bÈ lrjkq ,eì‚. tA :Qmh yereKq úg úYd, wdrdñl f.dvke.s,s
m%udKhla wNh.sß úydrhg wh;a h.

lgmdvñka /l f.k meñKs nqoaO O¾uh
fmd;am;aj, ,sùu hs' nqÿka jykafia
úiska foaYkd lrk ,o uq`M uy;a O¾uh
we;=<;a j ;sfnkafka ;%smsglfha h' fuu
;%smsglh u fmd;aj, ,Sùu ye¢kafjkafka
;%smsglh .%ka:drEV lsÍu hkqfjks'
;%smsglh .%ka:drEV lrk ,oafoa ud;f,a
w`M úydrh kñka ye`Èkafjk ia:dkfha
§ nj b;sydifha i`oyka h' j<.ïnd
rc;=ud jk.; j isá ld,fha rfÜ oreKq
id.;hla we;s úh' jir .Kkdjla jeiai
fkd,eîu ksid we;s jQ fuu id.;h
zneñKs;shdidhZ f,i kï lr ;sfí' fï
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
id.;h ksid tf;la O¾uh lgmdvñka
/f.k wd NslaIQyq msßila o wmj;a jQy'
fufia lgmdvñka muKla O¾uh /l
.ekSu wkd.;fha § nqÿ oyug ydksodhl
jk nj jgyd .;a ta nqoaêu;a rc;=ud
fufia O¾uh fmd;aj, ,sheùug lghq;=
fh§ h' fuu ÿIalr wjia:dfõ § ;%smsglh
fmd;aj, ,shùu f,dal fn!oaO ck;djg
,dxlslhkaf.ka isÿ jQ úYd, fiajhls'
fï rc;=ud NslaIQkajykafia,d fj;
.,a.=yd mQcd lf<a h' t;=udf.a ku
i`oyka lr fldgjk ,o fi,a,sms iys;
.,a.=yd lsysmhla fidhd f.k ;sfí' ta
46
fi,a,smsj, t;=ud ye`Èkaùu i`oyd Ndú;
lr ;sfnkafka zms;rcZ hk kuhs' ta t;=ud
ye`Èkaùug ta ld,fha Ndú; jQ ;j;a kuls' jeo.;a lreKq
j<.ïnd rcqf.a fidfydhqre L,a,dgkd. 1' j<.ïnd l=uref.a mshd ioaOd;siai
rcq ñh.sh miq msfhl= fuka t;=udf.a
mq;a l=urd /ln,d .;a ksid j<.ïnd rcq rc;=ud h'
ms;=rdc jYfhka ye¢kaúKe hs uydjxifha 2' j<.ïnd rc;=udf.a md,k ld,fha
i|yka h' zms;=rdcZ hk kduh fi,a,smsj, § i;=re lror lsysmhlg uqqyqK mEug
zms;uyrcZ zms; rcZ jYfhka fh§ ;sfí' Tyqg isÿ úh'
3' fu;=udf.a ìfidj jQ fidaudfoaúh
j<.ïnd rc;=udf.a ìfidj jQ fidaudfoaúh ks¾NS; ldka;djls'
o uy;a mska we;s ùr ldka;djls' ol=Kq 4. wNh.sßh od.en ;ekSu" ;%smsglh
bkaÈhdfjka fuys meñKs msßilf.ka
rc;=udg lror mej;s ld,fha § fï .%ka:drEV lrùu fï rc;=ud w;ska
ìfidj rcqf.a wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka i;=rka bgq jQ jeo.;a fiajd h'
bÈßhg .shd h' Tjqyq ta mskaj;a ìfidj
ol=Kq bkaÈhdjg /f.k .shy' i;=rka
mrdch l< miq rc;=ud fidaudfoaúh
kej; ;u rgg f.kajd f.k w.ìfida
;k;=rg m;a lf<a h' ;u rg fjkqfjka
tf,i wNS;j lghq;= l< fidaudfoaú
jeks rc ìfidjl .ek l,amkd lsÍu o myf<dia jk l%shdldrlu
wmg wdvïnrhls'
j<.ïnd rc;=ud rgjeishkaf.a hym; zj,.ïnd rc;=ud fY%aIAG rc flfklsZ
fjkqfjka fndfyda oE lf<a h' hk ud;Dldj hgf;a jdlH oyhl
NslaIQka jykafia,df.a wOHdmkh ÈhqKq rpkhla ,shkak'
lsÍug msßfjka bÈ lsÍug t;=ud Wkkaÿ
úh' ;u ìfidj jQ fidaudfoaúh i;=rka
bÈßhg .sh ;ek isysùu msKsi t;ek
fidaudrduh bÈ lrjd th NslaIQka
jykafia,dg mQcd lsÍug lghq;= fh§ h'
fkdfhl=;a ndOl meñKsh o tajdg
bjis,sjka; j uqyqK § rg fjkqfjka
lghq;= lsÍug j<.ïnd rc;=ud l%shd l<
wdldrh Tng uy`.= wdo¾Yhls' ta nqoaêu;a
ÿrolakd kqjKla we;s rc;=ud wdo¾Yhla
fldg f.k Ôú;h yev .iajd .ekSug
Tn o wÈgka lr .; hq;= h'

47
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'

5'5 jiN rc;=ud
jiN rc;=udf.a foujqmshka ljqreka oe hs
b;sydi fmd;aj, i`oyka lr ke;' <ud
ld,fha t;=ud ;u ududf.a ksjfia ld,h
.; lr we;' jiN rcqf.a udud tjlg
rfÜ fiakdm;s jYfhka lghq;= l<
wfhls' jiN rc;=ud ,ïnl¾K kñka
ye`ÈkajQ jxihlg wh;a jQ flfkls'
,ïnl¾Kjreka w;S;fha rfÜ f,aLk
lghq;= Ndr j isá msßils' Y%S ,xldj md,kh
l< Wodr rcjreka lsysmfofkl= wh;a
jQ ,ïnl¾K rc fm<mf;a wdrïNlhd
jiN rc;=ud hs'
rgjeishdf.a hym; iy nqÿ oyfï ÈhqKqj
fjkqfjka t;=ud uy;a jQ fiajdjla bgq
lf<a h' úfYaIfhka u jiN rc;=udf.a
md,k ld,fha § wfma rfÜ jeõ iE§u
rEmh wxl 5.8 - jiN rc;=ud úiska wkqrdOmqrfha k.r m%dldr neïu Wiafldg ne|ùug lghq;= fhdojk ,È'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
b;d fyd`Èka ÈhqKq úh' m<uq jrg t;=ud
úiska úYd, m%udKfha jeõ tfld<yla bÈ
lrjk ,§' t;=ud jeõj,ska l=Uqrej,g
c,h /f.k hdug we< ud¾. fod<yla
o ;ekù h' ie;mqï 30la ÿrg c,h f.k
hk we<yer we< jiN rcqf.a ks¾udKhls'
jiN rc;=ud bÈ lr jQ jeõ lsysmhla
fidhd f.k ;sfí' t;=ud bÈ lrjQ
ufhka;s kï jej wo ye¢kafjkafka
zuyú,ÉÑh jejZ hkqfjks' udkdleá kï
jej hkq udkkalÜáh jej hs' jd;ux.K
jej wo ye`Èkafjkafka fkdÉÑfmd;dk
jej hkqfjks' fï ish,a,la u msysgd
;sfnkafka wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalfha h'
tl, mej;s kdk fmdl=Kqj,g we<j,a
u`.ska c,h f.khdu fjkqjg fmdf<dj
háka ;ekQ k< ud¾.fhka c,h f.k
hdu fyj;a Wux c, ud;sld l%uhla jiN
48
 úúO u,a iqj| w;=ßka oEiuka u,a iqj`o w.%
fõ hehs jiN rcqg ±k .ekSug ,eî we;'
th i;H ± hs mßlaId lsÍug rcqg is;a úh'
rc;=ud fkdfhla u,a j¾.j,sska ñg ñg
ne.ska ldurhl ;nd oEiuka u,a ñgla o ;nd
ldurfha fodr jid msg;g meñK we;' ál
fõ,djla .; fldg kej; ldurfha fodr yer
we;=`M jk úg ish¨ u,a iqj|g fmr oEiuka
iqj| t;=udg ±kS ;sfí' fuu mÍlaIKfhka
miq oEiuka iqj| w.% jk nj t;=ud o
ms<s.;af;a h' hula ms<sno úuis,su;aj is;d
n,d ;SrK .ekSu jiN rcq ;=< mej;s Wiia
.=Khla nj fï l;dfjka wmg meyeÈ,s fõ'

rcqf.a bxcsfkarefjda y`ÿkajd ÿkay'
rg md,kh lsÍu myiq ùug fï rc;=ud
úiska Y%S ,xldj m%foaYj,g fnod tajdfha
lghq;= fufyhùug rcfha ks,OdÍyq
m;a lrk ,oy' ta l%uhg wkqj j¾;udk
hdmk m%foaYh md,kh lsÍug rc;=ud
úiska m;a lr hjk ,oafoa bis.sßh kñka
ye`ÈkajQ weue;sjrfhls' ta nj rc;=ud
úiska rkam;a brejl ,shd ;sfí' th
ye`Èkafjkafka zj,a,smqrï rkam;a brejZ
hk kñks' bis.sßh weue;sjrhd hdmkh
m%foaYfha mshx.=l;siai kñka úydrhla
bÈ l< nj j,a,smqrï rkam;a brefõ ,shd
;sfí' hdmkfha j,a,smqrï kue;s ;ekska
fidhd .;a ksid tu rkam;a brej ta kñka
ye`Èkafõ'
wkqrdOmqr k.rfha wdrlaIdj;a
w,xldrh;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug rc;=ud
uy;a fiajhla bgq lr ;sfí' wkqrdOmqr
k.rh jgd m%dldrhla bÈ lrùug t;=ud
lghq;= lf<a h' fuu m%dldrfha kgnqka
wkqrdOmqrhg hk Tng wo;a oel .;
yels h' k.rfha ;ekska ;ek fmdl=Kq bÈ
lr tajdg jeõj,ska c,h .,d hdug o
ie,eiaù h' bka miq tajdfha yxihska we;s
lrk f,ig Wmfoia ÿkafka h'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
nqÿ oyfï ÈhqKqjg;a jiN rc;=ud l<
fiajh uy;a h' t;=ud :Qmdrdu od.eng
jgod f.hla o" biqreuqKs úydrfha
fmdfydh f.hla o bÈ lrjd NslaIQka
jykafia,dg mQcd lf<a h'
;siaiuydrdufha msysá is;=,amõj úydrfha
o od.eí bÈ lrù h' tmuKla fkdj wfma
rfÜ fkdhla m<d;aj, msysgd ;snQ fjfyr
úydr m%;sixialrKh lsÍug o lghq;=
fh§ h'
rgjeishdf.a hym; fjkqfjka lghq;=
lsÍug úYd, uqo,la fhoùug t;=udg
isÿ úh' rcfha foam< mfriaifuka Ndú;
lsÍug rgjeishd Wkkaÿ lrùug;a tajd
kv;a;= lsÍug;a wjYH ksid rc;=ud nÿ
wh lsÍfï l%uhla rgjeishkag y`ÿkajd
ÿkafka h' ta wkqj rchg wh;a jeõj,ska
c,h ,nd .kakd whf.ka rc;=ud nÿ wh
lf<a h' tu uqo,a kej; fhojQfhaa tu
jeõ m%;sixialrKh lsÍug h'
wjqreÿ y;<sia y;rla furg md,kh l<
jiN rc;=ud fï rfÜ kj hq.hla we;s
lf<a h' t;=udf.a ffO¾hjka; nj iy
ÿrolakd kqjK yd úuis,su;a j lghq;=
lsÍfï .=Kh Tfí Ôú;h yev .iajd
.ekSug fhdod .; yels jeo.;a wdo¾Yhla
fõ'
49
 jeo.;a lreKq
1' jiN rc;=ud ,ïNl¾K kñka
ye¢kafjk rdc jxYfha wdrïNlhd
hs'
2' t;=ud furg jdß l¾udka;hg
uy;a fiajhla bgq lf<a h' tA w;r
úYd, m%udKfha jeõ 11la o fõ'
3' j,a,smqrï rkam;a f,aLkh
fu;=udf.a md,k ld,fha ,shjk
,oaols'
4' furg foaYSh wdÞhu by< ±óu i|yd
nÿ l%uhla y÷kajd §u;a md,kfha
myiqj i|yd mßmd,k tAll fjka
lsÍu;a isÿ lf<a fu;=ud h'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
oyih jk l%shdldrlu
jiN rc;=ud ms<sn| j my; i|yka
m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak.
1' jiN rc;=ud wh;a jk rdc jxYh
l=ula o@
2' md,k lghq;= myiq lr .ekSu i|yd
jiN rc;=ud .;a tla l%shdud¾.hla
,shkak'
3' jiN rc;=udf.ka wd¾Ólhg isÿ jQ
fiajd folla ,shkak'
4' jiN rc;=udf.a ld,fha ,shjqKq
rkam; ye¢kafjk ku l=ula o@
50

5'6 uyfika rc;=ud
uyfika rc;=ud wfma rg md,kh l< Wodr
md,lfhls' fï rc;=udf.a mshd f.daGdNh
rc;=ud h' uyfika rcqg fcÜG;siai
kñka fidfydhqfrla isáfha h' uyfika
rc;=udf.a uj ljqreka ù oe hs merKs
fmd;am;aj, i`oyka ù ke;'
Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;h ÈhqKq lsÍug
fï rc;=ud úiska lrk ,o fiajh
w;suy;a h' t;=ud jeõ oyihla yd m%Odk
we< ud¾.hla bÈ lrù h' ta w;ßka jeõ
lsysmhla w;súYd, jdßl¾udka; fõ'
ñkafkaß jej bka m%Odk h' tys jeõ neïu
ie;mqï tlhs ld,la È. h' úYd,;ajh
wlalr 4670 ls' th mqrdK ld,fha
rEmh wxl 5.9 - uyfika rc;=ud wkqrdOmqrfha fÊ;jk ia;+mh bÈlf<ah'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
y`ÿkajd ;sfnkafka ñKsysr jej hkqfjks'
fï rc;=ud bÈ lr jQ j,a¨rjdms kï jQ
jej wo ye¢kafjkafka yqre`M jej kñks'
ñyska;,fha ;sfnk lkordjej o fï rcq
úiska bÈ lrjk ,oaols' th mqrdK ld,fha
§ y`ÿkajd ;sfnkafka Ldkqjej hkqfjks'
uyfika rc;=ud úydrdrdu lsysmhla
bÈ lsÍug lghq;= lf<a h' wkqrdOmqr
fca;jkdrduh ta w;r m%Odk fõ' uyfika
rc;=ud úiska bÈlrjk ,o fÊ;jk
od.en ;=< nqÿkajykafiaf.a mà Od;=j
ksokafldg we;ehs úYajdi flf¾' ñkafkaß
úydrh" f.dalKaK úydrh" taldms,a,
úydrh" odfika., úydrh hkqfjka
ye¢kafjk úydr bÈlf<a o fu;=ud h'
óg wu;r j trcq rfÜ fkdfhla ;ekaj,
msysgd ;snQ fjfyr úydr ms<silr lrùh.
51
fÊ;jk ia;+mh bÈ lrjk ,oafoa uyfika rc;=ud úisks. uQ,dY%hj, i|yka lreKq wkqj
bÈlsÍu iïmQ¾K jQ miq fuu ia;+mh wä 400 l Wilska hqla; j ;sì‚. tys .¾Nfha
mdofï úIalïNh wä 370 ls. fuu ia;+mh merKs ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ bÈ l< úYd,;u
ia;+mh jQjd muKla fkdj iuia; f,dalfha u bÈ jQ úYd,;u .fvd,a ia;+mh hs. fuu
ia;+mfha nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a màOd;=j ^n|máh& ksOka fldg we;e hs uQ,dY%hj,
±lafõ. wNh.sß úydrfha fuka w;súYd, wdrdñl f.dvke.s,s m%udKhla fÊ;jkdrdu
úydrfha bÈlr ;sfí.
NslaIQkajykafia,dg isõmi mQcd lsÍug ;ukaf.a rg fjkqfjka iy rgjeishd
úfYaI Wkkaÿjla ±laùh' t;=ud wjqreÿ fjkqfjka fjfyi ù jev lsÍu ksid
úisy;la Y%S ,xldj md,kh lf<a h' uyfika rc;=ud foúfhl= f,i mQcdjg
,la ùu Tng b;d fyd`o wdo¾Yhls'
fï rc;=ud rgjeishka w;r uy;a
;ukaf.a rfÜ Ôj;a jQ fujeks Wodr
f.!rjhg ,la úh' ta t;=ud úiska Tjqkaf.a
rcjrekaf.a l%shd l,dmh foi n,d
hym; i`oyd úYd, jev fldgila bgq
jeäysá jQ miq ;ukaf.a rgg iy
lrk ,o ksid h' id.r fia fmfkk
rgjeishkag wjxl j fiajh lsÍug Tn
uyjeõ bÈ lsÍu ksid fï rc;=ud foúfhl=
l,amkd l< hq;= h' b;sydifhka jeo.;a
fia ie,lsKs' ñkafkaß foúhka kñka
mdvula bf.k .ekSug Tng yels jkafka
uyfika rc;=ud wo;a jkaokdudkhg ,la
túg h'
fõ' ta rc;=ud fjkqfjka bÈ l< foajd,
fmdf<dkakrej m%foaYfha olakg ;sfí'
52
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 jeo.;a lreKq

1' uyfika rc;=ud furg

lDIsl¾udkaa;h yd jdßl¾udka;h ody;a jk l%%shdldrlu
fjkqfjka uy;a fiajhla bgq l<
.=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia mßÈ uyfika
md,lfhls'
rc;=ud ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a
2' ñkafkaß jej bÈ lf<a fï rc;=ud hs. yel=¿ïm;la ks¾udKh lrkak'
tys jeõ neïu ie;mqï tlhs ld,la
È. h. mer‚ ld,fha th ye¢kajQfhaa
ñKsysr jej kñks'
3' wkqrdOmqrfha fÊ;jk ia;+mh
bÈlf<a uyfika rc;=ud h. th
merK ld,fha wdishdfõ bÈ jQ Wi u
.fvd,a f.dvke.s,a, hs'
4' uyfika rc;=ud wo;a ñkafkaß
foúhka hk kñka weoySug ,la fõ'

53
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'

5'7 Od;=fiak rc;=ud
Od;=fiak rcqf.a mshd ÞGdkdu kï
;eke;af;ls' i,;siafnda kñka ye¢ka jQ
nd, ifydaorfhla o Od;=fiak rcqg isáfha
h' Od;=fiak rc;=ud n,hg m;a ùug
fmr ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka meñKs mKavq"
mdßkao" LqoaO mdßkao wd§ wdl%uKslfhda
yh fofkla wkqrdOmqrh w,a,df.k
tys md,k lghq;= fufyh jQy' ta w;r
isá LqoaO mdßkao yd mKavq mdßkao jeks
rcjreka fn!oaO úydria:dk ixj¾Okh
i|yd lghq;= l< nj i|yka fõ' fuu
wdl%uKslhkaf.ka rg ksoyia lr .kakd
,oafoa Od;=fiak rc;=ud úisks' t;=ud
fu!¾h jxYhg wh;a ;eke;af;ls'
rEmh wxl 5'10 - Od;=fiak rc;=ud uy úYd, jeõ bÈ lsÍug Wmfoia ÿkafka h'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
Od;=fiak rc;=ud rg fjkqfjka l<
fiajfha Wodr nj fmkajk m%Odk;u
foa kï t;=ud bÈ lrjQ jdßl¾udka; hs'
uy jeõ oywgla iy l=vd jeõ oy wgla
fï rc;=ud bÈ lr jQ nj b;sydi
fmd;aj, i`oyka fõ' fï w;ßka wog;a
wkqrdOmqrfha fjfik ck;djg uy;a
fia m%fhdackj;a jk jej" l,djej hs'
l,djefõ isg wkqrdOmqrfha ;sid jej
olajd bÈ lr ;sfnk fhdaO we< o fï
rc;=ud úiska lrjk ,oaols' tys È.
ie;mqï 54 ls' tys neiau ie;mqulg w.,a
yhla mu‚' fuu we< ud¾.h ch .`.
hk kñka o ye`Èkafõ'
Od;=fiak rc;=ud nqÿ oyfï ÈhqKqj
Wfoid úYd, jev fldgila bgq lf<a h'
fjfyr úydr bÈ lrùu iy Èrdm;a j ;snQ
fjfyr úydr m%;sixialrKh lrùu Bg
54
wh;a h' t;=ud fjfyr úydr oy wgla bÈ
lr jQ nj uydjxifhaa i`oyka h' NslaIQka jeo.;a lreKq
jykafia,dg ksrka;rfhka fkdfhla
wkaoñka wem Wmia:dk lsÍug fï rc;=ud 1' Od;=fiak rc;=ud fu!¾h kñka
lghq;= lf<a h' Wkajykafia,d odkh ye`oskafjk rdc jxYhlg wh;a h'
je<£ug meñKs wkqrdOmqrfha uydmd<s
odk Yd,dj m%;sixialrKh lsÍug rcq 2' l,djej" fhdaO we< wdÈ jdß
lghq;= fh§ h' l¾udka; fu;=udf.a ld,fha bÈlr
Od;=fiak rc;=ud jir oywgl ld,hla jQ tAjd h' Od;=fiak rc;=ud uy jeõ
fï rg md,kh lf<a h' t;=udg ldYHm 18la iy l=vd jeõ 18la bÈ lf<a h'
iy uq.,ka hk kñka mq;a;= fofofkla o
3' t;=ud nqÿq oyfï ÈhqKqj i|yd uy;a
tla ÈhKshla o isáhy' ta ld,fha fï rfÜ
jeä msßila f.dú;eka lghq;=j, fhÿKq jev fldgila bgq lf<a h'
neúka rc;=ud uy;a fjfyila f.k Tjqka
fjkqfjka jeõ wuqKq ;kd ÿkafka h' fï
rg /l .ekSug lghq;= l< wfkla msßi
jQ NslaIQka jykafia,df.a ys;iqj msKsi o
t;=ud wdo¾Yj;a f,i lghq;= lf<a h' ta
ish,a, Tnf.a bÈß Ôú;h fyd`Èka yev
.iajd .ekSug m%fhdackj;a h'

oywg jk l%shdldrlu

1' Od;=fiak rc;=ud lrjQ jdß l¾udka;

kï lrkak'

2' t;=ud bÈ lr jQ fjfyr úydr kï

lrkak'

55
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 ixialdrl igyk

´kEu iudchl fjfik idudcslfhdaa lsis hï ksYaÑ; ft;sydisl l%shdj,shlg

wh;a jQfjdaa h' tfyhska Tjqka iy Tjqka úiska N=l;
a s ú`Èkq ,nk ixialD;sh ft;sydisl
h' wm j¾;udkfha uqyqK fok we;eï iudc- foaYmd,ksl .eg¨j, uQ,îc mj;skafka
wmf.a wdikak b;sydih ;=< h' tajd ksis mßÈ wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka ft;sydisl rgd
.ek wmg jegySula we;s fõ' j¾;udk w¾nqo ksisf,i wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka tajd
ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug wjYH lrk woa±lSï ,nd .ekSug b;sydifhka msájy,la ,nd
.; yels h' lsisjl= b;sydih bf.k .ekSu wjYH jkafka ta ksid h' th ;ukaf.a iudc
wkkH;dj ksis mßÈ jgyd .ekSu, ;ks mqoa.,hska jYfhka iudcfha Ôj;a ùug fuka u
fiiq mqoa.,hska iu. lKavdhula f,i fmdÿ wruqKla Wfoid l%shd lsÍug o wjYH
idOlhls'

fuu fm<fmd; iïmdokh lsÍfï §" fï rfÜ orejl= wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;slm;%
idudkH fm< úNd.h f;la bf.k .; hq;= b;sydifha iajNdjh l=ula±hs fuys§
wjOdkhg f.k ;sfí' idudkH fm< uÜgfï§ ish wOHdmk cSú;hg iuq § iudchg
tl;= jk mqrjeisfhl= ;u ft;sydisl Wreuh .ek wju jYfhka fyda ±k .; hq;= foa
kshñ; úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+,j iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;a lsÍug fuu mdG .%ka:fha§ jEhï
lr ;sfí' bka Tíng idudkH fm< úNd.h iu;a j wk;=rej Wiia fm< úNd.h o iu;a
ù úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh f;la .uka lrkafkl=g fï rfÜ iy fjk;a rgj, b;sydihg
wod< .eUqre Ydia;%d,hSh ±kqu ,nd .ekSfï udj; újD; h'

YsIH YsIHdjkag ;u ft;sydisl is;sú,s o,ajd .ekSug jvd;a wod< fj;e hs l,amkd
lrk ,o f;aud lsysmhla ir, iq.u wdldrhg fm< .iajd ;sfnk fuu mdG .%ka:h
hym;a mqrjeisfhl= ;ekSug wjYH lrk wOHdmk moku Yla;su;a lsÍug bjy,a jkq
we;ehs hkak ixialdrljrekaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'

ixialdrljre
2014 uehs ui 25 Èk
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ §'

56
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 ieu mdi,a orejl= u fkdñf,a

fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'

midj;Jg; ghlrhiy khztu;fSk; ,ytrkhff;
rlaIKh fldg wjika
fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdu;
frday,a.; ùul § jirlg re' 200"000
¬õˆFò꣬ôJ™ ÜÂñF‚èŠð´‹«ð£¶ õ¼ìˆFŸ° 200,000 Ï𣌠裊¹ÁF
YsIHhdg re' 100"000 la jákd yÈis wk;=re rlaIKhla
ñ£íõ˜èÀ‚° 100,000 Ï𣌠ªðÁñFò£ù F¯˜ Mðˆ¶‚°‚ 裊¹ÁF
yÈis wk;=rlska isÿjk udmsh wNdjhl § re' 75"000
F¯˜ MðˆFù£™ ãŸð´‹ ªðŸ«ø£K¡ ñóíˆFŸ° 75,000 Ï𣌠裊¹ÁF
widOH frda. i`oyd re'10"000 l ndysr frda. m%;sldr wdjrKhla
ð£óÉóñ£ù «ï£ŒèO¡ ªõO«ï£ò£÷˜ CA„¬ê‚° 10,000 Ï𣌠裊¹ÁF
jeä úia;r iy fldkafoais i|yd wu;kak Nkyjpf tpguq;fs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfis mwpe;Jnfhs;s mioAq;fs;

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh fy;tp mikr;R 0113 641555

by; m%;s,dN 2017$2018 iqrlaId rCIKdjrKhg wod< jk w;r ld,Sk j m%;s,dN fjkia úh yels h'
,J 2017 { 2018 Ruf;\h fhg;GWjp jpl;lj;Jf;F mikthfj; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
eilKiw khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g fhg;GWjp ed;ikfspy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;glyhk;.

57
 2019

2020

2021

58
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'