Mostafa Hany - Ass 2

lagging pipe definition
Pipe lagging is another (more commonly used) name for pipe insulation. It's generally used to help
conserve heat in pipes, to prevent condensation, or to reduce the noise that comes out of pipes. Pipe
lagging is made from many different types of materials, including some used for insulation in other parts
of the home. Pipe lagging may be made from any of the following:
1. Put 4-inch single layer insulation against the flue plate, hump the 5-inch C channels, add 1-inch
insulation on the top of the 4-inch stiffeners to prevent heat transfer, then install your outer lagging in
contact with the insulation.
2. Place 4-inch insulation against the flue plate, hump the C channels and 4-inch angles, apply plasterer’s
lath over the insulation, and install the lagging outside the C channels and 4-inch angles utilizing a Z-bar
system.
Example
H-bar system
This system uses a pre-fabricated support system. The H-looking steel channel is manufactured much
like the continuous gutters used in the housing industry. They are pressed out of flat materials into the
form of a channel. These H-looking steel channels are then attached to the external surface of the
stiffeners and form a picture frame that the insulation sits in. The lagging will then be attached
(screwed) to the framework. This is a good system to use because the lagging and insulation utilize the
same attachment. Unfortunately, when the temperature is above 450°F such as in our example, there is
a heat transfer at the connection of the lagging and the frame that exceeds the 130°F surface
temperature requirement. Therefore, use of this system would not be recommended.
Knurled stud and drive plates with sub-girt and the Z clip design
These systems support the lagging independently from the insulation supports. The 5/16-inch diameter
studs are knurled on one end and are attached to the flue plate. A drive plate is driven onto the knurled
end of the stud by using a mallet or hammer. A sub-girt (3-inch wide 18-gage channel) is screwed into
Eng.
Mohamed
Allam
Prepared by: Ameeria ITEC based on BTEC guidance/ Ref, Approved by: QAU
Version 3.0 – Feb. 2020
the drive plate. The lagging is then attached to the sub-girt. The Z clip is a prefabricated channel in a Z
shape that is also attached to the flue plate. The lagging is screwed to the Z clip. The draw back for using
either of these independent lagging support systems would be the stud/clip length and the
material/labor cost. Based on our insulation design choice above and the stiffener pattern of the flue,
the stud or Z clip would have to be 6 inches. The labor costs are higher due to installing both insulation
and lagging supports.
Un lagging pipe definition

To minimise the risk of both freezing and heat loss, copper pipes can be insulated fairly cheaply with
pipe insulation. It’s an easy DIY task and supplies are available online – you just place foam tubes around
pipes and secure them in place with cable ties. It may be worth hiring a plumber to install it in hard-to-
reach areas.
Pipe insulation materials
Polyethylene (flexible plastic foamed insulation) – this is probably the most widely used type of pipe
insulation.
Mineral/glass wool – This has good thermal, acoustic and fire-retardant properties. It does not shrink,
swell, rot or burn, so is a popular choice.
Flexible elastomeric foam – This rubber-like material is highly resistant to the passage of water vapour
and has good thermal properties, even when used at comparatively small thicknesses.
Rigid foam – normally used in industrial buildings, for really large pipes. Not widely commercially
available for domestic applications.
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Mohamed
Allam
Silica aerogel – No-one currently manufactures aerogel insulation specifically for pipes, but there are
hopes that it will be available in the future. Currently available as a paste, the material has the lowest
thermal conductivity of any commercially produced insulation.
Is it necessary to increase the insulation

thickness to approach better lagging ?
No it is not necessary because of Where pipes operate at below-ambient temperatures, water vapour
can condense on the surface. This moisture is known to contribute towards many different types of
corrosion therefore preventing the formation of condensation on pipework is a key consideration.
Eng.
Mohamed
Allam
Eng.
Mohamed
Allam
Eng.
Mohamed
Allam
parallel counter
Heat The diagram above shows a Shell and
Exchanger Tube Heat Exchanger. In the counter
In a parallel flow setup, both the hot flow setup, the fluids are travelling
fluid and cold fluids are travelling in along the heat exchanger in opposite
the same direction as each other. On directions. On the diagram above the
the diagram above they both flow cold fluid, highlighted in blue, is
from right to left. This will still cool the travelling right to left where as the
hot fluid down by a considerable warm fluid, shown in red and amber,
amount but is not as efficient as the travels left to right. This distributes
counter flow system. the heat more evenly across the heat
exchanger and allows for maximum
efficiency. In theory, the cold fluid
can exit the heat exchanger at a
higher temperature than the
temperature of the hot fluid outlet,
although in reality this is very difficult
to achieve.
The cooling relationship is logarithmic. This means that as the hot fluid
What is happening is that as fluid enters from the right, it cools against
enters the heat exchanger there is a the already warmed up cold fluid
100° difference between the two, so from the left. The temperature
they cool at a high rate. However, as differential is nowhere near as high
the temperature differential drops, as at the start of the parallel heat
the speed at which heat exchanges exchanger. However, as the
also drops. This results in a temperature of the warm fluids
temperature graph that looks more drops, it gets exposed to even colder
like this: cool fluid.
How you solve this problem ?
The solution is to connect two parallel exchanges with half the original length of the parallel
exchanges and connect them so that the water entering them is divided evenly, which reduces the
length of the parallel exchanges in half while obtaining the same original temperature.
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Mohamed
Allam
Four Stroke Cycle si engine
Suction stroke
Suction stroke starts when piston is at top dead center and about to move downwards. During suction
stroke inlet valve is open and exhaust valve is closed. Due to low pressure created by the motion of the
piston towards bottom dead center, the charge consisting of fresh air mixed with the fuel is drawn into
cylinder. At the end of suction stroke the inlet valve closes.
Compression Stroke
The compression stroke is when the trapped air-fuel mixture is compressed inside the cylinder. The
combustion chamber is sealed to form the charge. The charge is the volume of compressed air-fuel
mixture trapped inside the combustion chamber ready for ignition. Compressing the air-fuel mixture
allows more energy to be released when the charge is ignited. Intake and exhaust valves must be closed
to ensure that the cylinder is sealed to provide compression. Compression is the process of reducing or
squeezing a charge from a large volume to a smaller volume in the combustion chamber.
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Mohamed
Allam
Ignition Event
The ignition (combustion) event occurs when the charge is ignited and rapidly oxidized through a
chemical reaction to release heat energy. Combustion is the rapid, oxidizing chemical reaction in which a
fuel chemically combines with oxygen in the atmosphere and releases energy in the form of heat.
Power Stroke
The power stroke is an engine operation Stroke in which hot expanding gases force the piston head
away from the cylinder head. Piston force and subsequent motion are transferred through the
connecting rod to apply torque to the crankshaft. The torque applied initiates crankshaft rotation. The
amount of torque produced is determined by the pressure on the piston, the size of the piston, and the
throw of the engine. During the power Stroke, both valves are closed.
Exhaust Stroke
The exhaust stroke occurs whenspent gases are expelled from the combustion chamber and released to
the atmosphere. The exhaust stroke is the final stroke and occurs when the exhaust valve is open and
the intake valve is closed. Piston movement evacuates exhaust gases to the atmosphere
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Mohamed
Allam
Four Stroke Cycle ci engine
Suction stroke
It is also known as intake stroke when the piston travels from TDC to BDC with the intake valve open and
exhaust valve closed. The downward motion of the piston increases the volume in the combustion
chamber which in turn creates a vacuum. The resulting pressure differential through the intake system
from atmospheric pressure on the outside to the vacuum on the inside causes air to be pushed into the
cylinder.
Compression Stroke
With both valves closed, the combination of the cylinder and combustion chamber form a completely
closed vessel containing the fuel/air mixture. As the piston is pushed to the right, the volume is reduced
and the fuel/air mixture is compressed during the compression stroke.
Power Stroke
At the beginning of the power stroke, the electrical contact is opened. The sudden opening of the
contact produces a spark in the combustion chamber which ignites the fuel/air mixture. Rapid
combustion of the fuel releases heat, and produces exhaust gases in the combustion chamber.
Exhaust Stroke
At the end of the power stroke, the piston is located at the far left. Heat that is left over from the power
stroke is now transferred to the water in the water jacket until the pressure approaches atmospheric
pressure. The exhaust valve is then opened by the cam pushing on the rocker arm to begin the exhaust
stroke.
Eng.
Mohamed
Allam
Mechanical efficiency
It is a dimensionless number that measures the effectiveness of a machine in transforming the power
input to the device to power output. A machine is a mechanical linkage in which force is applied at one
point, and the force does work moving a load at another point. At any instant the power input to a
machine is equal to the input force multiplied by the velocity of the input point, similarly the power
output is equal to the force exerted on the load multiplied by the velocity of the load. The mechanical
efficiency of a machine (often represented by the Greek letter eta {\ displaystyle \ eta} \ eta) is a
dimensionless number between 0 and 1 that is the ratio between the power output of the machine and
the power input
The thermal efficiency

In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that
uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, a steam turbine or a steam engine, a boiler,
furnace, or a refrigerator for example. For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the fraction of the energy
added by heat (primary energy) that is converted to net work output (secondary energy). In the case of a
refrigeration or heat pump cycle, thermal efficiency is the ratio of net heat output for heating, or
removal for cooling, to energy input
Relation between mechanical efficiency and two

stroke and four stroke
The four-stroke engine The two-stroke engine
In a 4-stroke engine, the piston In a 2-stroke engine, the entire
completes 2-strokes during each combustion cycle is completed with
revolution: one compression stroke and just one piston stroke: a compression
one exhaust stroke, each being stroke followed by the explosion of
followed by a return stroke. The spark the compressed fuel. During the
plugs fire only once every other return stroke, the exhaust is let out
revolution, and power is produced and a fresh fuel mixture enters the
every 4-strokes of the piston. These cylinder. The spark plugs fire once
engines also do not require pre-mixing every single revolution, and power is
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Mohamed
Allam
of fuel and oil, as they have a separate produced once every 2-strokes of the
compartment for the oil. piston. Two-stroke engines also
require the oil to be pre-mixed in
with the fuel.
Less noise is created by engine. More noise is created by engine.
Engine consists of inlet and exhaust Engine consists of inlet and exhaust
valve. ports.
More thermal efficiency. Less thermal efficiency.
It consumes less lubricating oil. It consumes more lubricating oil.
Less wear and tear of moving parts. More wear and tear of moving parts.
Used in mopeds,
Used in cars, buses, trucks etc.
scooters, motorcycles, etc.
1-As far as efficiency goes, the 4-stroke certainly wins. This is due to the fact that fuel is consumed once
every 4 strokes.
2-Four-stroke engines are heavier; they weigh upwards of 50% more than a comparable 2stroke engine.
3-Typically, a 2-stroke engine creates more torque at a higher RPM, while a 4-stroke engine creates a
higher torque at a lower RPM.
4-The 4-stroke engine is also much quieter, a 2-stoke engine is significantly louder and has a distinctive,
high-pitched “buzzing” sound.
5-Because 2-stroke engines are designed to run at a higher RPM, they also tend to wear out faster; a 4-
stroke engine is generally more durable. That being said, 2-stroke engines are more powerful.
6-Two-stroke engines are a much simpler design, making them easier to fix. They do not have valves, but
rather ports. Four-stroke engines have more parts, therefore they are more expensive and repairs cost
more.
7-Two-stroke engines require pre-mixing of oil and fuel, while the 4-strokes do not.
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Mohamed
Allam
8-Four-strokes are more environmentally friendly; in a 2-stroke engine, burnt oil is also released into the
air with the exhaust.
Equations of Mechanical Efficiency
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Mohamed
Allam
Otto cycle Diesel cycle
description description
Otto Cycle works on four The diesel cycle works on

processes, which commences different processes, which
with intake stroke where the contains four steps in total. It
mass of air is pushed into the starts with the adiabatic
piston at unvarying pressure. compression, moves to next step
The second step is compression called heat addition at constant
stroke, where isentropic pressure. Then it follows
compression takes place. It is the adiabatic expansion, and finally
actual time when the mixture of gets into the process where the
fuel and air is compressed. At heat is rejected at constant
this point, the cylinder will move volume.
from bottom dead center to the
top.
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Mohamed
Allam
1. They Proposed the Idea
The first difference between Otto cycle and diesel cycle lead us back to different years, when it was
proposed. The idea of Otto Cycle was given by Nicolas Otto back then in 1876 while the other one, the
diesel cycle, was proposed by Dr. Rudolph Diesel, who introduced it to the world then in 1897. So, the
idea was proposed by two different people and in different years, which differentiated these two cycles
at the first point.
2. Diesel Cycle Vs. Otto Cycle- The Compression Ratio

Yes, the compression ratio works differently in both these cycles. Starting with the Diesel cycle, it has a
high compression ratio and condenses the entire mixture up to 22.1 ratios. On the other hand, if we
speak of Otto Cycle, it has a low compression ratio of 11:1 to compress the mixture. All one need to
keep in mind are certain maintenance tips to keep up the smooth working of both the cycles.
Eng.
Mohamed
Allam

Mostafa Hany - Ass 2

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lagging pipe definition

Un lagging pipe definition

Pipe insulation materials

Is it necessary to increase the insulation

The thermal efficiency

Relation between mechanical efficiency and two

Less noise is created by engine. More noise is created by engine.

More thermal efficiency. Less thermal efficiency.

It consumes less lubricating oil. It consumes more lubricating oil.

Equations of Mechanical Efficiency

Otto Cycle works on four The diesel cycle works on

2. Diesel Cycle Vs. Otto Cycle- The Compression Ratio

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