DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

FACULITY OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF SHADE ON GROWTH, PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF
ORGANIC COFFEE

BY:Wassihun Alemayehu
ID Number:ONAR(R)-478/11

Advisor: Mrs Eden Meleku(MSc,In Horticulture)

A Senior Seminar Paper
SUBMITED TO AGRICULTURAL FUCULITY DEPARTMENT OF
HORTICULTUTEDEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY,iFOR PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF
DEGREEPROGRAMON COURS TITTLE OF SINOR SEMINAR PAPER(Hort3151)

Debre Tabor ,Ethiopia

April,2021

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Firstly I would like to praise God for providing me with the strength and patience that I required
to complete the seminar. I would also like to express my deepest and heartfelt thanks as well as
my most sincere appreciation and gratitude to my advisor Eden Melaku (Msc.)In horticulture.
Lastly, I would like to thank my classmate students and best friends.

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................................................................................................ii

List of Table Page.................................................iv

List of Abbreviation...................................................................................................................................iv

Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................v

1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1

1.1.Objectives..............................................................................................................................................2

2.LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................................3

2.1. Physiological effect of shade on growtsh,production and quality of organic coffee.............................3

2.1.1. Eco-physiology of coffee...................................................................................................................3

2.1.2.Shade and its physiological significance.............................................................................................3

2.1.3. Advantages of shade for coffee production........................................................................................5

2.1.4. Ideal shade trees for coffee................................................................................................................5

2.2. Soil temperature....................................................................................................................................5

2.3. Relative humidity.................................................................................................................................6

2.4. Photosynthetic rate...............................................................................................................................7

2.5. Quality of coffee bean..........................................................................................................................9

2.6. Coffee Production in Ethiopia..............................................................................................................9

3. Summery and conclusion.......................................................................................................................10

4. Future line of work/prospects................................................................................................................11

5. References.............................................................................................................................................11

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List of Table Page
Table 1………………………………………………………………………7

List of Abbreviation
ASL Above sea level
SAL Specific area of leaf
No Number
MMC medium moisture content
RWC relative water content

TDM Total Dry Matter

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v
1. Introduction
Ethiopian is the primary centre of origin and genetic diversity of Arabica coffee plant. The
agriculture based Ethiopia economy is exceedingly reliant on coffee Arabica as it contributes
more than 60% of the country’s foreign exchange earnings (Mekuria;et al 2004). The existence
of genetically diverse strains of this crop plant in this country leads botanists and scientists to

agree that Ethiopia is the centre of origin diversification and dissemination of coffee plant
(Bayetta 2001). According to Anon (1999) Ethiopia has four type of coffee producing system
forest coffee (10%) semi forest coffee (35%) and garden coffee (50%) and plantation coffee
(5%). However,Mekuria et al (2004) elucidated that variation exists in genotypes eco-physiology
and the biosphere of coffee under this production system.

Coffee Arabica, Arabica coffee forms the major production of world trade. Coffee canephor
Robusta coffee forms the remainder. Two species coffee Liberia and excels produce inferior
coffee and are only grown locally in some place in Africa primarily for local use. There is no
significant trade in these coffees. There are many other similar species with in genus coffee.
Many grown in very limited areas and there may be a few as yet undiscovered in the African rain
forest. None of these has any commercial importance some may have hybridized to some extent
with coffee canephor of which there are several forms.

Coffee cultivation in Ethiopia (Mekuria etal ., 2004) is considered as a natural way of growing
coffee because it involves the principle which lamberts Van Bueren and struik (2004) called the
concept of naturalness growing coffee under shade is one of the most fundamental principles in
traditional organic coffee growing system. It provides ideal microclimate for growth and
production of coffee bushes by damping the diurnal ambient air temperature oscillation. It also
maintains the organic matter content of the soil by contribution biomass form lead litter and
small twigs (Beer et al 1998). Shade tree also minimizes soil erosion acting as a physical barrier
and reduce the intensity of rain in addition their deep root system helps in percolation or rain in
to deeper layer of the soil thus minimizing runoff of rain water and at the smame time

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contribution to recharging of ground water. In addition to these it is also reported that shade trees
increases water input by reducing vapor transpiring. Shaded coffee plantation compare quite
favorable to natural forest as refuges for migratory birds (Wille 1994) and also have high
potential as refuges for biodiversity (Perfecto et al 1996). Furthermore, they can serve as
pathways or stop over for the migrant of 2animal’s species between natural reserves.

Coffee plants are naturally in tolerant of excessive light intensity. Excessive light intensity as
indicated by kitao et al (200) affects plant growth by promoting photo oxidation of chloroplast
components which provoke a reducing of productivity as a result of photo inhibition but shade
trees were found to reduce the percentage of light intensity reaching coffee bushes.

1.1. Objective
-To review physiological effects of shade on growth, production and quality of organic coffee.

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2.LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Origin, distribution and botany of coffee

2.2 Coffeeproduction in the world

2.3 Coffee Production in Ethiopia

2.4.Physiological effect of shade on growth, production and quality of organic coffee

2.4.1. Eco-physiology of coffee

The main objective of crop physiology is to find how the morphological characters and the
physiological activates of crops interact with the environment to determine yield. Coffee being
extremely valuable cash crop various workers has tried to add knowledge to accomplish this
objective. Coffee Arabica was brought in to cultivating relatively recently. Most trees in
cultivation are no more that ¾ generation form the wild. Consequently, many features of crop
physiology seem to reflect its adapting ot its native habitats namely the cool shady environment
in the under story of forest in Ethiopia high lands where there is one ‘winter day season’
(Willsonet al., 1999).

2.4.2.Shade and its physiological significance

The use of shade is the most controversy aspect of coffee culture. Some people believe that
shade is essential because coffee is found growing naturally in the forest. The claim that in areas
where coffee is unshaved it tends to over bear. The necessity for shade growing is of popular
beliefs due to knowledge that much coffee grows in shade. However there is the equal realization
that much more than half of producing coffee trees in the world are grown in full sunlight
(Bayeta et al., 2001).

There is argument on the side of shade growers who believer that taste quality from shade coffee
is the best which shaded trees are healthier and that shade plantain lost longer than those in the
sun do. On the country the growers who have their trees in the sun consider that their trees are
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sufficiently healthier to be satisfactorily they are learning that qualities are not lower and that the
economics is better because of the larger quantities more easily produced (Anon et al 1999).

Some authorities suggest that coffee is a shade loving plant while other claim that is a sun loving
plant and un shaded condition are necessary high yields. This is probably true although coffee
will tend to over bear which arises form higher temperatures and increased light intensity cussing
a potential higher level of cropping followed by the inability of the trees to meet the higher
nutritional demands of the crop either in quantity or rate of uptake or both. In adequacy of
nutrient in the soil may be the primary cause but the higher soil temperatures at times of the
years and the consequent lowering of soil moisture will limit the up take even if the nutrient
present in sufficient quantities (Coste et al. 1992).

Theoretically the general good effect of sunlight of coffee Arabica under desirable environment
would seem to be in sure greater absorption of nutrient. It would appear that coffee tree
metabolism is increased in the sun. it is found that heavy shdgn increased the size of leaves but
that they were fewer per plant and in reality tree growth was decreased. In parallel series trees in
full sun light had larger trunks and larger root system at the time in intermediate leaf shading
increased dry matter and carbohydrates with a tendency toward an increase in potassium calcium
and phosphorus. With good but not excessive shade the soluble nitrogen increased in the foliage
and decreased inurn shaded leaves. With no nutrient present at rots the plant will quickly use it
up but when it is supplied again it will just as readily put back in to the leaves. With the presence
of an excess of nitrogen the degree of accumulation is more or less dependent up on the amount
of solar energy available to plant undermuch shade there will be seriously reduced carbohydrates
formation and inconsequence poorer use of the ammonium compounds.

This result in actual tissue injury that cause leaf symptoms apparently form release of the excess
ammonium ion (Fanjulet al1976). Under shade the stimulus of light and temperature is much
smaller and consequently the coffee leave is potentially lower and nutritional demands are less.
Shade is a means of ameliorating the effect of one or more factors which would otherwise leads
to over bearing. Its overall effect is ether fore to reduce the possibility of cropping at rate which
is beyond the capacity of the soil a support, it is possible that the higher level of cropping in un
shaded coffee could be maintained with adequate soil moisture and the necessary fertilizers
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under shade the reduced temperature and light intensity may prove to be limiting factors to
increased producing even when soil moisture and nutrient are insufficient supply. The variation
in yield form year to year in coffee grown under shade is much smaller while un shaded coffee
shows great variation. Arabic coffee is physically as shade a adapted species and most progenies
form natural plant such as germ plasma collection form Ethiopia become severely stressed when
grown without over head shade and have low yield (Vander Vassen1985).

In many situation coffee would grow well without shade and out yield shaded coffee. The higher
yield needed more fertilizer shade stimulates early flowering (Perkins, 1947; quoted by kimemia
and Njoroge, 1988). In general unfertilized shade coffee yield a little less than unfertilized un
shaded coffee. But fertilized un shaded coffee yield much more than fertilized shaded coffee.
Fournier (1988).in general unfertilized shade coffee yield a little less than unfertilized un shaded
coffee. But fertilized un shaded coffee yield much more than fertilized shaded coffee. Fournier
(1988). Reviewed coffee planting under shade and full sun light. While in shaded coffee gives
yield 10-20 percent higher than shaded coffee he suggested that a final decision be deferred until
more date is available.

The long term effect of higher yield form un shaded coffee should be evaluated before a final
recommendation is made. Andore (1988b) discussed the value of shade distribution of shade tree
in the plantain. Plantain requiring high yield form a system with high input does not usually
shade the coffee. Shade had a number of effects on the plantain system in additions to reducing
the amount of light reaching the coffee trees. Shade tree roots often explore different level of sol
form coffee roots and absorb nutrients the unlimitedly reach the coffee as leaf fall. On the other
hand they compete for moistures although then coffee may use slightly less because the shade
reduce temperature wind speed and insulation around the coffee leaf.

2.4.3. Advantages of shade for coffee production

Production systems of coffee vary from multi-strata agroforestry systems to full-sun
monocultures. In agroforestry coffee production systems, coffee trees are planted together with
forest trees or within leguminous trees, fruits, timbers, and fire woods. The question of whether
the coffee tree benefits or not from shelter trees has not been clear for more than a century (Beer,
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1987;Damatta, 2004). Shading plantation can provide a number of important benefits to coffee. It
has been found to reduce air temperature, soil, and leaf surface temperature as well as the
thermal amplitude (Da Silva Neto et al., 2018).

2.4.4. Ideal shade trees for coffee

Shad tree spacing varies form species to species. Acacia, cordial, Milltia and Albizziaa do have
large canopy and they require wider spacing than trees with narrow spacing canopy such as
erythrina lacaena. The row of planting should be form north to south. Trees may cast their shade
form east to west and west to east. The shade tree can be planted intercropped in a pure stand
with coffee or strip cropped in mixed stand.

2.4. 4.1 Soil temperature

Soil temperature is a critical part of the survival of many organisms both big and small. It also
plays an essential role in many processes with takes place in the soil such as chemical reaction
biological interactions. However it varies in response to exchange processes that take place
primarily though the soil surface. But shade play significant role in cooling and maintaining the
extreme fluctuation of this sub surface temperatures. In this experiment significantly lower soil
temperature was observed or coffee plats grown under shaded condition than that of un shaded
one. Barrades and fanjul (1986) have also reported similar result in shaded coffee plant with
pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan) in comparison to un shaded ones. Morais et al (2006) carried out
similar research as that Barrades and Fanjul (1986) and also arrived at asimilarcondlusi that
shade reduces soil temperature regardless of variation in shade percentage. According to these
authors these must be attributed to the ability of shaded soil to stabilize the local thermal
balances by absorbing a considerable quantity of heat during the day and returning it to the
atmosphere enduring the night. Furthermore, they continued to explaining that the constant
attenuation of soil temperature independent of the variety on shade density was due to the
reduction of the sol that flux caused by the accumulated photomaps stem and levees. Siebert
(2002) who evaluated the environmental and biodiversity effects that are associated with sun and
shade grown perennial crops (cacao and coffee) in Indonesia he also reported that the soil
temperature under shaded condition was significantly lower than that of un shaded one.

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Generally speaking shade reduces and stabilizes the sol temperature by reducing the radiant flux
reaching the soil and modifying the temperature amplitude with less thermal oscillating at the
soil surface and consequently throughout the profile giving suitable condition for the plant under
story and micro fauna in the soil.

2.4.4.2 Relative humidity

Relative humidity is the water vapor in the air at a given temperature compared with the
maximum amount of water vapor that he air could hold at that he air could hold at that
temperature and is ration that is expressed as percentage. It also important to plant because it
partly controls the moisture loss form the plant and it is a key factor in the acclimation of the
stomatal response to carbon dioxide (Talbott et al 2003). Here in this experiment the relative
humidity of the air under shaded condition was significantly higher than that of open sun
condition. The increment in the intensity of sun light and air temperature decrease the percentage
o the moisture in air of open grown coffee plant. But shade by its effects of increasing these
parameters enhanced the increment of the percentage of relative humidity for the crop growing
under it. Because of the absence of shade coffee growing in an open sun that mediate the
relationship between air temperature and relative humidity. The correlating that was observed
between air temperature and relative humidity was highly significant in an open sun than that of
shaded condition. This therefore shows the ability of shade plants to regulates the micro
climacteric condition for the optimum performance of the under story plant coffee.

Similarly greater air temperature was registered for coffee plant grown an open sun. the
reduction of this air temperature for coffee growing under shaded condition was according to
Campania et al (2005) who found comparable to those in this research activity attributed to a
small direct in incidence of solar radiation on coffee canopy. In addition to this fact Morais et al
(2006) also provided information on what shade does for crops growing as an under story plant.
Shading according to their say provides a microclimate which attenuates air and soil extreme
temperature preserves surface soil humidity and products coffee form the impact caused by high
reduction of ambient temperature.

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Table 1. Effect of shade level on growth and relative water content of seedling(RWC) Total Dry matter
(TDM) and medium moisture content(MMC) Anteneh et al.(2015)

Shade level (%) Plant height (cm) Leaf numbe r TDM (g) of seedling RWC (%) MMC (% by volume)
a c c b b
0 2 5 . 7 1 4 . 4 5 . 3 6 4 . 9 1 4 . 6
b b b a a
2 5 2 8 . 5 1 5 . 3 6 . 1 6 8 . 0 2 1 . 7
a a a a a
5 0 3 0 . 0 1 7 . 0 6 . 6 6 8 . 5 2 2 . 8
a b b a a
7 5 3 0 . 2 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 6 8 . 9 2 3 . 5

2.4. 4.3 Photosynthetic rate

Photosynthesis rate is the single basic process by which plant reduce carbon dioxide to increase
their own biomass and provide for reproducing (Glumon and Chu, 1981). Photosynthetic rate is
the rate at which carbon dioxide is assimilated in order to increase this biomass. Photosynthetic
rate of an in act leaf which is enclosed in a leaf chamber is measured by dictating the decrease in
cabicaarbon dioxide concentration as a function of time. That is to mean by measuring the
quantity of carbon dioxide consumed per unit tie. However different factor affect the
photosynthetic rate of a given plant of which light intensity is one. Plant of some species perform
differently if are grown under different light regime. Mean of photosynthesis rate during this
experiment was also found to be greater for coffee plants grown under shade condition that of an
open sun case. From conclusion made by (Glumon, Chu 1981) high rate of photosynthesis means
there is high biochemical physiological potential for high carbon dioxide capacity.

The result observed in this experiment is hinline with friend (1984) who clearly explained the
situation in which such condition happens. According to his explanation plants have evolved
several ways of optimizing photosynthesis under shaded condition. The first and most important
adjustment is by increasing their specific leaf area (SLA) which also observed here in this
experiment too by a raising the proportion of new photosynthetic diverted to the producing of
leaf rather than to the producing of non photosynthetic organs. At the same time he indicated that

8
morphological changes may result in the formation of thinner leaves so that the area produced by
addition of a given unit of photosynthetic is increased. Another important attribute is the change
in physiology of the leaf which Friend (1984). Called ‘adaptation’. This is the physiological
change developed in response to shading and resulted in increased quantum efficiency in leaves.

The most typical shade adaptation is something that is maintained by prioul and Bourdus (2005).
According to these authors shade plant may also have leaves capable of using irradiation at
levels considerably higher than hose under which they were grown in the sun. they called such
ability of these leaves as ‘adjustment’. This adjustment has the ecological advantage of utilizing
the short period of thhd irradiation in photosynthesis that come under canopies of their shade
providing plant. Fahl et al (1994) in Carelli et al (1999) strengthen this situation by explaining
another modification that shade grown coffee leaves do in order to maximize their efficiency of
unitizing irradiation. According to this authors shade grown coffee develop thinner leaves with
more thylakoids per grannum and more grana per chloroplast. In addition to this individual leaf
area becomes large with higher chlorophyll content.These in general allow more efficient
capturing of available light energy. In doing as coffee pant modify and adapt themselves if the
low light condition under shade. Luiza et al (2005) on the other hand report a different result
from what has been observed her. These authors indicated that under natural light and
temperature regimes higher carbon dioxide assimilation rates were observed in coffee plants that
were groan in full sun light in 80% percent shaded pant indicating that the result was in
agreement with the obtained by yamaguchi and friend (1979) and Fahl et al (1994) which was in
fact carried out under controlled condition (temperature a round 250c).

Furthermore, the density of the shade plant mattes her in this case. The authors also indicated
that different results from their finding (lower photosynthetic rebates in sun light grown coffee
plants compared to the shaded one) were obtained by Nunes et al (1968) and kumar and Tieszen
(1980). Nunest et al., (1968) associated this with leaf temperature and stomata conductance.
According to their explanation the result was attributed to increased leaf temperature (above
250c) and the subsequent lowering stomatal condactactance which have of course induced by the
light carom dioxide concentration in the mesophyll. As a result of these factor the photosynthetic

9
rate of coffee plats grow in an open sun was becoming lower those of plant grown under shaded
condition.

This indicates that the continued rise of light intensity does not resulted in a continues increment
of photosynthetic rate. This made increases until a point is reached were the rate beings to level
due to other limiting factors like carbon dioxide concentration and leaf or air temperature. As
temperature increases the raters of photosynthesis increases but at some point an optimum
temperature is reduced above which the enzymes being to denature slowing the rate
photosynthesis until a temperature is reached where photosynthesis does not occur at al. but
under shade condition such extreme rise of temperature is regulated by shade plat itself resulting
in the efficient utilization of the available light intensity there by reusing the mean
photosynthetic rate of the leaves.

2.4.4.4Quality of coffee bean

Dry coffee cherry weight was weight which was weighted on 1000 seed weight base indicated
that there exists variation in bean weigh between the treatments. Coffee beans developed under
shade conditioning out weighted the counter pared coffee beans developed in a open sun 13.9g.
muschler (2001) who weighted the fruit on 100 seed weight base has also found significantly
heavier fruit weight in open shaded (intermediate shade) and dense shaded coffee relative to the
un shaded ones. Similarly the percent coffee bean size that were grown under shaded condition
was also founded to be hihertha their equivalent screen size coffee bean percentage of un shaded
one. This fruit is in accordance with Carvajal (1984), Muschler (2001) Moriais et al (2006).
Moschler (2001), who conducted similar experiment and arrived at similar result, indicated
coffee bean size significantly and consistently, increases even with increasing shade levels.
According to these authors the larger and heavier fruit with increasing shade is mainly attributed
to then effects of shade primarily though temperature reaction and an extension of et ripening
period. This effect of shade in which it contributes for the increment of size and weight through
decreasing temperature and extending ripening period has also been documented by other
authors like cannel (1974); AldaZebal and Alarcon (1994) Guyot et al (1996) Salazar (1999)
sited in Muschler (2006), Mugiel et al (1995) in Morais et al (2006) linked this effect shaded
with accumulation of sugar.
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According to these authors shading delay fruit maturation and ripeness to that sugar and soluble
solid responsible for quality get chance to accumulate much more than that of an open sun
condition resulting to better quality and heavier fruit. In smen literature Vaast and Harmand
(2002) arrived at similar conclusion shoeing that shading enhances

coffee qualtuy in terms of biochemical copositoninclusing the content of caffeine oil and
chloropgenci acid Baggion and Caramoni (1997); Deer and Muschler (1998) and perforecto et al
(1996) described five main environment related to advantage of shaded coffee system of which
one is the quality and size of coffee veins and he taste of the finished products are better under
shade system than under system without tree. The higher temperature which of occur regulated
by shade giving plants generally hastens fruit maturai and ripening buy results to the relative loss
of quality. In general production of higher yield per tree leased to decreases in coffee bean size
and hence quality.

2.6. Coffee Production in Ethiopia

The production of coffee is of an enormous relevance for Ethiopia, playing a dominant role in
economic, social, cultural and environmental terms. It is the central agricultural export product.
In the 2008/09 crop year, an average of about 27000 metric tonnes of coffee is produced in the
country (EAFCA, 2010). Out of this 60% of the exported coffee is specialty. Nevertheless, a
special feature of Ethiopian coffee production is that domestic consumption is considerably high,
21 as coffee is a traditional beverage throughout the country; FAO estimates that about 50
percent of the total harvest is used within Ethiopia, and that some farmers grow coffee only for
home consumption (Dercon 2002 cited in Grades, 2006). For the rapidly growing population,
coffee is a means of subsistence or even sole source of income. In line with this, the livelihood of
25 % of the total population is estimated to depend on its production, processing and marketing
directly or indirectly (Tadesse WoldemariamGole and FeyeraSenbeta, 2008).

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3. Summery and conclusion
Shade reduces stabilized soil and temperatures increases and preserves surface soil humidity and
also reduces the direct light intensity reaching the plant. These effects of shade lower the vapor
pressured difficult between leaves and the resulting in a decreased leaf transpiration rate and
providing increased rate of photosynthesis. As a result coffee plants grown under shade condition
have high biochemical and physiological potential for high carbon fixate capacity. Coffee plants
form under shaded condition accumulated much more nitrogen in their leaves that open sun
grown coffee plants. The higher nitrogen content of the leaf the lesser the photo oxidative
destruction of the photosynthetic apparatus and therefore the better the photosynthetic
performance of the leaves. Shaded through decreasing temperature and extending ripening period
promotes larger and heavy fruit with better cup taste than open condition. Open sun grown coffee
on the other hand produces more coffee beans than shaded condition. In this system the
decreased amount of yield might be attributed to the density of shade and coffee plants. But it
appears that sustainable moderate yield is much more important for the grower than maximum
yield ate one go. In general, has confirmed the significant eco-physiology role of shade for
coffee grown under it as it protects coffee form stress and regulates ecological condition through
its different effects. This resulted coffee plants grown under shade to perform better than those
grown in an open sun. Therefore, coffee growers should maintain and proceed with their
traditional coffee growing husbandry in order to optimize their coffee production system and
manage their natural resource before the ecosystem will be either completely wiped out or
irreversibly degraded due to the current producing system growing coffee in an open sun.

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4. Future line of work/prospects
Coffee belongs to genus coffee and Rubiceae family. Form that family the most economic
important types are coffee Arabica which accounts for 80% coffee canephor which accounts for
20% and coffee liberica which accounts for 1%. Coffee liberica is a locally used or consumed
coffee species rather than exporting. Those coffee species are affected by many different
environmental conditions like rain fall wind temperature light. While those conditions are
favorable for pathogens the pathogens are starts to attack coffee plants and cause loss of yield,
quality and quantity at eh end result. Coffee is a back bone of our countries economy for foreign
currency exchanges. However further research need to be carried out to investigate the
appropriate shade percentage and the compatibility of giving shade plants and coffee. In addition
to these to investigate the severity of completion between shade and coffee plants for both
nutrient and water is another line of work to be addressed.

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5. References
Ali Mohammed. 2001., text book on coffee action and management Jimma Ethiopia

AntenehN,TayeK,Tesfaye s.(2015).review of Arabica coffee management Research in

ethiopia.Jounral of biology ,Agriculture and Healthcare 5(13):2224-3204.

Baggio, A.J., Caramori, P.H. and Androcioli Filho, A. (1997). Productivity of southern Brazilian
coffee plantation shaded by different stoking of graveliarobustaAgro forestry system.

Barradas VL and Janjul L (1986). Microclimatic characterization of shade and open grown
coffee (coffee Arabica L) plantation in Mexico. Agricultural and forest meteorology.

Beer J (1987). Advantages, disadvantages and desirablecharacteristics of shade trees for

coffee,cacao and tea.Agroforestry Systems 5:3-13.

Carelli, M.l., j I Fahl P.C Trivelin and R. Queirozvolton, Y. (1999). Carbon isotope
discrimination and gas exchange in coffee species grown under different irradiance regimes.
RevistaBrasileriadefisilogiga vegetal.

DaMatta FM (2004). Ecophysiological constraints on theproduction of shaded and unshaded

coffee : a review. FieldCrops Research 86(2-3):99-114.

Da Silva Neto FJ, Morinigo KPG, De FrançaGuimarãesN,De Souza Gallo A, De Souza MDB,
Stolf R, Fontanetti A(2018)

Fahl j, Careli MLC, Vega J, Magalhaes AC (1994). Nitrogen and irradiance level affecting net
photosynthesis and growth of young coffee plant (Coffea Arabica L) J. Hort. Sci.

Frend, D.J.C (1984). Shaded adaptation of photosynthesis in coffee Arabica Journal of

photosynthesis research the Netherland.

Grades, E. (2006). Governing the Ethiopian Coffee Forests: A Local Level Institutional Analysis
inKaffa and Bale mountains. Doctorial Dissertation. Center for Development Research ZEF,
Bonn.

Haarar, A,E. 1962 modern coffee production (2nd). Leonard Hill book ltd

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Kassahun Bantie 2001 coffee production and management a teaching material.

Katio, M; T Lie, Koike, H Tobita and Y. Maruyama (2000). Susceptibility to photo inhibition of
tree deciduous broad leaf tree species with different success ional traits raised under various light
regimes plant cell environment.

Muschler R.G (2001) shade improves coffee quality in a sub optimal coffee zomne of coast Rica
in agro forestry system.

Eastern African Fine Coffees Association Report, 13 January, 2010.

http://www.eafca.org/afcc7/documents/EAFCA%20COFFEE%20REPORT%20-
%2013%20JAN.pdf

Sieberts, S. F (2002). From shade to sun grown perennial crops in shuhawesi Indonesia
implication for biodiversity conservation and sol fertility. Kluwer Academic publisher T the
Netherlands. Biodiversity and conservation.

Wilson K.C 1999. Coffee cocoa Tea Cambridge publisher ltd.

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