(Subject )

The subject of a clause is the noun group that refers to the person or thing that
is doing the action expressed by the verb.
e.g
A doctor came to our school recently.
She is my sister.
____________________________________________________________
(Sentence Strtucture : Subject + Verbs)
In the S+ V sentences , there is one actor doing the action. The actor (S) always
goes first followed by the action (verb).
e.g
She walked to school.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
(Singular Pronouns)

Are used to take the place of a noun that has already been mentioned. "I, you, he,
she, it " are all singular pronouns.

e.g
This is our playground. It is my favorite place in out school.

"It" takes place of "playground"

____________________________________________________________

(Plural Pronouns)
It replaces more than one person, place, or thing. "Them,us, you" are plural
pronouns.
e.g
Lily and Lucy are my good friends. I love them.
"them" replaces "Lily and Lucy"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(Adjectives)
Adjectives describe nouns. Adjectives usually come before the word they describe.
e.g
It's a sunny day today.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Present Perfect Tense)

We use the present perfect tense to talk about an action that began in the past and
has result now.
e.g
I have studied English for three years.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Present Simple Tense)

The Present Simple Tense is used to talked about facts or things that always
happen.
How to form the the present simple tense of the verb:

He/ She/ It + verbs(-s or -es) + object.

e.g
Tom plays basketball.
She goes to school.

I/you/We/ They + verb in base form + object

e.g
They take the bus to school.
We visit the museum.
__________________________________________
(Present Continuous Tense)
It is used for thing that are happening now. We use "am/is/are + V-ing" to show
the present continuous tense.
e.g
He is having dinner.
You are working hard today.

How to form the Present Continuous Tense of the verb:

Subject + (am, is ,are) + base verb + -ing

I am walking.
He is writing an email.

We make the Present Continuous Tense by adding "-ing" to the verb:

e.g
Watch + - ing = watching
We are watching TV.

If the base verb ends in "e", we drop the "e" and add "-ing":
e.g
come + -ing = coming
She is coming to the party.

If the base verb ends in consonant-vowel-consonant, double the last letter and add
"-ing".
e.g
swim + -ing = swimming
I'm swimming in the ocean.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(...said that...)
"...said that.." is used to report what people said.
e.g
(Direct Speech) Bob said, "I'm feeling ill"
(Reported Speech) Bob said that he was feeling ill.
__________________________________________________
("It's time to..." )

"It's time to..." is used to say that something should happen or should be done
now.

e.g
It's time to eat dinner.
It's time to wake up.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(As)
We use "as" when two things happen "at the same time", or something happened "as we
were doing something else."
e.g
Could you turn off the light as you go out?
Alex fell as she was getting off the bus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Use ...to...)
When used in a sentences, "use...to..." explains or express that someone or
something uses a body part, an object, or service for a particular purpose.
e.g
Seal use their flippers to move in water and on land.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Imperatives)
We use imperatives to ask or tell someone to do something.
e.g
Put these clothes on
Please, don't pick the flowers.

We use imperatives to ask or tell someone to do something. An imperative sentence

usually starts with a verb and ends with a period or an exclamation point.
e.g
Tell me about polar bears.

Sometimes, the imperative sentence ends with an exclamation point

e.g
Talk to me!

An imperative sentence asks or tells someone to do something. It usually starts

with a verb and with the pronoun "You" as the hidden subject.

Put the money in your (you) bag.

------------------------------
Imperatives (negative)
We use negative imperatives to tell someone not to do something. We usually put "
Don't " or "No" before the verb
e.g
Don't open the door.
No littering
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
[Simple Future Tense - (be going to)]
We use "be going to" when we talk about things that we have decided to do in the
future.
e.g
I'm going to play with my friends on Saturday.

The different forms of be (is, are, am) can be shortened to ( 's,'re, 'm) when used
before "going to"
_______________________________________________________
(Simple Future Tense)
In the simple future tense, "will" is used to talk about or predict the future.

The simple future tense talks about an action that starts and ends in the future.
We usually use it to ta about things that we decide to do now or at the time of
speaking.
The simple future tense is formed with "will" and the infinitive or the simple form
verb.

e.g
I will help you clean up the place.
The astronaut will meet aliens in the future.
We will have robots servants in the future.
I think she will come with us.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
(Simple Present Tense)

The simple present tense is used for things that are true in general, or things
that happen sometimes or all the time.
e.g
The earth goes round the sun.
I drink tea every day.
____________________________________________________
(Regret doing)

I "regret doing" something= I did it and now I'm sorry about it.
I "regret to say/ to tell you/ to inform you" = I'm sorry that I have to say...
e.g
Do you regret not going to the amusement park with us?
I regret to inform you that you have not been selected for the dancing club.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
{Interrogative Pronoun - (Which Job?)}
We use "which" when we are thinking about a choice of possibilities.
e.g
Which job sounds coolest to you?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
(...Wish...v-ed)
We use "wish + v-ed" to talk about that we regret something, or that something is
not as we would like it to be.
e.g
It is raining heavily. I wish I had an umbrella.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
(Subject+Verb+Object+Adverb)
The "subject" is the person, thing or animal that "does the action" in the
sentence.
The "object" is the person, thing or animal the subject "does the action to."
The "adverb" can "give information" on the place or direction of the action.
e.g
Katie left her book upstairs.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
(Subject+Verb+Object+Adjective)____________________________________________________
(Subject+Verb+Object+Noun/ Noun Phrase)
e.g

She named her baby Rosie.

{The noun is the name of the object}

They call him "Super Willy"

{The noun phrase is another name for the object}
______________________________________________________
(Subject+Linking Verb+Noun/ Noun Phrase)

In this sentence structure, the linking verb (V) comes before a noun (N) or noun
phrase (NP). The noun or noun phrase gives more information about the subject.
e.g

I am Cindy
She is Timmy's sister
______________________________________________________
(Providing That)
We use "providing (that)" to express "if" or "on condition that."
e.g
You can borrow the cat, providing I can have it back by six o'clock.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
(Compound Adjective)
Is an adjective that's made up of two or more words. Hyphens (-) are used to link
these words together an to show that they're part of the same compound adjective.
e.g
fast-moving
long-lasting
four-week
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
(Comparative forms of adjectives)

Comparative forms of adjectives are used to compare two things.

We add (-er) to an adjective to form its comparative.
e.g
longer, faster

We use more for adjectives with three or more syllables.

e.g
more exciting
more beautiful.

The word "than" usually follows the comparative adjective.

e.g
This hat is nicer than that hat.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
(Sequence)

Sequence is the order in which things happen. It can also be the steps that you
follow when doing something.
Sometimes clues words like first, after, then, next, later or last will help you to
find the order of events.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------

(Subject+Verb+Object)
It is a basis sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second,
and the object third.
e.g
You do magic tricks really well.

The object in the sentence structure (S+V+O) is a direct object.

e.g
She is reading a book.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
[Quotation Marks (" ")]
Used to quote the exact words of a person or words from a text.
We use (" ") before abd after someone's word.
e.g:
"Did you go for a picnic?" asked the teacher.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
(Object Complements)

An object complements follows a direct object.

It renames or describes the direct object.
It can be nouns(N), noun phrases (NP) or adjectives (Adj).
e.g
Miss Lily chose Timmy as the president.

When you "learn how to do something", you get some skills or knowledge that make it
possible for you to do it.
e.g
Mike learned how to put up a tent at summer camp.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------
(Object)

An object is what the verb is being done to.

Direct object: answers the question "what?" or Whom?"
Indirect object: answer the question "To whom?", "For whom?" or " For what?"
e.g
A monk asked his student a very important question.
John gave Jenny a present.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
(Simple Past Tense)

The simple past tense is used to describe events in the past. The word "was" in the
sentence shows the simple past tense.
e.g
The film was great.

_____
Simple Past Tense

In the simple past tense, most verbs change their form.

-regular verbs add "ed".
e.g laugh- laughed
Irregular verb do not end with "ed",
e.g
sit-sat, eat-ate
--------
Simple Past Tense

The simple past tense is used to talk about something that happened or existed in
the past or before now. We form the simple paste tense of some verbs by adding "-d"
or "-ed" at the end of the base form. We call these "regulars verbs"
e.g
I walked to school this morning.(walk-walked)
I tie-dyed my shirt.(tie-dye -tie dyed)

For other verbs, called "Irregulars verbs, we form the simple past tense by
changing their spelling.
e.g
I ate a lot of food last night.(eat- ate)
I drew a pretty picture. (draw- drew)

Simple Past Tense of Irregulars Verbs.

Irregulars Verbs form their simple past tense by changing or keeping the same
spelling as thier base forms.

buy- bought
eat-ate
pay -paid

cut-cut
put-put
hit-hit

e.g
Jerry bought news shoes yesterday
I put the book in my bag last night.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
[Determiners (that/this)]

They are used before singular and uncountable nouns to indicate which thing you
mean.
Use "This" when the object is close.
Use "That" when the object is far.
e.g
This cat is white.
That puppy is gray

[Determiners (those/these)]

They are used before plurals nouns to indicate which thing you mean.
Use "These" when the object is close.
Use "Those" when the object is far.

e.g
Those feathers are beautiful.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
(Irregular plural Nouns)

Irregular plural Nouns are nouns that do not become plural by adding "-s" or "-es".
e.g
Child- children
man- men
woman- women
mouse- mice
The men stopped at all the oases that they found in the dessert.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
[Indefinite Pronouns (Anything)]

An indefinite pronouns doesn't refer to a specific person, place or thing.

"Everybody, nobody, someone, anyone, anything and nothing" are examples of
indefinite pronouns
e.g
I can eat anything I want
-We don't know what she will eat.

Someone broke my cellphone

-We don't know who broke the cellphone.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
(Proper Nouns)
It is refer to specific people, places or things. They always begin with with a
capital letter.
e.g
Timmy, China, Coke
_________________________________________________________
(Informational Text: Index)

The index in a book is a list of the topics, names and places mentioned in it,
together with the page numbers where they can be found. The index is usually found
at the back of a book.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
(Past Continuous Tense)

We use past continuous tense to talk about things that were happening in the past
or when something else happened.

e.g
I was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.
I was doing home when my father came home.
_________________________________________________________
(Exclamatory Sentence)

It is used to show strong feelings or emotions. It ends with an exclamation point

(!).
e.g
The kitten is cute!
I love my dog!
____________________________________________________________
[Plural nouns Form (-s)]

A plural noun names more than one person, place or thing. For the plural form of
most nouns, add "-s"
e.g
Desk- desks
Pencil- pencils

Here are a few worksheets from the lessons you missed.

________________________________
[Plural nouns Form (-es)]

Add the suffix "-es" to nouns that ends in "s", "x", "ch","sh" to make the plural
form.
e.g
boss-bosses
fox-foxes
____________________________________________________________
(Possessive Adjectives)

A possessive adjective tells who owns or has something. "your", "my", "his",
"her", "our", "its", "their" are all possessive adjectives
e.g
This is your phone.
That is my cat.
___________________________________________________________-
(Arrive at VS arrive in)

Arrive in + big places (i.e towns, cities and countries.)

Arrive at + small places ( building amd parts of building)
e.g
I will arrive in Shanghai at night.
He will arrives at the airport in the aiport.
___________________________________________________________
(Adjective + preposition)

1. (be) nice/kind/good/ polite/rude TO somebody

2. sorry ABOUT something that happened or you did, sorry FOR somebody who is in a
bad situation
3. afraid/ scared/terrified OF
4. good/better/hopeless AT

e.g
Jason is not very good at repairing things.
I'm sorry about the mess. I'll clear it up later.
Grandapa was surpised by the news.
The city is famous for its art treasure.
______________________________________________________________
(Adjective + Noun)

Most adjectives appear before a noun as part of a noun phrase

e.g
Scientists are always finding new planets.
She had a beautiful smile.
___________________________________________________________
"...have [done/been]..."

is used to emphasize the result of a past action without mentioning the actual
time when it happened.

e.g
I have drunk two cups of coffee, but i'm still sleepy.
Scientists have never stopped exploring space.
I have spent almost two hours on this problem.
My dad has made a big dinner tonight.
_____________________________________________________________
(Past Participle)

A participle is a word formed a verb that can be used as an adjective. One way to
form a participle is to add -d or -ed at the end of a verb. These participles are
called PAST PARTICIPLES and can be used to describe how a person feels.
The verb "tire" means to make someone lose energy or want to sleep or rest.
e.g
Too much homework tires Timmy.

When you add -d, the verb becomes an adjective.

When you are tired, you feel the need to sleep or rest.
e.g
Timmy is very tired because he did chores all afternoon.
______________________________________________________________
(Nominal Possessive Pronouns)

A nominal possessive pronoun is a pronoun that replaces a noun phrase.

"Mine", "yours", "his", "its", "ours", "Timmy's" and "hers" are all called nominal
possessive pronouns.
e.g
This his cat. The cat is his.
(Notice "his" in the second sentence replaces the noun phrase "his cat".)
______________________________________________________________
[Participles (adjectives ending in "ing")]

An adjective that ends in "-ing" can be used to describe how something or someone
can make you feel.
For. example: Timmy's day on the beach was very relaxing.
(This means Timm'y day on the beach relaxed him.)
______________________________________________________________
(Interjection)

We use injections to show emotions or feeling. They are usually placed before or
after a sentence. They include "gosh", "hey", "um", "well", "yeah"...
e.g
Gosh, I ate four eggs just now.
_______________________________________________________________
(There is...)

We use "there is" to say that something is present or exists,

We use "there is" when the noun that follows it is singular.
e.g
There is a big difference between London and Beijing.
_______________________________________________________________
(There are...)

"There are" is the plural form of "there is".

e.g
There are many students in my class.
There are two children at the playground.
_______________________________________________________________
(Question Tags:)

a mini-question that we often put on the end of a sentence in spoken English.

1. Positive sentence + Negative Tag
e.g: She is late, isn't she?
2. Negative sentence + Positive tag
e.g: You didn't do your homework, did you?

_______________________________________________________________
(Descriptive Adjective)

is used to describe the size, color, or shape of a person, place, or thing. They
are used to provide more information about a noun or pronoun.
e.g
Beavers can dig huge holes.
Ants and termites are hardworking animals.
Some animals have amazing skills.
______________________________________________________________
(Be made of:)

We use "[be] made of" to say something that contains a particular substance or
material:
Note:
The desk is made of wood. (direct, we can see still see the wood}
Paper is made from wood. (Indirect, we can't see the wood anymore}
______________________________________________________________
(Simple Past Tense:)

Regular verbs end in "ed"

"Ed" can make different sounds in different words. It can sound like /t/, /d/ or
/id/
e.g
Looked, belonged, wanted

It looked like you were moving out of your house.

____________________________________________________________
[Link Verb: be (am, is, are)]

A link verb does not express an action. It links the subject to a noun or an
adjective.
e.g
I--am
You, They --- are
He, she , it --- is

I am Timmy.
Fastfood is unhealthy.
They are happy.
_______________________
(Link Verb)

"Taste" here is a link verb. The common link verb is the verb "be". Some common
link verbs relate to the five senses: "feel, look, taste, smell and sound".
e.g
The boy feels sad.
The bunny looks happy.
The juice tastes good.
__________________________________________________________
(Helping Verb "be")
The verb "be" can be used as a helping verb when it comes before the main verb.
e.g
I am taking a bath.
They are going to play football.
_______________________________________________________________
(Preposition of Time: 'in', 'on', 'at')

We often put 'in' before longer periods such as seasons, months and years
e.g
He usually goes boating in summer.

We often put 'on' before dates or days of a week.

e.g
I never get up early on Sundays.

We often put 'at' before clock time/noon/night

e.g
I always read at night.
We always have lunch at noon.
___________________________________________________________
(Uncountable Nouns)

Uncountable Nouns can't be counted sing numbers. They only have singular forms
e.g
milk -- some
sugar-- a lot of sugar
coffee-- a cup of coffee.
____________________________________________________________
[Short Forms (It's / he's / you're)]
"He's" is the short form of "he is". Short forms are not often used in formal
writing.
e.g.
He is a smart guy = He's a smart guy.
______________________________________________________________
(Sentence Pattern : "I'm Afraid")

We use "I'm afraid..." to politely tell someone about something that is unpleasant
or you're sorry about.
e.g
I'm afraid can't come to your dirthday party tomorrow.
I'm afraid I disagree with what you said.
I'm afraid that the library won't be here today.
_________________________________________________________________
(Adverb of Frequency + Verb)

An Adverb of Frequency ( always, usually, often, sometimes...) usually goes before

a main verb.

e.g
I always worry about the environment.
She usually goes shopping on Sundays.
My mother sometimes does housework.
_______________________________________________________________
(Transitive Verb)

A transitive verb is an action verb that indicates that the subject of the sentence
is doing something to a specific noun.
e.g
She played the piano.
He drank water.

A transitive verb requires an object in the form of a noun or pronoun to complete

its meaning.
e.g
I love the picture.
Mary drew it.

_______________________________________________

(Intransitive Verb)

There's no word in the sentences that tells who or what receives the action, while
there may be a prepositional phrase or an adverd following an intransitive verb.
E.g

She plays.
She plays in the park.
She plays happily.
________________________________________________
(Modal verbs)

A modal verbs is used with another verb to express a possibility, ability, .

"Can", "may", " must" are all modals verbs.
e.g
I can go to school by myself.
You may fall down if you run too fast
You must drink more water when you have a cold!
Modal Verb (Can)
It is a modal verb that has many uses. It's used to express ability or inability.

e.g
Lizards can cut their own tails to escape from an animal that wants to eat it.
Ostriches are birds that can't fly, but they can run very fast.
______________________________________________________
Modal Verb (Should)

Modal verbs are helping verb(verbs that help main verbs) used to express ability,
posibility, permision and necessity/obligation and suggestions. Modal verbs are
always followed by the base form of the mian verbs in sentences.

Shouls is a modal verb that can be used to express suggestions or neccesity/

obligation.

e.g
I think you should buy warm clothes for winter.

Should is used as helping verb fo the mail verb to express a suggestion.

____________________________________________________
(First Conditional)

We use the "first conditional" when talking about possible future events. It
consist of two parts:
If + present simple, ...will+ ...
e.g
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
________________________________________________________________
(Fact or Opinion)

Determining whether a piece of information is a fact or an opinion allows you to

know which details are true and which are someone's thought or feeling about
topic.
e.g
Fact: The button mushroom is a kind of mushroom that you can eat.
Opinion: Some people love burgers with mushrooms.
________________________________________________________________
(Simple Past Tense of Irregular Verbs)

Irregular verbs form their simple past tense by changing or keeping the same
spelling as their base forms.
e.g
buy - bought
put- put

Jerry bought new shoes yesterday.

I put the book in my bag last night.
________________________________________________________________
(Gerund)

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "ing". The gerund form of the verb
"read" is "reading". You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the
object of a sentence.
e.g
Brushing your teeth is important.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
I like reading stories.

Gerund Phrase
A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "ing". A gerund phrase consist of
gerund and its modifiers. A gerund or gerund phrase may appear in the beggining.
middle ar ond of the sentence.
e.g
Running in the morning

In this example, "running" ins the gerund. The modifier "in the morning" gives us
more information about the gerund." Running in the morning" is the gerund phrase.
_______________________________________________________________
Declarative Sentences.

A declarative sentence gives information. It always ends with a period.

A declarative sentence is used to make statements or give information. It's called

" declarative" because it declares or states something
e.g
The family drives to Los Angeles.
There is a convenience store behind the gas station.
Timmy is studying in the living room.
________________________________________________________________
(Contraction)

A contraction is a word made by removing some letters from two words and combining
them. The missing letters are replaced with an apostrophe ( ' ).
Contractions are used to make some words shorter and make sentences flow with ease.
e.g
He is- He's
They are - they'ere
Does not - doesn't
They have - They've.
_________________________________________________________________
(Prefix)

A prefix is a set of letter placed at the beginning of a word to change its

meaning. The prefix "un-" means "not". We use this to give the opposite meaning to
words.
e.g
Uncommon- not common
Unclean- not clean
Un finished- not finished

e.g
This water is dirty so it is undrinkable.
He spends a lot, which is why he's unable to save money.
Sandy is unafraid of spiders unlike most of her friends.
_______________________________________________________________
(Suffix)

A suffix is added at the end of a base word to modify its meaning.

e.g
base word + suffix

Success + ful = successful

_______________________________________________________________
[Sentence Pattern (... had better...)]
e.g
We had better go and see the dentist as soon as possible.
You had better take the medicine and not eat sweet food.
______________________________________________________________
(Main Idea)

Main idea is what the story or article is mainly about. It could be the "big idea"
of a whole work or a single paragraph.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
(Collective Nouns)

It is a noun the names a group that is made up of more than one person, animal, or
thing. The group is considered a single thing.

Herd: a herd of goat

School: a school of fish
Pack: a pack of wolves
Pride: a pride of lions
Flock: a pride of sheep.
______________________________________________________
"turn left/right on"

You can use turn left/right on... when giving directions or when describing where
someone goes.

e.g
The van turned right on the corner of the museum.

___________________________________________________________
Proper Noun

refers to a specific people, places and things. They always begin with a capital
letter.
e.g
Timmy
China
Eiffel Tower.
________________________________________________________________
("If you..., then you could...")

"If you..., then you could..."

We use "If you..., then you could..."to say that something else might happen if
you do something.

e.g
If you go into the forest, then you could get lost.

______________________________________________________________
("give...a lift")

To give someone a lift means to drive them to a place for free..

e.g
Nick gives his sister Sally a lift to the airport.
____________________________________________________________
(Subject Complement I)

Words or phrases that follow the linking verb are called Subject Complements:
Some subject complement are nouns.
e.g
She is my teacher.

Some subject complement are adjectives.

e.g
The cookie taste good.
____________________________________________________________
(Subject Complement II)

A subject compliments(SC) is a word or phrase that follows a linking verb. It tells

you some thing about the subject of a sentence.

e.g
These apples are green.

The subject complement "green" gives more information about the subject "apples".

e.g
Timmy feels sleepy.
The subject complement "sleepy" gives more information about the subject "Timmy".

_______________________________________________________________
(Subject complement III)

Subject complements describe or give more information about the subject of a

sentence
e.g
Jerry is my friend.

The subject complement "friend" gives more information about the subject "Jerry".
Only linking verbs connect the subjects to their subject complements.

e.g
Jane looks happy.
________________________________________________________________
("must have been...") (" can't have been...")

We use "must have been..." to show we believe something happened in the past.

e.g
He must have ill. He didn't look well yesterday afternoon.

We use " can't have been..." to show we believe something didn't happened in the
past.
e.g
He can't have been ill. I saw him playing football yesterday afternoon
________________________________________________________________
Sentence Structure (S+V+IO+DO)

When both and indirect object (IO) and a direct object (DO) are found in a
sentence, The IO comes first before the DO.
e.g
Fred baked his mom a pie.
_______________________________________________________________

Passive Voice.
A sentence is in the passive voice when its subject is acted on by the verb. We can
form the passive voice by combining "be" with the past participle of the verb. The
preposition "by" introduces who or what performs the action.
e.g
The poem was written by Emily Dickinson.

In this example, the subject "the poem" is the result of the action done by the
doer, "Emily Dickinson". The doer is also introduced using the preposition "by".
_____________________________________________________________

Subject+ Linking Verb + Adjective.

The linking verb verb connects the subject to the adjective. The adjective
describes the subject.

e.g

Timmy looks happy

Mary is funny.

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(Before)

"Before" means earlier that the time or event mentioned. Its act as a conjunction
here. The conjunction "before" joins one clause to another.

e.g
I always feed the dogs before I have dinner.
BefOre I have a dinner, I always feed the dogs
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Indirect Speech
--In direct speech, when talking about what somebody said in the past, the
present form in direct speech changes to the past form.

When talking about what somebody said in the past "am/is/are" in direct
speech change to their past forms in indirect speech.

When talking about what somebody said in the past "have/has/do/does" in

direct speech change to their past forms in indirect speech.

When talking about what somebody said in the past, the verbs in direct
speech change to their past forms in indirect speech.

When the direct speech is about general truth, we don't change the tense in
indirect speech

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"...is/are famous for..."

We use "... is/are famous for..." when we want to say that someone or something is
known or recognized by many people because of a particular characteristic.
e.g

The Sahara is famous for being the largest hot dessert in the world.
Cacti are famous for their ability to survive is very dry places.
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Plural: nouns ending in a consonant + y
We use the plural form of a noun to show that there is more than one of something.
With nouns ending in a consonant + y , we drop the "y" add "ies"

e.g
City- cities
Baby- babies.
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("Even though + Subject + Verb")

"Even though" is used to introduce a statement that you accept as being true, which
makes your main statement more surprising.

e.g
Even though the heating was on the bedroom wasn't warm.
Even though it was quite cold outside, he wasn't wearing a coat.
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Ordinal Numbers

It describe the order or position of something or someone in a series.

An ordinal number is a number that tells the position of something is a list,

such as first, second third, fourth, fifth, etc.

e.g
His house is the first one on the street.
She's drinking her second sup of coffee.
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Collective Nouns

it is a noun that names a group that is made up of mare than one person, animal or
things. Tge gruop is considered a single thing.

e.g
The little boy takes care of a flock of sheep on the farm.

The word "flock" is an example of collective noun used for animals. other examples
of collective nouns used for animals are:

herd- A herd of goats.

School - a school of fish.
pack- a pack of wolves.
pride - a pride of lion.
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Sequencing is the order in which thins happen. It can also be the steps that you
follow when doing something. Sometimes clue words like "first","after", "then",
"layer", or "last" will help you to findthe order of events.
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Open Compound Words

When two separate words create a new meaning but are not joined to gether, these
two words are called open compound words.

e.g
Shoulder blade
belly button.
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We use LIKE to express " similar to" or " the same as". It is followed by a noun, a
pronoun or _ing.
E.g
The building is like a palace.
Like me, SHe is a teacher as well.
It sounds like it is raining.

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Superlatives forms of Adjectives

are used to describe something which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality
They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects

We form superlatives by adding -st and - est

e.g longest and nicest
For adjectives ending in (y), we form superlatives by changing to -i and adding -
est:
e.g busiest and scariest..

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Grammar point to review:

Adverb clauses of place

-are groups of words that tells us where something was, is, or will be , or where
somthing happened, happens, or will happen. It start with adverbs of place, which
include, "Where. wherever, anywhere and everywhere."

e.g
Her duck follows her wherever she goes.
During migration, geese stop to rest where there is a resting area.

Adverb clauses of time

Adverb clauses of time shows when something happens. It is usually introduced by

time adverbs

E.g
Hens sit on thier eggs until they hatch.
I always take a bath before I go to bed.

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Personal Narrative

A personal narrative is about someone's experiences usually told in the first-

person point of view.
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Question Words (Why)

Why is a question word used for asking for reasons or explanations.

e.g
Why are you sad?
Why did you go to the United States?
Why do you want to go to France?

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Persuasive Text

Contains information that support a point of view. It's goal is to influence or

convince the reader to acept such a view.

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Quantifiers

A quantifier is a word or phrase that tells the amount ot quantity of something. It

always comes before nouns.

e.g
She always eats plenty of vegetables
Timmy sometimes eats too much pizza.

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Comparing and Contrasting

When comparing, you find out how how thing are the same and how they are different.
On the other hand, contrasting only gives attention to how things are different
from one another.

e.g

Both food groupd are good for the body.

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Infinitive Phrase

An Infinite phrase with modifiers is called and infinitive phrase. An infinitive is

formed by putting "to" + "base form of the verb" , and function as a noun,
adjective, or adverb.
E.g

Clara to play with the new student.

Kim likes to swim in the river.