Sheikh ahmad sirhndi

Sco

What is proxy war

Simla conference

Political culture of Pakistan

Delaying causes of dam construction

Failures of dam:

Faulty design

Improper construction

Poor maintenance practice

Hydraulic failure of earth dams:

Fact: four out of 10 earthen dams have failed due to hydraulic failures.

Three types of water storage:

Glaciers
groundwater storage and surface water storage (through dams)
Groundwater storage, on the other hand, is the most efficient and demand
responsive. It is little wonder then that in the United States alone hundreds of
dams are being decommissioned and water storage for the past 30 years has
almost exclusively been undertaken in groundwater mode.
https://herald.dawn.com/news/1398688

Is there a water crisis in Pakistan?

And what do we do about it, if not to build dams?

There is certainly a water crisis in Pakistan and it is a lot worse than we think it is.
And it has been around for decades. Children die of renal failure in Pakistan today due
to lack of clean drinking water. In parts of Karachi, people have not received water in
their taps for more than a decade. The crisis is urgent and it is here. The remedy
suggests itself in the simple statistic from Pakistan’s water distribution policy — that
97 per cent of water in Pakistan is devoted to agriculture.

All human habitations combined in Pakistan, including large cities like Karachi,
Lahore and Rawalpindi, can only lay claim to about two per cent of the available
water. Industry also uses one per cent of the total water. Meanwhile, Pakistan is the
second biggest exporter of cotton and one of the major exporters of rice and
sugarcane. All three crops are major consumers of water, and all three, generally, are
produced by large farmers. Simply removing subsidies on agricultural electricity, I
would argue, will solve the problem of water waste in the agriculture sector in one go.
Sensible crop choices could, furthermore, quadruple the amount of water available for
the all-important domestic water supply sector

Diamer basha dam:

Significance of dam:

Protection from floods, storage of water, and cheap electricity.

Location is very important, it will have less expenditure than other regions.
Delay:
Claim of india that this location is disputed
Failure of government policies
1.Due to this international donors and investors backfired due to threat from india, they avoid
investment.
2. Second issue was finances, Pakistan lack finances to complete this project.
3. local residents were living their, people demand more amount to rehibilate other place,
government has convinced them on place of any alternative.
If diamer basha dam completed then Pakistan will have capacity of 4500 mega watt under
wapda and water capacity will be increased to one month
Contract details:
13 may, 2020 70% share of china power and 30% share of FWO ( frontier work organization).
442 billion
Dawn :
Significance of dams:
Problem:
By 2025. Population will grow to 220 million
At the result, food deficit will grow to 28 million tons by 2025.
The country is facing serious water shortage for farming to
meet the food and energy requirements of the burgeoning
population.
 It is a tragedy that none of the previous governments took any decision
to build new major dam/reservoir after the construction of Tarbela
reservoir in 1976.

The world’s tallest roller compact concrete dam is but a part of a

multipurpose Rs1.4tr hydropower enterprise that will be funded through
public-sector development and commercial loan
That the contract for the dam construction has been awarded nearly 40 years
after the project was originally conceived, 16 years after its feasibility was
completed, 12 after its design was finalised and almost 10 years after it was
approved by the CCI speaks volumes for the financial difficulties and political
issues in implementing a large water development scheme.

In between, one president and three prime ministers found time to lay its
foundation stones between 1998 and 2011.

Recently, work on Diamer-Bhasha was delayed by international lenders’

decision to pull out of the project after India objected to the location of the
dam, which straddles Gilgit-Baltistan and KP.

Last year, the government decided to split the project into two major
components — the dam project to be constructed with public-sector funds and
the power project to be developed in IPP mode — and involve Chinese firms
and money to complete it.

The Diamer-Bhasha project is an economically important enterprise as it will

create water storage of 8.1MAF for agriculture and generate 81bn units of
clean electricity once it is completed in 2028.

It is also billed to save the economy Rs23bn in flood losses annually, bring
1.23m acres of additional land under cultivation, reduce water shortages from
12MAF to 6.1MAF, increase water storage capacity from 30 days to 48 days,
and add 35 years to the life of Tarbela by reducing sedimentation.

During its construction, the project is expected to create 16,550 jobs (mostly
for the local population), generate a large demand for cement and steel, and
stimulate economic growth, which is estimated to contract by up to 1.5pc
owing to the pandemic.

The years between 1958 and 1976 were seen as the best period for the
development of the water sector and hydropower projects in the country.

Tarbela and Mangla are also from the same period.

It was followed by a largely dry spell until 2007 when the pace of such projects
picked up as water shortages became more acute and thermal electricity
generation unaffordable and erratic — this in spite of the Water
Apportionment Accord of 1991 between the provinces that underlines the need
for building more water storages to store floodwaters and overcome growing
shortages.

The availability of water for irrigation is declining and weather patterns are
getting erratic because of climate change.

The country needs to build large storage capacity to save wastage of water in
order to protect food security and the indus basin habitate.

6 major dams of Pakistan

1. Diamer basha dam ( 64 lac acre ft water storage, 4500 MW electricity, 16500 jobs, 2028
completed )
Location: KPK and gilgit
2. Dasu ( 4320 mega wat, 8000 jobs, 2015 by nawaz sharif, phase 1 will be completed in 2024)
3. Muhammad dam ( 800 mega wat, 13 lac acre ft, started in 2019), 6000 jobs, will be
completed in 2024.
4. Sukhi kinari ( KPK, daryan kunhanr, 884 mega wat, 4000 jobs creation, in 2022 will be
completed, 50% work is done)
5. Karot project ( Jhelum per, 720 mega wat, 3000 jobs)
6.

Allama Iqbal’s concept of Muslim separatism in the context of Indo-Pak Subcontinent.

e 3rd June Plan or Mountbatten Plan and also describe how it was implemented?

Define non-state actors. ‘Non-state actors are posing more threat to Pakistan’s national security than
threats from external state actors.’ Argue in favour or against.

(20) Q. No. 6. Discuss the nature of centre-province relations under the 1973 Constitution.

(20) Q. No. 7. Discuss the changing trends in Pakistan- US relations since 2001

National integration of Pakistan

Energy sources to overcome energy crises

Role of HEC in education

CPEC

Role of judiciary in constitutional development

Give an account of the life and services of Shah Waliullah. How did he save the Indian Muslims from
political annihilation and religious degeneration?
(20) Q. No. 3. The Aligarh Movement was a pure educational venture but it had deep impacts on Indian
politics. Discuss.

(20) Q. No. 4. Critically analyze the elections of 1937 and the sufferings and grievances of the Muslims
under the Congress rule in the provinces (1937-1939). How much did it help in popularizing the idea of a
separate Muslim state in India?

(20) Q. No. 5. Jinnah in his Presidential Address to the annual session of All India Muslim League in
March 1940 said, “The problem in India is not of an inter-communal character, but manifestly of an
international one, and it must be treated as such.” Write note on the Two Nation Theory and the Lahore
Resolution of March 1940 in the light of this statement.

Write note on the post 9/11 foreign policy of Pakistan. What role do you foresee for Pakistan in regional
and global politics in the near future?

(20) Q. No. 7. Discuss the Kashmir problem in its entirety; throwing light on its background and
prospects of possible solutions to this core issue between India and Pakistan.

(20) Q. No. 8. Write note on the Afghan War since 1979 and its impacts on Pakistan. How far the
emergence of the “Non-State Actors” and Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan can be attributed
to the decades-long warfare in Afghanistan

Critically evaluate the role of Pakistan in “The War on Terror”

Briefly discuss the main features of cultural heritage of Pakistan

“Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was in no way pro-British”. Agree or disagree, answer your question with
arguments.

(20) Q.3. “It was over-reaction of Hindus to the partition of the Bengal in 1905 that widened the gulf
between Muslims and Hindus”. Comment. (

20) Q.4. “Khilafat Movement was an emotional movement”.

Discuss. (20) Q.5. “Separation of East Pakistan, though a tragic part of History of Pakistan, was not the
negation of two nation theory”. Comment

Give a critical analysis of the steps taken for Islamization in Pakistan since 1947

The Simla Deputation, 1906 laid the foundation for the creation of Pakistan”. Substantiate your view
point with solid arguments

Highlight the factors which played significant role in the evolution and growth of Muslim Society in the
Sub-Continent.

(20) Q. No. 3. Evaluate the impact of the services rendered by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan towards the
regeneration of the Muslims

(20) Q. No. 4. Briefly describe the genuine factors which were responsible for the demand of a separate
homeland by the Muslims of the Sub-Continent.