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A Comprehensive Study of Rough Sets

and Rough Fuzzy Sets on Two Universes
M. E. Abd El-Monsef, A. M. Kozae, A. S. Salama, R. M. Aqeel

Abstract—In rough set theory, the lower and upper approximation operators can be constructed via a variety of approaches.
Various generalizations of rough approximation operators have been made over the years. This paper presents a framework for
the study of rough sets and rough fuzzy sets on two universes of discourse. By means of a binary relation between two
universes of discourse, a class of revised rough sets and revised rough fuzzy sets based on two universes have been
proposed. Some properties of the new model are revealed. We believe that this model will be more natural in the sense that
rough sets (resp. rough fuzzy sets) are approximated by sets (resp. fuzzy sets) on the same universe. Moreover, some results,
examples and counter examples are provided.

Index Terms— approximation operator; generalized rough set; generalized rough fuzzy set; inverse serial relation; revised
rough set; revised rough fuzzy set; strong inverse serial relation.

——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTIO

R OUGH set theory was developed by Pawlak as a

formal tool for representing and processing informa-
tion in database. In Pawlak rough set theory [14],
[15], the lower and upper approximation operators are
based on equivalence relation. However, the requirement
of an equivalence relation in Pawlak rough set models
seems to be a very restrictive condition that may limit the
applications of the rough set models. Thus one of the
main directions of research in rough set theory is natural-
ly the generalization of the Pawlak rough set approxima-
tions. For instance, the notations of approximations are
extended to general binary relations [1], [5], [6], [17], [21],
[27], [29], [31], [35], neighborhood systems [8], [30], cover-
ings [36], completely distributive lattices [2], fuzzy lattices
[13] and Boolean algebras [12], [18]. On the other hand,
the generalization of rough sets in fuzzy environment is
another topic receiving much attention in recent years [4],
[8], [9], [10], [11], [16], [19]. Based on equivalence relation,
the concepts of fuzzy rough and rough fuzzy set were
first proposed by Dubois and Prade [4] in the Pawlak ap-
proximation space. Yao [28] gave a unified model for both
rough fuzzy sets and fuzzy rough sets based on the anal-
ysis of level sets of fuzzy sets. Pei [19], [20] and Cock, et
al.,[3] considered the approximation problems of fuzzy
sets in fuzzy information systems result in theory of fuzzy
rough sets. Li and Zhang [7] analyzed crisp binary rela-
tions and rough fuzzy approximations.
Rough set models can also be extended via two un-
————————————————
 M. E. Abd El-Monsef is with the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of
Science Tanta University, Egypt.
 A. M. Kozae is with the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science
Tanta University, Egypt.
 A. S. Salama is with the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science
Shaqra University, KSA.
 R. M. Aqeel is with the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science
Tanta University, Egypt.
iverses of discourse [24], [25], [26], [27], [33]. In [22], [23],
[34], they were interpreted as interval structure. Though
these models have different methods of computation,
they start with almost the “same" framework (two un-
iverses of discourse with a relation). It should also be
noted that the approximated sets and the approximating
sets in these models always locate at two different un-
iverses of discourse. This is, however, not natural and is
inconvenient for knowledge discovery by means of rough
set theory. This issue was seldom investigated in the lite-
rature. As an exception, Pei and Xu [20] proposed such
kind of rough set models on two universes of discourse.
The objective of this paper is to establish another kind of
rough set models via a common structure with a relation
between two universes of discourse, and to extend the
rough set models to the corresponding fuzzy environ-
ments. It should be noted that these rough set models can
guarantee that the approximating sets and the approx-
imated sets are on the same universe of discourse.
2 Preliminaries
Let U be a finite and nonempty set called the universe.
The class of all crisp subsets (respectively, fuzzy subsets)
of U will be denoted by U (respectively, by U ).
Let U and V be two finite and nonempty universes
and let R be a binary relation from U to V, the triple
U, V, R is called (two-universe) approximation space.
Then the relation R is called:
(1) Serial if for all x ∈ U , there exists y ∈ V such that
x, y ∈ R.
(2) Inverse serial if for all y ∈ V, there exists x ∈ U such
that x, y ∈ R.
(3) Compatibility relation, if R is both serial and inverse
serial.

If U V , R is referred to as a binary relation on U and is

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called: Proposition 2.2. Let ∈ be an arbitrary binary

(1) Reflexive if for all x ∈ U, x, x ∈ R. relation on . Then, ∀ ∈
(2) Symmetric if for all x, y ∈ U, x, y ∈ R implies that (1) is reflexive ⟺ ⊆ ,
y, x ∈ R. ⟺ ⊆ .
(3) Transitive if for all x, y, z ∈ U, x, y ∈ R and y, z ∈ R (2) is symmetric ⟺ ⊆ ,
imply that x, z ∈ R. ⟺ ⊆ .
(4) Euclidean if for all x, y, z ∈ U, x, y ∈ R and x, z ∈ R (3) is transitive ⟺ ⊆ ,
imply that y, z ∈ R. ⟺ ⊆ .
(4) is Euclidean ⟺ ⊆ ,
⟺ ⊆ .
Definition 2.1[33]. Let U, V, R be a (two-universe) ap-
proximation space. Then, a set-valued mapping F from U
to V representing the successor neighborhood of x
with respect to R, as follows:
3 REVISED GENERALIZED ROUGH SETS
F: U → V , F x y ∈ V ∶ x, y ∈ R .
Because reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity are mea-
Definition 2.2[33]. Let U, V, R be a (two-universe) ap- ningless for binary relations from U to V, the properties
proximation space. Then, the lower and upper approxi- and which are true in various
mations of Y ∈ V are respectively defined as follows: generalized rough set models do not hold in two-universe
models. However, In the above model for generalized
R Y x ∈ U | F x ⊆ Y , rough sets, subsets of the universe V are approximated by
R Y x ∈ U | F x ⋂Y ∅} . subsets of the other universe U. This seems very unrea-
sonable. Thus a more natural form for rough sets on two
The ordered set-pair R Y , R Y is called a genera- universes is proposed such that the approximations of
lized rough set. A subset Y ∈ V is called definable or subsets of the universe V are subsets of the universe V.
exact with respect to U, V, R if R Y R Y , otherwise it Therefore we will modify these models in this section.
is undefinable, or rough.
Definition 3.1. Let U, V, R be a (two-universe) approxi-
Proposition 2.1[33]. Let , , be a (two-universe) approx- mation space. Then we can define a revised mapping G
imation space and let be a compatibility relation. Then, for all from V to V induced by R as follows:
, , ∈ , the approximation operators satisfy the follow- ⋂ ∃ ∈ ∶ ⊆ ,
ing properties: : → ,
∅ .
) , where denotes the complement of
in . Definition 3.2. Let U, V, R be a (two-universe) approxi-
) . mation space, an inverse serial relation R ∈ U V is
) ∩ ∩ . called strong inverse serial if for all , ∈ ,
⋂ ∅ implies that .
) ∪ ⊇ ∪ .
) ⊆ ⟹ ⊆ . Lemma 3.1. Let , , be a (two-universe) approximation
) ∅ ∅. space. Then ∀ , ∈ if ∈ , then ⊆ .
) .
Proof. Let ∈ such that ∉ , then there exists
( ) ∅ ∅.
∈ such that ⊆ and ⊈ . But
) ∪ ∪ . ∈ this implies that ∈ , i.e., ⊆ ,
( ) ∩ ⊆ ∩ . thus ∉ and hence ⊆ .
) ⊆ ⟹ ⊆ .
Lemma 3.2. Let , , be a (two-universe) approximation
) .
space, if is inverse serial, then, ∈ ,∀ ∈ .
( ) ⊆ .
Proof. Since R is inverse serial, then G y ∅ ∀y ∈ V and
Properties ( ) and ( ) show that the approximation hence y ∈ G y , ∀y ∈ V.
operators R and R are dual to each other. Properties with
the same number may be considered as dual properties. Definition 3.3. Let U and V be two nonempty finite un-
With respect to certain special types, say, reflexive, sym- iverses, and R ∈ U V a binary relation from U to V.
metric, transitive, and Euclidean binary relations on the The ordered triple U, V, R is called a revised two un-
universe U, the approximation operators have additional iverse approximation space. The revised lower and upper
properties [29], [30], [32]. approximations of Y ∈ V are defined respectively as
follows:
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∗
∗ ∗
. ⊆ .
∗ ∗ ∗
∗
∈ | ⊆ , ∗
. ⊆ ∗
.
∈ | ⋂ ∅ . ∗
∗
. .
∗
∗
Proposition 3.1. Let , , be a revised (two-universe) ap- . ⊆ .
∗
∗ ∗
proximation space. Then for all , , ∈ , the approxi- . ⊆ .
∗
mation operators have the following properties: ∗
. ∗
⊆ ∗
.
∗
∗ ∗
∗ ∗
∗ . ⊆ .
. .
∗ ∗
. . The following example illustrates Remark 3.1.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
. ∩ ∩ .
∗
. ∗
∪ ⊇ ∗
∪ ∗
. Example 3.1. Let , , , , , , ,
∗
. ⊆ ⟹ ∗
⊆ ∗
. , , , , , and ∈ be a binary relation
∗ ∗ defined as:
. ⊆ ∗ ∗
.
∗
∗ ∗
. .
∗
∗
. ∅ ∅.
∗ ∗ ∗ 1 0 1 1 0 0
∗
. ∪ ∪ .
∗
∗ ∗ ∗ 0 0 1 1 1 0
. ∩ ⊆ ∩ .
∗
∗ ∗ 1 0 0 1 1 1
. ⊆ ⟹ ⊆ .
∗
∗ ∗ ∗ 0 0 1 1 0 0
. ⊆ .
1 0 1 1 1 0
∗
proof. ∗
. ∈ ∶ ⋂ ∅ 1 0 1 1 0 0
∈ ∶ ⋂ ∅ 1 0 0 1 1 0
∈ ∶ ⊆
∗ ∗
. Hence we have ∗
∅ ∅ and
, , , , , i.e., ∗ and ∗ do not hold. ∗
If
∗
. As is the universe set, hence ∗ ⊆ . Conversely, , , , then ∗ ∗ , , ,
∀ ∈ , ⊆ , this implies that ∈ ∗ . Thus , , , ∗, ∗
, hence ∗
⊄ ,
∗ ∗
⊆ ∗ and so ∗ . ∗
⊄ , ∗
⊄ and ∗
⊄ ∗ ,
i.e., ∗ ,∗ ∗ , ∗ and ∗ do not hold. ∗
If , , ,
∗ ∗
. Let ∈ ∩ ⟺ ⊆ ∩ then ∗ , , ∗ and ∗
{ . Thus
∗ ∗
⟺ ⊆ ⊆ ⊄ , ⊄ ∗ and ⊄ ∗ .
⟺ ∈ ∗ ∈ ∗ Therefore ∗ , ∗ and ∗ do not hold.
⟺ ∈ ∗ ⋂ ∗ .
∗ ∗ ∗
Therefore ∩ ∩ . Proposition 3.2. Let , , be a revised (two-universe) ap-
proximation space and be an inverse serial relation. Then for
∗ ∗
. Let ∈ ∪ ∗ , hence ∈ ∗ ∈ all ∈ , the approximation operators have the following
∗
. So ⊆ ⊆ and thus ⊆ properties:
⋃ , then ∈ ∗ ⋃ . Therefore ∗
∪ ⊇
∗
∪ ∗ . ∗
. ∗
∅ ∅.
∗ ∗
∗
. Let ∈ ∗
, then ⊆ but ⊆ . So ⊆ . ⊆ .
∗
∗
, hence ∈ ∗
. Therefore ∗ ⊆ ∗
. . .
∗
∗
. ⊆ .
∗ ∗ ∗
. Let ∈ , then ⊆ . Let ∈ , then ∗
. ∗
⊆ .
⊆ ∀ ∈ and so ⊆ . Consequently,
∈ ∗ . Then ⊆ ∗ and hence ∈ ∗ ∗ .
Proof. By the duality of approximation operators, we only
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ need to prove the properties ∗ , ∗ . and ∗
.
We can prove and as the same as ∗
. Since R is inverse serial, then by Lemma 3.2. y ∈ G y
and ∗ .
for all y ∈ V, thus there does not exist y ∈ V such that
G y ⊆ ∅ , hence ∗ ∅ ∅.
Remark 3.1. If R ∈ U V is a binary relation in a re-
vised (two-universe) approximation space U , V, R , then ∗ ∗
. Let ∈ , then ⊆ but ∈ , thus ∈
the following properties do not hold for all Y ∈ V : ∗
. Therefore ⊆ .
∗ ∗
. ∅ ∅. ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
. The proof of comes from and .
∗ ∗
. ⊆ .
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Remark 3.2. If R ∈ U V is an inverse serial relation in from the approximation of fuzzy set in a crisp approxima-
a revised (two-universe) approximation space U , V, R , tion space. In this section , we will introduce another ge-
then the following properties do not hold for all Y ∈ neralization of rough fuzzy set based on the intersection
V : of right neighborhoods .
∗
∗
. ⊆ ∗
. Definition 4.1[26]. Let U and V be two finite non-empty
∗ ∗ universes of discourse and R ∈ U V a binary relation
∗ ∗
. ⊆ .
∗
∗
∗
from U to V. The ordered triple U, V, R is called a (two-
. ⊆ .
∗ universe) approximation space. For any fuzzy set
∗ ∗ ∗
. ⊆ . Y ∈ V , the lower and upper approximations of Y,
and , with respect to the approximation space are
The following example illustrates Remark 3.2. fuzzy sets of U whose membership functions, for each
x ∈ U, are defined, respectively, by
Example 3.2. Let , , , , , , ,
, , , , , and ∈ be a binary relation min | ∈
defined as max | ∈ ,

where F x is the successor neighborhood of x defined in

0 1 0 1 1 0 Definition 2.1.

1 1 0 0 1 1 The ordered set-pair R Y , R Y is referred to as a ge-

0 0 1 1 0 0 neralized rough fuzzy set, and and R: V → U
1 0 0 1 0 1 are referred to as lower and upper generalized rough
fuzzy approximation operators, respectively.
0 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 Proposition 4.1[26]. In a (two-universe) model , , with
0 0 0 0 0 0 compatibility relation , the approximation operators satisfy
the following properties for all , , ∈ :
∗
If∗ , , , then , ∗
, , and
∗
, , , , hence ∗
⊄ and ) , where denotes the complement of the
∗ fuzzy subset in .
∗
⊄ ∗ , i.e., ∗ ∗ and ∗ do not hold. If
, , , then , , , and ) .
∗ ∗ ∗
∗
{ , . Thus ⊄ ∗ and ⊄ ) ∩ ∩ .
∗
∗
. Therefore ∗ and ∗ do not hold. ( ) ∪ ⊇ ∪ .
( ) ⊆ ⟹ ⊆ .
Proposition 3.3. Let , , be a revised (two-universe) ap-
( ) ∅ ∅.
proximation space and be a strong inverse serial relation.
Then for all ∈ , the approximation operators have the ( ) .
following properties: ( ) ∅ ∅.
∗ ) ∪ ∪ .
∗ ∗
. ⊆ . ) ∩ ⊆ ∩ .
∗ ∗
∗ ∗
. ⊆ . ( ) ⊆ ⟹ ⊆ .
∗
∗ ∗
. ⊆ . ( ) .
∗
∗ ∗ ∗
. ⊆ . ( ) ⊆ .
∗
∗
Proof. . Assume that ∉ ∗ , then ⊄
∗ Proposition 4.2[26] Let ∈ be an arbitrary binary
, i.e., there exists ∈ such that ∈ and
∗ relation on . Then ∀ ∈ ,
∉ , this implies that ⋂ ∅. Since is strong
(1) is reflexive ⟺ ⊆ ,
inverse serial, then . Consequently ⋂
∗ ∗ ∗ ⟺ ⊆ .
∅, i.e., ∉ . Therefore ⊆ ∗ .
(2) is symmetric ⟺ ⊆ ,
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ⟺ ⊆ .
. The proof of comes from and .
∗ ∗ (3) is transitive ⟺ ⊆ ,
In the same manner we can prove and .
⟺ ⊆ .
(4) is Euclidean ⟺ ⊆ ,
⟺ ⊆ .
4 GENERALIZED ROUGH FUZZY SETS

A rough fuzzy set is a generalization of rough set, derived

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∗
5 REVISED GENERALIZED ROUGH FUZZY SETS min : ∈ 1. Thus min : ∈
1. Therefore ∗ .
In the above model for generalized rough fuzzy sets, ∗
. Since ∀ ∈
fuzzy subsets of the universe V are approximated by ∗
∩ min ∩ : ∈
fuzzy subsets of the other universe U. This seems very
min ∧ : ∈
unreasonable. Furthermore there exists no relation be-
min : ∈ ∧ min : ∈
tween the set and its lower and upper approximations. ∗
∧ ∗
However, the operators , , and are not de- ∗ ∗
∩ .
fined, so the properties ( and ( ∗ ∗ ∗
Therefore ∩ ∩ .
which are true in various generalized rough set models
do not hold in (two-universe) models. Thus a more natu- ∗
. Since ∀ ∈
ral form for rough sets on two universes is proposed such ∗
∪ min ∪ : ∈
that the approximations of subsets of the universe V are
min ∨ : ∈
subsets of the universe V.
min : ∈
∗
(1)
Definition 5.1. Let U, V, R be a revised (two-universe) ∗
Also ∪ min ∪ : ∈
approximation space. Then the revised lower and upper
min ∨ : ∈
approximations of Y ∈ V are defined respectively as
min : ∈
follows: ∗
(2)
∗ From (1) and (2) we get
min | ∈ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∪ max ,
max | ∈ . ∗ ∗
∪ .
∗ ∗ ∗
∗
∗ Hence ∪ ⊇ ∪ .
The pair , is ∗ referred to as a revised
rough fuzzy set , and ∗ and : → are referred ∗
. Since ⊆ , then ∀ ∈ , .
to as lower and upper revised rough fuzzy approximation
Thus ∗ min : ∈
operators, respectively. ∗
min : ∈
∗
Therefore ⊆ ∗ .
Proposition 5.1. In a revised (two-universe) approximation
space , , , the approximation operators have the following ∗
. According to Lemma 3.1, if ∈ , then ⊆
properties for all , , ∈ :
. Thus
∗ ∗
∗ ∗
∗ min ∗ : ∈
. . min min : ∈ : ∈
∗ ∗
. . min min : ∈ : ∈
∗
. ∗
∩ ∗
∩ ∗
. min : ∈
∗
∗
. ∗
∪ ⊇ ∗
∪ ∗
. .
∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗ Hence ⊆ .
. ⊆ ⟹ ⊆ .
∗ ∗
. ⊆ ∗ ∗
. Remark 5.1. If R ∈ U V is a binary relation in a re-
∗
∗ ∗
. . vised (two-universe) approximation space U , V, R , then
∗
∗
. ∅ ∅. the following properties do not hold for all Y ∈ V :
∗ ∗ ∗
∗
. ∪ ∪ . ∗ ∗
∗
∗ ∗ ∗ . ∅ ∅.
. ∩ ⊆ ∩ . ∗ ∗
∗
∗ ∗ . ⊆ .
. ⊆ ⟹ ⊆ . ∗ ∗
∗
∗
∗ ∗ ∗ . ⊆ .
. ⊆ . ∗
∗
∗
∗
. ⊆ .
∗
∗
Proof. By the duality of approximation operators, we only . .
∗
∗
need to prove the properties ∗ ∗
and ∗ . ⊆ .
∗ ∗
. Since ∀∗ ∈ ∗
. ∗
⊆ .
1 max : ∈ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗
. ⊆ .
1 max 1 : ∈ ∗ ∗
∗
. ⊆ .
1 1 min : ∈
1 max : ∈
min : ∈ The following example shows Remark 5.1.
∗
∗
.
Therefore ∗ . Example 5.1. Let , , , , , , , , ,
, , , and ∈ be a binary relation de-
∗
. Since ∀ ∈ , 1 and ⊆ , then fined as:
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, , , and ∈ be an inverse serial rela-

tion defined as:
0 1 0 1 1 0 0
R y y y y y y y
1 1 0 0 1 1 0
x 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
x 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
x 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
x 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
If is a fuzzy subset of defined as : x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2, 0.5, 0.1, 0.7,
0.3, 0.8, 0.4 , then we have If is a fuzzy subset of defined as :
0.2, 0.5, 0.1, 0.7,
0.3, 0.8, 0.4 , then we have
∗
0.2 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 1
∗
∗
0.2 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0 ∗
0.2 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2
∗
0.2 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.8 0 ∗
∗
0.2 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.7
∗
∗
0.2 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 1 ∗
0.2 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.7
∗
∅ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ∗
∗
0.2 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2
∗
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗
∗
Hence
∗
we have ∗ ⊄ , ⊄ , ⊄
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
Hence∗ we have ∅ ∅,∗ ∗
, ∗
⊄ , and ⊄ , i.e., , ∗ , ∗
, and
⊄ ∗ , ∗ ⊄ ∗ , ∗
⊄ ,∗ ⊄ ∗
do not hold.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
, ⊄ and ⊄ , i.e., ∗ ,
∗
, ∗ , ∗ , ∗ , ∗ , ∗ , ∗ and ∗
do not hold. Proposition 5.3 In a revised (two-universe) approxima-
tion space , , with strong inverse serial relation ,
Proposition 5.2 In a revised (two-universe) approximation the approximation operators have the following proper-
space , , with inverse serial relation , the approxima- ties for all ∈ :
tion operators have the following properties for all ∈ : ∗
∗ ∗
. ⊆ .
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
. ∅ ∅. ∗
. ⊆ . ∗
∗ ∗ ∗
. ⊆ . .∗ ∗
⊆ .
∗ ∗
∗
. . U ∗ . R R∗ Y ⊆ R∗ Y .
∗
∗
. ⊆ .
∗
∗
∗ ⊆ . Proof. ∗ . Since R is strong inverse serial, then z ∈ G y
.
implies ∗that G z G y for∗
all y, z ∈ V. Thus
∗
Proof. The proof comes from Definition 5.1 and Lemma min ∶ ∈
3.2 . min max ∶ ∈ ∶ ∈
min max ∶ ∈ ∶ ∈
Remark 5.2. If R ∈ U V is an inverse serial relation in max
∗
∶ ∈
a revised (two-universe) approximation space U , V, R , ∗ ∗
∗
then the following properties do not hold for all Y ∈ Therefore ⊆ .
V :
∗
. The proof is directly from U∗ and L∗ .
∗
∗ ∗
. ⊆ .
∗
.
∗
⊆ ∗
∗
. For U∗ and U ∗ the proofs are similar.
∗
∗ ∗
. ⊆ .
∗
∗ ∗ ∗
. ⊆ .

The following example shows Remark 5.2. 6 CONCLUSION

In this paper we presented a new definition of the
Example 5.2. Let , , , , , , , , ,
lower approximation and upper approximation on two
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universes through the use of the intersection of right
neighborhoods . All the properties of rough sets have
been simulated by employing this notion. It has been
revealed in this proposed model that the properties of
Pawlak approximation space are attainable if the rela-
tion is strong inverse serial. Finally, this notion has
been expanded for the rough fuzzy sets and the prop-
erties were the same reached by Dubois[4].
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[3] M.D. Cock, C. Cornelis, E.E. Kerre, Fuzzy Rough Sets: The
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JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 4, ISSUE 3, MARCH 2012, ISSN 2151-9617
https://sites.google.com/site/journalofcomputing
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG 101

M. E. Abd El-Monsef received his B.S. & Ed. in

Mathematics from Assuit University, Egypt. He
received his M.S. from Alazhar University, Egypt
in 1977. He did his Ph.D. in mathematics at
Tanta University, Egypt in 1980. He has been a
professor at the department of mathematics,
Faculty of science, Tanta University since 1988.
He has supervised around 51 Ph.D. and 47 MS.
theses in Mathematics. He has more than 130
International and national publications.
His research interests include Topology, Fuzzy topology, artificial
intelligence, rough set, Data mining, , Fuzzy sets, Information Sys-
tems.

A. M. Kozae is a Professor of Mathematics , Fa-

culty of Science,Tanta University,EGYPT.His MSC
and PHD thesis were on point set topologies,but
he is interested in applying point set topological
results in the modifications of Rough Set theory
,digital topology and uncertainty among other top-
ics . He is a member of the advisory board and
editorial board of many journals.He is a member of International
Rough set society and Egyptian Mathematical Society. And the
coordinator of a weekly seminar in Tanta University in the applica-
tions of general topology.

A. S. Salama received the BS degree in mathe-

matics from Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt, in
1998 and the MS degree in Topological Rough
Sets from the University of Tanta, Egypt, in 2002.
He worked at Tanta university from 1998 to 2008.
He studied as a PhD student at Tanta University,
Tanta, Egypt, from 2002 to 2004, in Topology and
Information Systems. He was assistant professor
in the Department of Mathematics at College of Science in Dawadmi
in King Saud University, KSA from 2008 until 2010. Currently, He is
assistant professor at Shaqra University, KSA.
His research interests include artificial intelligence, rough set, Data
mining, Topology, Fuzzy sets, Information Systems.

R. M. Aqeel received his B.S. and M.S in

.mathematics from Aden University, Yemen in
1999 and 2006. Currently, he is a Ph.D candidate
in pure mathematics in Tanta University, Egypt.
His research interests include rough set, Topolo-
gy, Fuzzy sets..