Sub marine transmission

Proposed and presented by Dr. Ing Eric DEUSSOM

 Target of the course

After completion of the following course, you will be able to master the concept
and method of submarine transmission.

• You will master the power budget calculation method used in submarine
transmission

• You will master the equipments and their respective function used in
submarine transmission

• You will also master the technology used in submarine communications.

Page2
 Contents

1. Overview of submarine communications

2. Link budget in submarine transmission

3. Equipments used in sub marine communications

Page3
 Contenu

1. Overview of submarine communications

2. Link budget in submarine transmission

3. Equipments used in sub marine communications

Page4
 Before we start

Let visite the following web site:

http://www.submarinecablemap.com/
A fiber optic cable is a direct link through which it connects one
country to the rest of the globe for voice and data
transmission. There are land as well as underwater
connections all over the world, linking countries through a
network of fiber optic cables. Majority of the world’s
telecommunications and Internet traffic flows through these
network of cables.

The submarine fiber optic cables are laid along the seabed
between land-based stations. These cables carry
telecommunication signals across the ocean; carrying
telephone, internet, and private data traffic.
A standard fiber optic cable contains one or more optical fibers. The fibers are
coated by plastic layers and contained in a protective jacket depending on
the environment the cable will be placed. The submarine fiber optic cable
contains the same components as a land cable, except it has more
protection.
Displayed in Figure 1, it contains the optical fibers, petroleum jelly, copper or
aluminum tube, polycarbonate, aluminum water barrier, stranded steel
wires, mylar tape, and a polyethylene protective jacket.

Figure 1: Submarine_communications_cable
Submarine fiber cables are laid under the sea at 8000 m, where
the seabed is rocky and the pressure is extremely high. There
is a negative effect of hydrogen on the optical fibers over
time. The 17 mm cable has a typical volume and weight of 3.5
km/m^3 and 2 km/ton. It has a range of protections; double
armored, single armored, lightweight protected, and
lightweight.
These protections will keep the optical fibers safe at a depth of
8000 m in various seabed conditions.
Submarine cable systems offer very high capacity up to 2 Tbps
per cable. They have real time transmission along with very
low bit error rates. The submarine transmission is known for
having the best security of transmission. Submarine systems
have optically amplified repeaters which are all photonic,
meaning that no electronics exists in their transmission path.

This allows for the simpler repeater construction to have a bit

rate free from modulation and to use only low speed
electronics. Pump lasers are the main components of a
repeater, which remain protected on a 1 + 1 basis to cope
with possible component failure.
System performances are monitored from the submarine line
terminal station by modulating a very low-level signal onto
the carrier. The signal is looped-back through a special high
loss optical loop-back coupler at each repeater.

The terminal then determines the gain performance of each

individual amplifier in the system. This is done by recovering
low-level signal as returned by each successive repeater and
comparing different levels.(1) Forward error correction is used
for controlling errors in data transmission and essentially
providing error-free performance of an increase in the system
bit-rate.
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) can transmit multiple
optical carrier signals on a fiber pair by using different
wavelengths. These wavelengths are sent down branches to
their expected destination using wavelength filters. WDM
provides full mesh connection by wavelength and facilitates
the allocation of dedicated wavelengths between two specific
nodes.

WDM can also be upgraded by adding more optical channels

without additional fiber. The multiplexing of several
wavelengths on the same fiber allows 16 x 2.5 Gbps of
information to be carried throughout the oceans.
Illustration de la pose de câble sous marin
For the deployment of sub marine cable solution two types of
systems ca be deployed.

• Repeatered System, point-to-point or multipoint, which use

repeaters along the submarine cable to achieve very long
distance optical transmission
• Unrepeatered system, which relies on optical amplification
inside the terminal stations
 Repeatered System
• Cities connected by the links
The geographic configuration provides
the basis for defining transmission
distances and the geophysical
characteristics required for civil
engineering work.
• Use of existing structures
Some systems with increased
transmission capabilities are installed
on existing cables (to reduce civil
engineering costs). This additional
constraint is important when
provisioning the future link.
Cameroon Brazil sub marine cable

System capacity
This is the total information rate transmitted between the different points of
the link, expressed in number of channels multiplied by the capacity of each
channel.
• Transmission quality
This parameter defines the allowable number of errors for the system (one
error represents receiving a 1 for a 0 or vice versa).
The quality of the link is expressed as a bit error rate (BER) or as a
transmission quality Q (where Q is expressed in dB). Those characteristics
depends on the type of signals to be transmitted (voice, data). Current
systems are defined for data transmission. A bit error rate of less than 1E-
13 is required by the G.826 recommendation.
• It affects the provisioning of the optical interfaces and the fibre used.
• The cost of the system
This parameter is obviously linked to the line bit rate and other system
parameters.
• Lifetime
The lifetime of a link is generally more than 25 years. Often equipment
becomes obsolete long before reaching this limit (transmission rate, etc).
• Network functionality
• Protections, …
• The cost of the system
This parameter is obviously linked to the line bit rate and other system
parameters.
• Lifetime
The lifetime of a link is generally more than 25 years. Often equipment
becomes obsolete long before reaching this limit (transmission rate, etc).
• Network functionality
Protections, …

Note:
The maximum transmission distance of the repeatered system
reaches 12000 km, which is suitable for transoceanic
application.
System architecture and position of a repeatered
system in a transmission network
Figure 1: System architecture and position of a repeatered system in a transmission
network
CTE: Cable Terminal Equipment LAN: Local Area Network

NMS: Network Management System NPE: Network Protection Equipment

PFE: Power Feeding Equipment RPT: Submarine Repeater

SLTE: Submarine Line Terminal SLM: Submarine Line Monitor

Equipment

BU: Branching Unit

An integrated repeatered system should consist of the
following parts:

• SLTE (submarine line terminal equipment) : It is used as a

piece of DWDM equipment. The OptiX BWS 1600S is an
SLTE.
• NPE (network protection equipment) : It is used as a piece
of SDH cross-connect equipment. It is also referred to as
SDH interconnect equipment (SIE).
• PFE (power feeding equipment) : It is used to power the
submarine repeaters from the shore.
• SLM (submarine line monitor) : It is used to monitor the
submarine line.
• RPT (submarine repeater).
• Submarine cable.
The design of a sub marine cable solution should take into account the
following parameters :
• The telecommunication network architecture (point to point and point to
multi point)
• The type of sub marine cable
• The length of the sub marine link
• The number of optical fiber to lay
• The number of optical channels
• The bit rate per optical channel
• The number of repeaters and equalizers …
• The type of transmission protection (optical/circuit)
• Terminals charactéristics
• Telecommunications management network for the monitoring of all
stations and repeaters.

Now we will present the two types of network architecture:

point to point and point to multi point
 Point to point link

Architecture of a point to point link

• The sea environment is the primary element that makes submarine
systems so particular, as it creates very specific requirements before and
during their operational life:

– A submarine cable system is mostly submerged at great depths, hence cable

and equipment must withstand extreme pressures, be hermetic to water
ingress and electrically isolated from sea water, as well as feature extreme
degrees of reliability because repair operations at sea are time-consuming and
costly.
– Installing or repairing a submarine cable system requires highly specialized
and experienced ships and personnel.

• Submarine cables must feature a very strong mechanical resistance,

against traction and abrasion - which is provided by steel wires, called
armouring - and they are often buried under the seabed to protect them
from trawlers or anchors in areas of intense naval activity.
• Finally, a submarine cable system is a telecommunications system, and the
transmission characteristics, although often understated, are state-of-the-
art.
• For example, submerged repeaters and branching units are designed using
the latest technology, such as lasers, optical amplification and wavelength-
division multiplexing, with a target of 25 years of reliable operation.
• Terminal station equipment includes the best from terrestrial systems,
plus specially designed transmission equipment that allows transmission
distances over 12000 km on an optical fibre without regeneration. In
addition, terminal stations increasingly include very sophisticated
computers and software to enable real-time monitoring of the behavior
and performance of whole submarine cable networks.
 Multipoint link

Branching Unit (BU):

According to the architecture of the submarine network, it is sometimes
necessary to branch off some of the traffic (and therefore the fibres) to an
intermediate station.
This "splitting" of the cable is performed by a branching unit (BU) which
provides the various fibre connections and routing of the repeater power
feed current between the main cable and the branch.
 Questions

What is the name of equipment use to supply the submarine cable.

By means of what do we amplify the optical traffic.

Which kind of unit do we use to create a branch in the optical network

 Unrepeatered System
• This section describes the system architecture and the position of an
unrepeatered system in a network.
• Figure 1 shows the system architecture and the position of an
unrepeatered system in a network.

NMS: Network Management System ROPA: Remote Optical Pumping Amplifier

(optional)
SLTE: Submarine Line Terminal Equipment
• An integrated unrepeatered system should consist of the
following parts:
• SLTE: It is used as DWDM equipment. The OptiX BWS
1600S is a SLTE.
• ROPA (optional): The use of the ROPA is depending on
system requirements, such as capacity and span distance.
• Submarine cable.

Note:
The maximum transmission span of the
unrepeatered system reaches 85 dB in long
hop (LHP) transmission.
 Contenu

1. Overview of submarine communications

2. Link budget in submarine transmission

3. Equipments used in sub marine communications

Page31
 Optical power budget

• The submerged plant is designed to meet satisfactory

performances at the end of system life (25 years) and for the
ultimate traffic capacity, after taking into account anticipated ageing
and repair allowances.
The objectives are based on applicable ITU-T Recommendations.
This condition is achieved with a Start Of Life power budget
commissioning limit (before FEC) higher or equal to the Start Of Life
Segment Q (before FEC).
• Segment Q values computation approach is to calculate SOL/EOL
Segment Q (before FEC), starting from SOL/EOL SNR theoretical
values.
• Requirements approach is to start from the Q limit value, and to
add segment and repair margins, to obtain the commissioning limit.

SOL : Start Of Life

EOL : End Of Life
 Power budget table example Lines Station A Station B
2521 Km
31repeaters
100*100 Gbit/s
2SEQ
2PTEQ
1 12.0 dB
2.1 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
2.2 0.4 dB 0.4 dB
2.3 0.2dB 0.2 dB
2.4 1.8 dB 1.8 dB
2.5 1.2 dB 1.2 dB
3 7.4 dB 6.1 dB
4 26 dB 25 dB
5 7.3 dB 6 dB
6.1 1E-02 2E-02
6.2 < 1E-13

6.3 >17.3

7 5.0 dB 5.0 DB
8 1.3 dB
9 2.3 dB 1.0 dB
10 7.3 dB

The power budget table is given segment per segment. It is based on the SLTE
technology deployed at day one, over the available bandwidth.
 Power budget computation
Calculation are presented to obtain a mean BER lower than 10^-13 after
correction by the FEC (forward error Correction), over the design life of
the system which is better than the required BER performance using the
ITU –T rec G828/G8201/M2401
TTE : Terminal Transmission Equipment

EOL : End Of Life

SOL : Start Of Life
 Lines Station A Station B
2521 Km
How to read the power budget table. 31repeaters
100*100 Gbit/s
2SEQ
2PTEQ
1 12.0 dB
2.1 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
2.2 0.4 dB 0.4 dB
2.3 0.2dB 0.2 dB
2.4 1.8 dB 1.8 dB
2.5 1.2 dB 1.2 dB
3 7.4 dB 6.1 dB
4 26 dB 25 dB
5 7.3 dB 6 dB
6.1 1E-02 2E-02
6.2 < 1E-13

6.3 >17.3

7 5.0 dB 5.0 DB
8 1.3 dB
9 2.3 dB 1.0 dB
10 7.3 dB
Line 1 : Mean Q value has been calculated using simple SNR calculation with
nominal design parameters.
• The optical Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is calculated using Giles modelling (SNR
in dB).
• The Q factor is deduced from the optical SNR using the following formula:

• It is expressed in dB with :
• SNR : optical signal to noise ratio in Bf
• ER : transmitter extinction ratio = P(0)/P(1)~0.1
• Bf : optical filter bandwidth = 0.4 nm
• Be : electrical filter bandwidth ~ 6 GHz
• Fibre ageing, cable repairs and pump failures are taken into account to
calculate the EOL case.
How to read the power budget Lines Station A Station B
table(2). 2521 Km
31repeaters
100*100 Gbit/s
2SEQ
2PTEQ
1 12.0 dB
2.1 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
2.2 0.4 dB 0.4 dB
2.3 0.2dB 0.2 dB
2.4 1.8 dB 1.8 dB
2.5 1.2 dB 1.2 dB
3 7.4 dB 6.1 dB
4 26 dB 25 dB
5 7.3 dB 6 dB
6.1 1E-02 2E-02
6.2 < 1E-13

6.3 >17.3

7 5.0 dB 5.0 DB
8 1.3 dB
9 2.3 dB 1.0 dB
10 7.3 dB
Line 2.1 : Propagation impairment is the sum of all allocated line design
margins and impairment
described hereafter:
- non-linear effects (SPM, SRS, XPM)
- chromatic dispersion effect
- mean polarization effect including PDL, PDG and PMD

Line 2.2 : Impairment relative to the effect of the relative levels and the
wavelength of the different
channels. It includes non-ideal pre-emphasis in the terminal.

Line 2.3 : Supervisory impairment is relative to system degradation due to

the line supervisory.
The supervisory signal is sent by modulating at low frequency the
transmitters for the message from terminal to
repeater and by modulating the pump power for the message from
repeater to terminal.
Line 2.4 : Design, manufacturing, installation and unallocated margins.
These margins is supplier
owned margin for allocation to other margin if required. Its includes
manufacturing and environment.

Line 2.5 : Time varying system performance includes fading effect due to
polarization effect. This
impairment is based on 5-time standard deviation measured on similar
test bed.
How to read the power budget table(3).

Lines Station A Station B

2521 Km
31repeaters
100*100 Gbit/s
2SEQ
2PTEQ
1 12.0 dB
2.1 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
2.2 0.4 dB 0.4 dB
2.3 0.2dB 0.2 dB
2.4 1.8 dB 1.8 dB
2.5 1.2 dB 1.2 dB
3 7.4 dB 6.1 dB
4 26 dB 25 dB
5 7.3 dB 6 dB
6.1 1E-02 2E-02
6.2 < 1E-13

6.3 >17.3
How to read the power budget table(4).
How to read the power budget
Lines Station A Station B
table(5). 2521 Km
31repeaters
100*100 Gbit/s
2SEQ
2PTEQ
1 12.0 dB
2.1 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
2.2 0.4 dB 0.4 dB
2.3 0.2dB 0.2 dB
2.4 1.8 dB 1.8 dB
2.5 1.2 dB 1.2 dB
3 7.4 dB 6.1 dB
4 26 dB 25 dB
5 7.3 dB 6 dB
6.1 1E-02 2E-02
6.2 < 1E-13

6.3 >17.3

7 5.0 dB 5.0 DB
8 1.3 dB
9 2.3 dB 1.0 dB
10 7.3 dB
• Line 5 : Segment Q value
This line gives the segment Q factor calculated using the following formula:

Nota : in this formula Q are expressed in natural values, whereas Q factor

shown in the table are in dB
How to read the power budget
table(6). Lines Station A Station B
2521 Km
31repeaters
100*100 Gbit/s
2SEQ
2PTEQ
1 12.0 dB
2.1 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
2.2 0.4 dB 0.4 dB
2.3 0.2dB 0.2 dB
2.4 1.8 dB 1.8 dB
2.5 1.2 dB 1.2 dB
3 7.4 dB 6.1 dB
4 26 dB 25 dB
5 7.3 dB 6 dB
6.1 1E-02 2E-02
6.2 < 1E-13

6.3 >17.3

7 5.0 dB 5.0 DB
8 1.3 dB
9 2.3 dB 1.0 dB
10 7.3 dB
 How to read the power budget table(7).

Line 7 : Q limit for compliance with a BER< 10-13 after correction by FEC, which is better than the
minimum required BER performance using the ITU-T Recommendations G.828/G8201/M2401.
How to read the power budget table(8).
Line 8 : End of Life impairments or system degradation that could be present
in the installed system at end of life.
It includes required repair margins, pump failure, and component and fiber
ageing. As these effects are interactive, they are grouped in the same line.

Line 8 is given by Line 5 SOL minus Line 5 EOL

Line 9 : Segment margins

Line 9 (EOL) : the segment margins are contractual additional margins.

Line 9 (SOL) is given by Line 8 plus Line 9 (EOL)

How to read the power budget Lines Station A Station B

table(9). 2521 Km
31repeaters
100*100 Gbit/s
2SEQ
2PTEQ
1 12.0 dB
2.1 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
2.2 0.4 dB 0.4 dB
2.3 0.2dB 0.2 dB
2.4 1.8 dB 1.8 dB
2.5 1.2 dB 1.2 dB
3 7.4 dB 6.1 dB
4 26 dB 25 dB
5 7.3 dB 6 dB
6.1 1E-02 2E-02
6.2 < 1E-13

6.3 >17.3

7 5.0 dB 5.0 DB
8 1.3 dB
9 2.3 dB 1.0 dB
10 7.3 dB
 Questions
1. Which parameters evaluate the quality of the
line ?
2. In WDM system is it possible to correct the
received signal ? How ?
 Contenu

1. Overview of submarine communications

2. Link budget in submarine transmission

3. Equipments used in sub marine communications

Page51
 Sub marine cable(1)

a) Submarine Cable Performances :

25 years lifetime
Hydrostatic pressure resistance : up to 100MPa
Temperature ranges :
Storage : -20°C to +50°C
Installation : -10°C to +50°C
Operations : -10°C to +35°C
Water penetration :
Less than 250m after 14 days in shallow water (less than 1000m)
Less than 1000m after 14 days in deep water (greater than 1000m)

• A the core of the cable, the fibres are housed in a jelly filled steel tube
surrounded by two layers of steel wires that form a protective vault
against pressure and external aggressions, and provide tensile strength.

• This vault is then enclosed in a hermetically sealed copper tube and

insulated with a layer of polyethylene to form the deep sea LW cable, used
for deep sea, low exposure applications.
 Sub marine cable(2)

• Cable types
Depending on the position along the cable, near to the coast, shallow
water, deep sea, the cable has different types of protection :
 Sub marine cable(3)

LW : Light Weight
– Used for deep sea, low exposure applications
– High density natural polyethylene insulation layer
– Adhesive promoter layer between copper and polyethylene
LWP : Light Weight Protected
– Used for deep sea applications
– Additional protection against abrasion, fish bite, fishing hooks
– Copolymer coated steel tape
– Black outer high density polyethylene sheath
SA : Single Armoured
– Full protection for shallow water applications (burial)
– Additional protection on continental shelf down to ~1500m
– High grade galvanized steel wires
– Bitumen flooding for further corrosion protection, PIP rovings
DA : Double Armoured
– High level of protection for shallow water applications, down to ~500m, surface lay or where
burial not possible
– Shore ends
– High grade galvanized steel wires inner layer + High or low grade galvanized steel wires outer
layer
– Bitumen flooding for further corrosion protection, PIP rovingsDA : Double Armoured

Other types exist, with more mechanical protection, such as the “Rock Armoured”
variant.
 Sub marine cable(4)
• The first generation of WDM submarine systems were based on non-zero
dispersion shifted fiber (NZDSF) with negative dispersion, a fiber with slightly
negative chromatic dispersion (-3 ps/nm/km@1550 nm). In these links,
dispersion management is obtained by using positive dispersion fiber such as
standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) as pre-compensating fiber, an in-line
compensating fiber, or a post-compensating fiber at the receiver side.
• To overcome the large accumulated dispersion experienced over NZ-DSF
systems by some of the channels, a novel fiber combination was proposed in
order to tackle dispersion and dispersion slope simultaneously.
• Technology used in latest generation of equipment provides a means to
compensate for large amounts of chromatic dispersion through digital signal
processing.
• CSF (coherent submarine fiber) fiber types have been proposed for submarine
systems, based on very large effective area (Aeff >100 um2), strong local
chromatic dispersion (around +20 ps/nm/km), and very low losses (around
0.16 dB/km). Moreover, a strong local dispersion greatly reduces inter-channel
nonlinear effects.
• These fibers, together with advanced optical amplification systems and
coherent detection, provide high capacity transmissions over ultra-long
distances.
 Repeater(1)

The repeater is power fed through the cable, using DC current.

• Repeater – RPT 1660 (HUAWEI solution)
• The RPT 1660 adopts the erbium-doped fiber amplification (EDFA) technology.
It supports 2,4,6,8 fiber pairs and provides an optical loop back facility for
performance monitoring and fault locating.

Optical amplification

Based on established optical engineering design, the repeaters use EDFA

technology to boost optical data signals entirely within the optical domain.

Fault Locating
• The RPT 1660 provides the optical loopback function for the supervisory
signals of the SLM 1630 or any other commercial COTDR, to locate faults
accurately in the submarine system. Besides, the RPT 1660 provides an
electrical path for electroding signals that are used to locate faults of cables.

C-OTDR : Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry

 Repeater(2)
• High reliability
The RPT 1660 adopts reduced circuits with proper redundancy, long-life lasers, pump
protection, and highly reliable electrical components. The repeater is produced under a
strictly controlled manufacturing process. The RPT 1660 has a designed reliable service
life for 25 years.
Mechanical design
The repeater, with pressure housing and reliable seal, is capable of withstanding the
pressure from a radially applied water depth of 8000 m. The armor case of the
repeater is used to protect the repeater during deployment and operation on the
seabed. The repeater adopts the Universal Joint (UJ) technology and thus can be
connected to all types of UJ-certified submarine cables.
The advantages of RPT 1660 are as follows:

• High reliability and long service life.

• Capable of being directly ploughed, saving the time and cost.

Convenient to be transported and installed without extra apparatus, labor and space,
reducing the CAPEX and OPEX.

• Low power consumption reduces the OPEX.

 Branching Unit

Branching Unit (BU) – BU 1650 (HUAWEI type)

 Branching Unit(1)

• Branching Unit (BU) – BU 1650 (HUAWEI type)

The BU 1650 is a branching unit (BU) which is intended to enable fiber
pairs to be routed to multiple destinations in a submarine
communications system.
The connections of the BU 1650 can be achieved in both optical domain
and electrical domain. In optical domain, the fiber add-and-drop
connectivity is adopted by BU 1650. In electrical domain, the passive
connectivity is adopted.
The BU 1650 has a small body and a light weight due to its unique
compact structure. Therefore it could be easily transported and installed.
The BU 1650 also has a reliable design, which ensures 25 years service life
and 8000m deploy depth.
The BU 1650 adopts UJ technology and thus can be connected to all types
of UJ-certified submarine cables.
 Power feeding equipment

The Power Feed Equipment (PFE) provides on-

shore power to the repeaters. Its functions
include:
• Providing up to 18000 VDC at up to 1.1A.
• Regulating the voltage and current on the
system.
• Power quality monitoring across the cable,
• Protecting operating personnel from high
voltage hazard and the undersea equipment
from electrical surges, power line
interferences, lightning strikes, etc; and
• Acting as an external interface to a host of
other equipment such as the cable
termination equipment, electroding and
order wire interface.
• In PPC-1, the PFE installed has a capacity of
10,200V at up to 1A, enough to single end
feed the entire system.
 Submarine Line Terminal Equipment (SLTE) OSN 8800 & OSN 9800

• Huawei Marine's SLTE products, the OSN 8800 and OSN 9800, leverage
Huawei's industry leading WDM technology to deliver reliable, high
performance, large capacity optical transmission across the vast reaches
of submarine cable networks.
• Key Features:
• Supports up to 25.6 Tbit/s cross-connect capacity
• Supports digital line segment lengths of 12,000 km (repeatered system)
and 600+ km (unrepeatered system)
• Supports coherent line rates of 100G, 200G, 400G, and 1T
• Supports Flexgrid WSS (37.5 GHz, 50 GHz, 75 GHz, 100 GHz)
• Supports encapsulation of VC, ODUk, and packet services
• Provides multiple network-level protection schemes and intelligent
network management to ensure Tier-1 reliability
• Unified platform for submarine and terrestrial networks
Key Technology:
ODSP designed in-house: high performance SDFEC, large dispersion
compensation
Modulation: advanced modulation formats (PDM, BPSK, 8QAM, 16QAM)
improve non-linear mitigation
Amplifier: ROPA, HBA, Raman, enhanced-Raman
ROADM: WSS-based multi-degree ROADM
Control plan: ASON, GMPLS
 Submarine Line Monitor (SLM)
SLM 1630(Huawei type)

• The SLM 1630 is a submarine line monitor (SLM) system. It is used to monitor
the working states of wet plant systems and to locate faults. Placed in a cable
landing station (CLS), the SLM 1630 could monitor the fiber state, repeater
state, and the general transmission performance remotely by using
correlational optical time-domain reflector (OTDR) technology. All the
information monitored by the SLM 1630 will be reported to the NMS and
could be easily queried by operation staff.

The SLM 1630 has two working modes, which fully meet the requirements of
monitoring repeaters and locating failure points.
In-service performance monitoring

Working in the in-service mode, the SLM 1630 could monitor the performance
of repeaters without affecting the traffic. The repeater performance could be
queried on the NMS and helps you to get a general overview of the system
status.
• Out-of-service fault location
Working in the out-of-service mode, the SLM 1630 could locate the failure
position of the system easily without any additional COTDR equipment.
The location information includes not only the span information, but also
the accurate distance from the CLS to failure point.
The advantages of SLM 1630 are as follows:
Supports two working modes, reducing the CAPEX.

• Supports up to eight submarine lines monitoring.

• Supports quick locating of the fault span in 15 minutes.

• Supports the same NMS with other equipments in a submarine cable

system.
 Network Management System (NMS)

The iManager U2000 is a powerful network management system not only for
terrestrial systems but also for submarine cable systems. It provides a uniform
administration platform for all the elements, including the NPE, SLTE, SLM, and
PFE. With the seamless integration of the administration of all the elements,
the iManager U2000 allows customers to easily handle all the issues in routine
operation and maintenance.

Higher security and reliability

WDM signal flow enabling clear and easy management of your WDM sites

• Understanding of Network Health Status in Real Time

• A flexible network performance graph view is provided, such as Spectrum

Analysis, helping you to clearly grasp the network health status.
• Spectrum performance trend analysis and quality threshold alarms are supported,
preventing network failures in advance.

• Automatic adjustment and manual adjustment are supported, and the optical
power and link status are shown in the graphic view where the abnormal and
adjustment status are shown in different colors. In this manner, the network is
easy to manage and operate.

Easy Network Alarm Monitoring & Fast Fault Location

• Fast and intuitive alarm browse based on the network topology, alarm panel, and
element panel are provided.

• External notification for key alarms is supported, allowing users to understand

real-time network failures.

• Step-by-step trouble shooting is supported, allowing quick restoration of the

normal running status.
ALU submarine management system
Line show repeaters power In/Out for Go/Return directions,
span loss and relevant alarms
Access to SLTE or to the PFE can be done from the Map
• Alarm monitoring with 4 degree of severity:
– Critical
– Major
– Minor
– Warning
MERCI