P-0 OTN Introduction: Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

OTN Introduction P-0
 1.OTN Overview………………………………………………………………………….Page3
 2.OTN Interfaces Structure………………………………………………………………Page7
 3.OTN Multiplexing and Mapping Structure ………………………………………….Page11
 4.OTN Overhead …………………………………………………………………..…..Page24
 5.OTN Maintenance Signals and Trail Layers ………………………………………...Page44
 6.Common OTN Alarms and Performance Events …………………………………...Page55
 7.OTN Overhead Application ………………………………………………………….Page59
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 After taking this course, you are supposed to reach the following objectives:
 Understand the basic concepts of OTN and frame structure
 Maintain OTN by analyzing reported alarms
 Locate faults at the OTN electrical layer.

 Objectives for this chapter:

 Describe the definition of OTN
 Describe the features of OTN
 Outline the protocols which supports OTN system

 One important feature of OTN is that the transmission setting of any digital customer
signal is independent of specific features of the customer, that is, independence of
customer.
 According to the SDH principle, there are multiple OAM overhead bytes in the SDH frame
structure. These OAM overheads greatly enhance the monitoring function for a network.
In other words, these overheads support highly automatic maintenance. Inheriting this
OAM feature from SDH, OTN supplies multiple overheads to provide operation,
administration, maintenance and protection (OAM&P) functions.

 Compared with SDH/SONET, the benefits of OTN are as follows:

 Strong scalability of the capacity: The cross-connect capacity can be expanded to
dozens of T bit/s.
 The customer signal transparency covers payload and clock information.
 The asynchronous mapping eliminates restriction on the synchronization in the
whole network, with stronger FEC. The simplified system design can decrease the
networking costs.
 Up to 6-level TCM monitoring management capability.
 Compared with the traditional WDM, OTN has the following features:
 Effective monitoring function: OAM&P and survivability
 Flexible grooming capability at both optical and electrical layers and carrier-class,
manageable, and operable networking capability.

 G.874, management features of optical transmission NE, describes the management

feature of the OTN NE and transmission function of one or more network layers in the
OTN. The management of the optical layer network is separated from the management of
the customer layer network. Therefore, the same management method that is independent
of the customer can be used. G.874 defines fault management, configuration
management, billing management, and performance monitoring. G.874 describes the
management network architecture model between the NE EMS and optical NE equipment
management functions.
 G.798, feature of equipment function block of the optical transport network, defines the
function requirements of the optical transmission network in the NE equipment.
 G.709, OTN interface, defines OTM-n signal requirements of OTN, including OTH, support
of multi wavelength optical network overhead, frame structure, bit rate, and format of
mapping customer signals.
 G.872, OTN architecture, defines the relation between OTN hierarchical architecture,
feature information and customer/service layer, and the function description of the
network topology and layer network.


 Draw the hierarchy of OTN;
 Brief introduce the difference between OTM-n.m and OTM-0.m;
 Describe how does a client signal are encapsulated to OTN frame.

 The figure shows the interfaces and function modules at OTN layers. This section describes
signals transmitted from the client side to the OTM.Client, OPUk, ODUk, OTUk, OCC,
OMSn, and OTSn appear in the G.709 recommendation and can be considered as frame
structures at a specified rate. They are similar to VC12/VC3/VC4 in the SDH.
 Note that OTUk, ODUk, and OPUk signals are electrical signals while OCh signals and
signals at higher level are optical signals.
 OTM-n consists of OTMs with full functionality, that is, OTM-n.m and OTMs with reduced
functionality, that is, OTM-0.m, OTM-nr.m, and OTM-0.mvn. The following figure shows
the OTM-n signal structure.
 n indicates the maximum number of wavelengths supported by an interface when
wavelengths are at their permitted lowest bit rate. When the value of n is 0, only one
wavelength is supported.
 m indicates the bit rate or bit rate set supported by an interface.
 r indicates reduced functionality. OTM-0.m does not need to be marked with r, because an
OTM with only one wavelength supported can only be with reduced functionality.
 The value of k can be 0, 1, 2, 2e, 3, 3e1, 3e2, 4, 5, or flex, The value 0 of k indicates
encapsulation for client-side signals at the rate of 1.25 Gbit/s; value 1, the rate of 2.5
Gbit/s; value 2, the rate of 10 Gbit/s; value 2e, a rate higher than that of standard OPU2
signals, such as 10GE-LAN signals; value 3, the rate of 40 Gbit/s; value 4, the rate of 100
Gbit/s; value 5, the rate of 400 Gbit/s; value flex, burst and long signals.

 This figure shows the OTM interface with full functionality and constitution of an OTM-n.m
signal.
 An OTM-n.m signal consists of a maximum of n multiplexed wavelengths and
supports non-channel-associated OTM overheads.
 There are n channels for wavelength division transmission. These channels are with
fixed channel spacing and irrelevant to signal rates. The value of m can be 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 12, 23, 34, 45,123,1234 or 12345.
 When the value of m is 1, or 4, the OTU1/OTU1V, or OTU4/OTU4V signals
are carried.
 When the value of m is 12, OTU1/OTU1V and OTU2/OTU2V are carried.
 Note: The optical layer signal OCh is composed of OCh payload and OCh overhead. After
the OCh is modulated to the OCC, multiple OCC time division multiplexes (TDM) constitute
the OCG-n.m unit. OMSn payload and OMSn overhead constitute the OMU-n.m. OTSn
payload and OTSn overhead constitute the OTM-n.m unit.
 The overhead and generic management information of the optical layer units constitute
the OTM overhead signal (OOS), which is transmitted by 1-channel independent OSC in the
non-associated overhead.
 The overhead of electrical layer units such as OPUk, ODUk, and OTUk are the associated
channel overheads, which are transmitted together with the payload.

 The OTM-nr.m signals are composed of up to n optical channel multiplexing, and does not
support the non-associated overhead. At present, m of OTM-16r.
 The electrical layer signal structures of OTM-nr.m and OTM-n.m are the same. The optical
layer signals do not support the non-associated overhead OOS, without the optical
monitor channel. Therefore, it is called the OTM interface with the reduced function.


 Draw the mapping route of OTM;
 List the rate of all types of OTUk, ODUk , and OPUk signals;
 Describe how does a lower rate ODUk multiplex to a higher rate ODUk.

 This figure shows the OTN electrical-layer multiplexing route of signals at a rate lower than
1.25 Gbit/s.
 Client-side signals at a rate lower than 1.25 Gbit/s, as OPU payloads, together with OPU
overheads, are mapped into lower order OPU0.
 Then, OPU0 serving as ODU payloads, together with ODU0P, ODU0T frame alignment
overheads, and all 0s OTU overheads, form lower order ODU0.
 After these two steps, signals need to be multiplexed to higher order OPUk due to the lack
of corresponding level OTUk signals. As shown in the preceding figure, there are five
multiplex routes available for ODU0 signals. On each route, a certain number of ODU0
specified by relevant protocol are multiplexed into ODTUGk (k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) by time
division multiplexing. According to the preceding figure, two ODU0s are multiplexed into a
ODTUG1; eight ODU0s are multiplexed into a ODTUG2; 32 ODU0s are multiplexed into a
ODTUG3; 80 ODU0s are multiplexed into a ODTUG4; 320 ODU0s are multiplexed into a
ODTUG5.
 Lower order ODUk (k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) serving as payloads, can be multiplexed into higher
order OPUk (k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) based on the multiplexing route, and form higher order
ODUk (k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). After that, lower or higher order ODUk, together with OTU
overheads and the FEC field, are mapped into the fully standardized optical channel
transport unit OTUk (k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) or functional standardized optical channel transport
unit OTUk[V].

 This figure shows the OTN electrical-layer multiplexing route of 2.5 Gbit/s signals.
 Similar to 1.25 Gbit/s signals, 2.5 Gbit/s client-side signals serving as OPU payloads,
together with OPU overheads, are mapped into lower order OPU1.
 Then, OPU1 serving as ODU payloads, together with ODU1P, ODU1T frame alignment
overheads, and all 0s OTU overheads, form lower order ODU1.
 No multiplexing is needed to convert ODU1 to OTU1. Therefore, ODU1 signals serving as
OTU1 payloads, together with OTU overheads and FEC field, are directly mapped into
OUT1k[V].
 To obtain higher-rate signals, time division multiplexing is a must. Different numbers of
ODU1 can be multiplexed into OTUkV (k = 2, 3, 4, 5) signals. From the preceding figure, 4
ODU1 can be multiplexed into a ODTUG2, 16 ODU1 into a ODTUG3, 40 ODU1 into an
ODTUG4, and 160 ODU1 into an ODTUG5 .
 Lower order ODUk (k = 2, 3, 4, 5), as payloads, can be multiplexed into higher order OPUk
(k = 2, 3, 4, 5) based on the multiplexing route. Then, OPUk (k = 2, 3, 4, 5) form higher
order ODUk (k = 2, 3, 4, 5). After that, lower order or higher order ODUk (k = 2, 3, 4, 5),
together with OTU overheads and the FEC field, are mapped into the fully standardized
optical channel transport unit OTUk (k = 2, 3, 4, 5), or functional standardized optical
channel transport unit OTUk[V].

 This figure shows the OTN electrical-layer multiplexing route of 10 Gbit/s signals.
 The common 10 Gbit/s client-side signals include STM-64, OC192, 10GE-LAN, 10GE-WAN,
and FC1200. Among them, 10GE-LAN and FC1200 have higher rates than that of standard
OPU2 signals. Therefore, these two signals cannot be mapped into OPU2, or ODU2 at the
rate of about 10,037,273.924 kbit/s. There are several solutions for this issue, and one of
them will be introduced here. In this solution, a specific mapping signal OPU2e is defined.
The rate of OPU2e is 10,399,525.316 kbit/s, which is higher than those of 10GE-LAN and
FC1200. Therefore, 10GE-LAN and FC1200 signals can be mapped into OPU2e.
 According to the preceding figure, 10 Gbit/s client-side signals serving as OPU payloads,
together with OPU overheads, are mapped into lower order OPU2 or OPU2e.
 OPU2 and OPU2e, together with OTUk overheads and the FEC field, are mapped into
OTU2V and OTU2e. Alternatively, time division multiplexing can be performed on OPU2
and OPU2e to form higher order OPUk and then OPUk is mapped into higher order OTUk
or OTUkV. Note that in the time division multiplexing process, the numbers of ODU2 and
ODU2e signals needed to form an ODTUG3 are different. For ODU2 signals, four ODU2
signals can be multiplexed into an ODTUG3 signal. For ODU2e signals, three ODU2e
signals can be multiplexed into an ODTUG3 signal. On the other hand, the numbers of
ODU2 and ODU2e signals needed to form an ODTUG4 are the same, that is, ten.
 The process of multiplexing lower order ODU2 or ODU2e into OTUkV is similar to that of
multiplexing lower order ODU1 into OTUkV.

 This figure shows the OTN electrical-layer multiplexing route of 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s
signals.
 The electrical-layer multiplexing and mapping process of 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s signals
are simple. According to the preceding figure, the 40 Gbit/s client-side signals serving as
OPU payloads, together with OPU overheads, are mapped into OPU3.
 OPU3, together with ODUk overheads, is mapped into ODU3. Then, ODU3, together with
OTUk overheads and the FEC field, is mapped into OTU3V, or time division multiplexing is
performed on the OPU3 to form higher order OPU4. Then these OPU4 signals are mapped
into higher order OTU4V. Note that OTU3 has a rate of 43,018,413.559 kbit/s and OTU4
has a rate of 111,809,973.568 kbit/s. In the case of time division multiplexing, only two
ODU3 signals can be multiplexed into an ODU4 signal.
 The 100 Gbit/s client-side signals, as the payloads of higher order OPU4, together with
OPUk overheads, are mapped into OPU4. Then, OPU4, together with ODUk overheads,
forms higher order ODU4. These ODU4 signals, together with OTU overheads and the FEC
field, are mapped into OTU4V.

 This figure shows the multiplexing of special signals, ODUflex, at the OTN electrical layer.
 ODUflex signals can bear the signals at a rate higher than 2.5 Gbit/s or flexible packet
services. The multiplexing mode of ODUflex is different from that of standard signals. The
difference lies in that the number of ODUflex needed for the multiplexing varies according
to the client-side signal rates. However, the multiplexing route of ODUflex signals is the
same as that of standard signals.
 According to the preceding figure, client-side signals with flexible rates, as OPU payloads,
together with OPU overheads, are mapped into lower order OPUflex. Then, these OPUflex,
together with ODUk overheads, are mapped into ODUflex signals.
 There are four multiplexing routes available for ODUflex signals. On each route, a certain
number of ODUflex specified by relevant protocol are multiplexed into ODTUGk by time
division multiplexing. Then these ODTUGk signals are mapped to higher order OPUk. Note
that rates of client-side signals are flexible. Therefore, when ODUflex is multiplexed into
ODTUGk, the signal transmission time needs to be eliminated to obtain proper ODTUk and
ODTUGk. Then, higher order OPUk are mapped into higher order ODUk, and these ODUk,
together with OTU overheads and the FEC field, are mapped into OTUk or OTUkV.

 The overall mapping process is as follows: Client-side signals or ODTUGk are mapped into
OPUk; OPUk is mapped into ODUk; ODUk is mapped into OTUk or OTUkV; OTUk or
OTUkV is mapped into OCh or OChr; OCh or OChr is modulated to OCC or OCCr.
 The multiplexing includes time division multiplexing performed upon lower order ODU to
form higher order ODU and wavelength division multiplexing performed upon n OCCs (n
>= 1) or OCCrs to form OCG-n.m or OCG-r.m.
 In the case of WDM, the OCC of OCG-n.m or OCCr of OCG-r.m are at different rates.
OCG-n.m is transmitted by OTM-n.m and OCG-r.m is transmitted by OTM-r.m. In addition,
WDM needs to perform upon OSC to form OTM-n.m through the OTM-n.m interface with
complete functionality.

 k x ODU1 and (8-2k) x ODU0 multiplexed into 1xODU2 (0  k  4 )

 j x ODU2, k x ODU1 and (32-2k-8j ) x ODU0 multiplexed into 1xODU3 (0  j  4, 0  k 
16-4j )
 h x ODU3, j x ODU2, k x ODU1and (80-2k-8j-32h ) x ODU0 multiplexed into 1xODU4 (0 
h  2, 0  j  10-5h, 0  k  40-4j-20h )
 p x ODU4，h x ODU3, j x ODU2, k x ODU1 and (320-2k-8j-32h-80p ) x ODU0 multiplexed
into 1xODU5 (0  p  4, 0  h  10-2.5p, 0  j  40-4h-10p, 0  k  160-4j-16h-40p )

 ODU1floats in ¼ of the OPU2 payload area. An ODU1 frame will cross multiple ODU2
frame boundaries.
 A complete ODU1 frame(15296 bytes) requires the bandwidth of (15296/3808 =) 4.017
ODU2 frame.
 The figure shows the ODU1 frame, including the frame alignment overhead and all-zero
OTUk overhead. The ODU1 adapts to the clock synchronization of the ODU2 signal
through the asynchronous mapping.
 As shown in the frame structure in the figure, four ODU1 after adaptation is multiplexed to
the OPU2 payload area in the byte interleaved mode; JC and NJO are inserted to OPU2
overhead area.
 After ODU2 overhead is added, ODU2 is mapped to OTU2 (or OTU2V). After OTU2 (or
OTU2V) overhead, frame alignment overhead, and FEC area are added, the OTU2 signals
transmitted through the OTM are formed.
 The frame size of ODU1 and ODU2 are the same, that is, 4 lines and 3824 columns, where,
the payload is 3808 column. How can OPU2 take four ODU1 frames? The ODU1 frame
must cross one ODU2 frame border, occupying 3824/3808, that is, 1.004 ODU2 frame.
The frame frequency of the ODU1 differs from that of ODU2. The frame frequency of the
ODU2 is higher than ODU1. Therefore, it is feasible when ODU1 is multiplexed to ODU2
with occupying one ODU2 frame.

 The OTUk frame size is fixed, with OTU1, OTU2, and OTU3 having 4 rows and 4080
columns. Columns 1–16 of the OTU1 frame are OTU1, ODU1, and OPU1 overheads;
Columns 17–3824 are client signals; columns 3825–4080 is the FEC area. Assume that the
OTU1 frame is loaded with STM-16 SDH signal at the rate of 2,488,320 kbit/s. Applying
these values to the following equation gives as the nominal OTU1 frame rate.
 Client signal size/OTU frame size = client signal rate/nominal OTU frame rate
 3808/4080 = 2, 488, 320/nominal OTU1 frame rate
 Nominal OTU1 frame rate = 255/238 x 2,488,320 kbit/s
 For the OTU2 frame, four ODU1 signals are time-division multiplexed into ODTUG2 and
four ODU1 signals function as the OPU2 payload with 3808 columns. 16 columns of the
OPU2 payloads are OTU1, ODU1, and OPU1 overheads. Client signals take up 3792
columns. Applying these values to the following equation gives as the nominal OTU1 frame
rate.
 3792/4080 = 2,488,320 x 4/nominal OTU2 frame rate
 Nominal OTU2 frame rate = 255/237 x 9,953,280 kbit/s
 According to the frame rates of OTU1/2/3, the following equation is concluded.
 OTUk rate = 255/(239-k) x STM-N frame rate
 When values of k are 1, 2, and, 3, values of N are 16, 64, and, 256 accordingly.

 Compared with an OTUk frame, an ODUk frame has an FEC area with 250 columns less.
The following table lists the ODUk frame rates calculated using OTUk frame rate equation.
The definition of the ODUflex (GFP-F) signal rates is special. The service rates vary
according to application scenarios, which will not be detailed here. Bit rate error tolerance
for the ODU2e and ODUflex (CBR) signals is ±100 ppm. The ODUk frame rate equation is
as follows:
 ODUk rate = 239/(239-k) x STM-N frame rate
 Note: The nominal ODUk rates are approximately: 1,244,160 kbit/s (ODU0),
2,498,775.126 kbit/s (ODU1), 10,037,273.924 kbit/s (ODU2), 40,319,218.983
kbit/s (ODU3), 104,794,445.815 kbit/s (ODU4), 421 032 552.212 kbit/s (ODU5),
and 10,399,525.316 kbit/s (ODU2e).

 The OPUk payload rates can be calculated using the equation of the OTUk frame
rate.OPUk-Xv is the OPUk virtual concatenation with X ranging from 1 to 256. The OPUk-
Xv rate is XxOPUk frame rate.Different from that of other signals, the bit error tolerance of
OPU2e and OPUflex (CBR) is ±100 ppm.The OPUk frame rate equation is as follows:
 OPUk payload rate = 238/(239-k) x STM-N frame rate
 Note: The nominal OPUk payload rates are approximately: 1,238,954.310 kbit/s
(OPU0 payload), 2,488,320.000 kbit/s (OPU1 payload), 9,995,276.962 kbit/s
(OPU2 payload), 40,150,519.322 kbit/s (OPU3 payload), 104,355,975.330 kbit/s
(OPU4 payload), 419 270 909.735 kbit/s (OPU5 payload), and 10,356,012.658
kbit/s (OPU2e payload). The nominal OPUk-Xv rate is approximately
Xx2,488,320.000 kbit/s (OPU1-Xv payload), Xx9,995,276.962 kbit/s (OPU2-Xv
payload), and Xx40,150,519.322 kbit/s (OPU3-Xv).

 As mentioned previously, the OTUk (k = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) frame length is fixed as 4 rows and

4080 columns. For different signal levels, the OTN signal frame period changes. With
signal frame rates, the frame period can be calculated for signals with different
rate levels, using the formula: signal byte count/signal frame rate = signal frame
period. However, the method for calculating the frame period for ODUflex and
OPUflex signals is different from the method for calculating the frame period for
other signals.


 List the overheads in OTN frame;
 Describe the function of each overhead.

 The frame format of OTUk is a 4x4080 matrix as shown in the following figure. Among the
4080 bytes, bytes in columns 1-16 are overhead bytes, bytes in columns 17-3824 are
payload data, and bytes in columns 3825-4080 are the FEC coding data. Next, the
electrical-layer overheads are presented in turn.
 As shown in the preceding figure, an OPUk unit ranges from column 15 to column 3824,
OPUk overhead area ranges from column 15 to column 16, OPUk payload area ranges
from column 17 to column 3824, and client signals exist in the OPUk payload area.
 ODUk is a 4x3824 block structure composed of ODUk overhead and OPUk. The ODUk
overhead area is located in rows 2-4, columns 1-14 on the lower-left. Row 1, columns 1-7
is the frame alignment overhead area and row 1, columns 8-14 are all "0"s.
 The OTUk overhead area is located in row 1, columns 8-14. The FEC area ranges from
column 3825 to column 4080 to the right of the frame.
 The frame alignment overhead area is located in row 1, columns 1-7 of the frame header.
 Comparison between the SDH frame structure and OTN electrical-layer structure
SDH Frame Structure OTN Electrical-Layer Frame
Structure
Frame Structure Row 9, column 270xn with variable Row 4, column 4080 with
length fixed length
Frame Rate 8000 frames per second variable
fixed
Frame Structure Section overhead, pointer, path OPUk, ODUk, OTUk, FEC
overhead, payload

 The figure shows the overall electrical layer overhead, include frame alignment overhead,
OTUk layer overhead, ODUk layer overhead, and OPUk layer overhead.
 The frame alignment overhead is used for the framing. It is composed of 6-byte frame
alignment signal overhead FAS and 1-byte multi-frame alignment overhead MFAS.
 OTUk layer overhead supports the transmission operation function connected through one
or more optical channel. It is composed of 3-byte SM, 2-byte GCC0, and 2-byte RES. It is
terminated at the OTUk signal assembly and dissemble places.
 ODUk layer overhead is used to support the operation and maintenance of the optical
channel. It is composed of 3-byte PM for end-to-end ODUk channel monitoring, 6-level
TCM1-TCM6 with 3 bytes respectively, 1-byte TCMACT, 1-byte FTFL, 2-byte EXP, 2-byte
GCC1, 2-byte GCC2, 4-byte APS/PCC, and 6-byte reservation overhead. The ODUk
overhead is terminated at the ODUK assembly and disassemble places. TC overhead is
added at the source, and is terminated at the sink.
 OPUk overhead is used to support the customer signal adaptation. It is composed of 1-
byte PSI, 3-byte JC, 1-byte NJO, and 3-byte reservation overhead. It is terminated at the
OPUk assembly and disassemble places.

 Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) is used for the frame alignment and positioning, with the
length of six bytes. It is located in Column 1 to Column 6 of Line 1. The contents are
shown in the figure: three OA1 plus three OA2 series. The value of OA1 is 0xF6, and the
value of OA2 is 0x28.

 Multi-Frame Alignment Signal (MFAS) follows the FAS. Some OTUk and ODUk overheads,
for example, TTI, should cross multiple OTUk/ODUk frames. These overheads must
implement the OTUk/ODUk frame alignment and multi-frame alignment processing. The
MFAS is used for the multi-frame alignment.
 The length of the overhead is one byte, and is located in Line 1 Column 7.
 The value of the MFAS bytes increases with the increase of the OTUk/ODUk basic frame
number, from 0 to 255 (with up to 256 basic frames). For the overhead of each multi-
frame structure, the length can be adjusted. For example, if an overhead uses the multi-
frame structure with 16 basic frames, bit1-bit4 are not calculated when the multi-frame
signals are extracted.

 The SM overhead is composed of three bytes.

 The trail trace identifier (TTI), with the length of one byte, is located in the first byte of the
SM overhead. It is used to transmit 64-byte OTUk-level trail trace identifier signals. The
content sequence of 64 bytes are:
 Byte 0 includes SAPI[0] character, with the fixed value of all zeroes.
 Byte 1-byte5 include 15-character SAPI.
 Byte 16 includes DAPI[0] character, with the fixed value of all zeroes.
 Byte 17-byte 31 include 15-character DAPI.
 Byte 32- byte 63 are the contents designated by the operator.
 The 64-byte TTI signal should align with the OTUk multi-frame. Transmit for four times in
each multi-frame. Each multi-frame contains 256 frames.

 Bit Interleaved Parity-8 (BIP-8) byte is used for the detection of the OTUk-level bit error
detection. The code is in the even parity inserted among bits. Its length is one byte, located
in the second byte of the SM overhead. For BIP8 parity, calculate the bit in the whole
OPUK frame area of the No.i OTUk frame to obtain the OTUk BIP-8. Insert the results to
No.(i+2) OTUk frame OTUk BIP-8 overhead position. In No.(i+2) frame, as shown in the
figure, compare this value with the DIP8 calculation results of the current frame. If both
values mismatch, detect the bit error block of the near end.

 Backward Error Indication (BEI) and Backward Incoming Alignment Error (BIAE) are used to
return the detected bit errors to the upstream of the OTUk-level and to introduce the IAE.
The length is four bits. It is located in the most significant four bits of the third byte of the
SM overhead. In the IAE status, the field is set to 1011. The bit error number and non IAE
state is omitted, insert the bit error number (0-8). Other six values may be caused by some
irrelevant status. It should be explained as 0 bit error and BIAE inactivation.
 The backward defect indication (BDI) is used for OTUk-level to return the signal invalidity
status detected in the terminal sink function. The length is one bit. It is located in Bit5 of
byte3 of the SM overhead. When the BDI is set to 1, it indicates OTUk backward defect.
Otherwise, it is set to 0.
 The Incoming Alignment Error (IAE) is used for the OTUk-level S-CMEP at the ingress point
to notify the peer S-CMEP at the egress point that the alignment error is detected in the
introduction signals. The S-CMEP egress point can use this information to stress the bit
error number. These bit error may be caused by the ODUk frame phase change at the TC
ingress point. The IAE length is one bit. It is located in bit6 of byte 3 of the SM overhead.
The IAE bit is set to 1 to indicate the frame alignment error. Otherwise, it is set to 0.
 The last two bits of the SM is reserved, and is set to “00”.
 S-Connection Monitoring End Point (CMEP): Section-Connection monitoring end-points
represent end points of trails and correspond as such with the trail termination functions.

 General Communication Channel 0 (GCC0) is used to support the general communication

between OTUk terminals. The length is two bytes. It is located in Column 11 to Column 12
of line 1. The GCC0 is the transparent channel. The format specification is not discussed
here in this course.
 Then, it is the 2-byte OTUk reserved overhead, for the international standardization. It is
located in column 13-column 14 of line 1. The reserved overhead is set to all zeroes.

 The PM is similar to the SM.

 The PM overhead is composed of three bytes. It is located in column 10-column 12 of line
3. The PM is composed of 1-byte TTI, 1-byte BIP-8, 4-bit BDI, 1-bit BEI, and 3-bit STAT.
The definitions of TTI / BIP-8 / BEI / BDI are similar to those in SM. These parts support the
channel monitor.
 The PM overhead does not support IAE and BIAE function. In addition, BIP-8 of the PM
overhead is parity of the whole OPUk frame (column 15- 3824). But, the parity position is
in the PM overhead, which differs from the BIP regenerated node in the BIP8.The BEI field
needs not to support the BIAE function. Therefore, one value is less that of the SM
overhead to indicate the return of the IAE state. Four bits of BEI fields in the PM overhead
have nine effective values in total. 0-8 indicates 0-8 bit errors respectively. The other seven
values are caused by some irrelevant status, which can be interpreted as 0 bit error.

 The STAT field is used for the maintenance signals of ODUk channel level. The length is 3
bits. It is located in the least significant 3 bits of Column 12 of Line 3.
 The table describes the meaning of the STAT field.

 The ODUk overhead defines TCM1-TCM6 of six domains. The Tandem Connection
Monitoring (TCM) overhead supports the monitoring of the ODUk connection. It is used to
the scenarios such as one or more optical UNI to UNI, NNI to NNI serial line connection
monitoring, linear and ring protection switch sub-layer monitoring, the fault location of the
optical channel serial line connection, and the service delivery quality acceptance. TCM6-
TCM1 are located in Column 5-Column 13 of line 2, Column 1-Column 9 of Line 3. Its
format is similar to the SM of the OTUk overhead and the PM of the ODUk overhead.
 TTIi / BIP-8i / BEIi / BIAEi / BDIi support the TCMi sub-layer monitoring, i ranges from 1 to 6.
The definitions and functions of these parts are the same as the corresponding parts in SM.
But, only the monitoring levels are different.

 STAT is used for the maintenance signal of TCMi sub layer, whether the IAE error exists in
the source TC-CMEP, whether the source TC-CMEP is activated. The length is 3 bits. It is
located in the least significant 3 bits of the TCMi field.
 It indicates the meaning of the STAT field.
 TCMi overhead has more BIAE function than PM overhead. In the maintenance signals in
the STAT field, there are more two meanings: No source TC, and TC in use but with IAE
error.

 Along one ODUk trail, the monitored connections range from 0 to 6. The monitored multi-
level connections can be overlay, nesting, or cascading. At present, the overlay mode is
applicable to the test only. Each TC-CMEP inserts or extracts the TCM overhead from six
TCMi overhead domains. The corresponding network operator, network management
system or switching control platform provides the TCMi overhead domain contents.
 As shown in the figure, the monitored connects A1-A2, B1-B2, and C1-C2 are nested, A1-
A2 and B3-B4 are nested, B1-B2 and B3-B4 are cascaded.

 As shown in the figure, the monitored connects B1-B2 and C1-C2 are overlaid, A1-A2 and
B1-B2 are nested, A1-A2 and C1-C2 are nested.

 GCC1 and GCC2 can be used to access to the ODUk frame structure (that is, located in 3R
regeneration points) between any two NEs. The length is 2 bytes, respectively located in
Column 1-2 and Column 3-4 of Line 1. It is the transparent channel. Its function is similar
to OTUk overhead GCC0. The ESC function can be applied to the product.

 TCM Activation/Deactivation (TCMACT) overhead is 1-byte long, and is located in Column

4 of Line 2. Its definition is not determined yet.
 Automatic Protection Switching (APS)/Protection Communication Control (PCC) overhead is
applicable to the protection protocol communication, with the length of four bytes. This
field can appear in up to 8-level nested APS/PCC signals. It can be used by multiple
protection mechanisms. In the multi-frame, the first eight basic frames (for MFAS, it is 0-7)
APS/PCC are sequentially allocated to ODUk channel layer, ODUk TCM1-TCM6 sub layers,
and OTUk section layer.
 The ODUk overhead defines 2-byte EXP, which allows the equipment supplier or network
operator to use the extra ODUk overhead on the subnet. The specific function of the EXP is
not limited to the standard, which is not defined within G.709 range.
 The ODUk overhead is allocated with one byte to transmit total 256-byte Fault Type &
Fault Location (FTFL). The FTFL message is composed of forward area and backward area,
with 128 bytes in each area, respectively containing the forward and backward fault type,
operator identifier, and operator designated domain.

 The OPUk overhead defines 1-byte payload structure identifier (PSI) overhead to transmit
the 256-byte PSI to indicate the OPUk signal type. The PSI overhead is in Column 15 of
Line 4. The 256-byte PSI signal aligns with the ODUk multi-frame. PSI[0] is a 1-byte
payload type (PT); PSI[1]-PSI[255] are used for the mapping and cascading; PSI[1] is
reserved, and PSI[2]-PSI[17] is the multiplex structure identifier (MSI). The MSI includes the
ODU type and transmitted ODU tributary port number information. For OPU2, there are
only four ODU1 tributary port number. Therefore, only four bytes PSI[2]-PSI[5] are needed,
and the last 12 bytes of the MSI are set to 0.

 The OOS is the non-associated overhead, which is transmitted through the OSC. The
optical layer overhead function should comply with the standard. The recommendation
defines overheads and corresponding functions contained in the optical layer, and does
not define the frame rate or frame structure. The optical layer overhead include OTS, OMS,
OCh overheads, and generic management information overhead defined by the supplier.
 The OTS overhead is used to support the maintenance and operation function of the
optical transmission section, and is terminated at the OTM signal assembly and dissemble
places, including:
 TTI: Transmit the TTI consisting of 64-byte character string. The TTI includes the
source access point indication, destination access point indication, and information
designated by the operator.
 BDI-P: Transmit the OTSn payload signal invalidity status detected from the OTSn
terminal sink function to the upstream.
 BDI-O: Transmit the OTSn overhead signal invalidity status detected from the OTSn
terminal sink function to the upstream.
 PMI: It is used to transmit the status of payload that is not added at the upstream
of the OTS signal source terminal to the downstream, to suppress subsequent
reporting of loss of signal.


 List the maintenance signals type;
 Describe the function and application of maintenance signals.

 OTS, OMS, OCh are all optical layer trails and OTUk, ODUk, Client are all electrical layer
trails.
 OSC trail is independent, which is related to supervisory signal.
 OTUK use SM section to send maintenance signals.
 ODUK use PM and TCM to send maintenance signals.
 OTS,OMS,OCh ,OSC send different optical layer maintenance signals.

 OCh client trail sets the source/sink port at the client side of OTU. LQG, as an example, it
is GE service trail of the client port.
 OCh trail sets the source/sink port at the WDM side of OTU. LQG, as an example, it is the
wavelength trail.
 OMS trail sets the source/sink port at the OUT/IN port of MUX/DeMUX. It is a trail of the
multiplex signal.
 OTS trail is the fiber connection between adjacent OM/OD/OA in the main path.
 OSC trail is independent, which is related to supervisory signals.

 For the framing and monitoring, the OTUk and ODUkP support to obtaining the LOF and
LOM through the detection of the FAS and MFAS. The ODUkP is applicable to the scenario
from the low-level ODU multiplexing to the high-level ODU signals.
 For the continuity monitoring, three layers support the TTI signals of the corresponding
level.
 For the information maintenance, three layers support AIS, BDI, and BEI signals. The ASI of
the OTUk layer is the generic AIS signal. In ODUkP and ODUkT, there are all-1 AIS signals.
 ODUkP and ODUkT layers support OCI and LCK signals.
 The ODUkT layer supports the LTC signals. Note: LTC indicates there is no TCM source.
 OTUk and ODUkT support the IAE/BIAE signals.
 For the monitoring of the signal quality, three layers support the performance detection
based on the BIP-8 calculation. That is, check the OPUk frames. But the check location and
layers are different.

 The FDI is the signal sent to the downstream in OMS and OCh layers, to indicates the
upstream defect. FDI-P indicates the payload forward defect, and FDI-O indicates the
overhead forward defect.
 OMS-FDI-P indicates the OMS servcie layer defect of the OTS network layer.
 OMS-FDI-O indicates that the transmission of the OMS overhead transmitted through the
OOS is interrupted owing to the signal invalidity status of the OOS.
 OCh-FDI-P indicates the OCh service layer defect in the OMS network layer. When the
OTUk is terminated, OCh-FDI-P serves as the ODUk-AIS signal to continue.
 OCh-FDI-O indicates that the transmission of the OCh overhead transmitted through the
OOS is interrupted owing to the signal invalidity status of the OOS.
 The FDI signal is generated in the adaptation sink function. In the trail terminal sink
function, it is generated to suppress the downstream defects and invalidities detected
owing to the transmission interruption of the upstream signals.
 The FDI is similar to AIS. When the signal is in the optical domain, use the FDI. When the
signal is in the digital domain, use the AIS. The FDI served as the non-associated overhead
is transmitted in the OTM overhead signal (OOS)

 AIS is the electrical layer OTUk, ODUkP, ODUkT, and customer layer CBR sent to
downstream to indicate the detected upstream defect, to suppress the downstream
defects and invalidities detected due to the interruption of upstream signal transmission.
The AIS of ODUkP and ODUkT layer uses the ASI with all-1 pattern.
 Note:
 OTUk-AIS supports the new service layer in future. At present, only the signal is
required to be detected, instead of the generation of this signal. According to this
recommendation, Huawei equipment only supports the detection of the OTUk-AIS,
instead of inserting OTUk_AIS. CBR AIS is generated in the ODUk/CBRx adaptation
sink function. If the SDH receives this signal, it is detected as the LOF.

 The AIS of ODUkP and ODUkT level uses the all-1 pattern, as shown in the figure.
 When we introduce the PM and TCMi overhead, we have learnt that the value 111 of
STAT field of PM or TCMi indicates the detected ODUk_AIS signals. When ODUkP or
ODUkT detects the AIS, it only concerns about the value of the STAT of the corresponding
level. For example, to detect the AIS of the TCM1, check whether the STAT corresponding
bit of the TCM1 is 111; To check the AIS of the PM, check whether the STAT
corresponding bit of the PM is 111.
 To insert the AIS, the ODUkP or ODUkT is not distinguished. For either of them, insert to
PM or 6-level PCM overhead area or all payloads (excluding FTFL byte). Therefore, it is
called the insertion of ODUk-AIS signals. The ODUk_AIS may be generated in the
adaptation sink function from OTU to ODU or in the ODUkT termination sink function. For
the adaptation sink function from OTU to ODT, insert the ODUk_AIS owing to the
invalidity of the service layer. For the ODUkT termination sink function, when the TCM is in
the operation mode, insert ODUk_AIS owing to the detection of the LCK, OCI, and TIM.
Whether the TIM is inserted with the AIS can be set.
 When the AIS is cleared, 111 of the STAT of the local area is cleared also. For example, for
the TCM1 source function, change the STAT of the TCM1 from 111 to 001.

 The Backward Defect Indication (BDI) includes the OTS of the optical layer, the BDI of the
OMS layer, OTUk and ODUkP of the electrical layer, and the BDI of the ODUkT layer.
 The BDI-P indicates the payload backward defect. The BDI-O indicates the overhead
backward defect. If the remote defect of the BDI inserting the OOS detected consecutively
in X ms, the BDI is generated. If the BDI-P upstream defect inserted by OOS detected
within the consecutive Y ms is cleared, clear the BDI-P. The values of X and Y needs the
further study.
 For the electrical layer OTUk, ODUkP and ODUkT layer’s BDI, we have learnt the electrical
layer overhead part. If the BDI bit of the SM/PM/TCMi overhead domain of the consecutive
five frames (bit 5 of byte 3) is 1, generate the dBDI. If the BDI bit of the SM/PM/TCMi
overhead domain of the consecutive five frames (bit 5 of byte 3) is 0, clear the dBDI.
 If the signal is invalid, the BDI should be cleared.

 The Open connection indication (OCI) is used for the optical layer OCh, electrical layer
ODUkP, and ODUkT to indicate that the upstream signal does not connect to the trail
terminal source signals. The OCI signal is generated in the connection function. Through
the connection function, output at any output connection point that is not connected to
any input connection point. The OCI signals are detected in the trail terminal sink function.
 For the OCh layer, if the input and output is detected in the consecutive X ms, generate
the OCI. If the input and output connection is normal or the overhead signal is invalid in
the consecutive Y ms, clear OCI. The values of X and Y are still under the research.
 As shown in the figure, it is the OCI pattern of the ODUkP and ODUkT layer. Detect the
OCI, which is similar to the detection of the AIS. Check whether the corresponding bit of
the STAT is 110. For example, check the OCI of the TCM1 to check whether the STAT
corresponding bit of the TCM1 is 110. Detect the OCI of the PM, to check whether the
STAT corresponding bit of the PM is 110.
 Insert the OCI, and insert to PM and 6-level TCM area and all payloads. Clear the OCI to
clear 110 of this area STAT. For example, for TCM1, it means to change the STAT of the
TCM1 from 110 to 001. If the data signal is invalid, the OCI should be cleared.

 To support the operator's requirement of locking the user access point signal, ODUkP and
PDUkT layer provide the LCK maintenance signals to indicate the upstream connection is
the locked signal, without signals passing.
 When the operator performs sets up the test, the customer signals are replaced by the
locked (LCK) fixed digital signals. It is generated through the service layer adaptation sink
and source function, and is sent to the downstream. The downstream termination sink
function allows the report of the LCK alarm, indicating that the upstream connection is
locked and no signals pass.
 As shown in the figure, it is the LCK pattern of the ODUkP and ODUkT layer. Detect the
LCK, and check whether the corresponding bit of the STAT is 101. For example, check the
LCK of the TCM1 to check whether the STAT corresponding bit of the TCM1 is 101. Detect
the LCK of the PM, to check whether the STAT corresponding bit of the PM is 101.
 Insert the LCK, and insert to PM and 6-level TCM area and all payloads. Clear the LCK to
clear 101 of this area STAT. For example, for TCM1 source function, change the STAT of
the TCM1 from 101 to 001.
 The priority of inserting the LCK is higher than that of the AIS. That is, if a user sets the
insertion of the LCK and meets the condition of automatic insertion of the ASI, the result is
insertion of the LCK.

 Incoming Alignment Error (IAE) and Backward Incoming Alignment Error (BIAE). The
electrical layer OTUk and ODUkT provide the maintenance signals of IAE and BIAE. IAE and
BIAE are not the fault reasons. The IAE is used to suppress the near end performance of
the OTUk and ODUkT (EBC and DS). The BIAE is used to suppress the remote performance
of the OTUk and ODUkT.
 For the IAE of the OTUk, if the IAE bit in the consecutive 5-frame SM overhead domain (bit
6 of byte 3) is 1, generate the dIAE. If the IAE bit in the consecutive 5-frame SM overhead
domain (bit 6 of byte 3) is 0, clear the dIAE. For the IAE of the ODUkT, if the received STAT
information is 010, generate the dIAE. If the received STAT information is not 010, clear
the dIAE.
 If the signal is invalid, the dIAE and dBIAE should be cleared.
 For the signals sent to the upstream by the BIAE, if the BEI/BIAE bit of the consecutive 3-
frame SM/TCMi overhead domain (bit1-bit4 of byte 3) is 1011, generate dBIAE. If the
BEI/BIAE bit of the consecutive 3-frame SM/TCMi overhead domain (bit1-bit4 of byte 3) is
1011, clear dBIAE.


 Classify the alarms into the corresponding layer;
 Outline the suppression mechanism of alarms.

 Firstly,about the OTN alarm of each electrical layer, for the alarms of OTUk layer, except
the BEFFEC_EXC alarm related to the FEC, other alarm names start with “OTUk”. For the
ODUkP layer, except ODUk_LOFLOM, other alarms start with “ODUk_PM”. For ODUkT
layer alarms, the name starts with “ODUk_TCMi”. The OPUk layer alarm starts with
“OPUk”.

 The alarm above the arrow suppresses the alarm below the arrow. For example: If the
signal loss occurs to one optical interface on the WDM side, the optical interface only
reports the R_LOS alarm but not the R_LOC , SM_BIP8_OVER, OTU_AIS and the below
alarms.
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 ES: Errored Second: When one or more bit error blocks are found in one second, it is called
ES. FEES: far end ES.
 SES: Severely Errored Second: In one second period, include ≥ 15% bit error blocks, or,
there is at least one defect (OCI/AIS/LCK/IAE/LTC/TIM/PLM). FESES: far end severely errored
second.
 SESR: Severely Eroded Second Ratio: It indicates the ratio between the SES and total
seconds in the available time within the fixed test interval. FESESR: far end Severely Eroded
Second Ratio.
 BBE: Background Block Error: It indicates the bit error block beyond the severely eroded
second. FEBBE: far end background block error.
 BBER: Background block error ratio. It indicates the ratio between the BBE and total blocks
in the available time within the fixed test interval. The total number of the blocks excludes
the number of the blocks in the SES. FEBBER: far end background block error ratio.
 UAS: Unavailable second: It starts from 10 consecutive SES events. The 10 seconds are
considered as a part of the unavailable second. The new available time period starts from
10 consecutive non-SES events. Ten seconds can be considered as one part of the available
time. FEUAS: Far end unavailable second.
 IAES: Incoming Alignment Error Second: When the IAE error exists in one second, the
second is the incoming alignment error second. BIAES: backward Incoming Alignment
Error Second.


 Fault Location Using OTN Overheads on a network with a REG Node
 Fault location Using OTN Overheads on a network with an OADM node.

 This figure shows the application of the ODU2/OTU2 overheads on a point-to-point

network.

 When a fiber cut occurs from node A to node B, this figure illustrates the overhead
processing and detection, and alarm reporting as follows:
 Optical-layer overhead processing and detection: At node B, after detecting an
OTS_LOS alarm, the FIU board inserts an OTS_BDI alarm back to node A. Then the
FIU board at node A reports the OTS_BDI alarm and node C reports the OCh_SSF
alarm.
 Electrical-layer overhead processing and detection: Node B inserts the
ODU2_PM_AIS indication in the ODU2 signal to node C that are triggered by the
R_LOS or OTU2_SSF alarm. Then node C detects the ODU2_PM_AIS indication in
the ODU2 signal. When detecting the ODU2_PM_AIS indication in the ODU2 signal,
node C inserts the ODU2_PM_BDI indication in the ODU2 signal back to node A.
Finally, node A detects the ODU2_PM_BDI indication in the ODU2 signal.
 Alarm reporting: Nodes A, B, and C generate the relevant alarms after detecting
the overhead indications. Node A: reports the ODU2_PM_BDI alarms in the ODU2
signal, and FIU reports OTS_BDI alarm. Node B: ND2 reports the R_LOS alarm and
OTU2_SSF, and FIU reports the OTS_LOS alarm. Node C reports the ODU2_PM_SSF
and OCh_SSF alarms. In this case, you can infer that the optical signals in the
transmit direction of node A and receive direction of node B are interrupted.

 When the fiber between two nodes is degraded,the figure illustrates the overhead
processing and detection, and alarm and performance reporting as follows:
 Overhead processing and detection: When the fiber between nodes A and B is
degraded, node B detects the OTU2_BIP8 bit error in the OTU2 signal, and detects
the OTU2_DEG indication and inserts back the OTU2_BEI indication to upstream
node A. Node C detects the ODU2_PM_BIP8 bit error in the ODU2 signal, and
detects the ODU2_PM_DEG indication in the ODU2 signal and inserts back the
ODU2_PM_BEI indication to upstream node A. Node A detects the OTU2_BEI and
ODU2_PM_BEI indications.
 Alarm and performance reporting: Nodes A, B and C generate the relevant alarms
and performance events after detecting the overhead indications. Node A reports
the ODU2_PM_BEI and OTU2_BEI alarms. Node B reports the OTU2_DEG alarm in
the OTU2 signal. Node C reports the ODU2_PM_DEG alarm in the ODU2 signal. In
this case, you can infer that the optical signals in the transmit direction of node A
and receive direction of node B are degraded.

 When the fiber between two nodes is severely degraded, the figure illustrates the
overhead processing and detection, and alarm reporting as follows:
severely degraded, node B inserts the ODU2_PM_AIS indication in the ODU2 signal
to downstream node C that are triggered by the OTU2_LOF and OTU2_SSF alarm
in the OTU2 signal. Then node C detects the ODU2_PM_AIS indication in the ODU2
signal. When detecting the ODU2_PM_AIS indication in the ODU2 signal, node C
inserts the ODU2_PM_BDI indication in the ODU2 signal back to node A. Node A
then detects the ODU2_PM_BDI indication in the ODU2 signal.
the overhead indications. Node A reports the ODU2_PM_BDI performance in the
ODU2 signal. Node B reports the OTU2_LOF and OTU2_SSF alarm in the OTU2
signal. Node C reports the ODU2_PM_SSF alarm. In this case, you can infer that the
optical signals in the transmit direction of node A and receive direction of node B
are severely degraded.

 This figure shows the application of the ODU1/ODU2/OTU2 overheads on a network with
an OADM node. Nodes A and C use the TOM + NS2 boards to receive and transmit client
signals and complete overhead processing. Node B uses two NS2 boards and one TOM
board. One ODU1 service can be transparently transmitted between the two NS2 boards
and one ODU1 service can be added or dropped through the first NS2 board and the TOM
board. The source and sink nodes of the OTU2, ODU2, and ODU1 overheads are marked in
the figure. The WDM-side wavelengths are of the OTU2 level. Three ODU1s are allocated
as follows:
 First ODU1: A-B (Services are dropped at node B)
 Second ODU1: A-C (Services are passed through at node B)
 Third ODU1: B-C (Services are added at node B)

 When a fiber cut occurs from node A to node B, this figure illustrates the overhead
processing and detection, and alarm reporting as follows:
 Overhead processing and detection: When a fiber cut occurs from node A to node
B, the first NS2 board of node B detects the R_LOS and OTU2_SSF alarm and
inserts the OTU2_BDI in the OTU2 signal indication back to node A. In addition to
generating the ODU2_PM_AIS indication in the ODU2 signal and inserting the
ODU2_PM_BDI indication back to node A, node B triggers the insertion of the
lower-order overhead ODU1_PM_AIS (ODU1s A-C) in the ODU1 signal. The TOM
board of node C detects their respective ODU1_PM_AIS overheads in the ODU1
signal. The TOM board of node C triggers the insertion of the ODU1_PM_BDI
overhead in the ODU1 signal back to node A. The NS2 board of node A then
detects the ODU2_PM_BDI indications in the ODU2 signal from node B and the
ODU1_PM_BDI indication in the ODU1 signal from node C.
the overhead indications. The NS2 board of node A reports the ODU1_PM_BDI,
ODU2_PM_BDI, and OTU2_BDI alarms in the ODU2 signal and in the ODU1 signal
(ODU1s A-C). The first NS2 board of node B reports the R_LOS, OTU2_SSF and
ODU1_PM_SSF alarms. Node C reports the ODU1_PM_SSF alarm. In this case, you
can infer that the optical signals in the transmit direction of node A and receive
direction of node B are interrupted.

 When the fiber between two nodes is degraded, the figure illustrates the overhead
processing and detection, and alarm and performance reporting as follows:
degraded, the first NS2 board of node B detects the OTU2_BIP8 bit error in the
OTU2 signal, and thus detects the OTU2_DEG indication in the OTU2 signal and
inserts the OTU2_BEI indication back to the upstream node A. At the same time,
the first NS2 board of node B detects the ODU2_PM_BIP8 bit error in the ODU2
signal and inserts the ODU2_PM_BEI indication in the ODU2 signal back to
upstream node A. Therefore, lower-order ODU1s at nodes B and C detect
ODU1_PM_BIP8 bit errors in the ODU1 signal. The ODU1_PM_BIP8 bit errors in the
ODU1 signal at nodes B and C cause both nodes to detect the ODU1_PM_DEG
indication in the ODU1 signal and inserts the ODU1_PM_BEI indication back to the
relevant upstream node. The NS2 board of node A then detects the OTU2_BEI,
ODU2_PM_BEI, and ODU1_PM_BEI indications from node B and the
ODU1_PM_BEI indication from node C.
 Alarm and performance event reporting: Node A reports the
ODU1_PM_BEI ,ODU2_PM_BEI, and OTU2_BEI performance events. The first NS2
board of node B reports the OTU2_DEG alarm in the OTU2 signal. The first NS2
board of node B reports the ODU2_PM_DEG, ODU1_PM_DEG alarm in the ODU1
signal and ODU2 signal alarms. The TOM board of node C reports the
ODU1_PM_DEG and ODU1_PM_BIP8 alarm in the ODU1 signal. In this case, you
can infer that the optical signals in the transmit direction of node A and receive
direction of node B are degraded.

 Which kinds of the components does the OTM-n.m have?

 OTSn, OMSn, OCh, OTUk/OTUkV, ODUk, OPUk
 What’s the difference between SM and PM?
 SM is in the OTUk OH,PM is in the ODUk OH.
 SM contains TTI/BIP-8/BEI/BIAE/BDI/IAE/RES,PM contains TTI/BIP-8/BEI/BDI/STAT.

 This course contains the following contents:

 OTN definition
 OTN features
 OTN hierarchy and interfaces
 OTN multiplexing and mapping structure
 OTN bit rates and capacity
 ODUk TDM
 OTN overhead
 Electrical-layer overheads of the OTN
 Optical-layer overheads of the OTN
 OTN maintenance signals and trail layers
 Trails between OTN layers
 Common OTN alarms and performance events

 EMS Element Management Layer

 ESC Electric Supervisory Channel
 EXP Experimental
 FAS Frame Alignment Signal
 FDI Forward Defect Indication
 FEC Forward Error Correction
 FTFL Fault Type & Fault Location
 GCC General Communication Channel
 GFP Generic Framing Procedure
 GFP-F Base on Frame Generic Framing Procedure
 IaDI Intra-domain Interface
 IAE Incoming Alignment Error
 IaVI within sub-network of one vendor
 IP Internet Protocol,
 IrDI Inter-domain Interface
 IrVI between equipment of different vendors
 ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Sector
 LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

 ODUk Optical Channel Data Unit-k

 ODUkP ODUk path
 ODUkT ODUk TCM
 OMS Optical multiplex section
 OOS OTM overhead signal
 OPS Optical Physical Section
 OPUk Optical Channel Payload Unit
 OTH Optical Transport Hierarchy
 OTM Optical Transport Module
 OTN Optical Transport Network
 OTS Optical transmission section
 OTUk Optical Channel Transport Unit
 OTUkV Reduced Optical Channel Transport Unit
 PCC Protection Communication Channel
 PM Path Monitoring
 PMI Payload Missing Indication
 PSI Payload Structure Identifier
 QoS Quality of Service


P-0 OTN Introduction: Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

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OTN Introduction P-0

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 Objectives for this chapter:

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 Compared with SDH/SONET, the benefits of OTN are as follows:

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 G.874, management features of optical transmission NE, describes the management

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 Objectives for this chapter:

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 Objectives for this chapter:

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 k x ODU1 and (8-2k) x ODU0 multiplexed into 1xODU2 (0  k  4 )

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 As mentioned previously, the OTUk (k = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) frame length is fixed as 4 rows and

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 Objectives for this chapter:

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 The SM overhead is composed of three bytes.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 General Communication Channel 0 (GCC0) is used to support the general communication

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 The PM is similar to the SM.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 TCM Activation/Deactivation (TCMACT) overhead is 1-byte long, and is located in Column

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

 Objectives for this chapter:

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

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