01 WDM Technology Components

WDM Technologies &
Optical Concepts
CWDM/DWDM & Components
Global Services Division

ECI Training Department
1.110 DWDM Technology

Agenda
 Optics Introduction
 Why optics?
 Trends in optics
 WDM – overview
 WDM standards & transmission windows
 Light propagation basics
 DWDM components

Introduction: Why Optics?
 High bit rate
 High immunity from disturbances
 No aging problems
 High security
 For any distance
 Number of channels theoretically unlimited

Additional Capacity – How?
 Three ways to increase transmission capacity:
 Deployment of new, additional fibers (very expensive)
 Increasing TDM bit rate (more bits per second)
 Transmitting several channels via the same fiber

(on single mode fibers only)

Optics Today
 100Gb/s per channel
 Today: 88 channels of 100Gb/s = 8.8Tb/s
 For any distance

 (Using Amplifiers, DCFs, Regenerators…)

Wavelength Approach to Light
 Light is an electromagnetic wave
 Wavelength is the distance between identical points in

the adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propagated in
space or along a wire
 Wavelength is specified in nanometers (1 x 10-9 meters)

Wavelength Vs. Frequency
 The higher the frequency of the signal, the shorter its

wavelength:
 The standard unit of frequency is Hertz
 If a wave completes one cycle per second, then

f = 1 Hz
 1 THz = 10¹² cycles per second

Electromagnetic Spectrum
1st Window 2nd Window 3rd Window

800-900 nm 1300nm 1500 nm
WDM – Overview
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing multiplexes a number

of optical carrier signals into a single optical fiber by using
different wavelengths (Lambdas) of laser light
 The WDM principle is similar to a prism of light in the

visible spectrum
l1, l2, l3…. ln l1

l2
l3
ln

WDM – Overview
 WDM splits and combines different wavelengths into a

single fiber using a multiplexer at the transmitting end (to
join the signals together), and a demultiplexer at the
receiver end (to split them apart again)
MUX DEMUX
 Capacity of a given link can be expanded simply by

upgrading the multiplexers and demultiplexers at each end
WDM Transmission Bands
 Two different wavelength patterns:

 Dense (DWDM)
 Coarse/Conventional (CWDM)
 DWDM uses the C or L band for transmission with

denser channel spacing
 Typical system uses 44ch at 100GHz (0.8nm) interchannel
spacing or 88ch with 50GHz(0.4nm) interchannel spacing
 CWDM systems provide up to 8 or 16 channels of

transmission in the O, E, S, C and L bands

CWDM – Coarse WDM
 Uses 200-250GHz interchannel spacing

 10Gb networks supporting 8 channels
 2.5Gb network supporting 16 channels
 Runs over both SMF and MMF
 Distances are generally shorter than DWDM
 Costs of deploying CWDM are significantly lower than

DWDM
 Mostly used for the several applications:

 10 Gigabit Ethernet LANs and some 10xGbE WAN applications

CWDM Spectrum
 Standard G.694.2 defines 18 channels in 5 bands:

 O, E, S, C and L
CWDM wavelength grid as specified by ITU-T G.694.2

Fiber attenuation (DB/km)
Wavelength (nm)
CWDM 8 Channels
Mux Demux
 Upgrade to 16 channels is done by adding an extra

1271-1451nm range
DWDM
 Developed in the early 1990s to add capacity to

undersea and transcontinental routes
 Uses the 1500nm to 1600nm band which has minimum

attenuation for long distance routes (3rd window)
 Today typically transmits from 2.4Gbps - 120Gbps

Standards for DWDM
 G.681 - Functional characteristics of interoffice and long-haul

systems using optical amplifiers, including optical
multiplexers (revision)
 G.692 - Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with

optical amplifiers (new), OSC: 1510nm, 1480nm and 1310nm
 G.694.1 - Spectral grids for WDM applications
 G.957 - Optical interfaces for equipment and systems

relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy
 G.709 – OTN standard
 GR-2918 - CORE - DWDM Network Transport Systems,

16.110 OSC: 1510nm DWDM Technology
Third Window Spectrum – DWDM
C L
Blue Red
1529.94nm 1568.77nm 1570.01nm 1610.92nm
 Interchannel spacing of 50 & 100GHz

 Examples of conversion from λ in nm to frequencies in THz
 1529.94(nm) = 195.95(THz)
 1568.77(nm) = 191.10(THz)
 1570.01(nm) = 190.95(THz)
17.110 1610.92(nm) = 186.10(THz) DWDM Technology
DWDM 44 Channel Grid [ THz ]
 44ch – 100GHz spacing 191.70 191.75 191.80 191.85 191.90 191.95 192.00
 First ch: 191.70THz
 Last ch: 196.00THz 192.05 192.10 192.15 192.20 192.25 192.30 192.35 192.40 192.45 192.50
192.55 192.60 192.65 192.70 192.75 192.80 192.85 192.90 192.95 193.00
193.05 193.10 193.15 193.20 193.25 193.30 193.35 193.40 193.45 193.50
193.55 193.60 193.65 193.70 193.75 193.80 193.85 193.90 193.95 194.00
194.05 194.10 194.15 194.20 194.25 194.30 194.35 194.40 194.45 194.50
194.55 194.60 194.65 194.70 194.75 194.80 194.85 194.90 194.95 195.00
195.05 195.10 195.15 195.20 195.25 195.30 195.35 195.40 195.45 195.00
195.55 195.60 195.65 195.70 195.75 195.80 195.85 195.90 195.95 196.00
196.05
DWDM 88 Channel Grid [ THz ]
1563.86nm
 88ch – 50GHz spacing
 First ch: 191.70THz
 Last ch: 196.05THz
19.110
1529.16nm
DWDM Technology
CWDM Vs. DWDM
 CWDM Advantages:  DWDM Advantages:

 Simple technology  Maximum system channel
capacity available
 Cost effective
 Maximum distance capability with
 The best solution for shorter EDFA and Raman amplifiers
distances  Pay as you grow expansion
 Fiber Channel – for Data
Center Storage
 CWDM Disadvantages:  DWDM Disadvantages:

 Less capacity than DWDM  Needs more power
 Less transmission range  High accuracy lasers & wave
filters
 Less bit rate per channel
 Expensive EDFA & Raman
amplifiers
 Start up costs are higher than
20.110 equivalent CWDM DWDM Technology
DWDM Network
Mux Demux
Amplifier
DCF
Interfaces Interfaces
Fiber C/T filter
ROADM
 Transmitters, Receivers
 Mux, Demux, OADM, GOADM & ROADM
 EDF-Amplifiers:
 (Booster, PreAmp)
 DR-Amplifiers
 Fiber
 DCF & DCM
 C/T Filter
Single Mode Vs. Multi Mode Fiber
D = 125±2µm D = 125±2µm
d = 8.6-9.5µm d = 50-62.5 µm
Core
Cladding
 SMF has a yellow jacket  MMF has an orange jacket

Optical Fiber
 An optical fiber consists of a cylindrical core surrounded

by cladding
 Both the core and the cladding are made primarily of
silica
Polymer overcoat
Core
Cladding
23.110
Optical Fiber
DWDM Technology
Light Propagation
 Geometrical approach to light

 Assumes that light propagates along straight lines -
rays
 Every medium is characterized by n – index of refraction
 Light speed
 n = 1 for vacuum
 n = 1.5 for glass
 n = 1.333 for water

Geometrical Approach
 How light propagates?

 Along the line if n (density of the material) is constant
 At the interface between two different media it does the
following:
– Refracts (refraction)
– Reflects (reflection)
Refraction
Back reflection

Geometrical Approach – Wave Guide
 Refraction index of Core > Refraction index of Cladding

 N core > n cladding
n1 > n2
Air – n0 Cladding – n2
Full
reflection
θ0 Core – n1

Fiber Types
 G.652 D = 18 ps/nm/km in C-band D=Dispersion

 G.653 D = 0 in C-band (don’t try it)
 G.655 D = 25 ps/nm/km in C-band
 G.656 D = 18 ps/nm/km in C-band,
no water peak

Optical Parameters
 Optical fiber has certain parameters that must be taken

into account when creating a network
1. Dispersion
– Modal
– Material
– Waveguide Chromatic Dispersion
– Polarization
– Non Linearity
2. Attenuation
– Typical attenuation of the C-band is 0.25dB/km

Dispersion
 The expansion or widening of the signal along the fiber

until reaching the receiving end
Before After
t t
 Dispersion occurs when different wavelengths

propagate in different velocities
 Measured as the amount of delay in picoseconds
(10 -¹² seconds) per km of fiber per nm change in the
wavelength: ps / nm x km
Dispersion
 Dispersion directly affects the bit rate
Input pulses
1 1
0
1 1
0
1 0 1 Inter-symbol interference
Output pattern
1
1 1
Modal Dispersion
 Depends on the diameter of the core and the critical

angle
 Significant in Multi-mode fibers and not in Single-mode
fibers
Input Surface Refraction

1 1
Jacket 1 1
t t

t Core t
Cladding
Pulse entering Pulse exiting
the fiber the fiber

Chromatic Dispersion
 Material dispersion
Effect of the fiber material on the propagation velocity of
the wave
 Waveguide dispersion relates to the ratio between
core radius and wavelength
Input Surface Refraction

Jacket

Core Cladding

Chromatic Dispersion
 Material dispersion and Waveguide dispersion

may act in opposite ways
 Fiber is engineered in order to give a resultant

chromatic dispersion near to zero

Dispersion Penalty
0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Dispersion Penalty
The dispersion of the signal
causes attenuation
2 dB per 100 km
for 2.5Gps

Polarization Mode Dispersion – PMD
 This kind of dispersion is significant in higher bitrates,

from 10 Gbps
 Due to manufacturing imperfections, the non-circular
core of the fiber may contribute to cause PMD
 Caused by several sources: core shape, external stress,
material properties, older fibers etc.
Regular
signal
PMD
signal
Dispersion Summary
 Shorter wavelengths are faster
 Dispersion:
 Causes signal degradation as it passes the fiber
 Depends on the wavelength
 It is a serious limitation on the signal transmission distance
 Can be compensated

Attenuation
 Attenuation:
 The reduction of signal strength during transmission - sometimes
called loss
 The relation between power in to power out
 If a signal attenuates too much, the destination device cannot

identify it, or, it may not even reach the destination. This is why
some optical links depend on repeaters, which amplify the signal
 The power is measured in mw (milli watts), the calculation is in

dB

Attenuation
 Any reduction in the strength of a signal - sometimes

called loss
 A natural consequence of signal transmission over long
distances
 The extent of attenuation is usually expressed in dB:
dB = measuring the relative difference between
two power levels
 dBm = a measure of absolute power

Silica Fiber Attenuation
Beginning
of the 80’s
First
window
Beginning
Attenuation (dB/km)
of the 90’s Today

Standard fiber
Second
window
Third
window
39.110
Wavelength (nm)
DWDM Technology
Attenuation Vs. Dispersion
Attenuation - Limits “How Far”: dB/km
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Dispersion - Limits “How Fast”: ps/(nm.km)
1 0 1 1 1 1
 The “How far” and “How fast” are not only fiber-dependent

DCFs & DCMs
 Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF)

 For all composite signals in the C Band (external equipment)
 Large amount of special fiber with the dispersion opposite to
that of the fiber
 Dispersion Compensating Module (DCM)

 For single channel or for the whole C band (Internal module)
 Needed for compensation of chromatic dispersion
 Depends on the type of fiber

DCFs & DCMs
DCF: DCM:
 Large insertion loss  Low attenuation
 Big  Small
 Expensive  Cheap
 Problems with slope  Attenuation is independent of the

compensation compensation length
 Tunable compensation is possible
 Dispersion ripple can result in power

penalty
Insertion Loss of DCFs Vs. DCMs
 Insertion loss 40km

 DCF – 5 dB
 DCM – 3 dB

 DCF – 8 dB
 DCM – 3 dB

 DCF – 10 dB
 DCM – 3 dB

DWDM: Optical Amplifiers
 A device that amplifies an optical signal directly,

without converting it into an electrical signal
 Three major optical amplifier types:
 Booster: At the transmitter site
 Inline Amplifier: Between 2 NEs
 Preamplifier: At the receiver site

EDFA Amplifiers
 Used to amplify the signal and to compensate for the

attenuation of the passive documents
 What are the important parameters? G

 Gain: G = Pout – Pin
 Amplifiers are the source of optical noise
 What is Noise Figure (NF) ?

 The amount of noise emitted by an amplifier

EDFA - Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier
D D
W W
D D
M M
Amplifier

Quantum Approach to Light
 When a photon enters an atom, it transfers its

energy to an electron within this atom, exciting it
to a higher energy level
Photon
E1 E2 E3
Energy levels: E1, E2,E3

Photon Absorption and Emission
Energy Spontaneous emission
E3 Excited State Level
E3-E2  h 32
E2 Ground Level
Absorption
E1
 The energy of the photon must be exactly equal to that

required to excite the electron to a higher energy level,
to be absorbed
 An electron in an excited state can drop to a lower
energy state by emitting a photon, with exactly the same
energy
A Photon’s Behavior
Spontaneous emission Stimulated emission
Photon
Photon
E1 E2 E3 E1 E2 E3
 In spontaneous emission: the high energy state lifetime is

between nanoseconds to milliseconds
 In stimulated emission: the emitted photon is identical in
wavelength, phase and direction to the photon entering the atom
EDFA: Inside the Fiber
Pump Pump
Normal fiber Doped fiber Normal fiber
Traffic Traffic
Normal fiber Doped fiber Normal fiber

Noise
Erbium excited electrons

EDFA Amplifiers
 Psat – the maximum optical power an amplifier can

provide at the Output
Psat
G
 Gain Flatness:
 Difference between the maximum and the minimum
channel power in the working region

Gain Tilt and Flatness
 Gain Tilt is a phenomenon that occurs in amplifiers
 In reality there is no ideal amplifier or ideal amplification

Amp
 Example:
20.75dB +0.75
20dB
19.25dB -0.75
λ
 Two ways to improve the flatness:

 V-mux
 Dynamic Gain Equalizer
Gain Tilt Filter
 What for?
 To compensate for the fiber gain tilt phenomenon
 The cause of gain tilt:

 Optical passive components and optical fibers
 The result:
 In the Optical fibers different channels are attenuated differently
during propagation
 There is a negative slope in insertion loss (channels close to the

1529 nm attenuated less than channels close to the 1560 nm)

Gain Tilt Filter
 GTF - exists in the output of the amplifiers
 Straightens the power of each channel at the output of

the amplifiers
 In ECI we edit Gain Tilt Correction of 0.1dB per 10km
 Gain Tilt Correction can be done before or after the

range of the distance. (Over the entire link, must
maintain consistency! )

Power Control – Gain Tilt Correction
0.1dB/10km
λ
G.652 Natural Tilt
Gain Tilt Correction
Practical Tilt after Gain Tilt Correction
Double Stage EDFA Amplifiers
 Why do we need them?
 They obtain high power amplification with relatively low

NF and have mid-stage access
MS loss G, NF
G1, NF1 G2, NF2

G = G1 + G2 – MS loss
MS loss
NF  NF1  NF2
G1
DRA: Distributed Raman Amplifiers
 Utilize the Raman effect – energy transfer from the

shorter wavelength channels to the longer wavelength
ones
Raman Channels
pump
After the fiber 

Raman Channels
pump

Raman Amplifiers
 Uses the fiber itself as an amplification media
 Requires high power
 Properties depend on the fiber quality
 Additive to the standard amplification technique
 No need in the IL site

Raman Amplifiers
 Enable transmitting optical signals over distances longer

than 3,000 km
 Improve the signal-to-noise ratio
 The gain is obtained by the conversion of the pumped
photons to signal photons
 High pump power, typically exceeds 700 mW
 Raman pumped power is transmitted backwards or
forwards
 RAMAN amplification is a nonlinear process and
depends on the fiber type

Back Reflection – Optical Return Loss
 Back reflection always occurs when there is a change of

refractive index
 The considerable difference in index of refraction (IOR)

between glass and air causes some amount of light to
reflect
 The amount of light that is reflected back can cause

undesirable system and network effects, thus it must be
minimized
 Expressed in dB
Cause of BR in the Optical Network
 Dirt in the fiber core
 Inaccurate fiber splice
 Inaccurate physical contact between male and female

optical connectors

Back Reflection
 BR Threshold = 20 dB
 BR < 20dB  High Back Reflection (Alarm)
 BR > 20dB  No Alarm
 How to Reduce BR
 Check physical fiber contacts
 Clean fibers
 Angled Polished Connector (APC) is used to minimize
attenuation and back reflection

Transponder & Regenerator
Transponder:
 Device that receives a single signal from the client side
and retransmits the signal on a different frequency
toward the network (Line)
Regenerator:
 Device that regenerates a weak optical signal from line
to line (within the network)
 Improves OSNR
 Can keep or change frequency of regenerating channel
Muxponders
 Multiplexing several lower client signals into a higher

DWDM signal toward the network
 Today multi bit rate Muxponders are supported

Transmitter Receiver
Transmitters: Light Source
 Electrical – Optical ( E/O) interface

 A source of an optical signal that can be propagated
effectively in the fiber
 Modulates the signal
Light Source Modulator
Transmitter

Transmitter – Laser
 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

 Theoretically laser is a: monochromatic, parallel emission of
light
Ideal
0 
 In reality:
 The beam has very low divergence
 The emission is a superposition of several wavelengths
(frequencies)
Real: a reason for dispersion
0 
Transmitting Modulation Types
Direct Modulation Up to 2.5Gbps

External Modulation Up to 10Gbps
DPSK, QDPSK Up to 40Gbps
Coherent Modulation Up to 100Gbps

Transmitter – Direct Modulation
 Simple modulation
 Light on = logical “1”
 Light off = logical “0”
 Cheap, small, but also high chirp
 No need for external devices
Voltage Laser Light = “1” bit
No voltage Laser No light = “0” bit

Transmitter – External Modulation
 Photoelectrical device installed separately or integrated

with light source
 Minimizes undesirable non-linear effects - chirping
 Provide significantly better dispersion compensation
Voltage Laser Modulator
Voltage – opaque = “0” bit
Voltage Laser Modulator
No voltage – transparent = “1” bit

Modulation: Direct or External?
 Direct – small, simple, cheap, high chirp

 Not good enough optical pulse shape, that makes it more
affected by dispersion
 Not suited for high bitrates ( more than 2.5Gbps)
 External – less chirp

 External device
 More difficult to integrate with Laser
 Necessary for high bitrates ( more than 10 Gbps)
 Expensive, big

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data

 Example: shifts of 180 degrees
 Each signal element represents one bit
Bit Value Phase Shift
0 None
1 180

Differential PSK (DPSK)
 In DPSK, the phase shift is with reference to the previous

bit transmitted and not to a constant reference signal
Binary 0 Signal burst with the same phase as the
previous one
Binary 1 Signal burst of opposite phase to the
preceding one

Four-level PSK: Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
 More efficient use of bandwidth if each signal element

represents more than one bit
 Example: shifts of 90 degrees
 Each signal element represents two bits
Bit Value Phase Shift
00 None
01 90
10 180
11 270

Transmitter Modulation – (xDPSK)
 DPSK – Differential Phase-Shift Keying
 DPSK & QDPSK - Modulation of 40Gbps rates

Photo-detector Processing
Receiver

Receivers: Photo-detectors
 Semiconductor - detects an optical signals &converts

optical power to electrical power (O/E interface)
 Regenerates the original data stream
Photo-detector Processing
Receiver
 The received signal is analysed by the decision circuit:

 Power above a relevant threshold- “1”
 Power below – “0”

Receivers: Photodiode
Bit Error (BER) - number of correct bits per one error
 BER = 10-12 – 1 error per 1012 bits

 2.5 Gb/s – one error in 400 sec
 10 Gb/s – one error in 100 sec
 Sensitivity – minimum power required for the receiver to

receive the signal with an acceptable amount of errors
(OSNR)
 Reason for this – electrical noises in the photodiode

Receivers: Photo-detectors
 Two types of photo diodes are in use:

 PIN: Positive Intrinsic Negative diode
– Shows an increase in the electrical conductivity as a function of the
intensity, wavelength and modulation rate of the incident radiation
 APD: Avalanche Photo Diode

– APD follows the same equation, and includes an amplification
factor improving the sensitivity of the receiver

OSNR Defined
 OSNR (dB) = Optical Signal to Noise Ratio

S signal power (Photo-detector current)
– = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––
N noise power (Photo-detector) + noise power (Amplifier)
 The measure of the ratio of signal power to noise power

in an optical channel (the amount of noise in the signal)
 The higher the OSNR –the better

Effect of OSNR on Receivers
 As the OSNR goes down the sensitivity degrades
 To resolve a power problem you amplify the signal

 When the signal is amplified – the OSNR degrades
 Usually OSNR is the real limitation on system

performance

OSNR
 OSNR is influenced by:
 NF of the Amplifier
 Ppc at the input of the Amplifier
Pin Pout
OSNRin OSNRout
G
Pout  Pin  Gain

OSNR Threshold
 OSNR threshold value is set and influenced by:
 Rate (2.5Gb, 10Gb, 40Gb and 100Gb)
 Type of the transmitter
 EFEC, FEC or no FEC

Forward Error Correction – FEC
 The principle: transmit with an extra band to fix errors
 Implemented in the transmission interfaces
 Allows us to have the same BER in lower OSNR
 Can extend the transmission distance of the system by

200 - 500km

Forward Error Correction – FEC
FEC Types:
 Standard FECs
 G.709 – 7% FEC – 56 dB gain
 E-FEC – 7% FEC – 8 dB gain
 S-FEC – 25% FEC – 9 dB gain
 E-FEC is the most popular solution

Receivers / Transmitters Modules
 3R signal handling includes:

 Recovering, compensate previous attenuation
 Reshaping, compensate previous dispersion
 Retiming, compensate synchronization events
2R signal handling includes:

Recovering, compensate previous attenuation
Reshaping, compensate previous dispersion

Coupler
 Coupler – device that combines 2 inputs into a single

output, no wavelength filtering in the mixing process
 In most cases the output signal contains half of the
power from each one of the input signals

Splitters
 Splitters - device that separates a signal into two

independent streams, no wavelength filtering in the
process. Each output signal contains same structure but
less power.
 50%-50% Splitter
For protection
 95%-5% Splitter
For monitoring

Multiplexer – C/T Filters
 Supervisory channel is used to manage the network
 Two standards: 1510 nm and 1310 nm
 1510 nm – less attenuation, more expensive
 C/T filters are used to separate the C-band from the

supervisory channel
C/T in C/T out

Management Channel
 Option 1: GCC - in band management channel used per

 (OTN)
 Option 2: OSC - Optical Supervisory Channel Out of

third window:
 1510 nm – used for long distances (most common)
 1480nm – water peak
 1310nm – used for short distances (second window)

Components: Multiplexers
Multiplexer
Composite
 Multiplexes separate optical channels into one fiber

Mux Principals
Filter
1
Filter
2
Filter
3
Mirror
Filter
4
Demux
 Demultiplexes the DWDM signal into

separate optical channels
 The same technologies as in Mux

are utilized except Star coupler -
since there are no filters
 Every Mux, besides the star can be a

Demux

Demux Principals
Filter
1
Filter
2
Filter
3
Mirror
Filter
4
Mux/Demux Technologies
 Star Coupler:
 Wideband coupler, used only for Mux
 Thin Film Filter:
 Temperature insensitive
 Bragg Diffraction Grating:
 Excellent filter shape, temperature insensitive
 AWG: Arrayed Waveguide Filter Grating
 The card technology is selected in relation to the power

budget and cost

V-Mux
 V-Mux is a multiplexer with a VOA integrated in every

input port
 Has a lot of advantages when balancing between the

channels or equalization is needed
 Made on the basis of AWG

TFA
 TFA - Tunable Filter Array
 Replaces the classical Mux/Demux for ROADM nodes
 Each port has a single channel reconfigurable port
 Based on same DLP technology as 2-degree ROADMs
 Can add/drop colorlessly up to 88 50GHz wavelengths

per card
 Expandable to xx ports with additional splitter/coupler
 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s compatible

Multiplexers – Important Parameters
 Attenuation
 Filter's bandwidth
 Attenuation variation between the channels
 Attenuation ripple inside the channel

OADM / GOADM
 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer

 The OADM adds and drops single or multiple wavelengths
without interfering with the other wavelengths
OADM
Drop Add
channels channels
 Group Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
 The GOADM follows the same purpose for neighbouring
wavelengths.
 Lower insertion loss for the through wavelengths
1 2 3
4
After
t
OADM Types
 Fixed – the drop channel numbers are fixed
 Grouped – only a group of successive channels can be

dropped
 Random – any combination can be dropped
 Equalization – possibility to control the power levels at

the output to equalize the channels
 Reconfigurable OADM

ROADM – Reconfigurable OADM
 Flexible
 Dynamically and remotely reconfigurable in 10ms
 Managed (not passive)
 No problems with filters concatenation
 Expensive
 Limited number of ports
 Includes separate Add & Drop sides

Typical Optical Link
Transmitter
Signal
X
Mux
input
BA
Transmitter
Signal
input drop
IL DCF OADM IL
add
Photo-detector
Demux
Signal
Y output
PA
Photo-detector
Signal
output

Summary
 Optical concepts
 Light propagation
 Dispersion, Attenuation, OSNR

 OSC channels
 DWDM Components:
 Couplers & Splitters
 Muxes & Demuxes
 Transceivers
 Amplifiers
 Fiber types

01 WDM Technology Components

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01 WDM Technology Components

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WDM Technologies &

Global Services Division

1.110 DWDM Technology

 WDM standards & transmission windows

 Light propagation basics

2.110 DWDM Technology

 High bit rate

 High immunity from disturbances

 For any distance

 Number of channels theoretically unlimited

3.110 DWDM Technology

 Three ways to increase transmission capacity:

 Deployment of new, additional fibers (very expensive)

 Increasing TDM bit rate (more bits per second)

 Transmitting several channels via the same fiber

4.110 DWDM Technology

 100Gb/s per channel

 Today: 88 channels of 100Gb/s = 8.8Tb/s

 For any distance

5.110 DWDM Technology

 Light is an electromagnetic wave

 Wavelength is the distance between identical points in

6.110 DWDM Technology

 The higher the frequency of the signal, the shorter its

 The standard unit of frequency is Hertz

 If a wave completes one cycle per second, then

7.110 DWDM Technology

1st Window 2nd Window 3rd Window

 Wavelength Division Multiplexing multiplexes a number

 The WDM principle is similar to a prism of light in the

l1, l2, l3…. ln l1

9.110 DWDM Technology

 WDM splits and combines different wavelengths into a

 Capacity of a given link can be expanded simply by

 Two different wavelength patterns:

 DWDM uses the C or L band for transmission with

 CWDM systems provide up to 8 or 16 channels of

11.110 DWDM Technology

 Uses 200-250GHz interchannel spacing

 Runs over both SMF and MMF

 Distances are generally shorter than DWDM

 Costs of deploying CWDM are significantly lower than

 Mostly used for the several applications:

12.110 DWDM Technology

 Standard G.694.2 defines 18 channels in 5 bands:

CWDM wavelength grid as specified by ITU-T G.694.2

 Upgrade to 16 channels is done by adding an extra

 Developed in the early 1990s to add capacity to

 Uses the 1500nm to 1600nm band which has minimum

 Today typically transmits from 2.4Gbps - 120Gbps

15.110 DWDM Technology

 G.681 - Functional characteristics of interoffice and long-haul

 G.692 - Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with

 G.694.1 - Spectral grids for WDM applications

 G.957 - Optical interfaces for equipment and systems

 G.709 – OTN standard

 GR-2918 - CORE - DWDM Network Transport Systems,

1529.94nm 1568.77nm 1570.01nm 1610.92nm

 Interchannel spacing of 50 & 100GHz

 CWDM Advantages:  DWDM Advantages:

 CWDM Disadvantages:  DWDM Disadvantages:

 SMF has a yellow jacket  MMF has an orange jacket

 An optical fiber consists of a cylindrical core surrounded

 Geometrical approach to light