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The Gerontologist © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America.
Vol. 51, No. 4, 425–432 All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
doi:10.1093/geront/gnr067
1
Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago.
2
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago.
3
Institute of Gerontology, University of Tokyo, Japan.
4
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
*Address correspondence to Naoko Muramatsu, PhD, Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health (M/C 923), University of
Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail: naoko@uic.edu
Japan has the highest proportion of older adults in Tohoku district. In some of the devastated areas,
the world. Aging is not only an immediate personal one in three people was aged 65+ years. As in most
issue but also a salient factor in crucial public policies, natural disasters, the oldest people were the hardest
such as pensions, health, and long-term care. The hit. Older adults with functional disabilities had
Great East Japan Earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear difficulties escaping the tsunami that killed more
power plant disaster of March 2011 has highlighted than 90% of the 15,000+ people who lost their
current and emerging issues of a “super-aging” society, lives in the earthquake. Surviving older adults were
especially the need for community-based support vulnerable to cold temperatures, influenza, reloca-
systems. tion, and mental and physical stress. Many strug-
Key Words: Global aging, Long-term care, Social gled without access to medications and treatments
security policies, Disaster preparedness, Earthquake, needed to control their chronic conditions (e.g.,
Community, Social support, Labor force participation, hypertension medication, dialysis), which could
Urban, Life course/life span result in premature deaths. Persons aged 65+ years
account for more than 90% of the growing number
of such “earthquake-related deaths” (524 deaths
The Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, at 241 hospitals in Miyagi, Fukushima, and Iwate
2011, coupled with subsequent tsunami and prefectures as of May 13, 2011; NHK, 2011). Two
nuclear power plant disasters was the largest catas- months after the earthquake, the nuclear power
trophe in Japan since World War II. The magni- plant disaster is far from ending, and 9,500 people
tude 9.0 earthquake hit the dominantly rural are still missing.
aging research, and the National Center for publicly available data sets, including those useful
Geriatrics and Gerontology, founded in 2004. The for aging research (http://ssjda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/
Japan Gerontological Society, founded in 1959, index.html). The Japanese government conducts
has been a member of the International Associa- a number of surveys on persons (e.g., National
tion of Gerontology and Geriatrics since 1960 and Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, Basic
currently involves seven academic societies that Survey on People’s Life, Longitudinal Survey of
represent social gerontology, geriatrics, biomedical Middle and Elderly Persons) and organizations
gerontology, gerondotology, psychogeriatrics, care (e.g., Survey on Health Care Facilities; MHLW,
management, and gerontological nursing. 2010). Access to the micro data was strictly limited
Research funding comes from the national until recently. However, the new Statistics Act
government as well as private industries and foun- of 2007 (http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/guide/
dations. Although there is no national institute 2009ver/11.htm) acknowledges the importance of
that functions like the U.S. National Institute on secondary analysis to inform policies. Japan Statis-
Aging, the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare tics Bureau started providing deidentified micro
(MHLW), and the Ministry of Education, Culture, survey data for research purposes in 2009, open-
Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) provide ing up opportunities for secondary data analysis of
competitive grants-in-aid for scientific research. governmental data.
Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal panel design Health and functioning, mental health, health Micro data available for free by submitting applications to
Longitudinal Study of with refresh samples in behavior, demographic and family Nihon University. Currently, the first two waves of data
Aging (1999, 2001, 2001 and 2003. Nationally characteristics, income, health care and are publicly available.
2003, 2006, 2009) representative samples of long-term care service utilization, PI: Saito, Y.
428
noninstitutionalized adults intergenerational exchange, and norms
Funded by Nihon University and MEXT, supplemented by
aged 65+ years at Wave I. and values relevant to aging.
the U.S. NIA for data distribution.
Comparable in content to the U.S. Longitudinal
http://www.nihon-u.ac.jp/affiliate/institute/
Study of Aging II (LSOAII) and the AHEAD
information_networking/nujlsoa/index.html
sample of the HRS.
http://www.usc.edu/dept/gero/CBPH/nujlsoa/index.htm
Strong in health, family, and inclusion of
long-term care items.
Japanese Study of Aging Random sample of adults Economic, social, and health conditions. Micro data available for researchers who belong to
and Retirement aged 50–75 years in five Comparable to HRS in the United States, universities and/or research institutes (subject to
(2007, 2009, 2011) municipalities at Wave I. the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement approval by the Research Institute of Economy, Trade
Expanded to include in Europe in continental Europe, and the and Industry). Currently, the first wave of data are
seven municipalities English Longitudinal Study of Aging in the publicly available.
in 2009. United Kingdom. Strong in economic and PIs: Ichimura, H., Hashimoto, H., & Shimizutani, S.
social security policy–related items and
Funded by RIETI, MEXT, and MHLW.
linkages with municipal official records of
medical and long-term care. http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/projects/jstar/index.html
The Gerontologist
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/51/4/425/599276 by guest on 05 May 2021
Security Research, 2011). Long-term care for older renewal of political, social, economic, and educa-
adults has been a priority issue for the past two tional systems under the U.S. occupation remain
decades. The proportion of 65 years and older pop- vivid memories among those who are currently
ulation living alone or living with spouse only is aged 75+ years (born in 1936 or earlier). Among
increasing dramatically (increased from 4% to those seniors, men worked long hours to drive the
16% and from 7% to 37% in the 65 years and rapid economic growth of 1955–1972. When
older population, respectively, between 1960 and young, many moved from rural to metropolitan
2006), whereas the proportion of those living with areas and bought homes there. Most married and
a child or other relatives is decreasing (decreased had children. Women typically stayed home to
from 87% to 48%; National Institute of Population raise family. Geographic mobility has been low
and Social Security Research, 2010b). Tradition- among the Japanese, and thus, those men and
ally, eldest sons’ wives have been primary care- women, who constitute the core of the current
givers for older parents, but such caregiving norms oldest old, are now aging in urban communities.