Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LABORATORY MANUAL
Name : _______
Roll No : _________________________________________
Year : ________________________________________________________
CERTIFICATE
Faculty Member
Head of Department
INDEX
Sr.
Title Date Signature
No.
Longitudinal
Vertical
transverse
Axis X
Axis Y
Axis Z
The three axis are identified by upper case X, Y and Z and the direction of
movement along each axis is specified as either PLUS (+) or Minus (-).
The Z axis is always parallel to the main spindle of the machine. The X
axis is at right angles to both Z and X axis. Fig. 1 shows Coordinate
System for Milling Work.
This is specified by the manufacturer of the machine. This is the zero point
for the coordinate systems and reference points in the machine.
The machine zero point can be the center of the table or a point along the
edge of the traverse range as shown in Fig. 2. The position of the machine
zero point generally varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. The
precise position of the machine zero point as well as the axis direction
must therefore be taken from the operating instruction provided for each
individual machine.
This point serves for calibrating and for controlling the measuring system
of the slides and tool traverses. The position of the reference point as
shown in Fig. 3 is accurately predetermined in every traverse axis by the
trip dogs and limit switches. Therefore, the reference point coordinates
always have the same, precisely known numerical value in relation to the
machine zero point.
After initiating the control system, the reference point must always be
approached from all axis to calibrate the traverse measuring system. If
current slide and tool position data should be lost in the control system
as, for example, through an electrical failure, the machine must again be
positioned to the reference point to re-establish the proper positioning
values.
Fig. 3 Position of Reference Point on a Milling Machine
Workpiece Zero Point (W):
Fig. 4 Example for the Position of Workpiece Zero Point for a Milling Part
Tool Reference Points:
The tool setting point E is located at a certain point on the tool holder as
shown in Fig. 5. This setting point permits measuring of tool away from
the CNC machine. The data thus measured such as tool length, tool point
offset or tool radius are input into the tool data storage (memory) of the
control system. The mate of the tool setting point is the socket point N on
the tool carrier. When the tool or tool holder is inserted into the tool
carrier (e.g., turret), the setting point and the tool socket point coincide.
point
G94 Feed per minute
G-codes:
G00 Positioning
G01 Linear interpolation
G02 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 Dwell, Exact Stop
It is just like a canned cycle because subprogram is used for repetitive operations
and for programming of frequently repeated patterns.
In subprogram the tool movements are user defined and fixed for a specific
application.
It has its own program number and contains all the usual features of standalone
program.
It can be loaded in memory of controller and can be called, viewed, edited and
deleted by the programmer as and when required.
It can’t be run independent of standalone program.
Practical No: 04
AIM: Write the CNC programming for a given geometry using Polar Co -ordinate
for drilling cycles. (Using FANUC Controller)
G73 High Speed Peck Drilling Cycle G83 Deep Hole Peck Drilling Cycle
When machining, the drill is positioned at the co-ordinate point of the first hole,
for the X and Y axes and at the initial level, for the Z axis.
The G73 command is then read into the machine controller and the cycle begins.
The drill will rapid traverse to the R point level and begin to feed in, until a cut-in
distance of Q is attained.
At this point, the drill will retract a small distance (set within the machine
controller).
A cut-in distance of Q at the same feedrate will begin again, followed by a similar
retraction.
These movements will continue until the total Z depth has been reached.
The drill will rapid traverse out to the Initial level, if a G98 code is programmed
within the cycle, or to the R point level, if a G99 code is programmed within the
cycle.
At this point the next block is read into the machine controller.
If this block contains an X, Y or X and Y coordinate the drill will position itself at that point and the high
speed peck drilling cycle will begin again.
Practical No: 06
AIM: Introduction and programming of all canned cycle of Milling machine.
(Using FANUC controller)
A canned cycle simplifies the program using a single block with a G code to
specify the machining operations usually specified in several blocks.
Operation Description
1 Positioning of axes X and Y (including another axis)
2 Rapid traverse up to point R
3 Hole machining
4 Operation at the bottom of a hole
5 Retraction to point R
6 rapid traverse up to the initial point
The data format used in canned cycles is specified by the codes G90 and G91, as
shown below:
The return point position of the tool (i.e. to the Initial Level, or the R Level) is
specified by the codes G98 and G99.
The Initial level refers to the absolute value of the Z axis, at the time of change
from the positioning mode top the canned cycle mode.
G98 - Initial Point Level Return G99 - R Point Level Return
(G90) (G98)
or or G.... X.... Y.... Z.... R.... P.... Q.... K.... F....
(G91) (G99)
where,
Z.... is defined as the distance from the R point to the bottom of the hole in
incremental mode, or the position of the hole bottom in absolute mode.
R.... is defined as the distance from the initial level to the R point level in
incremental mode, or the position of the Z datum in relation to the R point
level in absolute mode.
P.... is defined as the dwell time to be performed at the bottom of the hole (i.e.
G04 code).
Q.... is defined as the cut-in distance value or shift value (Note - this is always
specified as an incremental value).
K.... is defined as the number of repeats, for a series of holes. When not
specified, K=1.
Note:
2) Once the drilling data has been specified and read into the machine
controller, it is retained until it is either changed, or the canned cycle
cancelled.
All the required data must be specified when the canned cycle is started and
only the data to be changed has to be specified during the cycle.
CANNED CYCLES
The engine lathe, one of the most productive machine tools, has always been an
efficient means of producing round parts.
Negative X (X-) moves the tool towards the spindle centerline; positive X moves
the tool away from the spindle centerline.
The Z axis controls the carriage travel toward or away from the headstock.
Programming Hints
The feedrate code to move the cutting tool or workpiece to the desired
Fxx
position.
The X Z coordinates of the small diameter, the large diameter, and a feedrate
must be programmed.
Z moves the cutting tool longitudinally away from the end of the workpiece.
Z- moves the cutting tool along the length of the workpiece towards the chuck
(headstock).
The G28 code is used to set the programmed offset of the reference point.
Codes are modal and do not have to be repeated in every sequence line.
G Code Application
G Code Application
Write manual part program for the part shown in following figure. Assume that the
raw material is cylindrical bar of size Ø 52 mm × 125 mm.
Exercise : 02
Write manual part program using (1) radius of arc programming method and (2)
centre of arc programming method, for finishing cut only. Part is shown in following
figure. Assume that the part is already rough turned.
Practical No: 08
AIM: Write CNC programming for given geometry (Lathe) using stock removal
cycles (Using FANUC controller)
Straight turning and taper turning are the basic operations perform on a tuning
center.
Generally to perform both these operations, programmer has to write four block
by using G00 and G01 codes for single cut. These blocks are
A canned cycle or stock removal cycle combine all these blocks in a single NC
block. So, material is removed from the stock until the specified profile is
achieved.
Hence, program length and time to write the program is reduce drastically. It
also reduces the programming error.
G Code Application
G Code Application
NUMBER 2
NUMBER 2
NUMBER 0
G00 X99.9732 Y51.027
G01 Z-30
G02 X108.9073 Y60 R9
G01 X110.8802
G02 X119.88 Y51.002 R9
G01 Y29.0002
G02 X110.8802 Y20.0002 R9
G01 X108.9073
G02 X99.9073 Y29.0002 R9
G01 Y51.027
G00 Z2
LETTER M
G00 X140 Y20
G01 Z-30
G01 Y60
X160 Y40
X180 Y60
Y20
G00 Z2
LETTER F
NUMBER 0
G00 X99.9732 Y51.027
G01 Z-30
G02 X108.9073 Y60 R9
G01 X110.8802
G02 X119.88 Y51.002 R9
G01 Y29.0002
G02 X110.8802 Y20.0002 R9
G01 X108.9073
G02 X99.9073 Y29.0002 R9
G01 Y51.027
G00 Z2
LETTER M
G00 X140 Y20
G01 Z-30
G01 Y60
X160 Y40
X180 Y60
Y20
G00 Z2
LETTER F
NUMBER 1
G00 X280 Y20
G01 Z-30
G01 Y60
X273 Y53
G00 Z2
NUMBER 0
G00 X300 Y29
G01 Z-30
G01 Y51
G02 X309 Y60 R9
G01 X311
G02 X320 Y51 R9
G01 Y29
G02 X311 Y20 R9
G01 X309
G02 X300 Y29
G00 Z2
G00 X0 YO Z50
M30