Part (1): (Finding probability from the standard normal curve)

Also, we can use the standard normal curve as outlined in chapter 15, to determine the probability. In this
chapter, probability is defined as the area (proportion) which is specified under the standard normal curve.

Remember:

1. Area = Proportion = Probability

2. Percentile = Area x 100
3. Percentage = Area x 100%

Chapter 17 2
Remarks:

1. 𝐼𝑓 σ 𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↑ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 σxഥ 𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↑

Remember:
2. 𝐼𝑓 σ 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↓ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 σxഥ 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↓
𝜎
3. 𝐼𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↑ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 σxഥ 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↓ 1. 𝜎𝑥ҧ =
𝒏

4. 𝐼𝑓 𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↓ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 σxഥ 𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↑

5. 𝐼𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↑ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↓ 2. 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥ҧ − μ

6. 𝐼𝑓 𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↓ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 ↑

Chapter 17 4
Part (3): (probability of events)

1. The event , will be denoted by the symbol 𝐸

2. The probability of an event 𝐸, will be denoted by the symbol 𝑃(𝐸)

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸

3. The probability of the event 𝐸 to occur is given by: 𝑃 𝐸 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

4. The probability of the event 𝐸 not to occur is given by: 𝑃 𝐸 𝑐 = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸)

5. The value of any probability is always between 𝟎 and 𝟏 including 0, 1: (𝑖. 𝑒. 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1)

6. If P E = 1 , we call it certainty probability.

7. If P E = 0 , we call it impossible probability.

Chapter 17 5