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    Sets(RD Sharma)

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    11 views47 pages

    Sets (RD Sharma)

    Uploaded by

    Koushiik Kumar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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Pe enna azo | depts cg tae ete cereal STICONOMETIOG FUNCT {ese ne we wl he esa were whch ve ey en toned The See eae arers Aa ‘Rin scm crn otis Tas mbes ened Ba ee st SUBMULTIFLEOF AN ANGLES “a SINE AND COSINE FORMELAEAND HEIRAPHLICATIONS waa i Tucowonrnc narens mir erie “Re MATIEMATICALINDOCTION E290) ctaemtefs one eter Asda Asii Aoi | eit euateane uanone cere eer errs et |S Gvesnnrgesnone | ela aire ee 4h moweranoxe feumas | Sedwtea [Sh commnamens TEE encetnaprnat dnp attateng AREY En te a Sunt | lp hot font oben ty at memes Bisse | smc) nia goannas Seve ee ioe | Nomis maleiedonraanpnaintetineoi’ dion i , 2a me | eee ye tn oe : forte stl eral oer EEF ieee erence 13 EMadmeixnccicimncty yer Acct ctrl santero un (i) Mec aonb psn in is (cour fag erm (Teast mt loro te tween (0) Meco Gia ps ater (0) Tecaletosictonednorch wk Maer hand, ——INCERT |i Reattnaltmtayertrngtoess ch (et) Ansgar nthe ‘Nese Ie Aaicint cnt inate we ‘Sen (2) Recent pine eer. BALI 23.45.6789 18 ten sere ppropete ym cr in eahibe i 2a (oa 1 Bren et acolivtonbut a colicin tne act Only well define lito so or suamp up of parce payer accent eto 26 ek AWe We We “Me “We Ode [Mrs 70 NCERY & SELECTED PROBLEMS 2 Ge) The coco of mt nnd wre of na nt et thee 0 pes (0) Tce all ob Jos Dang wih he te st gen by ‘nary ea (9 That of mre why Mans Fem Chn et cae (0 Theaecenel que ur per cae a cn renee CGhnemiy deletes ust hi pr (a) Tet mnt cages oe weet bcs ee ‘Shon todo whan anal it dang or pesoingtho herve 1) forme Tatar oom Ty tyme ‘ons! "mcsucfraacayoacomantta usninsy fowletentonacode torent cio a Yanan dapmeaeieee aaa wander farertnapac amar sg ea uaheaetntmerrrtn naan a amet hath eee ee sectarian nda Epc a neler Se erento ncaa eetane Se a Sages eae eae en ajen ae eae femcverely RAUSTRATVE AMPLE: ¥ fx 3) (0) Theo a tn ol MATHEMATIC (3) Mectofa ae eel ALCERRA ) Theale i eer EQUATION? (6) Tema ta eet. (0) Mest of ona of rges omen na tes oes o oriole aoe sa (Wefan at he wont ALGHRRY’ ha towing tc iter LCE BR on ri cab een erm fs G88) (i) Chery, wok BQUATION a ion wee A, 1, 0,0 ee oc eas ee Coan a eT ae eT, tee eee fama Yee nee oe eee oe ere ites esa eee cee a. Weems nate a forte} oe (2 (4) Tis fell at nue a {Sp Asonnsnienies cant witenineform(n—1).Sgnen sane ecedy Elm fri'= tone Mf Ge) Anevennatura inter beritenss AMPLY tc fel niger eet a cn Siete al eyninegen whithcanaba beeen innsarbulderices ian Sse EEE, ett thc ern Weximalindimtenalies(seRbatregh meena TBAMMLES Dee hf he fslwing ws ero lesxie poten inter fh Cec nln (4 teixeattr of een PROPORTION) Go) [xe nl 2 <3,sherne | S24uTON Ss pre me and dof, Scan ke vals 1.3.9 [eexhapoativeineprant dian |= 40 (W Wend iets anintege uta tm i=Oae rsa tr tt Serembteraie- 21.002 WeineZandisea)-(-2 1.0.1.2 1 edt att anc eatin he wn (1 Wehae, segh teen tas Nese ooee Zandt sna dinhemnen} fl ‘ouinon "Tetons Sag siete pers eae 50 Be a thes of al wtsn Eg ab ch pre Diether 2, ) DeIAE 1.0.0 (a) leh, Apa ne ep, Nove Deen ale ee aesios Oo 2 Oe Cae Be Inceal—— @ebtonezon=h ET A a ec ral ori ihn In Rn ma, dete 6 ‘in mt eft ht ton emp ti he avr ia [omarion [peRie2o=2l _ amaron? WeeNbcx<@>4 Itsteatons, lew gay = ton ori im ‘Naar eo epee Aeon rusraario8 Ths aan IAUSIAATIONS Theat re Nand 9] eign opt 1 [PATE SET_ Ati ati ie erty cnt Titel etl Me ct at ae a css ae Beraroee Sarre nieneramesnomenasm met pees eotess Fer cee My go tno Sedapamcanenes 8 Simard Pesan apache tra Sr serenimy nec my teas oon. ss. Toeate And Bae omg banter of Mou Aun Bou ws wrte A= Band A Shen an ater Mac ga ea nd tteneehirretemeenet a tepa se t be TS Boa ha eq sb rote ep yd Aware f Baby re.ustRArvE DXANOLES [ever] eure Wh epg tact Ante ds Gents) i) 3 = (esrben eerie (aC frtereticen) sexsi Wek ta herein satay any al uber ere Aisa May clooney een pane uni Tle B= 50 Blot any (a) Seth ota une te fan 55s an empty (hy srcres_sotaye? Sands Sued gers Teron D=(-3. Those ny LES Fi he in fe at fom he ill ah ig an AciQpBatesrsisid ¥—10) = 9 \ soya eng er PSS ten ey (Scan meni SS an cal (8 ES cnoualmbe on satan > 1) (2: pocommn ayo palin = Whee wing ean hae? teaspoon (i) wenn WeRoen o seteehis ae BTod a genes) fo) Wazizes] Wish fe lowing ses re equal? @ Aat23) co 32.31 4, Are tiloving ets el? ‘ iAslrcsiealeterin th word ol B= ee eee cheats Serer poms eta oomiee- hare Go as z.a, Hee mere a 3 exert ewer pe reir str ianer nied pe CATARACT ana ht t tem rei Sahota seg ince wip fei (i) Ite Fe Mceo. «6%, Ov Arbre ate ward FOLLOW -,0.0.71 recente mt er ere Peper subct cota se ut ota ofthe rn ihe cat he emp 1c | cytes sme ct el NO a secs! SA edamame ei kanswrarte A. arc uvsen is Tamer em ann eS ma tf et Teta ram fas cere nes mm “NCER a hme ee pan pred? t-te Ne BO wae-tineN Then 2, <4-3-1=0. wee deteg sarod FD iy 920) CSO) rat HAD BHT (Using ag 2H BED (8) 6 QB He GK seefeetioeoteaeors} 12 > is some positive integral multiple of9 for alln> 2. ‘Thus, X consists ofall those postive integral multiples of 9 which are ofthe form 9] tC, + 3% 1C5 + 92x "Cy + 29°79 together with. (n-1) :n €N) consists of all integral multiples of 9 together with 0, Clearly, Hence, XcY. falorng sos npn bees of alll (pice daha bar £02 948 0 (ii) The set of all integers Z = (...~3,~2,-1,0,1,2, 3,..) Gi) These artim umber =f +2x= 2m neZ,a eh (iv) The set ofall irrational numbers. It is denoted by T. Thus, T= [x:xeR and x€Q) Clearly, NZQCR,TeRand Net (On real line various types of infinite subsets are designated as intervals as defined Leta and b be two given real numbers such thal a XeP(AbutXeP(C), > X = (1), (3), (1,21, 1, 3, (2,3), (1,2, 3) (i) We have, XCB,X2B and XeC Xisa subset of B other than Bitselfand X is not a subset of C XeP(B, XP (C)andX eB X = (0,(3},(1,2) (1, 3), (2, 3) ) We have, XcA,Xc BandXec XeP(A),X eP(ByandX « P(C) Xisa subset of A, Band C X= 61). ring (a8 al those subsets ofA which Bab eb b,c) SOLUTION. We know that wosets A and Bare equaliffA c Band Bc A. Also, we know that nd $ [Given XAMPLE? Ineachof he flowing, determine wheter the statements truer fle, ft true, rove 5 ii) YACB and BeC, then A 6C i) MxeAand Ae8 thenx (Ae B thre HAC Bandx eB, thenx ea yleAan oe Aand A e Breed not imply thatx €B Let A= (1), B= Then, we observe that A.& B and B eC but thus, Ac Band B eC need not imply that A eC (ii) True 4 x c [Bec] Thus, x £e€ forall x€A.S0, AcC Let = U2 [1, 2,5). Then,A ¢ Band BC. But, A&C. hus, A & Band B imply that A (0) False Tet A =[1,2) and B=[2, 3,4,5}.Then, we observe that €A and A B,butl ¢B, 1 dand A ¢ Breed not imply that x eB (v) Tre Let A cB Then, we observe that eda xeB @ reB> 16d ets of Ras intrcals: (i) (rex eR, ~I . State whether the following statements are true o false: @ 16(1,2,3) li) ac [b, ¢, a) (iii) fa) € fa, beh (8) lod) =laab,b0) (9) Theset(x:x +88) isthe nul et. Devide among the following sets, which are subsets of which: A = [xsxsatisfies 2 ~8x-+12=0), B = (2,4,6} , C={2,4,6, 8,0), = (6) Write which of the following statements are true? Justify your answer, {The set ofall integers is contained in the set of all ational numbers. (i) The set ofall crows i contained inthe st of all birds. (ii) The set ofall rectangles contained inthe set of ll squares. {ix) The set of ll real numbers is contained in the set of ll complex numbers, (v) The sets P =a} and B=) are equal. (63) Thesets A = [ris eter of the word “LITTLE") and, B~ (x:1isa letter of the word “TITLE” | are equal 5. Which ofthe following statements are corret? Write a correct form of ements. @ aclabe i) lele.be) EXERCISE 14 ers () lta, 8) () (becdelas(b,el] (wi) a, Bh fa bell a (il) $e (a,b) (il) 6 bed Gy) fesx43a3)=¢ | 6, Let A =[a,b, fede). Which ofthe following statements are false and why? 7 EEA Gi) [odbc Gi) edo Geiizes (aca Gi) label eae a (vii) (a,b, dA (e) eA ©) Ihc 7 Let A = [ll-2, 31 (4,5) (6,7, 8}, Determine which ofthe following i true or false: (164 (i) (2,364 (ii) (6,7,8)€A (iv) ASC ©) ed (bcd & Let=(6, [61/1 (1, 4, 2], Which of the following are true? arn (i) (9) eA Gi) (eA @) ca ren Ga nie (vi) 12 MA (vil) 14,(01, 1, CA — GUA 9, Write down all possible subsets ofeach ofthe following sets: () ta) i) (0,1) (i) (a bed iv) (1 (0)) ©) 16 10, Write down all possible proper subsets each of the following sets: @ (12) Gi) (1,2,3) ci) 0) 11. What isthe total number of proper subsets ofa set consisting ofr elements? 12, IfAis any set, prove that: Ac $<2 A= 18, Provethat: AGB, B&C and CoA = A=C. 14. How many elements has P (A),ifA=4? 15, What universal set (s) would you propose foreach ofthe following (i) The set of right triangles (i) The set of isosceles triangles. LEVEL? 46, TEX =[8" -7n—1:n eN] and ¥ =[49 (n~1):1 NI then prove that XY. __ (ii) F,A=(1, 2) sa finite subset of N. 1 @ F,A=11,2,3),B=ta,b) (ii) T Gv) F,6does not have a proper subset cee in oe ORR: =i tT wT WT OF wT : Be ef i) (al cla,b, eh (il) fa} € {La}, Bh ei 5 @aclabed Oiacta ©) Beet ba (0 lab ala.Beal o (i) 6b) (il) ¢lab,d Go) Ixsx+ 33) #6 i | i a ee Da “in Fit) FOE or MF GT MT OR GT i [aor @t @F MT WR CiaGaE T (Tt wi ele) 610-0, (0.0) CD & Gv) 6,10) (00) 0,100) @ 4th) Let x, =8" ~7n— 249 (°C, 4 "C37 + at My 7"?) for 22 Forn =1, 4 =0Thus, X contains all postive integral multiples 0 49 of the where hy ="Cp +"C3 Q)-+%Cy 72) +. Cu I! positive integral multiples of 49 including zero. Thus; Xt Also, Y contains a war thinking. First ofall a Swiss Sometimes pictures are very helpful in Es pats its in a closed curve, Later on British gave an idea to representa set by the poin John-Venn (1834-1883) brought this idea to practice. That is why the diagrams: represent sets are called Venr-Euler diagrams or simply Venn-diograms. In Veni niiversal set U is represented by points within a rectangle and its subsets are re points in closed curves (usually circles) within the rectangle. Ifa set Aisa subset Ota Necircle representing Ais drawn inside the circle representing Bas shown n Fig, L9() B ase not equal but they have some common elements, then to represent A and B wed intersecting circles. (See Fig. 1.5 (i). Two disjoint sets are represented by two na circles. See Fig 1.5 (i) lollas) Fig. 150 Fig. 15 (0) In this section, we shall introduce some operations on sets to construct new sets CF SETS Let A and B eto sts The union ofA and Bis Cae eet wt Bors leh A od 5 aaa We shall use the notation A WB (read as “A union 8) to denote the union oF A and Thus, AUB=(x:r€Aorx eB} Clearly, re UB co xeA or x28. And, x¢AUB coxeA andx eB. In Fig. 16 the shaded part represents A\W B. Its evident from the BoAuB SETS MLUSTRATION? IfA=/(x:x=2n+1,neZ)and B=[x:x=2n,neZ),then AUB =(v:xisan odd integer) U [r: xis an even integer) = [xx an integer) NOTE If Ay, Ay wu. Ay is a finite family of sets, then their union is denoted by Ay OF -APVARUA.W Ug. i MALUSTRATIONS Let A= (1,2, 3), B=(3,5),C=(4,7, 8} Then. UBUC =(1,2,3,4,5,7,8) INTERSECTION OF SETS Let A and B be two sets. The intersection of A and B is the set ofall those elements tht belong to bth And 8 : The intersection of A and B is denoted by A -\B (read as “A intersection B”), Thus, ANB=(x:xeA andre Clearly, xeAMB > xeA and xB InFig. 17 the shaded region represents AB. Evidently, ANB GA, ANBEB Fo. 17 IfA and Bare two sets, then. A. B=A,if Ac Band AN B=B,if BEA NOTE I Ayy Age ne Ay isafnite family of sets, thn thei intersection is denoted by (A ALA Oy QN4 IfA=|1,2,3,4,5] and B=(1,3,9, 12) then A B= (1,3) Ns IfA=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7], B=|2,4,6,8,10) and =(4, 6,7,8,9,10, 1), then 12, 4,6). Therefore, A BAC =14, 6). YA=tx:x=2n,neZ)and In.me ZI, then tx=2n,neZ}A (x:x=3n,neZ} = Lo B, 2 0,2, 4 6,21 boy 9, 6-8, 0,3, 6,9, « ‘risa multiple of and xis a multiple of 4 ‘risa multiple of and 4 both ‘risa multiple of 1. Fine, Ani esr = 1240621 DiSiOINT SETS Tu sels Aand Bare said to bedsoint, fA 0B IFA cB ¢, then Aad Bare said tobe intersecting 120 MATHEMATICS LustRATIONs IfA=(1,2.345,6)B=17,8,9 10,0)and C=(6 8,30 12,14] et sjint sets, while A and Care intersecting ses, DIFFERENCE OF SETS Let Aand B be two sets. ‘The difference of Aand B, all thse elements of A wich do not belong 0B. Thus, A-B= (x26 Aand red) or A-B=[reA:reB) Clearly, reA-B ee x6A and xeB In Fig. 19, the shaded part represents A ~B Similarly, the diference B= Ais the set ofall those ele that do ot belong to 4 Le. B~A = (x €B:x 64 In Fig. 110, the shaded part represents B=A. coritten as A~B, isthe sments of B Fig. 110 2,4, 6}and jusrmanions fA (2,3,4,5,6 7land B =(3,5,7,9,11 13), then A= B-A=(9, 11,131 eTRIC ce 15. Let Aand Be twosets. The symmetric difference of sts Ad Bin the set (AB) (B—A) and is denoted by A AB. Thus, AMB=(A-B)UB-A)= (2 6A The shaded part in Fig. 111 represents A AB. Pa are | w 11,3,5,6,7,8,9), then A~B = (2,4) huusmanonte A 112.3456 7 and B mane) AaB 2.49) tiuurearionn YA=ic reB or sed => xeBUA AUB BUA. Similarly, BUAc AUB. Hence, AUB=BUA. (Associate Lawes) IfA, B and Care any three sets, then é wee aoe (i) A(BOC) =(A AB) OC [NCERT EXEMPLAR] 00F () Letxbe an arbitrary element of (A.W B) UC. re(AVBUC a9 ey = re(AUBorxeC = (reAorresjorxeC = reAor(reBorxeC) xeAorre(BuC) xeAu(BUC) (AUB UCe AU BU Similarly, A U(BUC)< (AUB) Hence, (AB) UC=A UI (i) Let xbean arbitrary x€Aa(BN0), eA and(x Band x €C) (re Aandxe8) andveC x €(AOB) andxeC 2E(AOB)OC 2 ANB S (Anne. Similarly, (A. 9B) C= A A(B AC) Hence, A.9(BAC) =(A 0B) AC. OREMS (Distributive Laws) IfA,B and Care any three set, then @ ALBOO=ALHMAVO)— i) ANBUC)=(A BH U(ANC) {union and intersection are distributive over intersection and union epectivey. TOPS NCERT EXEMPLAR. ROOF () Letxbe an arbitrary lement of A U(BC)-Then, xeAU(BNC) xeAorre(BOC) xe Aor(xeBandx eC) (eeAorxe8) and(xeA or x€C) [vor is distributive over ‘and x e(AUB)and xe(AU0) ke (AUB) (ALC) AUBAO) c (AUB ALC) Similarly, (AUB) (A UO)= ALEC) Hence, AU(BAC) = (AUBA(AUO. {i) Lot rbean arbitrary clement of A (8 UC). Then, xeAM(BUC) xeAandxe(BUO) eA and(xeBorx<0) (reA and eB) or(xeA and x0) re (AmB orre(AnO, re(ANBUANO 2 AN(BUC) = (ANB ADO, Similarly, (AUB) (A 00) = A (BUC). Hence, A (BUC) =(A 0B) (ANC) i THEOREM 6 (De-Morgan’s Laws) IFA and B are any two st, one (ete ae ae Root (i) Letxbe an arbitrary element of (A.W BY. Then, xe(AUB) xe(AUB) xeAandeB xed'andxeB" 124 at Hence, (AUB) =A" 08 (ji) Let rbe an arbitrary element of(4 5). Then, xe(ABy xe(AnB) xeAorxres xeA'orreB’ xeA'UB (AnBc aus. ‘Again, let ybe an arbitrary element of’ U Then , ye UB yeA'ory 6B vedoryes ve(and ye(Aony AUB ¢ (ANB). Hence, (AB) =4' UB. vuuuy yvuuy ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Ifa €N such that aN = ax: € N), Describe the set 3N 7. 3,6,9, 12,0) and, 7N=(7x:x€N) =(7,14, 21, 28,9 (2tx:x eN)=21N. YA=(1,3,5,7,1,13,15, 17), B= (2, 4,6, 18] and N is the universal st, the A'U(AUBOB) SOLUTION Clearly, (AUB) OB =A AO(AUB)OB)=A'UA For any natural number a, we define aN =lax:x€N). If b, 6 d eN BN UcN =AN, then prove that dis the Lem. of band c. SOLUTION Wehave, {DN =|bv: €N] =The set of positive integral multiples of b cN =[ex:€N] = The set of postive integral multiples of ¢ BN o\cN = The set of postive integral multiples of band cboth. = BNA cN=[kx:x NJ, where kis the Lem. of band c. Hence, d= Lem. of band ¢. LeveL? SAMPLES Suppose, Aa agatha thf demensand xtreme tet UA =, By =S Assume tha ten ofthe A zat cy of SOLUTION Since each A; has 5 rom () and (li), we get =1 PXAMPLES Forany two sets A and B, prove that AB = AO Be> A=B. SOLUTION First let A =B. Then, AUB=A and AQB=A => AU Thus, A=B > AUB=AnB Conversely, let A U B= A. B.Then, we have to prove that A = B.For this let xeA=> xeAUB 3 xeAnB [:AUB=AnB] = xeAandreB Seb 1 ACB (i) Now, let yeB=> yeAuB = yeAnB [sAUB=AnB} yeA andy ¢B yea ANB s BoA From (i) and (ii), we get A Thus, AUB = ANB > From (i) and (iv), we obtain AUB = ANB A=B EXAMPLES Let A, Band C be thesets such tat AU B= A UCand AB =A oC. Show that B=C. SOLUTION We have, AUB = AUC = (AUB ac = (Avec = (AnQuend 3 BAN UBC) From () and (i), we get B = C. ean: Ba(AUX) = BO(BUX) (BOA UBON, (BoAus BOA =B AnB=B BA From () and (i), we get A= B. EXAMPLES For any to sts A and B, prove that: P(A) = P(B) => A = B bs SOLUTION Letxbe an arbitrary element ofA. Then there existsa subset say X, of et Asus reX. vuuuyg Now, XcA = XeP(A) > XeP@ > XcB > eB Thus, reA > reBforallreB AcB Now, letybe an arbitrary element ofB. Then there existsa subset, say Y, ofset Bsuch thaty Now, YoR = YeP® = YeP(A) = Yea > Thus, yeB > yeAforallyeB. Bea From (and (i), weobtain A = B. EXAMPLES Forany two sts A and B prove that: P(A.\B) = P(A) P(B). SOLUTION Inder o prove that P(A 9B) = P(A) Pits sufficient to prove P(A NB) P(A) PB) and P(A) P(B)

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