Nurturing Ambitions Chapter-wise NCERT 4 Exemplar Practice Questions with Solutions for CBSE Baahees jomplar &, ain tic Soy sy Ne Y | @ zt o: Corporate Office : 45, 2"' Floor, Maharishi Dayanand Marg, Corner Market, Malvya Nagar, New Delhi-11001/ Tel. : 011-26692293 / 26692294 By Sanjeev Kumar Jha Typeset by Disha DTP Team DISHA PUBLICATION ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © Copyright Publisher ‘No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the publisher. The author and the publisher do not take any legal responsibility for any errors or misrepresentations that might have crept in. We have tried and made our best efforts to provide accurate up-to-date information in this book. For further information about the books from DISHA, Log on to www.dishapublication.com or email to info@dishapublication.com3 4. 5. Physical World .... 1-4 Units and Measurements ... Motion ina Straight Line ... 33-60 Motion ina Plane... 61-100 Laws of Motion .... .. 101-136 Work, Energy and Power ... 137-170 System of Particles and Rotational Motion... +0 171-204 Gravitation ... +++ 205-234 Mechanical Properties of Solids ...10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Mechanical Properties of Fluids ... Thermal Properties of Matter .. soe 281-302 Thermodynamics s+» 303-322 Kinetic Theory 323-346 Oscillations .... + 385-412 Waves.....ca} —— Physical World =” im NCERT EXERCISES Sol. 1.2 Sol. Sol. Some of the most profound statements on the nature of science have come from Albert Einstein, one of the greatest scientists of all time. What do you think did Einstein mean when he said. “The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it comprehensible” ? The whole of physical world is very complex. Vastly different orders of magnitudes are involved in space, time and mass. Even the almost all the physical phenomena can be expressed in terms of few basic laws, This is what Einstein meant to say. “Every great physical theory starts as a hearsay and ends as a dogma” Give some examples from the history of science of the Here say i.c., belief and dogma i.e., established belief. Copernicus geocentric theory (Sun at the centre of solar system) started as heresay and ended as dogma when explained by Tycho Brahe and Johnes Kepler. “Politics is the art of the possible”? Similarly “Science is the art of the soluble”. Explain this beautiful aphorism on the nature and practice of science. opinion against conventional Politics is the art of possible. In polities, politicians do not follow any principle, discipline or norm, They just want power by any means fair or foul. Science is a systematised study of observation. A 14 Sol. scientist potiently analyses these observations aiid come out with certain laws. Thuis, science is the art of the soluble. ‘Though Inia now has a large base in seience and technology, which is fast expanding, itis still.a long way from realising its potential 1g a world leader in science, Name nportant factors, which in your view indered the advancement of science in Some of the importnat factors which have hindered the advancement of science in India are (Lack of infrastructure and funds for quality research work in science. The rural based science education is nearly non-existent so that majority of population is deprived of the benefits of advancements in and technology. science Gi) Poor pay scales and other facilities to scientists. Talented scientists and technologists prefer to migrate developed countries where they get better salaries and other benefits. (iv) There is practically no co-ordination between the researchers and the industrialists. The industrialists are the actual consumers of new research and technology. They prefer foreign technology rather than to use country made technology. (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INxE2 15 Sol. 1.6 Sol. ist has ever “seen” an electron. Vet, all physicists believe in the existence of electrons. An intelligent but supers man advances this analogy to argue that “ghosts? exist even though no one has “seen” one How will you refute his argument? Many phenomena based on the existence of electrons have been predicted, verified and observed in day-to-day life. But there is no phenomenon which can be explained on the basis that ghosts exist though they are not seen. ‘The shells of erabs found around a particular coastal location in Japan seem mostly to resemble the legendary face of a Samurai. Given below are two explanations of this observed fact. Which of these strikes you as ascientific explanation? (a) Atragic sea accident several centuries ago drawned a young Samurai. As a tribute to hisbravery, nature through its inscrutable ways immortalised his face by imprinting it on the crab shells in that area. (0) After the sea tragedy, fishermen in that area, ina gesture to honour to their dead hero, let free any crab shell caught by them which accidentally had a shape resembling the face of a samurai. Consequently the particular shape of the crab shell suryived longer and therefore in course of time the shape was genetically propagated. This is an example of evalution by artificial selection. [Note : This interesting illustration taken from Carl Sagan’s “The Cosmos’ highlights the fact that often strange and inexplicable facts which on the first sight appear ‘supernatural’ actually turn out to have simple scientific explanations. Try to think out other examples of this kind]. (b) 7 Sol. 18 Sol. Physics ‘The industrial revolution in England and ‘Western Europe more than two centuries ago was triggered by some key scientific and technological advances. What were these advances? Some key scientific and technological advances responsible for industrial revolution are (@ Steam engine based on scientific principle. Law of, thermodynamics. Gi) Discovery. of safety lamp by Humphry Davy for mines worker to work safety. (ii) Study of gravitation led to the study of motion and making guns and cannons. ‘This gave power in the hands of western countries and they ruled over rest of the world. It is often said that the world is witnessing ‘now a second industrial revolution, which will transform the society as radically as did the first. List some key contemporary areas of science and technology which are responsible for this revolution. Science key contemporary areas of science and technology, responsible for a new industrial revolution are (® Fabricatioin of super-fast computers. (i) Development of super-conducting materials at room temperature. ii) (ix) w) Biotechnology Laser technology Developments in the field of space sciences. (vi) Advancements in the field of electronics, information and nanotechnology.Physical World | [secrionz] — PRACTICE QUESTIONS a ‘Very SHort ANSWER QUESTIONS How is science different from technology? What are the two basic quests in physics ? What is scientific attitude ? What is the basic aim of scien Name the four fundamental forces of nature. What is electromagnetic force? Give the ratio of the the strengths of the four fundamental forces in nature. Which fundamental force governs the large motion in the universe ? State one law that holds good in all natural processes. ‘Stort ANswer QUESTIONS Discuss the relation of physics with other sciences. What is physics’? Discuss the relation of physies with technology. Discuss the scope and excitement of physics. The scope of physies is truly vast. Comment. Name three advancements made in technology ‘on the basis of physics. Big ¥.C 0 -E QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS 5. Very SHort ANSWER QUESTIONS Science is the study of natural laws while technology is the practical application of these laws to the daily life problems. (Unification and (ii) Reductionism A flexible open-minded approach towards solving problems in which other important points of view: are not neglected. To search for truth. Ittends to analyse the natural phenomena occuring around us. Four fundamental forces of nature (Gravitational force (ji) Weak nuclear force (iii) Electromagnetic force (iv) Strong nuclear force It is the force due to interaction between two moving charges. It is caused by exchange of photons (7) between two charged particles. Feavitation * Fweite nuclear * Frtectromagnetic Fstrong nuclear = 1: 1025: 1088 1088 Gravitational force One such law is the Newton’s law of gravitation. ‘Stort ANswer QUESTIONS Physics is the most fundamental discipline of all, seiences. It has played a key role in the development of all other sciences. Physics in relation to mathematics : Physics is a quantitative scien Mathematics provides the necessary signs and tools which the physicists use. It has played an important role in the development of theoretical physies. Had Newton not invented calculus, he would not have been able to discover the universal law of gravitation. Gi) Physics in relation to chemistry : In physics, we study the structure of atom, radioactivity, X-ray diffraction, etc. Such studies have enabled chemists to arrange elements in the periodic table on the basis of their atomic numbers. This has further helped to know the nature of valency and chemical bonding and to understand the complex chemical structures. (i) Physics in relation to biological sciences : The developments in life sciences owe a great deal to physics. (i) Optical microscopes are extensively used in the study of biology. (ii) With the help of an electron microscope, one can study the structure of cell.(iii) The X-rays and neutron diffraction techniques have helped in understanding the structure of nucleic acids, which helped to control vital life (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INPhysics wireless. xd processes.(iv) Radioisotopes are used in (Electromagnetic waves are used in radio, radiation therapy for the cure of deadly television, radar and diseases like cancer. communication. Refer to theory (ii) Newton’s concept of gravitation is used in Refer to theory geostationary satellites which help us in Refer to theory forecasting weather and in geophysical The applications of physics have played a key survey. role in the development of technology. Today ii) The study of thermodynamics has helped we in every walk offlife. the applications of physi to design heat engines which have revolutionised the industry.ea} ——— Units and Measurements a (Ean ane Fi @ » Sol. © @ 22 in the blanks : Sol. ‘The volume of a cube of side Lem is equal tom ‘The surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2.0 em and height 10.0.¢m is equal to (mm). Avvehicle moving with a speed of 18 km ht cover min Is. The ret ity of lead is 11.3. Its density is gem or __ kg m™, Length, L = lem = 10 m, ’. Volume, L3 = (10-)3 = 10° m? Given, r= 2 em = 20 mm, h = 10,¢m = 100mm Surface area of solid eylinder =(2r\(h+7) 2 2x28 % 20 120=1.5 = 10? mm? 23 Speed, v = 18 kmh! 181000 60%60 *. Distance covered in Is = Sm Sms>} Relative density = 11.3, Sol. 13x10 kg om) = 183% 10 kgm, in the blank by suitable conversion of density = 11.3 gem? gems? light year kmh (a) 1 kgm?s x 10g (10° omy s? 07 g cms? (b) Light year= 9.46 « 10!5 m 2A m= ——— = = 1.053 « 10"! light year 9.46x10!° ens (©) 3ms?=3 x 103 ki h ) ms ” laa) 103 x 3600 x 3600 kmh > = 3.888 x 104 kmh? (d) G=6.67 x 10°!! Nm? kg? = 6.67 = 10'! (kg ms?) m? kg? = 6.67% 10! ms? kg! 67 x 101 x 10° em? $7109 gt 67 « 10-8 em} s? gt A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2J, where 1J = 1 kgm’s~?, ‘Suppose, we employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equals a kg, the unit of length equals Bm and the unit of time is ys. ‘Show that a calorie has a magnitude of 4.2 a! B-2y? in terms of new units. 1 calorie = 4.25 = 4.2 kg m? s? Irakg new unit of mass 1 Then, Ikg = — new unit of mass a = a! new unit of mass ilarly, Im = B! new unit of length 1s = y7! new unit of time Now, | calorie = 4.2 (a7! new unit of mass) (8-1 new unit of length)? (71 new unit of time)? =4201p% unit of energy. (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INSol. 2.6 ro call a dimensional quantity ‘large’ or ‘small’ is meaningless without specifying a standard for comparison.” In view of this, reframe the following statements wherever necessary: (@) atoms are very small objects (b) a jet plane moves with great speed (© the mass of Jupiter is very large @__ the air inside this room contains a large number of molecules a proton is much more massive than an electron ‘the speed of sound is much smaller than the speed of light. Physical quantities are called large or small depending on the unit (standard) of measurement. For example, parsec is equal to 3.08 x 10! m or 3.08 x 10!2 km is certainly larger than metre or kilometre. (@) The size of an atom is much smaller than even the sharp tip of a pin © o (b) A Jet plane moves with a speed greater than that of a superfast train. (©) The mass of Jupiter is very large compared to that of the earth. (@)_ The air inside this room contains more number of molecules than inv one mole of alr, (©) This is a correct statement, (f) This is a correct statement. A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuumis unity, What is the distance between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the new unit, iflight takes 8 min and 20 sec to cover this distance? |. Velocity of light ©= 1 new unit of length s“! Time taken by light of Sun to reach the Earth 8 min 20.5 = 8 * 60 + 20 = 500s Distance between the Sun and Earth, x =e x 1= 1 new unit of length s! x 500 s = 500 new units of length. Which of the following is the most precise device for measuring length? er callipers with 20 divisions on Sol. 27. Sol. 28 Physies (b) a serew gauge of pitch 1 mm and 100 divisions on the circular scale an optical instrument that ean measure length within a wavelength of light 2 (a) Least count of Vernier callipers SD-1VD © sp 19 =1SD-—sp= 20 20 = 3g mm= 0.005 em (b) Least count of sctew gauge pitch no. of division on circular scale Wavelength of light, 2 = 10-5 em = 0.00001 em Since most precise device should have ‘minimum least count, optical instrumentis the most precise one. A student measures the thickness of a human hair by looking at it through a microscope of magnification 100. He makes 20 observations and finds that the average width of the hair in the field of view of the microscope is 3.5 mm. ‘Whaat is his estimate on the thickness of hair? observed width (y) real width (x) © Magnification m = 35 = == = 0.035 mm. m 10°” Answer the following : (a) Youaregivena thread anda metre scale. How will you estimate the diameter of the thread? Ascrew gauge has a pitch of 1.0 mm and 200 divisions on the circular scale, Do you think it is possible to inerease the accuracy of the serew gauge arbitraril by increasing the number of divisions o the circular scale? ‘The mean diameter of a thin brass rod is tobe measured by Vernier callipers. Why a set of 100 measurements of the diameter expected to yield a more reliable estimate than a set of 5 measurements only? ) © (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INUnits and Measurements Sol. 29 Sol. (@) Meter seale can not measure small diameter of thread. No. of turns of the thread to be wound to get turns closely one another. Let /- measured length of windings on the scale which contains 1 no. of turns. Diameter of thread = 4 n (b) Least count pitch no. of division in circular scale i.e. least count decreases when no. of division on the circular scale increases. Thereby accuracy would increase. but practically, itis impossible to take precise reading due to low resolution of human eye. Large no. of observations (say 100) gives more reliable result, because probability of making random error in positive side of a physical quantity would be same that of in negative side. Therefore, when no. of observations is large random errors would! cancel each other and hence result would be reliable. ‘The photograph of a house occupies an area of 1.75 cm? on a 35 mm slide. The slide is projected on toa sereen, and the area of the house on the screen is 1.55 m?, What is the linear magnification of the projector sereen arrangement? Area of object Area of image = © 1.75em? 55m 55. < 104m? area of image Area magnification ated of object 104 158104 _ pose 175 Linear magnification = V8857 =94.1 2.10 State the number of significant figures in the Sol. following: 0.007 m2 2.64 x 104g i) 0.2370 gem (iv) 6.3205 () 6.032 Nm? (vi) 0.0006032 m? No. of significant figures : @ one (i) three i) four (iv) four () four (vi) four 241 Sol. 2.12 Sol. Sol. XLT ‘The length breadth and thickness of a metal sheet are 4.234 m, 1.005 m and 2.01 cm respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to correct number of significant figure. Given, length, /= 4.234 m, Breadth, b= 1.005m, thickness, f= 2.01 em = 2.01 x 10-2 m Arca of sheet = 2 (Ib bt + tl) = 2 = [4.234 * 1.005-+ 1,005 « 0,0201-+0.0201 4.234] =8.7209478 m?= 8.72 in? (rounding off to'3 significant digits) Volume= fbr = 4.234 * 1,005 * 0.0201 = 0,0855289 = 0.0895 m? (rounding off to 3 significant digits) ‘The mass of a box measured by a grocer's balance is 2.30 kg. Two gold pieces of masses 20.15 gand 20.17 gare added to the box. What is (a) the total mass of the box (©) the difference in masses of the gold pieces to correct significant figures. Mass of the box, m = 2.30 kg Mass of one gold piece, m, @= 0.02017 kg Mass of second gold piece, m, = 20.15 ¢= 0.02015 kg (a) The total mass of the box =2.3+ 0.0215 + 0.0217 kg= 2.3432 Since the result is correct only upto one place of decimal, therefore after rounding off, total mass = 2.3 kg Difference in masses of the gold pi =m, ~ m, = 20.17 - 20.15 = 0.02 ¢ (correct upto 2 places of decimal) 20.17 (b) 3 A physical quantity P is related to four observatives a, b, c and d as follows : p ap? ~ led) ‘The percentage errors of measurement in a, b,c and d are 1%, 3%, 4% and 2% respectively. What is the percentage error in the quantity P? If the value of P caleulated using the above relation turns out to be 3.763, towhat value should youround off the result? ae P= = Maximum error in P, ave (WWW.JEEBOOKS.IN214 Sol. p= x 100 tage error in P= => = 0.13 * 100 = 13% 13% has two significant figures. <. if P = 3.763, P would be rounded off to two significant figures, hence P = 3.8. A book with many printing errors cont: four different formulas for the displacement y of a particle undergoing a certain periodic motion: (b) y= asin ve (a= maximum displacement of the particle, v= speed of the particle, T= time-period of motion). Rule out the wrong formulas on dimensional grounds. According to dimensional analysis an equation must be dimensionally homogeneous. Here, (L.H.S.) = [y] = [L] 2at and [RHS.] = | asin — [sind =[L] So, it is correct. Physies (b) y=asinvt Here, [y] = [L] and [a sin vt] = [L sin (LT '.T)] = [L sin L] So, the equation is wrong, 2) t Oo ing Mere, (yl = (L and (Ss T Soy the equation is wrong. = [Er sin T> (nt 2at) @ y= [a2)[ sn + eos) Here, f= (L}, [av2]=[L] sin + cos2™ || sin 2+ cos and] NT Tyr 7 [LHS] = [RHS] = dimensionless So, the equation is correct. 2.15 A famous relation in physics relates ‘moving mass’ m to the ‘rest mass’ m, of a particle in terms of its speed v and the speed of light *e’. (This relation first arose as a consequence of special relativity due to Albert Einstein). A boy recalls the relation almost correctly but forgets where to put the constant ‘c’. He writes: (-" Guess where to put the missing c. mo v my m Left hand side is dimensionless. Therefore, right hand side should also be dimensionless. Sol. From the given equation, It is possible only when yi-v? should be \Units and Measurements $$ 2.16 217 Sol. Thus, the correct formula is =) =m |'-> m=m 70 {1-2 ‘The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an angstrom and is denoted by A: 1A= 10" m, The size of a hydrogen atom is about 0.5 A. What is the total atomic volume in m? of a mole of hydrogen atoms? Given, r= 0.5 A= 0.5 x 101° m v2 3 Volume of each atom of hydrogen 5.236 « 103! m3 L, = 6.023 x 109 (Avogadro Number) Atomic volume 5.236% 10-3!» 6,023 « 10 154 « 10-7 m3, One mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure occupies 22.4 1. (molar volume). What is the ratio of molar volume to the atomic volume of a mole of hydrogen? (Take the size of hydrogen molecule to be about 1 A). Why is this ratio so large? Volume of one mole of ideal gas, V, = 22.4 litre = 22.4 x 103m 1A Yo Radius of hydrogen molecule = = 0.5 A=05 x1071%m Volume of hydrogen molecule = 4.22/50)» 3 0 = 0.5238 x 1099 m3 One mole contains 6.023 x 1075 molecules, +. Volume of one mole of hydrogen, 0.5238 x 10-89 x 6.023 x 103 m3 = 3.1548 x 1077 m> 3 Ve 22.410 3.154810 7.1x108 XxE9 The ratio is very large. This is because the interatomic separation in the gas is very large compared to the size of a hydrogen molecule 2.18 Explain this common observation clearly: If you look out of the window of a fast moving train, the nearby trees, houses ete., seem to move rapidly in a direetion opposite to the train's motion, but the distant objects (hill tops, the Moon, the stars etc.) seem to be stationary. (In fact, since you are aware that you are moving, these distant objects seem to move with you). Sol. The line joining a’given object to our eye is known asthe line of sight. When a train moves rapidly, the line of sight of a passenger sitting in the train for nearby trees' changes its direction rapidly. As a result, the nearby trees and other objects appear to run in a direction ‘opposite tothe train's motion, However, the line of sight of distant and large size objects e.g., hill tops, the Moon, the stars etc., almost remains unchanged (or changes by an extremely small angle). AS a result, the distant object seems to be stationary. 2.19 The principle of parallax is used in the Sol. deter n of distances of very distant stars. The baseline AB is the line joining the Earth's two locations six months apart orbit around the Sun. That is, the baseline is about the diameter of the Earth's orbit ~ 3 x 10" m, However, even the nearest stars are so distant that with such a long baseline, they show parallax only of the order of 1" (second) of are or so. A parsec is a convenient unit of length on the astronomical scale. It is the distance of an object that will show a parallax of 1" (second) of are from opposite ends of a baseline equal to the distance from the Earth tothe Sun. How much is a parsec in terms of metres? Length of base line distance between Earth and Sun = 1 A.U.= 1.5 = 10! m Parallax angle (0) 60x60 Bot ~ 180 60x60 radian (WWW.JEEBOOKS.IN=3.1« 106m 1x 106m. Ab B Parallax method 2.20 The nearest star to our solar system is 4.29 Sol. 2.21 Sol. light years away. How much is this distance in terms of parsees ? How much parallax would this star (named alpha centaur) show when viewed from two locations of the Earth six months apart in its orbit around the sun? x= 4.29 ly =4,29 x 9.46 x 1015 m _ 4.29x9.46x10!5 3.08x10!° In an orbit around the sun, the distance between six months apart locations is diameter of the Earths orbit itself which is 2AU parsee = 1.323 parsec 9 = £2 2AU __2x1.496x100 rx 4.29x9.46x10'° = 1512/sec Precise measurements of physieal quan areaneed of science. For example, toascertain the speed of an aircraft, one must have an accurate method to find its positions at closely separated instants of time. This was the actual motivation behind the discovery of radar in World War IL.Think of different examples in modern science where precise measurements of length, time, mass ete., are needed. Also, wherever you can, give a quantitative idea of the precision needed. Extremely precise measurements are needed in modern science. As an example, while launching a satellite using a space launch rocket system we must measure time to a precision of 1 micro second. Again working with lasers we require length measurements to 2.22 Sol. Physies an angstrom unit (1 A = 107! m) or even a fraction of it. For estimating nuclear sizes we require a precision of 10°'S m. To measure atomic masses using mass spectrograph. we require a precision of 10 °° kg and so on. Just as precise measurements are necessary in science, it is equally important to be able to make rough estimates of quantities using rudimentary ideas and common observations. ‘Think of ways by which you can estimate the following (where an estimate is difficult to obtain, try fo get an upper bound on the quantity): (@) the total mass of rain-bearing clouds over India during the Monsoon ‘the mass of an elephant the wind speed during a storm the number of strands of hair on your head the number of air molecules in your classroom . ‘The average rainfall of nearly 100 cm or I mis recorded by meteorologists, during Monsoon, in India. If A is the area of the country, then A =3.3 million sq. km = 3.3 x 10° (km? =3.3 x 108 x 108m? =3.3 x 10! m2 Mass of rain ~ bearing clouds = Volume of rain water x density of water 3 x 10!2m? x Im x 1000 kg/m* 3 x 105 kg Measure the depth of an empty boat in water, Let it be d). If A be the base area the boat, then volume of water displaced by boat, Vj = Ad, Let d, be the depth of boat in water when the elephant is moved into the boat. Volume of water displaced by (boat + elephant), V = Ady Volume of water displaced by elephant, V=V_-V, = Ald, - 4) Ifp be the density of water, then mass of elephant = mass of water displaced by it = A(d, - d,) p. (WWW.JEEBOOKS.IN o © @ © fa) (b)Units and Measurements (© Wind speed during storms can be estimated by floating a gas-filled balloon in air at a known height h. When there is no wind, the balloon is at A. Suppose the wind starts blowing to the right such that the balloon reaches position B in I second. = 10. wind The value of d directly gives the wind speed (@)_ Let us assume that the hair on our head are uniformly distributed. Thickness of a human hair is $x 10-5 m, Number of hair on the head _ area of the head area of cross-section of ahait Taking head to bea circle of radius'8 em, number of hair on head _ (0.08)? a(sio8)° The number of hair on the human head is of the order of one million. (©) Consider a class room of size 10 m x 8 m x4 m, Voltime of this room is 320m3, We know that 2.4L or 22.4 x 107 m} of air has 6.02 x 1023 molecules (equal to! Avogadro's number), Number of molecules of air in the class room 6.021073 5*320=8.6%10"7 22.4x10™ XE 2.23. ‘The sun is.a hot plasma (jonised matter) with Sol. its inner core at a temperature exceeding 107 K, and its outer surface at a temperature of about 6000 K. At such high temperatures, no substance remains in a solid or liquid phase. In what range do you expect the mass density of the Sun to be, in the range of densities of solids, liquids or gases? Check if Your guess is correct from the following data: mass of Sun = 2. 1030 kg, radius of the Sun =7x 108m. M=2*1030kg, = R=7 108m Aha mass M 3M ensity, p= =7—= YP Volume 4ip3 4ar3 3 3x2%10% S55 = 1.392 * 103 kg/m’, 453.14 (7108) which is the order of density of solids and liquids not gases. High density of Sun is because of inward gravitational attractions or the outer layers of the Sun. 2.24 When the planet Jupiter is at a distance of Sol. 824.7 mi diameter n km from Earth, its angular measured to be 35.72" of arc. Calculate the diameter of Jupiter? r= 824.7 « 10° km Tao "dian @ = 35,72" = 60% 60 72 60x60 x — km = 824.7 106 x : 80 429 «108 km,