XECWHT^C@I@ EINCAEIO JA^Ã GIX^PCEA ^IENBHZ NITTCÞE

GINXOPI@ @H CEKHECHTCI IKTITCI, CE@X^PTCI^ IOCLHEPITCI^ S

ILDCHEPIO

H^NXHOI VTAGH^CAEIO @H CEKHECHTCI ILDCHEPIO

"VTHVITINCÞE S WIOATINCÞE @H ^AOXNCAEH^ @H

INC@CLHPTÌI „ IONIOCLHPTÌI" Krupa 4
NXT^A:

YXÌLCNI IEIOÌPCNI

NCNOA:

WC

@ANHEPH:

CEK. EIPCWC@I@ BXI^AVALI @HOCNCI^

CEPHKTIEPH^:

 HX^PIYXCA OCWCI JA^HOCEH LCOIKTA^

 GOATH^ PATTH^ MCLDHTOC

 KXC^I^AOI NIDTHTI JINMHOCEH

 JITI NIPCTH SHRHECI

BXINBA „ 4693
 

VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
CEPTA@XNNCÞE
C. CEPTA@XNNCÞE..............................................................................................................>
CC. ADJHPCWA^:..................................................................................................................0
CCC. LITNA P
PH
HATCNA:.....................................................................................................0
>.9. WIOATIT A PCP
CPX
XOINCÞ
CÞE 
E ......................................................................................0
......................................................................................0

>.4..
>.4 VTH
VTHVIT
VITINC
INCAE
AE @
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WIOA
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TI@I^ 
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0

>.>.
>.>. AD
ADPH
PHEN
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^ ......................................................0
......................................................0

>.0.
>.0. WI
WIOA
OATI
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AE @
@H
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NAE XE
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DI^H
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H ..................8
..................8

>.8.
>.8. WI
WIOA
OATI
TINC
NCAE
AE @
@H
H XE
XEI
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DI^H
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GXH
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NAE XE I
INC
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..................8

>.7.
>.7. ^A
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AEH^ H^ ^P^PIE IE@I @IT@ T@ V VIT
ITI I IEIEÉO ÉOC^CC^C^ ^ NX
NXIE IEPC PCPIPIPCWPCWA AS
NXIOCPIPCWA.......................................................................................................................8
>.;.
.;. CE@
CE@CN
CNI@
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ATH^
H^ INC@A-
C@A-DI
DI^H 
^H ..................................................................................8
>.2. ^PÉE@ITH^...............................................................................................................7
 
>.3. H^PÉE@IT VTCLI
LIT
TCA............................................................................................7
>.96. ^PIE@ITCZINCAE ...............................................................................................7
...............................................................................................7

CW. LI
LIPH
PHT
TCIOH
OH^
^ S THINPCWA^ A^::..................................................................................;
W. VTAN
ANH
H@CL
CLCH
CHE
EPA^.........................................................................................................3
8.9.
8.9. WI
WIOA
OATI
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NCÞE
ÞE @H
@HO
OBBC@T
C@TÞR
ÞRC@A
C@A @H ^A
^A@CA
@CA 6.9
6.9 E ...............
......................
..............
........................3
.................3

8.9.
8.9.9.
9. Vr
Vrhp
hpiiri
rinc
ncþe
þe ``hh ue
ueii sa
saou
ounc
ncþe
þe `h E
EiA
iAB
B 66.9
.9 E
E..........................................................3
8.
8.9.
9.4.
4. Vr
Vrhp
hpir
irin
incþ
cþe
e``hh ue
ueii sa
saou
ouncþ
ncþe
e `h én
énc`
c`aa aaxé
xéoc
ocna
na 66.9
.9 E
E..........................................3
PÃNECNI AVHTIPCWI VITI OI WIOATINCÞE @H EiAB. ........................................99
8.4. WIOATINCÞE @HO ÉNC@A ^XOGÚTCNA..............................................................94
8.4.9. Vrhpirincþe `ho énc`a suogúrcna 6.9 E...................................................................94
8.4.4. Vrhpirincþe `h oi saouncþe `h nirdaeita `h sa`ca 6.9 E ......................................9>
PÃNECNI AVHTIPCWI VITI OI WIOATINCÞE @HO B 4^A0.................................90
WC. NÉONXOA:..................................................................................................................98
WCC. NXH^PCAEITCA:.......................................................................................................97
WCCC. VTADOHLI^:.........................................................................................................46
CR. NAENOX^CAEH^:.......................................................................................................44
R. THN
HNAL
ALHE
HE@
@IN
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CAEH
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^:.................................................................................................4>
RC. DCDOCAKTIGCI..........................................................................................................40

4
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
C. CEPTA@XNNCÞE
Oi io
ioni
niocl
oclht
htrìi
rìi hs ue Lãta`a
Lãta`a `h
 `h ieéocscs
ieéocscs  vao
vaoulã
ulãtrcn
trcnaa quh phrlct
phrlcthh oi vioari
vioarincþ
ncþee
nuietctitcvi `h ue énc`a lh`cieth oi ehutrioczincþe nae uei dish `h naenhetrincþe
naeanc`i.

Hs `hncr, piri `hthrlceir oi inc`hz `h uei sustienci a saouncþe pradohli lh`cieth

tctuoincþe nae uei saouncþe vioari`i déscni.
Ho éonioc suhoh shr þxc`a, bc`rþxc`a a ue nirdaeita `ho krupa `h
krupa `h oas ionioceas. Ãstas
`hshlphùie uei guencþe
guencþe `h
 `h dishs guhrths, sche`a distieth saoudohs he ikui,
ikui, nala par 
hjhlpoa ho ilaecina.

He nuieta i ois saouncaehs

saouncaehs   ionioceis sae lunbis, phra hetrh ois lés hlpohi`is
`hsti
`hstini
ni:: Ei
EiAB
AB.. Atri
Atriss `csa
`csaou
ounc
ncae
aehs
hs na
nala
la MA
MAB,
B, EB0A
EB0AB,
B, ht
htn.
n. tc
tche
hehe
he nc
nchr
hrti
tiss
`hsvhetijis par oa nuio sh usie pana

He quìlcni ieioìtcni oas pranhsias `h inc`clhtrìi y ionioclhtrìi, sae lãta`as `h

ieéocscs nuietctitcvas y vaoulãtrcnas, hstas lãta`as schlprh hs pirth `h saouncaehs
in
inc`
c`is
is a ioni
ionioc
ocei
eis,
s, quh
quh eas
eas scrv
scrvhe
he `h pi
pitr
trþe
þe pi
piri
ri is
isìì pa
pa`h
`hrr `h
`hth
thrl
rlce
ceir
ir oi
naenhetrincþe. He ho nisa `h inc`clhtrìi, naescsth he `hthrlceir ho kri`a `h discnc`i`
`h uei sustienci a saouncþe, `hdc`a i oi prhshenci `h dishs ocdrhs a garli`is par 
bc`rþocscs `h siohs `h énc`as `ãdcohs, nae uei saouncþe vioari`i inc`i= y piri ho nisa
`h ioni
ionioc
oclh
lhtr
trìi
ìi,, ph
phrl
rlìt
ìtho
hoii vi
vioa
oari
rinc
ncþe
þe nuie
nuietc
tcti
titc
tcvi
vi `h ue én
énc`
c`aa lh`c
lh`cie
ieth
th oi
ehutrioczincþe nae uei dish `h naenhetrincþe naeanc`i, hs `hncr piri `hthrlceir oi
inc`hz `h uei sustienci a saouncþe pradohli lh`cieth tctuoincþe nae uei saouncþe
vioari`i déscni.

Hsti préntcni sh gue`ilheti he ho lãta`a `h ieéocscs tc trclãtrcna `h ehutrioczincþe.

Ho lã
lãta
ta`a
`a `h tctuo
tctuoin
incþ
cþee `h én
énc`
c`aa - dish
dish (ehut
(ehutri
rioc
oczi
zinc
ncþe
þe)) na
nalp
lprh
rhe`
e`hh ta
ta`i
`iss oi
oiss
`hthrlceincaehs disi`is he oi rhinncþe.

+
B + AB B4A

>
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
CC. ADJHPCWA^:
@hthrlceir oi naenhetrincþe hxinti `h uei saouncþe `h naenhetrincþe ipraxcli`i.

CCC. LITNA P
PH
HATCNA:
 CCC.9. WIOATIT A PC
PCPXOINCÞE 
PXOINCÞE  
^ae oas ealdrhs quh oh `ie io pranhsa `h `hthrlceir `ho vaoulhe ehnhsirca `h
oi
saouncþe vioari`i piri rhinncaeir nae uei nietc`i` `hthrlcei`i `h oi luhstri i
ieioczir.
Var hsth latcva sh `cnh quh hs ue lãta`a `h ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna.
^h oohvi inida ikrhkie`a he garli naetraoi`i `h oi saouncþe vioari`i i oi
saouncþe pradohli, bisti quh sh juzki nalpohti oi rhinncþe hetrh oas `as (Nae ho
nildca `h naoar `ho ce`cni`ar).

 CCC.4. VTHVITINCAE @H ^AOXNCAEH^ WIOATI@I^ ^AOXNCAEH^ 

WIOATI@I^
Io rhioczir ue ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna biy quh naeanhr nae ta`i hxintctu` oi
nietc`i` `h sustienci rhinncaeieth quh hsté `csuhoti he ue vaoulhe `hthrlcei`a
`h oìquc`a.
Adthehr saouncaehs vioari`is hxintis, `h naenhetrincþe
naenhetrincþe phrghntilheth naeanc`i,
hs ho pueta lés clpartieth `ho ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna: sae ho pitrþe `h lh`c`i `h
ois saouncaehs pradohli, `h naenhetrin
naenhetrincþe
cþe `hsnaeanc`i.

 CCC.>. ADPHENCAE @H ^
^AOXNCAEH^
AOXNCAEH^ WI
WIOATI@I^
OATI@I^
Vuh`he prhpirirsh `crhnti a ce`crhntilheth:
 CCC.>.9.Adthencþe `crhnti
Ois saouncaehs vioari`is sh puh`he adthehr `crhntilheth par phsi`i `h uei
nietc`i` `h sustienci y `csaouncþe `h oi lcsli he ue vaoulhe `hthrlcei`a
`h ik
ikui.
ui. Ois sustie
sustienci
nciss hlpoh
hlpohi`i
i`iss pir
pirii oi adthe
adthencþ
ncþee `crhn
`crhnti,
ti, ooi
ooili`
li`is
is
sustiencis pitrþe a sustiencis tcpa prclirca, `hdhe rhuecr ois sckucheths
nae`cncaehs:
 CCC.>.4.Adthencþe ce`crhnti
Nuie`a ea hs pascdoh oi adthencþe `crhnti, parquh ois sustiencis ea nulpohe
ois nae`cncaehs `ho ipirti`a iethrcar, sh `csuhovh uei nietc`i` `h `cnbis
sustiencis prþxcli i oi rhquhrc`i y sh vioari ce`crhntilheth par lh`ca `h
0
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
atri saouncþe yi vioari`i a `h ue phsa hxinta `h atri sustienci sþoc`i,
quìlcnilheth puri, quh rhinncaeh nae iquãoois.

 CCC.0. WIOATINCAE @H XE INC@A GXHTPH

GXHTPH NAE XEI DI^H GXHTPH 
Hsth tcpa `h ehutrioczincþe sh coustri nae oi vioarincþe `ho énc`a noarbì`rcna
nae bc`rþxc`a sþ`cna.

B+ + AB-  B4A

I lh`c`i quh oi vioarincþe prakrhsi, vi `hnrhnche`a oi naenhetrincþe `h cþe

bc`rþkhea (iulheta ho pB) nhrni `ho pueta hsthqucalãtrcna oi vircincþe
scrvh `h dish piri oi `hthnncþe `ho pueta gceio `h vioarincþe.

 CCC.8. WIOATINCAE @H XEI DI^H GXHTPH

GXHTPH NAE XE INC@A GXHTPH 
Hsti vioarincþe hs hethrilheth ieéoaki i oi `h ue énc`a guhrth nae uei dish
guhrth, hxnhpta he ho shetc`a `h oi vioarincþe. Io nalcheza (`csaouncþe

ioniocei), oi `csaouncþe tcheh uei hohvi`i naenhetrincþe `h AB- y par oa

tiet
tietaa ue pB iota
iota.. Ho pB `hnr
`hnrhn
hnhh kr
kri`
i`ui
uiol
olhe
heth
th io pr
prce
cenc
ncpc
pca,
a, `h
`hsp
spuã
uãss
répc`ilheth he ois praxclc`i`hs `ho pueta hsthqucalãtrcna y `h euhva
kri`uiolheth `hspuãs `h `cnba pueta.

 CCC.7. ^AOXNCAEH^ ^PIE@IT@ VITI IEÉOC^C^ NXIEPCPIPCWA S 

NXIOCPIPCWA
He ho ieéo
ieéocs
cscs
cs vaou
vaoulã
lãtrc
trcna
na oi naen
naenhe
hetr
trin
incþ
cþee `h
`hoo ie
ieio
ioct
ctaa sh `h
`hth
thrl
rlce
ceii
lc`che`a su nipinc`i` `h rhinncaeir nae ho rhintcva pitrþe.
Hsth hs uei saouncþe `h naenhetrincþe naeanc`i nipiz `h rhinncaeir lés a
lheas nalpohtilheth nae oi sustienci quh sh ieioczi. Ho vaoulhe `h oi
saoun
saouncþe
cþe pit
pitrþe
rþe rhq
rhquhr
uhrc`a
c`a pir
pirii nal
nalpoh
pohtir
tir oi rhinnc
rhinncþe
þe na
naee ho ieioct
ieioctaa sh
naesc`hri nala ue pirélhtra ieioìtcna `hetra `ho ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna.

 CCC.;. CE@CNI@ATH^ I
INC@A-DI^H
NC@A-DI^H
Vuh`he noiscgcnirsh he:
 Ehutras, shescdohs
shescdohs i oas énc`as
énc`as y shescdohs i ois dishs.
He ikui puri oas prclhras `ie su naoar `h triescncþe, oas shkue`as su naoar 
énc`a y oas thrnhras su naoar ioniocea.

8
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
Naesc`hrhlas ho nisa `h uei vioarincþe `h énc`a guhrth dish guhrth `ae`h
 puh`h hlpohirsh nuioquchr ce`cni`ar, phra `hdh eatirsh quh ho naoar `h
triescncþe ea ce`cniri ho lcsla pB. Si quh ois naenhetrincaehs `h caehs B i
quhh ho ce`c
qu ce`cni
ni`a
`arr vi
virì
rìii su naoa
naoarr `h én
énc`
c`aa io dé
désc
scna
na hs `c
`cgh
ghrh
rhet
eth.
h. Hs
naevhecheth hohkcr ue ce`cni`ar nae ue thrrhea `h nildca `h naoar oa lés

hstrhnba pascdoh y vioarir schlprh bisti oi lcsli triescncþe

`h naoar.
 INC@CLHPTÌI
 INC@CLHPTÌI „ IONIOCLHP
IONIOCLHPTÌI
TÌI
Ho ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna naescsth he `hthrlceir ho vaoulhe `h uei saouncþe
`h naenhetrincþe `hsnaeanc`i quh hs quìlcnilheth i ue vaoulhe `i`a `h
uei
uei sa
saou
ounc
ncþe
þe `h naen
naenhe
hetr
trin
incþ
cþee `h
`hsn
snae
aean
anc`
c`ii oo
ooil
ili`
i`ii ‟H^P
‟H^PÉE
ÉE@I
@IT 
T 
VTCLITCA“

 CCC.2. ^PÉE@ITH^ 
Viri ois tctuoincaehs `h énc`as i dish, hs ehnhsirca prhpirir saouncaehs `h
rhghrhenci (saouncþe hs hstée`ir) quh theki uei naenhetrincþe hxintilheth
naeanc`i `h uei `hthrlceincþe sustienci quìlcni.

 CCC.3. H^PÉE@IT VTCLI

VTCLITCA
TCA
Hs uei sustienci `h nalpascncþe quìlcni naeanc`i, `h iota kri`a `h purhzi
y `h krie hstidcoc`i` quìlcni he ho lh`ca ildcheth, quh puh`he phsirsh
géncolheth y nuyis saouncaeh scrvhe piri oi tctuoincþe hxinti `h saouncaehs
hstée`ir.
Xe hjhl
hjhlpo
poaa oa theh
thehla
lass he ho énc`
énc`aa axéo
axéocn
cnaa (BAA
(BAAN-
N-NA
NAAB
AB.4
.4B4
B4A)
A),,

(V.L<947.62) par tritirsh `h ue énc`a dcdéscna su hqucvioheth krila hs

947.62/4<7>.60. quh shré ho phsa quh `hdh naethehr uei saouncþe 9E `h
inc`i axéocna he 9666lo .

 CCC.96. ^PIE@ITCZINC
^PIE@ITCZINCAE 
AE 
Hs ho pranhsa lh`cieth ho nuio sh `hthrlcei nae hxintctu` oi naenhetrincþe
`h uei saouncþe.

7
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4

CW. LIPHTCIOH^ S THINPCWA^:

  Lithrciohs

Gcaoi Wisa prhncpcti`a

Durhti
Dikuhti

Voini Vhtrc Hohelhyhr

;
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4

  Thintcvas

Inc`a axéocna Bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca

Inc`a suogurcna Inc`a noarbc`rcna

Ieirieji`a `h lhtcoa Gheaogtiohìei

2
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4

W. VTANH@CLCHEPA^
W.9. WIOATINCÞE @HO BC@TÞRC@A @H ^A@CA 6.9 E 
W.9.9.  Vrhpirincþe `h uei saouncþe `h EiAB 6.9 E.
Ho bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca hs uei sustienci kcrasnþpcni y ea hs pascdoh binhr uei
 phsi`i narrhnti, i`hlés ea schlprh sh henuhetri pura scea nae lhznois
ionioceis `h nirdaeita= par hstis rizaehs hs lhjar phsiri ioka lés `h oa
nionuoi`a piri oi earlioc`i` y ho vaoulhe ce`cni`a.

Hqucvioheth krila `ho EiAB < 06/9 < 06 kr.

06k ------------------ 9666lo ------------------ 9E

Rk -------------------- 486lo ----------------- 6.9E

6,9 E x 486 lo x 06 k
 Rk <
9666 lo x 9 E 

 Rk <9 k

Ho bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca phsi`a he uei nipsuoi a visa sh `csuhovh y sh triesgchrh

tatiolheth i uei gcaoi y sh nalpohti ho vaoulhe nae ikui `hstcoi`i.

Vi
Viri
ri hsti
hstie`
e`ir
ircz
czir
ir oi sa
saou
ounc
ncþe
þe `h sa
sa`i
`i sh ututco
cocz
czii na
nala
la pi
pitrþ
trþee pr
prcl
clir
irca
ca ho én
énc`
c`aa
noarbì`rcna vioari`a, ho énc`a dhezacna, piri hsth nisa utcoczirhlas ho énc`a axéocna
nrcstioczi`a.

W.9.4.
W.9.4. Vrhp
Vrhpirin
irincþe
cþe `h uei saounc
saouncþe
þe `h énc`a ax
axéocna
éocna 6.
6.99 E.
947 , 6;
Hqucvioheth krila `ho  BAAN ∔NAAB   .4
.4 B 4 A < <7> ,6>8
4

7>,6>8k ----------------- 9666lo ----------------- 9E

Rk ------------------ 486lo ------------------ 6.9E

3
Yuìlcni Ieioìtcni Cek. @hocncis Eitcvc`i`
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
6,9 E x 486 lo x 7>,6>8 k
 Rk <
9666 lo x 9 E 

 Rk <9,8;7 k

9. Vhsir 7.> k `h énc`a axéocna usie`a uei ouei `h rhoaj tiri`i.

4. Ouhka sh pisi i ue visa `h prhncpcti`a nae

lunba nuc`i`a, oivie`a oi ouei `h rhoaj nae ikui `hstcoi`i y tritie`a `h `csaovhr ta`a
ho énc`a. (Hlpohir ueas >6 lo `h ikui).

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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
>. Priesghrcr oi saouncþe i uei gcaoi `h 9666 lo y oivir vircis vhnhs nae ikui
`hstcoi`i ho visa he ho nuio sh `csaovcþ ho énc`a y nalpohtir ho vaoulhe.

 PÃNECNI AVHTIPCWI VITI OI WIOATINCÞE @H EiAB.

9. Naoanir he > Hrohelhyhr 46 lo `h oi saouncþe pitrþe.

pitrþe.

4. Ikrhkir i ni`i uea `h hooas `h 4 i > katis `h gheaogtiohìei.

>. Nirkir oi durhti nae bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca quh sh bi prhpiri`a y `hjir nihr pana
 sadrh ho visa quh naetcheh ho énc`a, bisti adthehr
adthehr oi naoarincþe rasi`i.

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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4

 
0. Ieatir ho vaoulhe kisti`a piri rhioczir oas néonuoas.

8.4. WIOATINCÞE @HO ÉNC@A ^XOGÚTCNA

8.4.9. Vrhpirincþe
Vrhpirincþe `ho énc`a suogúrcna 6.9 E
 V . L . B 4 ^ A 0< 32

Hqucvioheth krilas < 32,62/4 < 03,60 k.

03.60k ------------------ 9666lo ------------------ 9E

Rk ---------------------- 486lo ----------------- 6.9E

@h uei saouncþe `h `hesc`i` y naenhetrincþe

naenhetrincþe naeanc`i. ^h puh`h ipocnir `h oi
sckucheth gþrluoi:

  k
<
W   @hesc`i` Û naenhetrincae

Naenhetrincþee < 37%

Naenhetrincþ

@hesc`i` < 9.20 k / nl>

6,9 E x 486 lo x 03,60 k

 Rk <
9666 lo x 9 E 

 Rk <9,447 k

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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
  9,447
W <
9,20 Û 6,37

W < 6,7309 lo

Lh`cr ho vaoulhe `h énc`a naenhetri`a nionuoi`a, naoaniroa he uei gcaoi y

nalpohtir nae ikui `hstcoi`i bisti oi oìehi `h igara.

He ho pranh`clcheta quh sh sckuh, sh ehutriocziri nirdaeita `h sa`ca iebc`ra.

8.4.4. Vrhpirincþe
Vrhpirincþe `h oi saouncþe `h nirdaeita `h sa`ca 6.9 E
 V . L . Ei4 N A><968,33

Hqucvioheth krila < 968,33/4 < 84,338 k.

84,338k -------------------- 9666lo --------------------- 9E

Rk --------------------- 486lo ---------------------- 6.9E

6,9 E x 486 lo x 84,338 k

 Rk < 9666 lo x 9 E 

 Rk <9,>403 k

9. 
9. ^hnir uei nietc`i` ipraxcli`i `ho phsa quh sh vi i ehnhsctir he uei hstugi i 968 ¶
N par 94 lceutas, hegrcir he ho `hshni`ar y phsir oi nietc`i` nionuoi`i.

4. Visir i ue visa `h prhncpcti`a nae distieth nuc`i`a, `csaovhr he ueas >6 lo `h ikui
`hstcoi`i.

>. Priesghrcr i uei gcaoi `h 9666 lo, oivir vircis vhnhs nae ikui `hstcoi`i ho visa quh

 scrvcþ piri `csaovhr ho nirdaeita y nalpohtir ho vaoulhe.

9>
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4

PÃNECNI AVHTIPCWI VITI OI WIOATINCÞE @HO B4^A0

9. Naoanir he > Hrohelhyhr 46 lo `h oi saouncþe E/96 `h

4. Ikrhkir i ni`i uea `h hooas 8 katis `ho ce`cni`ar ieirieji`a `h lhtcoa.

>. Ooheir oi durhti nae oi saouncþe `h énc`a suogúrcna E/96, sh herisi y sh `hji nihr 
nae nuc`i`a kati i kati sadrh ho litriz quh naetcheh ho nirdaeita bisti adthehr ho 
nildca `h naoar `h ieirieji`a i rasi.

0. Ieatir ho vaoulhe kisti`a piri rhioczir oas néonuoas.

WC. NÉONXOA:
WaoulhePhþrcna
Gintar `h Narrhnncþe < Waoulhe V

* Gintar
Gintar @h N
Narr
arrhn
hnncþ
ncþe
e Énc`
Énc`aa Axé
Axéocn
ocnaa „ Bc`r
Bc`rþxc
þxc`a
`a `h ^
^a`c
a`caa

9¶ Hrohelhyhr  4¶ Hrohelhyhr  >¶ Hrohelhyhr 

  46   46   46
G.N< <9,60;9  G.N< <9,6824 G.N< <9,6487
93,9 92,3 93,8

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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
* Gintar
Gintar @
@hh Narrh
Narrhnncþ
nncþe
e Énc`a
Énc`a ^uogúrcna
^uogúrcna „ N
Nirda
irdaeita
eita `h ^
^a`ca
a`ca

9¶ Hrohelhyhr 4¶ Hrohelhyhr  >¶ Hrohelhyhr 

G.N< G.N< G.N<

46 46 46
<9,3264 <4,6464 <9,3602
96,9 3,3 96,8

 
ET  <
 < EIVTAR R G.N

* ET  Énc`a
 Énc`a Axéocna „ Bc`rþxc`a `h ^a`ca

9¶ Hrohelhyhr
 E  T<6,9∛9,60;9<6,960;  

4¶ Hrohelhyhr 
 E  T<6,9∛9,6824<6,9682  

>¶ Hrohelhyhr 
 E  T<6,9∛9,6487< 6,9648 

*  ET  Énc`a
 Énc`a ^uogúrcna „ Nirdaeita `h ^a`ca

9¶ Hrohelhyhr

 E  T<6,9∛9,3264<6,9326  

4¶ Hrohelhyhr 

 E  T<6,9∛4.6464<6,46464 

>¶ Hrohelhyhr 

 E  T<6,9∛9,3602<6,9360  

WCC. NXH^PCAEITCA:
WCC.
WCC.9.
9. ±@hg
±@hgce
ceii X
X`` qquh
uh hs Ioni
Ionioc
oclh
lhtr
trìi
ìi y In
Inc`
c`cl
clht
htrì
rìi1
i1
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
 He quìlcni, oas pranhsas `h ionioclhtrìi y inc`clhtrìi sae ildas, lãta`as `h
ieéocscs nuietctitcvas y vaoulãtrcnas, phra sae lãta`as cevhrsas hetrh hooas.
 He ho nisa `h oi ionioclhtrìi,  sh binh rhghrhenci i oi garli `h biooir oi
naenhetrincþe `h uei saouncþe ioniocei, a tildcãe `h oi `hthrlceincþe `h oi
nietc`i` `h éonioc quh pashh uei sustienci.

 Ho éonioc, suhohe shr oas þxc`as, bc`rþxc`as, a nirdaeitas `ho krupa `h oas
ionioceas. Hstas juhkie ho pipho `h dishs guhrths, sche`a distieth saoudohs he
ikui. Xe hjhlpoa tìpcna `h éonioc hs ho ilaeìina.
 Var atra oi`a, oi inc`clhtrìi , hs ho lãta`a quh sh henirki `h `hthrlceir oi
nietc`i` `h énc`a quh sh henuhetri `h liehri ocdrh he uei `csaouncþe.
 He ildas lãta`as,
lãta`as, sh utcoczie oas lcslas pranhsas.
Khehriolheth ho BNo sh utcoczi nala énc`a, puhs hs útco he oi prhpirincþe `h
 saouncaehs nae hxinti naenhetrincþe. Ho shkue`a
shkue`a énc`a lés utcoczi`a hs ho énc`a
 suogúrcna.

WCC.4. ± Nala cethrprhti X` ho lãta`a `h tctuoincþe énc`a-dish a

ehutrioczincþe1
Xei vioarincþe énc`a-dish hs uei tãnecni a lãta`a `h ieéocscs nuietctitcva
luyy usi`
lu usi`i,
i, quh
quh phrl
phrlct
cthh naea
naeanh
nhrr oi naen
naenhe
hetri
trincþ
ncþee `hsna
`hsnaea
eanc
nc`i
`i he uei
uei
`csaouncþe `h uei sustienci quh puh`i intuir nala énc`a, ehutrioczi`i par 
lh`ca `h uei dish `h naenhetrincþe naeanc`i, a dche shi uei naenhetrincþe `h
dish `hsnaeanc`i ehutrioczi`i par uei saouncþe `h énc`a naeanc`a .Hs ue tcpa
`h vioarincþe disi`i he uei rhinncþe énc`a-dish a rhinncþe `h ehutrioczincþe
hetrh ho ieiocta y oi sustienci vioarieth. Ho ealdrh vaoulhtrìi binh rhghrhenci

i oi lh`c`i `ho vaoulhe `h ois `csaouncaehs hlpohi`is, quh eas phrlcth

nionuoir oi naenhetrincþe dusni`i. Ipirth `ho néonuoa `h naenhetrincaehs, uei
vioa
vioari
rinc
ncþe
þe énc`
énc`a-
a-di
dish
sh phrl
phrlct
cthh naea
naeanh
nhrr ho kri`
kri`aa `h purh
purhzi
zi `h nchr
nchrti
tiss
 sustiencis.

WCC
CC.>
.>.. ±@i
@irr hjhl
jhlpo
poaas `h oa
oass 0 tc
tcppas `h rh
rhiinnca
ncaehs
ehs quìlc
uìlcnnis qu
quhh puh`h
uh`he
e
utcoczirsh nala dish `h oas ieéocscs vaoulãtrcnas1
* Wioa
Wioari
rinc
ncþe
þe Én
Énc`
c`aa „ D
Diish
sh::

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LH^I E¶4
 Hstis vioarincaehs hstée disi`is he oi rhinncþe `h ehutrioczincþe quh
anurrh hetrh ue énc`a y uei dish, nuie`a sh lhznoie he saouncþe. Oi
 saouncþe vioarieth, yi shi ue ]énc`a\\ (a uei dish), sh iùi`h i uei
durhti, prhvcilheth oivi`i nae ho lcsla énc`a (a dish). Ho ieiocta, a
luhstri, nae nalpartilcheta énc`a a déscna, sh iùi`h, `csuhota he ue

`csaovheth i`hnui`a, i ue litriz Hrohelhyhr. He ois earlioczincaehs,

oi saouncþe he ho litriz, khehriolheth, hs uei saouncþe `h rhghrhenci=
nuyi naenhetrincþe hs hxintilheth naeanc`i, y oi saouncþe he oi durhti
hs ho pitr
pitrþe
þe sh
shnu
nue`
e`ir
irca
ca,, nuya
nuya tìtu
tìtuoa
oa a naen
naenhe
hetr
trin
incþ
cþee `hdh
`hdh shr 
shr 
`hthrlcei`i par ho pranh`clcheta `h tctuoincþe.

* Wioa
Wioarrincþ
incþe
e Th`ax
h`ax::
Oi rhinncþe anurrh hetrh uei sustienci axc`ieth y atri rh`untari.
Hjhlpoa:
Wioarincþe `h 46 lo `csaouncþe ghrrasi ipraxcli`ilheth 6.6066 L nae
saouncþe nãrcni 6.9666 L he lh`ca B 4^A0 9L

Thinncþe `h vioarincþe

9;
Yuìlcni Ieioìtcni Cek. @hocncis Eitcvc`i`
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4

Nh0+ + Gh4+  Nh>+ + Gh>+

*

^aouncþe vioarieth `h
Nh0+ 6.9666L

46.66 lo `h saouncþe ghrrasi

iprax. 6.6066L

* Wioa
Wioari
rinc
ncþe
þe Na
Nalp
lpoh
ohxa
xalã
lãtr
trcn
cni:
i:
^h utcoczi uei saouncþe hstée`ir `h ue ikheth nalpohjieth, nala ho
H@PI, piri lh`cr oi naenhetrincþe `h @urhzi, hs `hncr, Nirdaeitas `h
Nionca y Likehsca, he ho Ikui.
Hjhlpoa:

* Wioa
Wioari
rinc
ncþe
þe `h Vr
Vrhn
hncp
cpct
ctin
incþ
cþe:
e:
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
^h ooili tildcãe Irkhetalhtrìi, y utcoczi uei saouncþe hstée`ir `h
 Ectrita `h Voiti piri `hthrlceir nuéetas
nuéetas Noaruras biy he uei luhstri.

WCC.
WCC.0.
0. ±@hg
±@hgce
ceii X
X`` qquh
uh hs ea
earl
rlio
ioc`
c`i`
i` vhr`
vhr`i`
i`hr
hri1
i1
Ho gintar `h narrhnncþe `h uei saouncþe vioki oi rh`ue`ienci hs biyi oi `hsvcincþe
`h oi naenhetrincþe laoir a earlio thþrcnilheth prhpiri`i `h oi naenhetrincþe
laoir a earlio rhio, vhr`i`hri a préntcni.
Hs `hncr, hs ho hrrar  rhoitcva
  rhoitcva hetrh oi naenhetrincþe `h oi saouncþe prhpiri`i y su
nalpartilcheta he oi préntcna a rhio (su vhr`i`hri naenhetrincþe).
 Hsti `hsvcincþe
`hsvcincþe eas ce`cni oi rhoin
rhoincþe
cþe `h prap
praparnca
arncaeioc`i
eioc`i`` hetrh oi naenh
naenhetrin
etrincþe
cþe
thþrcni y oi adthec`i he oi préntcni (I oi bari `h oi vhr`i`, he cethrinncþe nae ois
`hlés), hs `hncr, praparncaei ue vioar eulãrcna quh phrlcth narrhkcr oi `hsvcincþe
a ho hrrar, he atris pioidris, ue gintar `h praparncaeioc`i` ooili`a gintar `h
narrhnncþe.
Ho pr
pran
anh`
h`clc
clche
heta
ta no
noés
éscna
cna hs lh
lh`c
`cie
ieth
th va
vaou
oulh
lhtr
trìi
ìi,, i pi
pirt
rtcr
cr `h ue
ueii sa
saou
ounc
ncþe
þe
 prhvcilheth vioari`i, uei saouncþe
saouncþe hstée`ir.
WCC.
WCC.8.
8. ±@
±@hg
hgce
cecr
cr quh
quh hs
hs ssao
aoun
uncþ
cþe
e ppit
itrþ
rþe
e a saou
saounc
ncþe
þe vioa
vioari
ri`i
`i11
Xei saouncþe pitrþe hs ue rhintcva `h naenhetrincþe naeanc`i nae hxintctu`.
Hstis `csaouncaehs `hshlphùie uei guencþe prcencpio he ta`as oas lãta`as
vaoulãtrcnas. Viri hstidohnhr oi naenhetrincþe biy `as apncaehs: prhpirirois
 par ue lãta`a `crhnta
`crhnta a par ue lãta`a
lãta`a ce`crhnta a ea
earlioczincþe.
rlioczincþe.
Ois saouncaehs vioari`is a saouncaehs hstée`ir sae iquhoois he ois quh ois
lh`c`is `h naenhetrincþe `h sus nalpaeheths sae naeanc`is y shkuc`is nae
 prhncscþe. Ois lh`c`is `h na
naenhetrincþe
enhetrincþe hsté
hstéee hstie`irczi`is.
hstie`irczi`is.

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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
WCCCC. VTA
WC TAD
DOHLI
OHLI^
^:
WCCC.9.   Yuã vaoulhe `h Énc`a ^uogúrcna `ho 32% `h purhzi y `hesc`i` 
9,20k/nl > sh rhquchrh piri prhpirir 4 octras `h saouncþe `h 6,8E.
   Vrhpirincþe `ho Énc`a ^uogúrcna 6,8E:
6,8E:
  ° ( B  ^ A )< 32,62
 V L  4 0

 ° 32,62
 Hqucvioheth Krila:  V L    < <03,60 k
β 4
03,60 k ↔ 9666 lo ↔ 9 E 

 R k ↔ 4666 lo ↔ 6,8 E 
 R k <03,60 k
   Viri biooir ho vaoulhe:
  k
W <
 @hesc`i` x Naenhetrincþe
*Naenhetrincþe : 37%
*@hesc`i` : 9,20 k/nl>
  03,60
W <
9,20 x 6,37

W < 4;,;7 lo
WCCC.4.  Xei luhstri `h 4,66 k `h Nirdaeita `h ^a`ca bc`riti`a rhquchrh piri
su ehutrioczincþe bisti vcrijh ieirieji`a `h lhtcoa 0,>6 lo `h uei saouncþe
`h Énc`a Noarbì`rcna 6,866 E. Nionuoir ho parnhetijh `h Nirdaeita `h Vatisca
iebì`rc`a prhsheth he oi luhstri, ±Yuã nietc`i` `h ikui `h bc`ritincþe
naetcheh oi sio, supaeche`a quh shi hsti oi úecni lithrci cehrth hxcstheth1
i)  M 4NA> <1
 Ei4 N A> . B 4 A + BNo ↔ M 4 N A> + EiNo
  ° M  N A
  V L 4 >
k M  N A < k Ei N A  x
4 > 4 >
  ° Ei N A . B  A
 V L 4 > 4

 9>2,49
k M  N A <4,66 k x
4 >
940,69
k M  N A <4,7626 k
4 >

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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4

d)  B 4A <1
    ° B  A
V L 4
k B  A < k Ei N A  x
4 4 >
  ° Ei N A . B  A
 V L 4 > 4

  92,64
k M  N A <4,66 x
4 >
940,69
k M  N A <6,4367 k
4 >

WCCC.>.  ^h `cspaeh `h uei saouncþe `h Énc`a ^uogúrcna 0 E. Nala prhpirir i

 pirtcr `h oi lcsli
lcsli saouncþe 6,9E
6,9E..
9666 lo ↔ 0 E 

 R lo ↔ 6,9 E 
 R <48 lo

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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
CR. NAENOX^CAEH^:
* Oi gce
gceio
ioc`
c`i`
i` ``hh oi ttct
ctuo
uoin
incþ
cþee hs oooh
ohki
kirr i ue pue
pueta
ta `h
`h hquc
hqucoc
ocdr
drca
ca,, quh
quh sh ppuh
uh`h
`h
naeanhr krincis i oas ce`cni`arhs quh sh bie utcoczi`a nala oi gheaogtiohìei y
ho ieirieji`a `h lhtcoa, oas nuiohs puh`he iothrir sus naenhetrincaehs gìscnis
`hphe`che`aa `ho tcpa `h saouncþe.
`hphe`che`

* ^h pu
pu`a iipprhn
rhncir
cir qu
quhh ho nniildca
dca `h nnaaoa
oarr hs ue
ue lh`c
lh`caa luy
luy hg
hghhntc
tcva
va pi
piri
 pa`hr tctuoir tieta he oi vioarczincþe `ho bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca (`h cenaoara i
rasi`i) nala `h oi vioarincþe `h énc`a suogúrcna (`h naoar ieirieji`a i rasi)
he oi préntcni.
* Iprhe`clas nala pa`hr vioarir ue énc`a i pirtcr `h uei rhinncþe `h
ehut
ehutri
rioc
oczi
zinc
ncþe
þe hghn
hghntu
tui`
i`ii nae
nae uei
uei di
dish
sh na
naee oi iy
iyu`
u`ii `h oa
oass né
néon
onuo
uoas
as
ehnhsircas hghntui`as
hghntui`as ieths `h bidhr rrhioczir
hioczir oi préntcni.

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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
R. THNALHE@INCAEH^:
* Xtco
Xtcocz
czir
ir nnar
arrh
rhnt
ntil
ilhe
heth
th oi
oi dioi
dioiez
ezii ie
ieio
ioìt
ìtcn
cnii piri
piri aadt
dthe
hehr
hr ho
ho phsa
phsa hxi
hxint
ntaa `h
ni`i luhstri.
* Xsir
Xsir oas
oas hhqu
qucp
cpas
as `h prat
prathn
hnnc
ncþe
þe phrs
phrsae
aeio
io io lalh
lalhet
etaa `h
`h rrhi
hioc
oczi
zirr oi pr
prén
éntc
tcni
ni..
* Hsti
Hstirr io
io tie
tieta
ta io nild
nildca
ca `h naoa
naoarr ``hh nni`
i`ii vvio
ioar
arin
incþ
cþee pir
pirii pa`
pa`hr
hr th
theh
ehrr ue
ue duh
duhee

`ita `ho kista quh sh bi khehri`a io lalheta `h thrlceir oi tctuoincþe.

* Ikrh
krhkir
kir oi
ois kkat
atiis eehhnhsi
sirc
rcis
is `h oa
oas cce`
e`cn
cni`
i`aarh
rhss.
* Hlpo
Hlpohi
hirr oi nnie
ietc
tc`i
`i`` eh
ehnh
nhsi
sirc
rcii `h ooas
as rhi
rhint
ntcv
cvas
as pir
pirii quh
quh isì
isì ea ssio
ioki
ki hrr
hrrþe
þeha
ha
oi vioarincþe.
* Io la
lalh
lhet
etaa ``hh tct
tctuo
uoir
ir uutc
tcoc
oczi
zirr nar
narrh
rhnt
ntil
ilhe
heth
th ho sa
sapa
part
rthh uec
uecvh
vhrs
rsio
io y ooii dur
durht
hti.
i.
* Ieat
Ieatir
ir ho va
vaou
oulh
lhee kkiist
sti`
i`aa iioo l
lal
alhe
heta
ta `h gc
gcei
eioc
oczi
zirr oi tc
tctu
tuoi
oinc
ncþe
þe..

4>
Yuìlcni Ieioìtcni Cek. @hocncis Eitcvc`i`
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VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA E¶94

LH^I E¶4
RC. DCDOCAKTIGCI

* bttps:/
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y-
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* bttps://hs.wcmcph`ci.ark/wcmc/Ie%N>%I9ocscsQvaoul%N>%I3trcna
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hetiohs/quclcni-
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ieioctcni/naethec`as/NAEPHEC@A^/0.NAENHVPA^QPHATC
ENHVPA^QPHATCNA^.p`g 
NA^.p`g 
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www.hbu.hus/dcalaoh
us/dcalaohnuois/pb/
nuois/pb/ehutri.bt
ehutri.btll
* bttps:/
bttps://www.laeak
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Qgue`ilhetasQ`hQoisQ
asQ`hQoisQvioarinc
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