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Sport Biomechanics
Kinematics Kinetics
Motion Forces
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100 metres sprint in
action…
4
Time
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Acceleration
5
Biomechanics
Kinematics Kinetics
Motion Forces
Position Position
Velocity Velocity Force Torque
Acceleration Acceleration
6
Scalars and Vectors
• Scalars:
• Described by their magnitude
• Distance
• Speed
• Volume
• Vectors:
• Described by their magnitude and direction
• Displacement +ve
• Velocity
• Acceleration +ve
30˚ from the
horizontal
7
LINEAR KINEMATIC QUANTITIES
10-9
Linear Kinematic Quantities
• Why?
• Understand motion: joint movements and planes of
motion
• Optimise performance/function (equipment,
participant)
• Minimise injury risk
• How?
• Observation
• 2D
• 3D
Linear Kinematic Quantities
Finish
displacement Start
The distance a skater travels may be measured from the track left
on the ice. The skater’s displacement is measured in a straight line
from start to finish.
Distance vs. Displacement
• Scalar versus Vector
• Introducing the competitors:
Finish
Start
14
Distance vs. Displacement
• Scalar versus Vector
• Introducing the competitors:
Finish
Start
15
Distance vs. Displacement
• Displacement
• Vector
• Shortest distance from origin
• Length of straight line joining
initial and final positions
Equal displacement
Armstrong covers more distance
• Distance
• Length of path travelled Finish
r
• Pythagoras u s eo
o t en nt
a
Theorem Hyp esult m
R 0k 30 km
5
Start 40 km
16
Distance & Displacement
Units of distance & 1 kilometer (km)
displacement are units
of length. = 1000 meter (m)
1 millimeter (mm)
= 1/1000 m
Distance & Displacement
displacement d
• velocity = time v=t
Swimmer’s Resultant
velocity velocity
• No reference to direction
Direction is key
Speed & Velocity
• Speed, a scalar quantity, is defined as the distance covered
divided by the time taken to cover it:
Length (or distance)
Speed =
Change in time
displacement d
v = v =
Change in time ∆t
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Cont…
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Known
After reading the problem carefully, the next step is to sketch
the problem situation, showing all quantities that are known
or may be deduced from the problem statement:
Cont…
Solution
In this situation, we know that the swimmer’s displacement is 0.9km.
However, we know nothing about the exact path that the swimmer
may have followed. The next step is to identify the appropriate
formula to use to find the unknown quantity, which is velocity:
v= d
t
The known quantities can now be filled in to solve for velocity:
0.9 km
v =
0.5 hr
v = 1.8 km/hr
Cont…
Can his average speed be calculated?
BETWEEN AT
100 m Sprint Analysis
Let’s undertake a kinematic analysis…
100 m sprint analysis
0m 10 m 20 m
30 m 40 m 50 m
90 m 100 m
8.74 s 9.58 s
Average velocity throughout race
0m 100 m
0.0 s 9.58 s
Calculating velocity during race
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Velocity-displacement profile
Velocity-displacement profile
Linear Kinematic Quantities
What is acceleration?
m
• measured in units of s
APPLICATION OF KINEMATICS PRINCIPLES
GAIT
ANALYSIS
● For human gait,
speed is the
product of stride
length and stride
velocity.
● Adults walk faster
using longer stride
lengths and faster
stride frequency.
● Stride length in
children has great
variability.
Acceleration
• Linear acceleration (a) is defined as the rate of
change in velocity or the change in velocity
occurring over a given time interval (t):
Change in velocity
a =
Change in time
a = ∆v
∆t
Acceleration
• Another way to express change in velocity is v2 – v1
• In which v1 represents velocity at one point in time
• v2 represents velocity at a later point:
v2 – v1
a =
∆t
• Presentation of units:
• m/s2 [often presented as]
80 m 90 m 100 m
THE END
OF
SLIDES…