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SPS501

Sport Biomechanics

Chapter 5 – Applications in Linear and Angular Kinematics


Linear Kinematics of
Human Movement
Biomechanics

Statics Dynamics Functional


at rest changing motion Anatomy

Kinematics Kinetics
Motion Forces

Linear Angular Linear Angular

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…? …?
100 metres sprint in
action…

What can we determine


about performance
during the sprint?

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Time

Distance Displacement

Speed Velocity

Acceleration

100 metres sprint


TO UNDERSTAND in action…
THESE TERMS, FIRST WE MUST UNDERSTAND
KINEMATICS…
What can we determine about performance during the sprint?

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Biomechanics

Statics Dynamics Functional


at rest changing motion Anatomy

Kinematics Kinetics
Motion Forces

Linear Angular Linear Angular

Position Position
Velocity Velocity Force Torque
Acceleration Acceleration

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Scalars and Vectors
• Scalars:
• Described by their magnitude
• Distance
• Speed
• Volume

• Vectors:
• Described by their magnitude and direction
• Displacement +ve
• Velocity
• Acceleration +ve
30˚ from the
horizontal

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LINEAR KINEMATIC QUANTITIES

KINEMATICS is the study of the


Describes the appearance of
geometry, pattern, or form of motions
motion with respect to time.

Kinematics spans both qualitative & quantitative forms of


analysis.

Biomechanists commonly use high-speed cinematography or


videography to perform quantitative kinematic analyses.
Linear Kinematic Quantities

How do we define kinematics?

the pattern or sequencing of movement with respect to time

the appearance of a motion

Visually observable aspects of technique or form

10-9
Linear Kinematic Quantities

Movement kinematics is also referred to


as form or technique.
Linear Kinematic Quantities

• Why?
• Understand motion: joint movements and planes of
motion
• Optimise performance/function (equipment,
participant)
• Minimise injury risk

• How?
• Observation
• 2D
• 3D
Linear Kinematic Quantities

What is linear displacement?

change in location the directed distance from measured in units of cm, m,


initial to final location km
Linear Kinematic Quantities Path of
distance
traveled

Finish

displacement Start

The distance a skater travels may be measured from the track left
on the ice. The skater’s displacement is measured in a straight line
from start to finish.
Distance vs. Displacement
• Scalar versus Vector
• Introducing the competitors:

Finish

Start

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Distance vs. Displacement
• Scalar versus Vector
• Introducing the competitors:

Finish

Start

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Distance vs. Displacement
• Displacement
• Vector
• Shortest distance from origin
• Length of straight line joining
initial and final positions
Equal displacement
Armstrong covers more distance
• Distance
• Length of path travelled Finish
r
• Pythagoras u s eo
o t en nt
a
Theorem Hyp esult m
R 0k 30 km
5

Start 40 km

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Distance & Displacement
Units of distance & 1 kilometer (km)
displacement are units
of length. = 1000 meter (m)

In the metric system,


meter is the most 1 centimeter (cm)
common international =1/100 m
unit of length.

1 millimeter (mm)
= 1/1000 m
Distance & Displacement

Distance & displacement are assessed differently.

Distance measured along the path of motion.

When a runner completes 1½ laps


around a 400 m track, the distance
E.g. that the runner has covered is equal
to 600 (400 + 200) m.

Linear displacement is measured in a straight line from position 1


to position 2, or from initial position to final position.
Linear Kinematic Quantities

What is linear speed?

• distance covered over the time taken


distance
• speed = time
• a scalar quantity
m
• measured in units of s
Linear Kinematic Quantities

Running speed is the product of stride length and


stride frequency.
Linear Kinematic Quantities

What is linear velocity?

• the rate of change in location

displacement d
• velocity = time v=t

• the vector equivalent of linear speed


m
• measured in units of s
Linear Kinematic Quantities
Current
velocity

Swimmer’s Resultant
velocity velocity

The velocity of a swimmer in a river is the vector sum


of the velocities of swimmer and current.
Speed vs. Velocity
• 2 quantities that parallel distance & linear
displacement… are speed & linear velocity (the rate of
change in location).

• In metric system, common units for speed & velocity


are m/s and km/hr.

• No reference to direction

Direction is key
Speed & Velocity
• Speed, a scalar quantity, is defined as the distance covered
divided by the time taken to cover it:
Length (or distance)
Speed =
Change in time

• Velocity (v), is the change in position or the displacement that


occurs during a given period of time:
Change in position ∆ position
v = v =
Change in time ∆ time

displacement d
v = v =
Change in time ∆t
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

• A swimmer crosses a lake that is


0.9km wide in 30 minutes. What was
his average velocity? Can his average
speed be calculated?

Cont…
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Known
After reading the problem carefully, the next step is to sketch
the problem situation, showing all quantities that are known
or may be deduced from the problem statement:

t = 30 min (0.5 hr)

Cont…
Solution
In this situation, we know that the swimmer’s displacement is 0.9km.
However, we know nothing about the exact path that the swimmer
may have followed. The next step is to identify the appropriate
formula to use to find the unknown quantity, which is velocity:

v= d
t
The known quantities can now be filled in to solve for velocity:

0.9 km
v =
0.5 hr
v = 1.8 km/hr
Cont…
Can his average speed be calculated?

Length (or distance)


Speed =
Change in time

However, we know nothing about the exact path that the


swimmer may have followed.
BREAK…
Coming up:
Velocity &
Acceleration
Velocity…
• Presentation of units:
•m/s [often presented as]

•m.s-1 [scientific presentation] (include dot or it would be ms)

• Average vs. Instantaneous

BETWEEN AT
100 m Sprint Analysis
Let’s undertake a kinematic analysis…
100 m sprint analysis
0m 10 m 20 m

0.0 s 1.85 s 2.89 s

30 m 40 m 50 m

3.78 s 4.64 s 5.49 s


100 m sprint analysis
60 m 70 m 80 m

6.31 s 7.11 s 7.92 s

90 m 100 m

8.74 s 9.58 s
Average velocity throughout race

0m 100 m

0.0 s 9.58 s
Calculating velocity during race

split time (s)


Calculating velocity during race
• Work through the calculations and complete the last 30 metres…

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? ?

?
Velocity-displacement profile
Velocity-displacement profile
Linear Kinematic Quantities
What is acceleration?

• the rate of change in linear velocity


change in velocity
• acceleration = time
v2-v1
a= t

m
• measured in units of s
APPLICATION OF KINEMATICS PRINCIPLES

GAIT
ANALYSIS
● For human gait,
speed is the
product of stride
length and stride
velocity.
● Adults walk faster
using longer stride
lengths and faster
stride frequency.
● Stride length in
children has great
variability.
Acceleration
• Linear acceleration (a) is defined as the rate of
change in velocity or the change in velocity
occurring over a given time interval (t):

Change in velocity
a =
Change in time

a = ∆v
∆t
Acceleration
• Another way to express change in velocity is v2 – v1
• In which v1 represents velocity at one point in time
• v2 represents velocity at a later point:

v2 – v1
a =
∆t
• Presentation of units:
• m/s2 [often presented as]

• m.s-2 [scientific presentation] (include dot or it would be ms)

• Differentiation of the velocity-time curve


Calculating acceleration during race
• Let’s do the maths…

Acceleration from 90 – 100 m

80 m 90 m 100 m

7.92 s 8.74 s 9.58 s


…Questions

THE END
OF
SLIDES…

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