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10 Chapter 4
10 Chapter 4
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spinster as having for its meaning a complex of
components of
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areas of the vocabulary. For example, the distinction
(Lounsbury, 1956:193).
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The two Important semantic' theories in which
(configuration).
Configuration : (a b) # (b a)
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the semantic process : the semantic calculator and the
interpret vocabulary.
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series of related meanings of chaiibench, stool and
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Nida (19T5 b : 64) states that the actual
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According to Goodenough (1965), componential
half-sister's husband.
so on.
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3) signification 4) connotation.
field diagram'.
Male Female
1 1 l
1 1 i
human
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Another way of representing realtions is by
oppositions :
clatter.
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3) polar oppositions : e.g. small-large, rich-poor,
deep-sha11ow;
right, west-east;
already.
and yet one can still show their interrelation with many
other words.
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components that represent the sense of other words
164
I
Limitations: ,
workable.
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and the apparently independent components'.She observes
166
It suffers from a various circle in that it meerly
in all languages.
analysis.
167
words. Componential analysis has developed a technique
of meaning between -
one another.
168
For example if we merely add components together as we
and
amalgamation.
169
componential analysis into the system of predication
[Love] Y, X.
Thus.
170
not one of predicates in general.
complex items like The brave man ran away will be;
away.
[Beautiful] y)
ARGUMENT !
I ______ _____
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that is ,except for the omission of redundant features :
PREDICATION
Predicate
i
f —> DIRECTIONAL
I
I LATERAL
I
in front of
Agrumentl Agrument2
+ HUMAN + HUMAN
+ ADULT + ADULT
+ MALE - MALE
+ SINGULAR + SINGULAR
a man a woman
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—> p <— p P
/ \ / \ /
/ \ / \
a b a b
PREDICATION
Predicate
i " BIG !
1 I I
f — f - - - t
/
/ be large
Agrument /
--------------- /
* BREED |
- SINGULAR !
I
...... I
Alsations
PREDICATION
Prdicate
! BIG
+ ANIMAL
- SINGULAR
/
/ be small animals
/
/
/
Agrument /
/
---------------- /
! * SPECIES !
! - SINGULAR !
1 I
( -.... ......... ... -................. . ............. 1
cats
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A one place predicate is typically realised by a nominal
related.
linear arragement :
A man = a
in front of = <— P
a woman = b
( a -- > P b )
MALE - MALE
SINGULAR SINGULAR
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and to place the components In a simple linear
arragement :
arrangement.
(a : P )
! * BREED j BIG !
i - SING ! |
1 I I
I................... < ......... »
Alsatians be large
arrangement :
meaning relations.
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4.3 Collocation
4.3.0. Origin and Background
Malinowski
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meaning of a single word and of processing correctly in
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2) the another context is that the situation in
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There are following hypotheses on the occurrences of
words.
linguistics.
179
updating of Mansion in the introductory bibliography of
linguistic elements but did not define the term with any
semantics.
180
In his paper Modes of meaning, however, one of
ii) He is an ass.
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occasionally egregious. Young is much more frequently
(Firth 1969:195).
which words under study appear are quite simply the mere
They are milking the cows, cows give milk. The words
collocation
« ■
is not at all the same thing as
......................... ■■ “ 1 1 * **"
contextual
r-.i_
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syntagmatic level and is not directly concerned with the
likely to collocate :
->girl —>boy
boy man
woman car
pretty flower handsome vessel
garden overcoat
colour airline
village typewriter
—> etc. —> etc.
183
of the habitual or customary r>laces of that
.................... - - T-mwi—
words
mmm
in
184
and also with verbs in the simple present, indicate
185
items. They are members of a lexical set. Lexical sets
186
of the wordy It is the lexical item, without reference
187
million words of running text would be necessary for
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Recording to KJellmer " a collocation is a
189
he type is not . The criterion of grammatical structure
Recurrence
+ —
a b
last night dark Yesterday evening
+ night try to green ideas ebbing
night
Gramatical
Structure c d
although he but green strayed gun
too hall to because rhions
when
collocations
190
ambiguity is a very frequent phenomenon in English.
~T-"L-— '■ - *- ..
The
primitive way
prepare.
relationship.
In its broadest sense, the term collocation is
191
In the Firthian tradi. .tion of British linguistics,
(drink/drinks/drank/drinking heavily).
jEhere are also various intermediate uses of
192
Since it is essentially a probabilistic - and virtually
193
combinations with the readings of other lexical items
feature of M as follows :
194
Given : M (a,b—> <w>) ; N (c,d)
195
the dog would receive no interpretation, and it would be
196
rhododendron passed away and equally of the pretty boy
addled with eggs and brain and rancid with butter and
bacon.
197
explains why The idea frightned the girl and The idea
frightned the idea and * The girl scared the idea are
equally unacceptable.
nonsensical.
198
words we can often distinguish between different
use of chair in :
1) he sat in a chair
collocations.
199
although the two positions conflict, they may both be
restrictions.
200
4.3.4. Idiom Principle
kind.
and retain the meaning. For example, kick the pail can
201
what is and what is not an idjsm is a matter of degree.
verb plus adverb of the kind make up, give in, put down.
202
There are certain sets which represent a
sharp, watchful....
on some occasions.
203
effectively as a single word, and the word space, which
evidence.
collocations,
e.g. A = back
Node A B Node
downward upward
collocate B A collocate
associative.
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restrictions. These restrictions are frequently
4.4. Conclusions
collocations.
205
principle would be useful in establishing collocations.
206